Analysis and Simulation of Library Building

Using eQUEST Software: A Case Study from

Bhilai, India
A Thesis submitted to

Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University

Bhilai (C.G.), India

In partial fulfillment
For the award of the Degree of
Master of Technology
in
Energy and Environmental Engineering
by
TANISHA YADAV
Enrollment No: BJ8907
Roll No: 500008920003
Under the guidance of
Dr. Manoj Verma
Assistant Professor

Energy and Environmental Engineering

Library Building
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, India
Session: 2020-2022

i
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the thesis work “Analysis and
Simulation of Library Building Using eQUEST Software: A Case Study from Bhilai,
India” is based on my own work carried out during the course of my study under the
supervision of Dr. Manoj Verma.
I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the project
work. I and citations used for the preparation of the thesis have been duly acknowledged
further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that the report does not contain
any part of any work which has been submitted for the award of any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this University/deemed University of India or any other country.
All helps received.

_____________________

TANISHA YADAV
Roll No.: 500008920003
Enrollment No.:BJ8907

_____________________

Dr. Manoj Verma

Assistant Professor
Energy and Environmental Engineering
Library Building
CSVTU, Bhilai (CG)

ii
 CERTIFICATE OF THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the report of the thesis entitled “Analysis and Simulation of Library
Building Using eQUEST Software: A Case Study from Bhilai, India” is a record of bonafide
research work carried out by TANISHA YADAV bearing Roll No. 500008920003 & Enrollment
No.: BJ8907 under my guidance and supervision for the award of Degree of Master of
Technology in the Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, of Chhattisgarh
Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.), India.

To the best of my knowledge and belief the thesis

 Embodies the work of the candidate herself,

 Has duly been completed,
 Fulfills the requirement of the Ordinance relating to the M.Tech. degree
of the University and
 Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and language
for being referred to the examiners.

(Signature of Supervisor)

Dr. ManojVerma
Assistant Professor
Energy and Environmental Engineering
Library Building
CSVTU, Bhilai (CG)

Forwarded to Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University Bhilai

(Signature of the Director)

UTD, C.S.V.T.U., Bhilai, India

iii
 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

The thesis entitled “Analysis and Simulation of Library Building Using eQUEST
Software: A Case Study from Bhilai, India” submitted by TANISHA YADAV (Roll
No.:50008920001 Enrollment No.: BJ8907) has been examined by the undersigned as a
part of the examination and is hereby recommended for the award of the degree of
Master of Technology in the faculty of Dr. Manoj Verma of Chhattisgarh Swami
Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Manoj
Verma for his valuable guidance, motivation, constant inspiration and above all for his ever
cooperating attitude that enabled me in bringing up this thesis in the present form. I would also
thankful to Dr. Harish Kumar Ghritlahre for his encouragement.

I am grateful to Mrs Riya Kasliwal for their help and guidance throughout the project work. I
also appreciate the encouragement got from faculty members of the Library Building of CSVTU
Bhilai.

I am also thankful my M. Tech batch mates who encouraged me to achieve this target.

I am also thankful to all my family members whose love, affection, blessings and patience
encouraged me to carry out this project successfully. I also extend my gratitude to all my friends
for their co-operation.

At last, but not least, I thank Almighty God, my Lord for giving me the will power and strength to
make it happen.

TANISHA YADAV
Date – Enrollment No.BJ8907
CSVTU Bhilai
Place - Bhilai

v
 Abstract
The 21st Century is known for its advanced technology, leading to the creation of equipment that
simplifies and enhances our lives. As people embraced these advancements, their usage
skyrocketed. Unfortunately, environmental concerns were not initially considered during the
manufacturing process, resulting in the indiscriminate use of non-renewable resources. This
trend extended to the construction industry, prompting organizations to take action. The Energy
Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 2017, a national code in India, focuses on energy
conservation in buildings, covering aspects such as building envelope, mechanical systems,
HVAC, lighting, electrical systems, and renewable energy. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency
(BEE) plays a crucial role in promoting energy conservation, making ECBC certification
mandatory for buildings with a connected load of 100 kW or more. By utilizing software like
eQUEST to simulate and model buildings according to ECBC 2017, it is possible to achieve
significant energy savings. The study conducted on a Library Building demonstrates that energy
and electricity consumption can be reduced by up to 33% through simple modifications to
appliances. This helps meet ECBC benchmarks while minimizing costs and enhancing the future
energy-saving potential of energy-efficient buildings. In India, energy conservation remains a
significant challenge, particularly in the building sector. Therefore, it is vital for the government
and energy efficiency teams to analyze data and make recommendations for more efficient
energy usage in public buildings. Tools like eQUEST facilitate this process by providing
essential information about a structure, including utility costs and weather parameters, which are
crucial for accurately calculating energy requirements. By simulating different control variables,
such as lighting power density, personnel density, and indoor and outdoor temperatures, one can
assess their impact on energy and electricity consumption. This thesis focuses on the energy
simulation of the Library Building building at Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical
University (CSVTU) using eQUEST.

Keywords: eQUEST; Energy Simulation; Energy Modelling; U-Value, ECBC; Library

Building.

vi
 Table of Contents

S.NO TITLE PAGE NO.

vii
I. DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE ii.

II. CERTIFICATE OF THE SUPERVISOR iii

III. CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS iv

IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT
V. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VI. vii
LIST OF FIGURES
VII. ix
LIST OF TABLES
VIII. xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
IX. xii
INTRODUCTION
1. 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
2. 3
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Literature Review
2.3. Research Gap

ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING PLANNING IN ANCIENT INDIA

3. 10
ENERGY AUDIT, MODEL & SIMULATION
4. 13
4.1. Building Energy Modeling
4.2. Energy Simulation

EQUEST: ENERGY SIMULATION SOFTWARE

5. 17
METHODOLOGY, SITE STUDY & DATA COLLECTION
6. 37
6.1. Data Collection-
6.2. Determination of Parameters to be studied-
6.3. Model Development
6.3.1. Design Development Wizard (DDW)
6.3.2. Detailed Data Edit Mode
6.3.3. Building Project Detail
6.3.4. Building Shell Detail

viii
 6.3.5. Internal Load of the building
6.3.6. HVAC Equipment

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

7. 54
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Baseline Case Consumption & Proposed Case Consumption

CONCLUSION
8. 68
8.1. Energy Performance Index
8.2. Energy Cost Saving Consumption
8.3. Future Scope

REFERENCES
X. 71
APPENDIX I
XI. 76
APPENDIX II
XII. 78
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
XIII. 79

ix
 List of Figures

S.No. Title Page No.

5.1 eQuest Main Menu 18
5.2 eQuest Startup Option 19
5.3 eQuest Wizard Option 20
5.4 eQuest DD Wizard: Project & Site Data, General Information 20
5.5 eQuest DD Wizard: Project Navigator 21
5.6 Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, General Shell Information 22
5.7 Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, Building Footprint 22
5.8 Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, Building Envelope Construction 23
5.9 Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, Exterior Windows 24
5.10 Create custom Door/Window 25
5.11 Custom Window/Door Placement View Test 25
5.12 Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, Activity Areas Allocation 26
5.13 Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, Zone group Definition 27
5.14 Shell Component Bldg Envelope & loads, Non HVAC Enduses to Model 28
5.15 Shell Component Bldg Envelope & loads, Interior Lightning Loads & Profiles 28
5.16 eQuest DD Wizard: Air-Side System Type HVAC system Definition 29
5.17 eQuest DD Wizard: Air-Side System Type, Temperatures and Air Flows 30
5.18 eQuest DD Wizard: Air-Side System Type,Packaged Equipment 30
5.19 eQuest DD Wizard: Air-Side System Type, System Fans 31
5.20 eQuest Design Development Wizard: Project Navigator 32
5.21 eQuest DD Wizard HW Plant Equipment 33
5.22 eQuest DD Wizard HW Plant Equipment 33
5.23 eQuest Menu 34
5.24 eQuest Energy Efficiency Measures Wizard 34
5.25 Electric consumption Data generated by Equest 36

x
6.1 eQUEST methodology flow chart 37
6.2 Layout drawing of Slit Floor of the Library Building Building 40
6.3 Layout drawing of Ground Floor of the Library Building Building 40
6.4 Layout drawing of First Floor of the Library Building Building 41
6.5 Autocad Drafting of Building’s three floor Layout. 42
6.6 Parametric and Internal Zoning of the building on eQUEST 43
6.7 3- D View of the Building after detailing in Building Creation Wizard. 44
6.8 Map of different climatic zones of India 48
6.9 Orientation of Building and Path of Sun for the Northern Hemisphere 49
6.10 Orientation of Library Building. 49
6.11 Envelope Heat Transmittance Value Calculation and Comparison 50
6.12 Spreadsheet of Occupancy of space of the building on the eQUEST 51
6.13 HVAC input for Baseline and Proposed Case Models 53
7.1 Electric Consumption Bar Chart (Baseline Case Model) 55
7.2 Annual Energy Consumption by Enduse (Baseline Case) 56
7.3 Annual Peak Demand by Enduse (Baseline Case Mode) 57
7.4 Electric Demand (Baseline Case Mode) 58
7.5 Monthly Energy Consumed by different system (Baseline Case Mode) 60
7.6 Electric Consumption Bar Chart (Proposed Case Mode) 62
7.7 Annual Energy Consumption by Enduse Bar Chart (Proposed Case ) 62
7.8 Annual Energy Consumption by Enduse (Proposed Case) 63
7.9 Electric Demand (Proposed Case Mode) 64
7.10 Monthly Energy Consumed by different system (Proposed Case Mode) 66
A Table from ECBC -2017 for U-VALUE of Roof. 78
B Table from ECBC -2017 for U-VALUE of Wall. 78

xi
 List of Tables

Table No. Title Page No.

2.1 Summary of Work done by previous researchers using eQUEST software for 6
energy simulation and modeling.
6.1 Brief Details about the Building 38
7.1 Energy Consumption by different systems in different months (Baseline Case). 54
7.2 Energy Consumption by different systems in different months (Proposed Case). 61
8.1 Energy Performance Index 68
8.2 Energy Cost saving consumption 68

xii
 List of Abbreviations

HVAC Heating, Ventilation, And Air Conditioning

IEA International Energy Agency

et.al. “et alia,” Which Means “And Others.”

GHG Green House Gas

CO2 Carbon dioxide

LEED Leadership In Energy And Environmental Design

BPS Building Performance Simulation

JJH James J. Hirsch & Associates

LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

USDOE United States Department Of Energy

ESCO Energy Service Companies

ASHRAE American Society Of Heating, Refrigerating And Air Conditioning Engineers

ISHRAE Indian Society Of Heating, Refrigerating And Air Conditioning Engineers

EEM Energy Efficiency Measures

ECM Energy Conservation Measure

DD Design Development

RTU Roof-Top Unit

IES-VE Integrated Environment Solution – Virtual Environment

EER Energy Efficiency Ratio

SHGC Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

LPD Lighting Power Density

xiii
DCV Demand Controlled Ventilation

SDW Schematic Design Wizard

DDW Design Development Wizard

xiv
 Chapter - 1
Introduction

In developed nations or developing nations, structures, architecture, and buildings play vital
roles. Structures/Buildings of a nation can be categorized into three main divisions known
Residential buildings, commercial buildings, and specialty buildings. More than 50% (>50%) of
their floor space being utilized for habitation are considered residential buildings. More than
50% (>50%) of their floor space is being utilized for commercial purposes are considered as
commercial buildings. Stores, warehouses, manufacturing facilities, retail locations, etc are just a
few examples of commercial buildings. The term “specialty buildings” refers to a building with a
variety of different purposes, such as educational, religious, governmental, military,
transportation, and other purposes [1]. With time passed, structures have seen considerable
alterations. In ancient India, all the activities either religious or non-religious were environment
friendly. 30% of total CO2 emissions and 30–40% of overall energy usage in a nation are
attributed to buildings, which is dangerous. However, when western culture began to affect us, it
was seen that primarily, structural and aesthetic considerations for building design were made,
with little emphasis placed on energy efficiency. And to decrease energy use expenses and to
lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, buildings must also be energy-efficient not only
aesthetically pleasant. The increase in energy consumption related to residential and commercial
buildings has increased the need to lower global energy consumption and enhance energy
efficiency measures in the building sector. This has also led us to the rising concern about energy
security and GHG. All this has directed us to the idea of net-zero and passive buildings which
has finally been made a reality with the aid and support of cutting-edge technology. Today, the
energy efficiency of passive structures is quite high, and their energy needs are relatively low,
which is what is needed. And with that, energy needs are balanced by net-zero buildings, as well
as they generate as much energy as they consume [2].

It is a well-established fact that globally most of the buildings consume 30-40% of total energy
and emit 30% of CO2. Over the past two decades, the world’s population which is one of the

1
biggest concerns has grown significantly along with the growing economies and health facilities.
In India, urbanization is growing at a rate of over 30% (although compared to western nations it
is less), and has caused an eight-fold rise in power demand between the years of 2005 and
2050.Regarding energy consumption and electricity production, the biggest problem which
world is facing is, there is a significant disparity between demand and supply, and compared to
few decades ago, this gap has been widening daily. After estimation and research, a business
building is thought to use on average 60% of its total power for lighting, 32% for air
conditioning (or for comfort), and 8% for refrigeration. Whereas a completely air-conditioned
office building is estimated to use around 60% of its total power for air conditioning, which is
followed by 20% for lighting. Well, Energy usage is greatly influenced by the architecture,
design, orientation of a building and the construction material. Building efficiency has grown
more important in developing and developed nations since energy demand is closely correlated
with the development of a nation. It is seen that there has to be a lot more regulation and strict
rules in the building business to keep things consistent. Government-mandated regulatory
standards, which in India can be seen under ECBC 2017, offer a technique to increase the energy
efficiency of various electrical equipment as well as building materials. In addition to saving
priceless nonrenewable energy, implementing energy-saving measures will benefit building’s
efficiency and help financially in the years to come. According to Radhi, 2009, 40% of
power/energy use and CO2 or GHG emissions may be successfully eliminated using energy-
saving techniques. By implementing various energy-efficient elements, helps in decreasing
energy usage in buildings and in increasing its efficiency [3].

2
 Chapter - 2
Literature Review

2.1.

INTRODUCTION

A precise literature review has been presented in this section stating about previous findings of
researchers from different parts of the world. Researchers have concluded different opinion
about energy simulation software’s, especially EQUEST. Summary table 2.1 gives the idea of
comparison of different results presented by eminent researchers showing efficiency of the
software.

2.2. LITERATURE REVIEW

As awareness regarding energy conservation and carbon footprint is increasing across the world,
people have working on the research where and how much energy is being used. It is a well-
established fact that buildings and their construction produces almost 30% of total carbon
footprint, which is a huge amount. Therefore, necessities of green building, energy conservation
in buildings begin to rise and government started strict actions towards it. In ancient times, the
constructions used to be eco-friendly but this declined as humans were introduced with various
easy handling, easy and fast constructing and long lasting and cheap construction material. This
instead resulted into a great loss of us. All these led us to finding energy conservation, energy
efficient methods. Energy Modelling and simulation of a building helps in analyzing and taking
effective measures for energy conservation. There are various tools and software’s which is used
for energy modelling and simulation. EQUEST is one of them and has been found most efficient
and user-friendly. EQUEST being a new field of work for us, it was helpful to consider few
papers published on the working of projects with the help of EQUEST. From getting
information, reading other people’s work and idea of working, guided us to process our work.
Also, mankind came across new areas in which one can explore and present our work.
Yadav et al. [4] used the eQUEST 3.65 version to analyze building performance. The results
show that improvements in envelope shielding and external wall insulation could significantly
reduce the cooling load with an energy-savings rate of 11.31% and 11.55%, respectively. By

3
applying combined optimization features for insulation on façade, window/wall ratio, efficient
glazing and shading devices, a decrease of up to 25.92% was achieved in the total heating and
cooling requirement. An energy reduction of 33% is achieved by implementing minimum ECBC
standards; hence there is a scope for further improvement of an existing building retrofit.
Sathyamoorthy et al. [5] used the eQUEST 3.65 version to analyze building performance. In
order to demonstrate the eQUEST software, a small building structure was analyzed by using the
eQUEST Building Energy Investigation Tool and the results were analyzed as well. The results
show that improvements in envelope shielding and external wall insulation could significantly
reduce the cooling load with an energy-savings rate of 11.31% and 11.55%, respectively. By
applying combined optimization features for insulation on façade, window/wall ratio, efficient
glazing and shading devices, a decrease of up to 25.92% was achieved in the total heating and
cooling requirement. An energy reduction of 33% is achieved by implementing minimum ECBC
standards; hence there is a scope for further improvement of an existing building retrofit. Roy et
al. [6] tudy utilized eQuest software to simulate and analyze the energy consumption of a factory
building. The findings provided valuable insights into energy usage patterns and highlighted
potential areas for energy-saving interventions. The study concluded that implementing energy-
efficient strategies can lead to significant reductions in energy consumption, enhancing the
building's overall sustainability. Song et al. [7] addressed the problem The energy situation in
China remains troubled, with building energy consumption continuing to dominate a large
proportion of the total amount. By the end of 2014, the building energy consumption in China
accounted for about 1/3 of total social energy consumption. Compared to developed countries
with similar climatic conditions, heating and air conditioning energy consumption per square
meter in China’s buildings in is approximate 3 times that of developed countries. It is concluded
that the lighting power density and annual power consumption exist in a linear relationship. It
can infer that the annual consumption growth is about 10% when the lighting power density
increases every 5W/ m2. Ke et al. [8] focused on examining of the impact of various energy-
saving designs and measures to reduce the overall energy consumption of buildings with the help
of energy simulating software eQUEST. It is concluded that the lighting power density and
annual power consumption exist in a linear relationship. It can infer that the annual consumption
growth is about 10% when the lighting power density increases every 5W/ m 2. K.Keerthana et al.
[9] focused on understanding various methods one can apply to make a green building. They

4
concluded that the sustainable construction is the creation and operation of a healthy, resource-
efficient built environment based on ecological principles. It lays emphasis on resource
efficiency, environmental protection, and waste minimization. Garg et al. [12] focused on
retrofitting of old building resulted in a huge reduction in the electric bill which in turn will
reduce the carbon emission. Optimum demand of a department of University is estimated using
eQUEST software version 3.65.7175 in this research and comparative results are obtained. The
present research focuses on only connected load and improvement methods have been suggested
which can save a total of about Rs. 31,507/-. An estimated payback period of 7.9 year is also
calculated for the replacement of new equipment’s with the present one. Mostafavi et al. [10]
used software programs, DOE-2 eQUEST, IESVE Revit Plug-in and Autodesk Green Building
Studio, to quantify the predicted energy savings of a scheduled envelope retrofit on a university
dormitory. The study includes investigating the potential energy savings created by the removal
and replacement of all original windows and exterior non-structural infill brick panels coupled
with installation of supplementary insulation materials between the new brick panels and the
interior concrete masonry unit walls. Analysis of the retrofit proposal is carried out by comparing
results of each retrofit design alternative against the baseline and assessing CO 2 emissions
reduction resulting from the proposed retrofit process. Advantages and disadvantages of each
modeling programme are also discussed. Xing et al. [11] investigates predictive accuracy for the
major factors in the energy consumption of hotel buildings. The results indicate that the
schedules of internal loads have the most significant impact on the accuracy of the model for
hotel buildings, followed by occupancy rate and coefficient of performance (COP) of the
chillers. A retrofit scheme was formulated and its energy-saving potential was evaluated by the
calibrated model.

5
 Table 2.1 - Summary of Work done by previous researchers using eQUEST software for energy simulation and modeling.

Author Year Tool Energy Site Improveme Energy Type of Statement Ref
Code location nt proposed Conservatio study .
in the areas n after /Solution No.
applying
energy
efficient
measure &
Payback
Period

Yadav et al. 2004 eQUEST ECBC – New Delhi, Building 33% & 4.45 Retrofitting - [4]
3.65 2017 India Envelope years. Solution
(Insulation),
Glazing,
LPD and
EPD

Sathyamoorthy 2005 eQUEST ASHRA Madras HVAC 31.6 % HVAC - [5]

et al. 3.65&BEIT E (Chennai), improveme
India. nt

Roy et al. 2005 eQUEST - Northweste - TPCSV - - [6]

rn part of
Turkey

Song et al. 2015 eQUEST - China HVAC, - Control Energy [7]

LPD, IPD, Variable Consumption

6
 Summer Method is directly
indoor proportional
design to LPD and
temperature, Indirectly to
Equipment Occupancy
Load and Summer
Indore Design
Temperature.

Ke et al. 2013 eQUEST - China LPD, - Comparativ LPD has the [8]
Occupancy, e Study maximum
Glazing, impact on the
Building Office
Envelope Building.

Keerthana et al. 2018 Autodesk - 2002–2005 Building Saving of Rs Comparativ 49.5% of [9]
Revit, Envelope, 2,61,048 e Study energy
Autodesk Training- Day Light from energy conservation
Green 672 Integration efficient can be done
Building samples and HVAC lightning and by energy
Studio Testing- HVAC. efficient
Measureme walls, passive
nts for 2005 solar
architecture
and Day
lighting
control
system.

Mostafavi et al. 2015 eQUEST, - USA Building - Comparativ eQUEST is [10

7
 IESVE Envelope, e study most efficient ]
Revit Plug- electricity among the
in, Green and Gas aothers.
Building
Studio

Xing et al. 2014 eQUEST - Tianjin, Building - - lighting and [11

China Envelope, equipment ]
HVAC, schedules
Internal have the most
Load and significant
Lighting effect on the
accuracy of
the model for
hotel building

Garg et al. 2019 eQUEST ECBC Kota, India Space 11.85% Retrofitting - [12
Cooling, saving and Solution ]
Misc. total saving-
Equipment Rs 31,507/-.
and Area
Lights. Payback
period - 7.9
years.

8
2.3. RESEARCH GAP

The eQUEST program is widely used for modeling energy use in buildings, but there is a
significant research gap in understanding the impact of energy conservation measures on cooling
load and additional equipment load within eQUEST-based simulations. Previous studies have
shown eQUEST's overall effectiveness in achieving energy efficiency, but the specific potential
energy savings from conservation measures in these areas have not been thoroughly explored.

Some of the key gaps include the limited investigation of energy conservation measures in
eQUEST simulations, a lack of focus on specific areas for energy savings such as cooling load
and additional equipment load, uncertainty regarding the potential energy savings, a need for
empirical evidence supporting eQUEST's energy efficiency claims, and a missed opportunity for
significant energy savings due to a lack of targeted studies.

By addressing these research gaps, we can gain valuable insights into the specific energy savings
achievable through the implementation of conservation measures in eQUEST simulations. This
knowledge can lead to more accurate assessments and promote energy-efficient practices in
building design and operation, potentially contributing to substantial reductions in energy
consumption. Understanding the impact of energy conservation measures in cooling load and
additional equipment load is crucial for enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of buildings
using eQUEST.

9
 Chapter - 3
Energy Efficient Building Planning in Ancient India

India has always been a great leading for the world in all field since centuries. In the ancient
textbooks, it can be seen that how modern, civilized and technical our ancestors were. Because of
1000 years of attacks on the country by various invaders, most of our ancestral knowledge has
been vanished. But still there are so many books, sculptures, etc. left through which one can dig
into the history and learn from the Vishwaguru (Teacher of Universe)
And to learn more about how to develop and establish green structures, energy efficient
methodologies and sustainable communities, urban planners, constructors and architects should
return to the ancient illustrations and history books of India.
Lessons from history are priceless, especially those who are related to living peacefully with
nature and relying less on technology. Prior to the development of modern technology, humans
had been utilizing elements of nature (effectively) to build habitations as a means of adjusting to
their surroundings for thousands of years without harming or increasing alarming situation for
living beings. An excellent illustration of this is ancient Indian architecture. More than enough
evidence supports the idea that ancient Indian cultures were not only inventive and scientific but
also came up with clever innovative solutions that made their lives simpler. It is not necessary to
travel very far to find evidence of Indian inventiveness in creating naturally air-conditioned
structures when electricity was not yet available; Jaipur alone is rife with such examples. Well, it
is one of the simplest example of how advanced our ancestors were.
1. HAWA MAHAL
The Palace of Winds is the name given to one of the intricately constructed structure. 953 tiny,
ornate windows, or we call it jharokhas, were used in the exterior architecture of this Jaipur
palace whose architect was Lal Chand Ustadji. The structure allows air currents to circulate
through the jharokhas, air cooling the entire region automatically (one of the best example of
orientation of building). And the reason why it was built like this because it acted like a barrier to

10
 conceal ladies of the royal family from local people’s view as they enjoyed observing city
inhabitants go about their everyday lives [13].
2. KHETRI MAHAL
Another such example, again from Jaipur is KhetriMahal. Because of its design and great
orientation, the Wind Palace of Jhunjhunu may experience cool wind currents flowing through it.
To ensure a constant, uninterrupted flow of cold air, this building was created even without doors
or windows. And in many places, instead of using walls, they just used archways and pillars [14].
3. AMER FORT
This fort, which is also known as Amberor Amer Palace, is located just outside of Jaipur. Amer
Palace, which combines Hindu and Persian architectural influences, is home to the Sukh Niwas
or Hall of Pleasure. This building has a cool water channel running through it. The chilly breeze
that was blowing into the hallway combined with the water cascade to calm off the entire area
[15].
We need to learn many things from our technically advanced ancestors as we start to rely,
increasing amounts of electricity in our everyday lives. As global temperatures continue to rise
and our need for energy is increasing day by day, this becomes extremely important to work on.
The truth of climate change is becoming more widely recognized, and our generation is facing an
implied push to make changes before it’s too late. To reduce the tension on the world’s
nonrenewable resources and build buildings that are sustainable, recent structures are embracing
and adopting energy-efficient and environmentally conscious technologies and construction
materials. And as we think of new methods to lower our energy usage and consumptions, it
would be foolish to disregard the amazing solutions employed by our ancestors for ages. Well,
innovations don’t always have to be high-tech. In our era, to help us in our quest for energy
efficiency, green building should use as many inexpensive and natural methods as feasible which
were used by our ancestors. Older generations came up with ways and ideas to directly exploit
and use effectively natural resources like oxygen and water because they didn’t have access to
electricity. New generation may also use the same actions and methods in different effort to
utilize less energy.
Building can be constructed using the techniques as used in above mentioned three buildings of
Jaipur and can incorporate unobstructed spaces and can have great orientation which will help air
to flow freely. Design of windows, corridors, doors and ventilators should be in such a way that

11
it let in plenty of cool air but not direct light of sun. This will help us to reduce use of air
conditioners and air-coolers. The technique known as the water cascade technique in which
water is flow down through the screens and the air which flow through it will become cool.
Usually these are provided at building lobbies, foyers and corridors. In these creation of natural
air-coolers is done and this can regulate temperatures in those spaces. These techniques might
seem rudimentary, but one would definitely be benefited with the savings, in terms of energy-use
and cost [16].
Indian cities influenced by western countries have transformed into metropolitan cities that are
everything but sustainable and have an adverse effect on the environment, as a result of the
unchecked development in urbanization. Going back to the ancestors planning board and the
history books is where urban architects and metropolitan planners should learn a thing or two
about designing sustainable cities and green structures.

12
 Chapter - 4
Energy Audit, Modeling & Simulation

Since, Buildings are playing vital role in energy consumptions in a country; it is required to take
several actions for energy conservation. The best to ascertain the energy consumption connected
to a facility/system and the cost and energy savings connected to that energy consumption is by
doing energy auditing. Overall, one can see that an energy audit offers significant advantages in
a number of areas, such as it lowers your facility’s energy expenditures. Energy Auditing has
major three components, they are – Examination, verification, and efficiency suggestion. The
auditor will provide one with a report detailing energy usage of the building, a final energy
grade, and recommendations for all the improvements to reduce energy expenditures on the
energy bills when the audit is over. By making the required modifications to the design and
presenting data which and help one to conserve energy even before structure is built, energy
modeling is a software analytical approach that assists and guides property owners and
developers in assessing a building’s energy performance [17]. Construction and development of
computer simulations of an energy system for the purpose of analysis is known as energy
modeling or energy system modeling. These models frequently use scenario analysis to test and
verify various hypotheses on the relevant technological and economic circumstances.

By allowing engineers and architects to plan and assess energy-efficient structures, building
energy modeling can significantly contribute to the building sector’s achievement of such energy
efficiency goals. Building’s energy performance can now be easily and accurately measured,
monitored, and analyzed, all thanks to technological advancements. Buildings can be built to
become energy effective, whether they are new or existing, and refined decisions about the
building envelope, curtain walls, heating and air conditioning capacity, and many other factors
can be made easily and precisely thanks to the advent of energy modeling software [25].

4.1 BUILDING ENERGY MODELING

Structure/Building energy modeling is the process of utilizing prebuilt computer software to

create a virtual representation of an existing or projected building in order to mimic and

13
 overview its energy performance in easier way. To exact replicate the building in the software,
all of its characteristics and features are entered into energy modeling software, including the
building’s size and shape, structural materials, Heating, Ventilation, and Industrial
Transportation Residential Commercial, Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, internal plug loads,
domestic water heater types, window and door types, insulation, utility rates, weather profile,
location, occupancy, and schedules of equipment, in their respective sections among many other
factors. From these inputs, the Programme can model the heating and cooling loads of the system
and estimate the building’s energy consumption. These days, a wide variety of energy modeling
tools may generate output reports on life-cycle analysis, system viability, and GHG emissions.

4.1.1 BUILDING ENERGY MODELING AND ITS ADVANTAGES

Structure energy modeling is a unique method for figure ring where and how a building uses
energy, which aids in figure ring out where there are chances to save energy. The following is a
list of some benefits of building energy modeling: Project building-related energy use, energy
costs, and carbon dioxide emissions, To make decisions easier, compare several energy
efficiency alternatives, Carry out a life cycle assessment, Ascertain the most cost-effective
energy efficiency techniques, Calculate the size and power requirements of lighting, HVAC, and
many other energy-consuming systems, Submit applications for tax rebates, utility incentives,
and LEED certification, Verify adherence to construction codes.

4.1.2 ENERGY ANALYSIS AND MODELING AND ITS USAGES

One can easily predict monthly energy usage and costs. Calculate annual CO 2 emissions, forecast
annual energy costs, and contrast various efficiency alternatives. Calculate the life cycle payback
of several alternatives using energy modeling.

4.1.3 ENERGY MODELING BENEFITS WHOM?

Engineers, Manufacturers, Building Owners, Building Tenants, The Environment are people or
occupations who are benefitted by energy modeling. Above everything, it’s our environment
which is actually benefitted by it.

4.2 ENERGY SIMULATION

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The system designer can compare various HVAC systems depending on various factors, and
control schemes using building energy simulators such as eQUEST. And these tools actually
vary in their scope and level of complexity. Some tools on one hand, analyses individual
components of HVAC systems (e.g. motors) under very simplified assumptions regarding the
component use only (such as annual hours of operation). On the other hand, Other tools simulate
entire buildings/structure, including energy gains/losses via the building envelope, how much
energy is gained from internal loads, and how much energy is used by the HVAC systems which
helps in maintaining user-prescribed space conditions (such as temperature, humidity, ventilation
rates). The later tools require knowledge and skill to get reliable results due to the enormous
amount of comprehensive description/input required. It has been observed that some building
simulation software packages require less data to be supplied. The software replaces actual data
or user inputs with defaults or assumptions; hence the trade-off is that those tools are less
accurate. However, during the design phase, simple methods may be used to evaluate and
afterwards analyses the impact of HVAC system choices on energy-saving measures like day
lighting. Building performance simulation (BPS) is a mathematical model that is computer-based
and replicates several elements of a building’s performance. It was developed utilizing solid
engineering concepts and fundamental physical principles. Building performance simulation
aims to quantify aspects of a constructing’s performance that are important for the design,
building, use, and management of structures [26].

Load Design in energy simulating software is used to determine:

 Air conditioning loads

 Volumetric air flow requirements
 Equipment capacities
 Supply Temperatures
 Hydraulic Plant capacities
 Similarities and differences between equipment options for heating and cooling a space

To study and understand the energy efficiency of buildings, researchers use a variety of
simulation tools, including eQUEST, Open Studio, Design Builder, IES-VE, Synergy, Energy

15
Plus, etc. The ECBC 2017 user guide has offered a list of software that has been certified by the
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to demonstrate compliance for whole-building assessment
and Daylighting. The eQUEST 3.65 edition was used in this project to evaluate building
performance of our Library Building. Researchers, engineers, architects etc. frequently utilize the
eQUEST software to examine the effects of several architectural and building characteristics,
including the building envelope shielding, external wall thermal emission, external wall thermal
insulation, window/wall ratio, and glass type, on air conditioner energy consumption in
commercial, residential and industrial structures [27].

16
 Chapter - 5
eQUEST: Energy Simulation Software

eQUEST is the most widely used Programme for energy modeling and may be used at any level
of a product’s development, from schematic drawings through complete construction simulation.
Instant gratification is offered via eQUEST. Basic eQUEST may be completed in one day by
anyone with a basic industry expertise. It is based on the highly regarded and potent DOE 2.2
energy simulation engine for use in residential structures. eQUEST is the DOE 2 engine (wizards
and graphics built on top). The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and James J.
Hirsch & Associates (JJH) collaborated to develop the DOE-2 software, with LBNL DOE-2
work being mostly funded by the United States Department of Energy (USDOE) and other work
being primarily funded by a wide range of industry groups and ourselves. The most well-known
energy modelling software is called eQUEST. Engineers and energy modelers from all around
the world utilize it. It is free of cost and it uses the DOE 2 simulation engine are two important
factors in its appeal. Another advantage of eQUEST is that it may be applied to all phases of
constructing buildings, from preliminary sketches to the finished product. Building geometry
may be imported from architectural models using eQUEST. Alternately, a building envelope can
be created within the application. From there, he or she can do straightforward simulations or
intricate models. In eQUEST, there are 3 different wizards with varying levels of sophistication,
or this project may utilize the comprehensive DOE-2 interface.

The result accuracy of building energy modeling software like eQUEST depends directly on the
accuracy of the information and data which are input into the software. Even the most
experienced energy modelers/auditor might not obtain results hundred percent accurate with the
actual results. Because all the software holds its limitations [25].

Energy Conservation and ESCO Analysis via eQUEST–

 A function in eQUEST allows users to build and modify Energy Efficiency Measures to
examine how model changes as a consequence.
 For each EEM used in the model, eQUEST also offers a tool for life cycle cost analysis.

17
  In addition to allowing users to enter a variety of various utility bill rates and structures,
eQUEST also allows users to calculate the yearly cost difference for switching ESCOs.
 Utility rates might be intricate, but eQUEST is prepared to handle even the most intricate
billing schemes.
5.1 eQUEST MAIN MENU –

In the image below, one can see the main menu of eQUEST. It consists of –

i. Building creation wizard.

ii. Energy Efficiency Measure Wizard.
iii. Simulate Building Performance
iv. Perform Compliance Analysis
v. Review Simulation Results View
vi. Review Compliance Analysis Report.

Figure 5.1 – eQUEST Main Menu

Project will be created through Building Creation Wizard. Whenever one startseQUEST
application, this is by default selected.

5.2 eQUEST STARTUP OPTION –

18
 Figure 5.2–eQUEST Startup Option

Then next step is to select “() Create a New Project via the Wizard”. If one has already working
on a project, they can be open by selecting “() Open Recent Project”.

5.3 WIZARD OPTION

The building creation wizard allows the user to go through a less complicated set of guided steps
to describe the most important aspects of the building design as they pertain to energy
simulation.

eQUEST provide two different types of wizard.

i. Schematic Design Wizard – Use this for the earliest design phase (when information is most
limited), for simpler structures, simple schedules, and simple assignments for internal loads and
HVAC.
ii. Design Development Wizard – Use the Design Development Wizard for later, more thorough
design (when more specific data is accessible), for larger, more complex buildings, or for interior
loads, schedules, and HVAC system assignments that require more specific information.

19
 Figure 5.3–eQUEST Wizard Option

5.4 PROJECT SITE DATA –

After selecting Design Development Wizard, this project work was started. First, one has to fill
certain data regarding the project for example Building name, type, location and jurisdiction.
Also, people have to fill utilities, rates and some other useful data.

Figure 5.4 –eQUEST DD Wizard: Project & Site Data, General Information

5.5 BUILDING CREATION WIZARD –

The opening Design Development Wizard has several options:

20
  Project/Site/Utility
 Edit Building Shell
 Edit Air-Side System
 HW Plant Equipment

From here the project can be accessed and HVAC, both and edit and create as many shells as one
need.

Figure 5.5 –eQUEST DD Wizard: Project Navigator

5.6 DD WIZARD – SHELF COMPONENT –

After creating building envelope shell, one has to fill general shell information.

21
 Figure 5.6 – Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, General Shell Information

After this, the users are sending to edit building foot print. In this, outer building footprint and
internal zoning of building is done.

Figure 5.7– Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, Building Footprint

22
 A straightforward CAD sketch may be used to plan and plot the whole building area. Zones may
also be plotted using any user-specified boundaries. Envelope Construction in a Building –

Walls and roofs can be modified by selected from a list of components:

 frame kind and O.C. requirements

 Exterior finishing;
 Interior and exterior insulation;
 Extra insulation, often bit insulation

Figure 5.8– Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, Building Envelope Construction

Lists of components may be used to similarly create the ground floor:

 Exposure, such as Earth Contact or Adiabatic Space

 Interior finish
 Construction, such as slab thickness
 Exterior insulation

This input screen also includes information about infiltration.

23
5.6.1 Interior Construction: Walls, Ceilings, Doors and Windows –
i. Walls & Ceilings:
Interior surfaces can be chosen with insulation and finishes.
ii. Doors:
You can choose up to three distinct door kinds. Glass, opaque, and many other materials can be
used to make doors. After choosing a door type, options for the material, frame type, and width
can be chosen. Doors per outside wall number
iii. Windows:
Up to three distinct window kinds can be chosen. Once a window type has been selected,
materials can be selected, ranging from single to triple pane windows. The width, kind, and size
of each window may vary. Exterior walls can have windows added by designating a portion of
the wall as a window.

Figure 5.9–Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, Exterior Windows

User will organize the windows and doors in our analysis in a certain way. Compared to using
the preset sizes, this provides the design a larger range of window sizes. Additionally, it enables
us to position the doors on the proper outer surface.

24
 Figure 5.10 –Create custom Door/Window

Figure 5.11–Custom Window/Door Placement View Test

25
 Several Other Options

 Blinds can be installed in front of a specific group of windows or along one side of a structure, as
in the Willet Center.
 Shades and overhangs may be added to any window, and blinds can be adjusted for complete or
partial transparency.
 Roof skylights can be fitted to various zones to assist design a structure.
 A typical operating plan may be provided with opening and shutting hours.
5.6.2 Activity Areas Allocation-
 Areas of the building can be designated as a specific type.

Figure 5.12 –Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, Activity Areas Allocation

- An area percentage is given for each type A ventilation requirement for each area
- Areas are then given a core or perimeter assignment.
 Occupancy Profile
5.6.3 ZONE Group Definitions –
Now that each area is defined, each area is assigned to a HVAC system and a zone
 This is done based on percentage of area that system covers

26
 Figure 5.13–Shell Component Bldg Envelope& loads, Zone group Definition

5.6.4 Non HVAC end uses-

Many different end-uses can be chosen at this point, both internal and external
 Ambient, task and exterior lighting
 Different equipment
 pumps
 Motors
 Domestic hot water

27
 Figure 5.14–Shell Component Bldg Envelope & loads, Non HVAC Enduses to Model

5.6.5. Lighting Loads and Profiles

Once lighting is chosen as an end-use, a new screen and inputs becomes available. Each area is
given a power per area (W/sq.ft) of lighting. An hourly profile can also be described.

Figure 5.15–Shell Component Bldg Envelope & loads, Interior Lightning Loads & Profiles

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 5.7 DEVELOPING THE MODEL
The opening Design Development Wizard has several options:
 Project/Site/Utility
 Edit Building Shell
 Edit Air-Side System
 HW Plant Equipment
5.8 HVAC SYSTEMS
Once the HVAC system is given a name, it can begin to be defined

Figure 5.16– eQUEST DD Wizard: Air-Side System TypeHVAC system Definition

 A cooling and heating source is selected

 System type and assignment to different zones is selected

5.8.1 TEMPERATURES AND AIR FLOWS

This page allows the user to select thermostat points for cooling and heating.

 Occupied and unoccupied

 Design Temperatures

29
 A minimum air flow is also given.

Figure 5.17 – eQUEST DD Wizard: Air-Side System Type, Temperatures and Air Flows

5.8.2 PACKAGED EQUIPMENT

This is where the heating and cooling elements are given specifications. The loads of the
equipment and the efficiency can both be entered.

Figure 5.18 – eQUEST DD Wizard: Air-Side System Type, Packaged Equipment

5.8.3 SYSTEM FANS

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 The only system fan for our model is the supply fans that are built-in the two rooftop units
Power, efficiency, fan flow and outside air ratios.

Figure 5.19 – eQUEST DD Wizard: Air-Side System Type, System Fans

5.8.4 OTHER SPECIFICATIONS

 Fan Schedule
- Operating times during occupancy
- Night time run option
- Continuous run time or intermittent
 HVAC Zone Heating, Vents and Economizers
- Zone heating for the exhibit is baseboard heating
- There are no vents in our model
- An economizer can be selected to run with the RTU to help minimize energy costs

5.9 DEVELOPING THE MODEL

The opening Design Development Wizard has several options:

 Project/Site/Utility
 Edit Building Shell

31
  Edit Air-Side System
 HW Plant Equipment

Figure 5.20– eQUEST Design Development Wizard: Project Navigator

5.9.1 HEATING PRIMARY EQUIPMENT

The heating system type is first selected

- Number of boilers and pumps

- The configure ration

The boiler specifications can then be selected.

32
 Figure 5.21– eQUEST DD Wizard HW Plant Equipment

5.9.2 HW SYSTEM CONTROL AND SCHEDULE

 The maximum and minimum set temperatures for the boilers can be selected here
 Schedules for typical run time for the boilers are also given

Figure 5.22– eQUEST DD Wizard HW Plant Equipment

Now that the construction of the model is done, user will go to eQUEST Main Menu, there
he/she will select Energy Efficiency Wizard.

33
 Figure 5.23 – eQUEST Menu

5.10 ENERGY EFFICIENCY WIZARD

The EEM wizard is used by selecting a component to adjust, such as wall insulation. The
program also includes a Life Cycle Cost analysis.

Figure 5.24 – eQUEST Energy Efficiency Measures Wizard

34
 The EEM Run Details wizard allows the user to change the specification, in this case the
insulation values of the wall. Now, user will simulate building performance from the eQUEST
Main Menu.

5.11 SIMULATED BUILDING PERFORMANCE

A baseline and several EEMs can be handled by the application. Using the building’s data and
the HVAC as inputs, it may determine daily energy consumption numbers. It pulls historical
weather data from the web. Several reports are accessible when the simulation is finished.

35
Figure 5.25 – Electric consumptionData generated by eQUEST

36
 Chapter - 6
Methodology, Site Study & Data Collection

Universities, schools & colleges plays vital role in influencing students to be part of social works
& community service. CSVTU, itself being a technical university is a great example of it.
Providing knowledge not only theoretically but actually applying those in its daily working has
helped spreading the importance of it. One of these appreciable works done by the university is
energy auditing. This helped the building to save a lot of energy and has become an example for
others. Recently, in 2021, new buildings are constructed in premises of university. Although
many measures have been taken to make it Green building, as responsibility of its students, the
energy modeling of the building is done.

This project aims to identify all the measurements which can be taken to increase energy
efficiency for the building. This will help to adopt all those measures in the buildings which are
yet to be constructed. Also, in future several steps can be taken to improve the efficiency this
thesis is lacking behind. To find that, simulation of the building was done in the eQUEST
software [24].

The overview of the research methodology is shown in the given chart.

37
 Figure 6.1 - eQUEST methodology flow chart

DATA COLLECTION-

On different building factors, thorough data is gathered before work is started. To find out how
much energy lightning currently uses, a survey of lightning is done. Due to the building's high
window-to-wall ratio (WWR), it was determined during the evaluation that there may be
significant energy savings potential by introducing daylight controls. The main office provided
information on the structure's operations and scheduling.

Brief Detail about the building –

Table 6.1 - Brief Details about the Building

Building Name Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Library

Building Building.
Building Type Library Building
Building Location Newai, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh
Climatic Zone Composite climate
Building Area 7378 m2
Orientation West Facing
No. of Floors Ground + 2 Floors
6.1 DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS TO BE STUDIED-
The major parameters to be studied are:
i. HVAC system
 Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
 The overall efficiency of the drive motor, supply fan, and motor
 Supply fan static pressure
ii. Building envelope and infiltration
 Roof insulation
 Wall insulation
 Infiltration
iii. Window and door
 U-value

38
  SHGC
 Overhangs
 Fins
iv. Lighting system
 Lighting power density (LPD)
 Daylight control
v. Thermostat set point and setback controls
 Cooling set point
vi. Demand controlled ventilation (DCV)
vii. Occupancy and plug load
viii. Building orientation
ix. Climatic condition

6.2 MODEL DEVELOPMENT

The building model was created using eQUEST 3.65. Two wizards are available when the
eQUEST Programme is launched: The Schematic Design Wizard (SDW) and the Design
Development Wizard (DDW). Having simple schedules and little data, the SDW is often used for
pre-design phase assessments of smaller/simpler structures. The DDW is utilized for later design
phases or analyses of complex-shaped, complex-sized, and complex-scheduled existing
structures. Therefore, the DDW needs more data input. The DDW was chosen since the
investigation is being conducted on an existing structure with full data available. Seven windows
are opened by the wizard, asking for general information such as the building's address, project
details, and a number of seasons. After that, the wizard directs users to the navigator so they may
enter more details about the structure.

6.2.1 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT WIZARD (DDW)

Preliminary information regarding the structure was recorded into the DDW. The required data
must also be input for the building's structure, HVAC systems, domestic water heating, utility
information, and heat pumps. Layout Drawings (Figure 6.2, Figure 6.3 and Figure 6.4) were
provided along with Autocad drawing of the building.

39
 Figure 6.2 - Layout drawing of Slit Floor of the Library Building Building

Figure 6.3 - Layout drawing of Ground Floor of the Library Building Building

40
 Figure 6.4 - Layout drawing of First Floor of the Library Building Building

The building area, plan, and zones must be specified or created in the first few screens in order to
create the building shell components. Additionally, details regarding the building envelope,
insulation, and shell height are input. Simple building plan choices are available in the eQUEST
library. But the structure under investigation has a shell with a complicated geometry. As a
result, the floor plan of the building is created using AutoCAD software before being integrated
(Figure 6.5) into the eQUEST.

41
 Figure 6.5 - Autocad Drafting of Building’s three floor Layout.

The eQUEST Programme performs parametric, space, and system zoning (Figure 6.6) after the
AutoCAD drawing has been imported.

42
 Figure 6.6 - Parametric and Internal Zoning of the building on eQUEST

In the ensuing screens of the design development wizard, load profiles and associated schedules
are input after the building shell information. For a variety of space types, eQUEST demands the
input of load in watts per square foot. The total wattage of each form of load, such as lights,
office equipment, and servers, is determined, and then divided by the entire area of the floor
space to determine the load in watts per square foot. The Design Development Wizard has 26
panels that may be used to enter specific building information. Figure 6.7 shows the building
model that the Design Development Wizard produced.

43
Figure 6.7 - 3- D View of the Building after detailing in Building Creation Wizard.

44
6.2.2 DETAILED DATA EDIT MODE

To make last-minute changes to the building settings, utilize the detailed data edit mode. In this
mode, comprehensive details on the building's specifications may be inputted. However, all
modifications performed in this mode will be reversed if you go back to any wizards. As a result,
the detailed data edit mode should only be utilized after the wizard mode has thoroughly
described all of the parameters. After the DDW is finished, the detailed data edit mode is utilized
to enter additional specific information about the construction specifications. The building model
is then adjusted to reflect the real energy use statistics. Additionally, it is employed for
conducting studies on energy efficiency.

1. MODEL CALIBRATION
After developing the building model, for one-year energy consumption of the building is
simulated. It is conducted by putting different types of energy efficiency measures.
The model is used to conduct energy efficiency studies by putting various energy efficiency
measures into practice if the simulated yearly energy consumption result matches the real energy
consumption data.
2. HVAC SYSTEM
The energy efficiency ratio (EER), static pressure set point, and the efficiency of the drive motor,
supply fan, and motor are the primary factors influencing the energy consumption of the HVAC
system. The overall efficiency of the HVAC system may degrade with time for a variety of
causes, including dust buildup on heat exchanger surfaces, refrigerant leaks from evaporator
coils, connections, and seals, 48 as well as the deterioration of machine components such
compressor bearings. However, routine maintenance procedures can reduce these systems'
inefficiencies. Both the speed and the power of the supply fan are controlled by the static
pressure set-point. According to the affinity law, a motor or pump's power consumption is
proportional to its rotational speed squared. The energy consumption of the HVAC system is so
increased by setting supply fans to run at constant peak speed. When the outside air temperature
is lower than the inside temperature of the building, economizers are used to enable outside air
intake. The burden on the cooling coil on cooling degree days will be lessened as a result. A
double temperature economizer installation's effects are assessed. When the outside air
temperature is lower than the return air temperature, a double temperature economizer draws in
outside air.

45
3. BUILDING ENVELOPE
As a structure gets older, its airtightness and insulating capabilities may deteriorate. When
connections between windows, walls, and doors are somewhat sealed, older buildings with loose
construction can still be considered. The airtightness of new building is superior to that of older
structure when joints, windows, walls, and seams are properly sealed.
4. LIGHTING
The efficiency of the light bulbs deteriorates over time, raising the energy usage of the lighting
system. Additionally, if the fixture isn't regularly cleaned, dust will build up on its surface and
reduce its effectiveness. Installing occupancy sensors and daylight sensors will help increase the
overall efficiency of the lighting system. When the space under their control is inhabited by 49
individuals, occupancy sensors activate the lighting system, and when the space is empty, they
turn the lights off. When the amount of light coming from sunshine reaches the desired level of
illumination for the room, daylight controls use photocell sensors to dim or switch off the lights.
The number of photo sensors per region, the proportion of lights operated by photo sensors, the
design foot candle, and the reference point where light levels are monitored are the primary
factors that influence Daylighting management. The height indicates the depth from the outer
wall and the reference position from the floor. The standard setting for the height above the floor
in eQUEST is thirty inches, or 2.5 feet. This height stands for the height above the ground at
which light Illuminance values are computed. It does not accurately depict the height at which a
daylight photo sensor is mounted. The depth of the zone from the external window or wall to the
back of the zone's boundary, where daylight level is measured, is represented by the percent of
zone depth. In eQUEST, the default value of depth for a zone controlled by a single photo sensor
is 50%, and for a zone governed by two photo sensors, the default values are 83% for photo
sensor 1 and 33% for photo sensor 2. One photo sensor controls the area close to the window
when two are added to a zone, while the other controls the region outside the window. 50 foot-
candles are specified as the default design foot-candle. Since eQUEST lacks the functionality to
model occupancy sensors, a 10% decrease in LPD is expected for modeling the occupancy
sensors.
5. OCCUPANCY AND PLUG LOADS
The building's energy efficiency is directly impacted by the occupancy rate and plug loads.
Different types of office equipment, including desktop computers, printers, TVs, servers, and

46
 many more, may be found in business buildings. Compared to other plug loads, servers often use
more energy. Consequently, only the effect of server load is assessed for plug loads.
6. SCHEDULE
There are several schedule kinds in eQUEST that are used for various reasons. No of the sort of
timetable, all schedules fall into one of three categories: daily, weekly, or yearly. Select any
module, and then scroll to the bottom of the component tree to get a schedule. As with anything
else in eQUEST, it's crucial to begin creating schedules at the most basic level, which in this
instance is a daily schedule.
It's crucial to recognize the various schedule kinds while also comprehending the links between
schedule category types. This work will just cover the three most typical schedule options, out of
the 12 available in eQUEST: Temperature, fraction, and on/off.
For things like internal loads and lighting, a fraction schedule is employed. Two annual
schedules and two weekly schedules are required (1 heating, 1 cooling). But often, four daily
temperature regimens are required (heating and cooling with occupied and unoccupied each).
Last but not least, on/off schedules provide a 0 (off) or a 1 (on) at any time of the day.

6.2.3 BUILDING PROJECT DETAIL

i. Climatic Zone
Climate of a region directly affects the energy consumption of a building. There are five type of
climatic zone as per ECBC, 2017. They are – Hot & Dry, Warm & Humid, Composite,
Temperate and Cold. India’s different climatic zone is shown in figure 6.8.
The Building is located at Newai, Bhilai, Chhattisgraph, which falls in Composite Climate Zone.
Composite climate is considered when –
 High temperature in summer and cold in winter.
 Low humidity in summer, but high in monsoon.
 High direct solar radiations in all seasons except monsoon in which there is high diffused
radiations
All the above mentioned characteristics of Composite Climate indicate that, in summer season
building will consume energy in cooling and conditioning. While that not is case in Winters and
Monsoon, which means, six month of air conditioning load will be higher leading to increase of

47
 energy consumption. Also, increase in humidity in monsoon months can also increase usage of
air conditioners.

Figure 6.8 - Map of different climatic zones of India

(Source - https://www.firstgreen.co/climate-zone-map-of-india/)
ii. Building Orientation
Understanding of building orientation can help in reducing a huge amount of energy
consumption. Since, the Building is located in India, which is in the Northern Hemisphere of the
earth, and equator is in south direction. If the movement of sun is studied, it is from East to West,
which is going from South direction (Figure 6.9).
If one knows the correct orientation of building, according to that, he/she can design the
windows and doors which will later affects the energy consumption of building.

48
 Figure 6.9 - Orientation of Building and Path of Sun for the Northern Hemisphere.
(Source - https://www.buildinggreen.com/primer/how-suns-path-can-inform-design )
The Library Building, C.S.V.T.U, building is facing North. The design of building is done
brilliantly. The windows placementis mostly done in North side, which leads to least heat gain.
(Figure 6.10).

Figure 6.10 - Orientation of Library Building.

6.2.4 BUILDING SHELL DETAIL

There are various Building shell materials and factors which are affecting the amount of energy
consumed by the building. Let us discuss it in details
i. U- VALUE
The rate at which heat moves through a material is known as its thermal transmittance. A U-
value is used to represent a substance or assembly's thermal transmittance. In this building, the
U- Value of walls, roof and glass has been taken. For the proposed case, the value of it is
provided as per the given data. While for the Baseline case, the value is provided according to
ECBC, 2017.

49
Appendix II is showing table provided by ECBC, 2017 which provides data regarding U-value of
Roof (Figure A) for different type of building situated at different type of climate. In EQUEST
software, value of U-Value is given in Btu/hr-sqf-degF. To convert W/m 2. K into Btu/hr-sqf-
degF, the universal formula, (formula (1)) is used.
W
1 2
. K=0.1762280394 Btu /hr−sqf −degF ………….. (1)
m

For the Library Building, this project will take the value of School (area less than 10000 m 2)
which is 0.47 (refer Appendix II Figure A). Applying this formula, the value of U-value for the
roof has been derived (given in the figure – 6.11). From the Appendix II, Figure B, the U- value
of exterior wall of the building which will be 0.85 has been taken. Applying the formula (1), the
value of the wall is given in the figure 6.11.

Figure 6.11 - Envelope Heat Transmittance Value Calculation and Comparison

The glass in the building will be same in baseline and proposed case that is why the
specifications in both the cases will be same.
The three most significant glass thermal qualities that affect building envelope energy efficiency
are SHGC, shading coefficient, and U-value.

50
 The amount of solar heat that strikes a piece of glass and enters a space is known as the SHGC of
that piece of glass. Shading coefficient (SC) measures how well a glass will perform thermally in
a structure.

6.2.5 INTERNAL LOAD OF THE BUILDING

A building's internal loads are intricately tied to occupant behavior, both directly through the
contribution of human heat production to the thermal energy balance and indirectly through
interactions between inhabitants, appliances, and building energy services.
In eQUEST, Internal load of building can be categorized into occupancy, lighting, Daylighting
and equipment. Spreadsheets generated in eQUEST can be used to identify and modify several
values (Figure 6.12).
The number of persons who may occupy an area is known as the occupancy load. This load is
derived by dividing the space's gross area by the space's occupant load factor.

Figure 6.12 - Spreadsheet of Occupancy of space of the building on the eQUEST

The lighting load of the building plays a vital role in energy conservation. The "Lighting Power
Density" of a building, which is expressed in watts per square foot or square meter, is frequently
used to describe the lighting loads in a structure. Technically, lighting power density, or watts
per square foot of the lighting equipment, refers to the load of any lighting equipment in any
specified area.

51
 The other major internal load is equipment, such as HVAC systems and water heaters. This is
often isolated from plug loads and is expressed in terms of a "Equipment Power Density," which
is calculated in watts per square foot or square meter.

6.2.6 HVAC EQUIPMENTS

1. EER
The energy efficiency ratio is used to determine how effective a room air conditioner is (EER).
The cooling capacity (measured in British thermal units (Btu) per hour) to power input ratio is
known as the EER (in watts). The efficiency of the air conditioner increases with the EER rating.
CoolingCapacity (Btu/hr −sqf −degF )
EER=
Power input (watt )
SEER - The seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) is the ratio of the total electrical energy
used by the air conditioner during the same cooling season to the total heat extracted from the
conditioned area during the same season.
Cooling output during X season
SEER=
Energy used ∈ X season
2. CFM
It is a unit of measurement that indicates how much air a specific fan can move in a minute.
HVAC uses a cubic-foot-per-minute airflow calculation (CFM) or HVAC system's airflow
capacity is expressed in CFM per square foot. It's used to calculate a building's cooling needs
and, consequently, its HVAC requirements in tons, where the heating or cooling capacity of one
ton equals 12,000 British thermal units (BTUs).
3. BRITISH THERMAL UNIT
British thermal units (Btu) are a unit used to quantify the amount of heat in fuels or other energy
sources. The amount of heat needed to increase a pound of liquid water's temperature by one
degree Fahrenheit at the point where water has its highest density.
BTU/hour is a power unit that measures energy production per unit of time and is equivalent to 1
BTU produced in an hour. Both the cooling power of air conditioning systems and the heating
power of fuel are often defined in BTU/h.
BTU is 1-ton AC unit. The term "ton," as used in the HVAC industry, refers to the amount of
heat that an AC unit can remove from a house in one hour. British thermal unit is the unit of

52
measurement for heat (BTU). 12,000 BTUs of air may be removed every hour by one ton of air
conditioning.

HVAC INPUTS BASELINE CASE PROPSED CASE

3 STAR RATING AC 5 STAR RATING AC

KW = 1.76 = 2.64
KWh = 620.32 = 785.67
ISEER = 4.39 = 5.2
EER = 0.875 X ISEER = 0.875 X ISEER
= 3.84125 = 4.55

Indoor unit input

Air Flow (CFM) = 420 = 593

kw/cfm = 0.004190476 = 0.004451939

Figure 6.13 - HVAC input for Baseline and Proposed Case Models

For the Library Building, the value for the baseline has been taken for 1.5 ton of 3-star rating air
conditioner. And for proposed case, 1.5 ton of 5-star AC has been recommended. HVAC inputs
for Baseline and Proposed Case Models are provided in Figure 6.13. The HVAC inputs are
provided as provided by the production company [30].

53
 Chapter - 7
Result and Discussion

7.1. INTRODUCTION
After providing all the values in baseline and proposed case separately, EQUEST simulation is
run. This provide various data’s, and result which helps us to analyses how much energy is being
consumed, what is consuming more energy, where improvements can be done and also helps in
comparisons. After running the simulation of the Library Building, EQUEST produced various
results which has been discussed in below sections.
7.2. BASELINE CASE CONSUMPTION AND PROPOSED CASE CONSUMPTION
The Model is simulated for the Weather file of Raipur, India. A weather file is a text file that
tracks the annual weather stream for a certain climatic zone and includes daily data of the
temperature, humidity, wind, solar radiation, and precipitation at various elevations. It stands for
a typical year over a thirty-year span.
In the baseline case, the HVAC inputs are as per ECBC 2017, which states that minimum 3 star
HVAC system to be used. Therefore, values of 3 star 1.5-tons AC have been applied. After
simulation run, the calculated value of energy consumption is 1205.9kWh. (Table 7.1, Figure
7.1). (Different result of baseline case model generated by eQUEST has been shown in figure
7.2, 7.3, 7.4 & 7.5).
Table 7.1 - Energy Consumption by different systems in different months (Baseline Case)

54
Figure 7.1 - Electric Consumption Bar Chart (Baseline Case Mode)

55
Figure 7.2 - Annual Energy Consumption by Enduse (Baseline Case)

56
Figure 7.3 - Annual Energy Consumption by Endues (Baseline Case)

57
Figure 7.4 - Electric Demand (Baseline Case Mode)

58
59
Figure 7.5 - Monthly Energy Consumed by different system (Baseline Case Mode)

60
The proposed model is simulated considering design conditions. The consumption of the
proposed case is 874.94 kWh (Table 7.2, Figure 7.6) (Different result of proposed case model
generated by eQUEST has been shown in figure 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, & 7.10).

Table 7.2 - Energy Consumption by different systems in different months (Proposed Case)

61
 Figure 7.6 - Electric Consumption Bar Chart (Proposed Case Mode)

Figure 7.7 - Annual Energy Consumption by Enduse Bar chart (Proposed Case)

62
Figure 7.8 - Annual Energy Consumption by Enduse (Proposed Case)

63
Figure 7.9 - Electric Demand (Proposed Case Mode)

64
65
66
67
 Figure 7.10 - Monthly Energy Consumed by different system (Baseline Case Mode)

Energy in a building is consumed in different areas. It will be easier and effective if energy
consumption of each area is studied separately. Also, due to change in season, the amount of
energy an area is consuming differs. Above tables (Table 7.1 & 7.2) are showing energy
consumption of the building by different areas in all the months. After the simulation run,
eQUEST itself generates these data.

68
 Chapter - 8
Conclusion
8.1.

8.1.
ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDEX
Energy Performance Index (EPI) is considered as the easiest and most relevant way to find out
whether a building is energy efficient or not. EPI is calculated by dividing total energy
consumption of a building over a year by the total area of the building.
Energy consumed∈a year
EPI =
Total building area
Total Area of the building – 7378 m 2 (from table 8.1). The EPI of both the model is tabulated in
Table 8.1.
Table 8.1 - Energy Performance Index

Model Energy Area of the EPI

Consumed in a building (m2) (KWh/m2/year)
year (kWh)
I II III IV
Baseline Model 13,74.4 2903 0.46
Proposed Model 12,05.9 2903 0.42

8.2. ENERGY COST SAVING CONSUMPTION

The building is achieving 7.86% Energy Cost Savings as compare to baseline Case (Table 8.2).
Table 8.2 - Energy Cost saving consumption
Model Consumption Energy (in kWh)
I II
Proposed consumption 12,05.9
Baseline consumption 13,74.4
Saving Percentage 7.86 %

8.3. FUTURE SCOPE

The results of the study indicate that the building under analysis has the potential to achieve a
7.86% improvement in energy efficiency. The library building is having less than 10% of
conditioned area. The researchers utilized the eQUEST software to conduct simulation work,
which facilitated the analysis process. The findings from the analysis highlight that space cooling

69
plays a significant role in the building's overall energy consumption when compared to other
factors.

Based on this important finding, several recommendations have been proposed to enhance the
energy efficiency of the building. One crucial aspect identified is the lighting power density,
which has a considerable impact on the overall energy usage of the building. It suggests that
addressing lighting efficiency can contribute significantly to reducing energy consumption. The
current equipment used in the building is already energy-efficient, indicating that some measures
have already been taken to optimize energy usage. However, to further reduce the building's
energy consumption and enhance its overall efficiency, it is crucial to prioritize the installation of
more efficient equipment in the future. This future work involves replacing existing equipment
with advanced energy-efficient alternatives. The selection process for new equipment should
consider factors such as improved energy performance, updated technology, and enhanced
energy-saving features. This could include replacing old HVAC systems with newer models that
utilize advanced technologies like variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems or high-efficiency
heat pumps.
Additionally, updating the lighting system by incorporating energy-efficient LED fixtures and
implementing lighting control systems, such as occupancy sensors and daylight harvesting, can
significantly reduce energy consumption associated with lighting. These measures ensure that
lighting is used only when necessary and that energy is not wasted in unoccupied or well-lit
areas. Furthermore, the future work may involve exploring the potential of renewable energy
sources for powering the building. Integrating solar panels or wind turbines can offset the
building's energy demand and provide clean, sustainable energy. The feasibility and cost-
effectiveness of renewable energy solutions need to be assessed to determine the most suitable
option for the building. Regular monitoring and maintenance of the building's systems will also
be essential. Implementing a building management system (BMS) or an energy management
system (EMS) can enable real-time monitoring of energy usage, identify areas of inefficiency,
and optimize energy consumption accordingly. This will allow for ongoing adjustments and
improvements to be made as needed, ensuring long-term energy efficiency. To support the future
work, collaboration between architects, engineers, energy specialists, and facility managers will

70
be crucial. Their combined expertise and knowledge will enable comprehensive energy audits,
detailed energy modeling, and informed decision-making throughout the process.

Overall, the future work involves a holistic approach to improve the building's energy efficiency.
By focusing on lighting power density, prioritizing more efficient equipment, exploring
renewable energy sources, and implementing monitoring and maintenance strategies, the
building can further reduce its energy consumption, lower its environmental impact, and
potentially achieve a higher level of sustainability.

71
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 APPENDIX I.

I. Energy efficiency - The definition of energy efficiency is the use of less energy to carry
out an activity or achieve a goal.
II. Energy Auditing - A building's energy flows are examined and analysed as part of an
energy audit with the goal of comprehending the structure's level of energy efficiency.
III. Green Building - A green or sustainable building is one that may preserve or raise the
standard of living in the area in which it is situated thanks to its design and
characteristics.

IV. Air conditioning loads - the quantity of cooling/heating energy required by a structure,
system, or space.
V. Volumetric air flow requirements - the volume of air required to heat or cool a room.
VI. Building envelope shielding - The physical barrier that separates a building's conditioned
environment from its unconditioned environment, as well as its resistance to the transfer
of air, water, heat, light, and noise.
VII. External wall thermal insulation/emission - External wall insulation systems (also known
as EWIS) are a type of exterior cladding that uses expanded polystyrene, mineral wool,
polyurethane foam, or phenolic foam as well as a reinforced cement-based, mineral, or
synthetic finish and plaster to provide thermal insulation, protection, and aesthetic
appeal.
VIII. Window/wall ratio - The window-to-wall ratio (WWR), which is computed as the ratio
of the wall fenestration area to the gross above grade wall area, is the portion of the
above grade wall area that is covered by fenestration.
IX. HVAC - Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC. The term
HVAC describes the many systems used to move air between indoor and outdoor spaces
as well as to heat and cool both residential and commercial structures.
X. EER - The ratio of the output cooling energy (measured in BTU) to the input electrical
energy (measured in watts) at a specific operating point is known as the energy
efficiency ratio (EER) of an HVAC cooling equipment.
XI. Economizer - In order to better regulate indoor temperatures and increase energy
efficiency, an economizer utilizes outside air.

77
XII. U Value - A building element's total thermal resistance across all of its layers, such as
those on its roof, wall, or floor, is calculated as the element's U-value. Additionally, it
provides corrections for any fixes or air gaps.
XIII. SHGC - In the US, a metric known as the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is used to
calculate the quantity of solar radiation that travels through glass in comparison to the
amount of solar radiation that hits the glass.
XIV. Lighting Power Density (LPD) - Technically, lighting power density, or the watts per
square foot of the lighting equipment, refers to the load of any lighting equipment in any
specified area.
XV. Daylight control - With daylight harvesting, also known as daylight response, interior
electric lighting automatically adjusts to maintain a preset level, saving energy. It works
best in locations with regular access to natural light, such illumination near windows or
near skylights.

78
 APPENDIX II.

Figure. A– Table from ECBC -2017 for U-VALUE of Roof. [27]

Figure. B – Table from ECBC -2017 for U-VALUE of Wall. [27]

79
 List of Publications

I. Yadav T., Kasliwal N., Verma M., Ghritlahre H.K. & Kasliwal R. “Analysis and
Simulation of Library Building Using eQUEST Software: A Case Study from Bhilai,
India” Proceedings of an International Conference on Energy Resources and Technologies
for Sustainable Development (ICERTSD 2023) 27th- 28th April, 2023 IIEST Shibpur,
Howrah, India. (Under the process of publication in the Springer Book Series).

II. Kasliwal N., Yadav T., Verma M., Ghritlahre H.K. & Kasliwal R. “Analysis and
Simulation of Library Building Using eQUEST Software: A Case Study from Bhilai,
India” Proceedings of an International Conference on “Innovations in Clean Energy
Technologies ICET 2023” 8th -10th April, 2023 by Energy Centre, Maulana Azad
National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India. (Under the process of publication on "A
Springer book series Springer Proceedings in Energy").

80