Portfolio on Des641

Gyanesh Sharan
Research Scholar
231190604

Department of Design, IIT Kanpur

Submitted To: Prof Amar Kumar Behera
 1

Title :To design a logo for a company making text books for learning maths targeting women
candidates.

Description:
To design this logo I used Adobe illustrator.The target audience is women so a word mark that uses
a yellow colour was used.We want to convey a sense of victory at the same time being modern.I
selected the name of the company as BAT.

Flow chart of the Method used:

New File(artboard 1)-----Guides-----Pen-----Fill and Stroke----opacity----artboard 2-----copy the
element BAT----Pattern-----inserting pattern to swatches-----Color----opacity----save
 2
Exercise 1-Which brand are the customers more loyal to from the
given data?
Solution:
To determine which brand has more loyal customers, we should typically focus more on the repeat
purchase percentage because it directly reflects the behavior of individual customers.Market share
percentage can be an indicator of brand loyalty but,it doesn't provide a direct measure of individual
customer loyalty but rather the brand's overall presence in the market.So on this basis we can say
that customers are more loyal to some of big brands like Tide,Wisk as well as to some of small
brandslike Bold.But loyalty to big brands like Tide,Wisk ,concluded from the data, is more as
compared that to small brnds like Bold.However there are are also some small brands to which
customers are more loyal in comparison to big brand compared to it.For Example in USA Bold is a
small brand as compared to A&H still customers are more loyal to it than the counterpart.

Exercise 2a-Customer needs statement for a rechargeable electric

toothbrush
Solution:
1)It should easily clean and should be able to reach difficult to reach areas in mouth like back teeh.
2)It shold clean teeth effectively while maintaining oral hygiene
3)It should have a powerful battery so that there is no need to charge it time and again after very
short intervals.
4)It should offer multiple brushing modes apart from merely cleaning such s gum massage.
5)It should have a time reminder feature to ensure I use it for a recommended time.
6)It should provide feedback on my brushing technique.
7)It should have an ergonomic design and a comfortable grip for ease of use.
8)Its head shouldn't need frequent replacement
9)It should have a smart pressure sensor to prevent me from brushing too hard.
10)It should have a rechargable base to make it easy to charge.

Exercise 2b-Customer needs statement for a blender

1)Should offer superior blending power
2)Easy-to-use controls
3)It should have easy cleanup
4)It should enable us to prepare a variety of recipes, from nutrient-packed smoothies to creamy
soups and more, while fitting seamlessly into our fast-paced lifestyles.
5)Durable
6)It should have user friendly features like easy to undrstand instructions to use it in the boolet.
 Discover
Carry out a design review of a laser pointer using the following steps ––
 Task 1-Identify the Market of Use
•Task 2 – Identify key functionalities, aesthetic properties, and assembly methods
• Task 3 - Brainstorm any existing problems with the design
• Task 4 - Propose at least 2 innovations that can improve its overall functionality,
aesthetics, or how its made.
• Task 5 – Use sketching to produce visuals of your innovation

Solution:
1.Market of Use :
Business and Presentations: Employed by experts in meetings, lectures, and presentations.
Education: Frequently used to draw attention to material during lectures in schools and other
educational contexts.
Astronomy: The use of stars, constellations, and other celestial objects by astronomers.
Interactive laser pointers are sometimes used as pet toys.
2a) Key functionalities
a) Guaranteeing a steady, accurate laser beam that can be used for pointing and visibility
under many circumstances (brightness, distance, and clarity).
b) Taking into account different power sources, rechargeable alternatives, and battery life.
c) Long-term grip comfort and portability are key components of design.
d) Satisfying industry requirements for safe wavelengths and ranges appropriate for the
intended use.
2b) Aesthetic properties
a) Utilising lightweight, long-lasting materials that are simple to handle.
b) Balanced weight distribution, a comfortable grip, and potential customization for varying
hand sizes.
c) Appealing finishes and colour selections that fit the target market

2c) Assembly methods

a) Evaluating the viability of various assembly techniques, such as precision machining for
metal parts or injection moulding for plastic components.
b) Making the pointer's design such that changing batteries or any other worn-out components
is simple.
Existing problem with the design
Its slippery surface is difficult to grip on it.
Two innovations to improve this Design
a) Including a cap on the top of the laser to make it easy to grip
b) Increasing the laser pointer controller’s size
 3
Identification of opportunities
Project:To design a rack to keep plastic bottles for homeopathic pills and to keep syringes.

Opportinities created by this project:

1)If there is a demand for such a product in the market, you have the opportunity to meet this need
and capture a share of the market.

2)Selling the racks themselves can be a primary source of revenue.

3)Offer customization options to cater to individual preferences or healthcare facility requirements.

4)Partner with retail stores, homeopathic clinics, or healthcare suppliers to have your products on
their shelves.

5)If you use environmentally friendly materials or offer recycling options for the plastic bottles, you
can tap into the growing market for sustainable products.

6)As your business gains experience, you can offer market research or consulting services to others
looking to enter the niche market.

7)If your product is well-suited for healthcare supply chains, consider partnering with healthcare
logistics companies.
Image of the product designed:
 Design Ecosystem
Find a short video from the internet, that explains the design process .Post the video
link on the Hello IITK forum page for this task .Write a short summary of a significant
design research tool or technique, based on the chosen video (150 words)

Solution:

1) https://hello.iitk.ac.in/des641asem12324/#/forum/general/20

2) Design research can be carried out in 5 steps.

1) Empathise: When designing, designers try to understand users deeply and see the world
from their point of view.

2) Define the problem: A crucial stage in the design process is problem definition, during
which designers clarify and comprehend the particular opportunity or challenge they seek to
solve. During this stage, the broad understanding of user wants that was developed during the
empathise phase will be replaced with a targeted and actionable problem statement.

3) Ideation: The goal of the design process' ideation step is to produce a broad range of
original concepts and viable fixes for the issues that the earlier processes have defined.

4) Prototyping: A crucial step in the design process is prototyping, where designers produce a
working prototype of their ideas or solutions to test and get input.

5) Testing: It involves verifying the design decisions, seeing any problems, and making sure
the finished product successfully satisfies user needs.
 Project: To develop an ESP8266 Webserver
Code:
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

#include <ESP8266WebServer.h>

// Replace with your network credentials

const char* ssid = "Redmi12C";

const char* password = "Mits@1234";

// Set web server port number to 80

WiFiServer server(80);

// Variable to store the HTTP request String header;

String header;

// Declare the pins to which the LEDs are connected

int greenled = 5;

int redled = 4;

int yellowled = 14;

String greenstate = "off";// state of green LED

String redstate = "off";// state of red LED

String yellowstate = "off";// state of yellow led

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200);

// Set the pinmode of the pins to which the LEDs are connected and turn them low to prevent
flunctuations

pinMode(greenled, OUTPUT);

pinMode(redled, OUTPUT);

pinMode(yellowled, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(greenled, LOW);

digitalWrite(redled, LOW);
digitalWrite(yellowled, LOW);

//connect to access point

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

Serial.print("Connecting to ");

Serial.println(ssid);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(500);

Serial.print(".");

// Print local IP address and start web server

Serial.println("");

Serial.println("WiFi connected.");

Serial.println("IP address: ");

Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());// this will display the Ip address of the Pi which should be

entered into your browser

server.begin();

void loop()

WiFiClient client = server.available(); // Listen for incoming clients

if (client) { // If a new client connects,

String currentLine = ""; // make a String to hold incoming data from the client

while (client.connected()) { // loop while the client's connected

if (client.available()) { // if there's bytes to read from the client,

char c = client.read(); // read a byte, then

Serial.write(c); // print it out the serial monitor

header += c;
if (c == '\n') { // if the byte is a newline character

// if the current line is blank, you got two newline characters in a row.

// that's the end of the client HTTP request, so send a response:

if (currentLine.length() == 0) {

// HTTP headers always start with a response code (e.g. HTTP/1.1 200 OK)

// and a content-type so the client knows what's coming, then a blank line:

client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");

client.println("Content-type:text/html");

client.println("Connection: close");

client.println();

// turns the GPIOs on and off

if (header.indexOf("GET /green/on") >= 0) {

Serial.println("green on");

greenstate = "on";

digitalWrite(greenled, HIGH);

} else if (header.indexOf("GET /green/off") >= 0) {

Serial.println("green off");

greenstate = "off";

digitalWrite(greenled, LOW);

} else if (header.indexOf("GET /red/on") >= 0) {

Serial.println("red on");

redstate = "on";

digitalWrite(redled, HIGH);

} else if (header.indexOf("GET /red/off") >= 0) {

Serial.println("red off");

redstate = "off";

digitalWrite(redled, LOW);
 } else if (header.indexOf("GET /yellow/on") >=0) {

Serial.println("yellow on");

yellowstate = "on";

digitalWrite(yellowled, HIGH);

} else if (header.indexOf("GET /yellow/off") >=0) {

Serial.println("yellow off");

yellowstate = "off";

digitalWrite(yellowled, LOW);

// Display the HTML web page

client.println("<!DOCTYPE html><html>");

client.println("<head><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,

initial-scale=1\">");

client.println("<link rel=\"icon\" href=\"data:,\">");

// CSS to style the on/off buttons

// Feel free to change the background-color and font-size attributes to fit your
preferences

client.println("<style>html { font-family: Helvetica; display: inline-block; margin:

0px auto; text-align: center;}");

client.println(".button { background-color: #195B6A; border: none; color: white;

padding: 16px 40px;");

client.println("text-decoration: none; font-size: 30px; margin: 2px; cursor: pointer;}");

client.println(".button2 {background-color: #77878A;}</style></head>");

// Web Page Heading

client.println("<body><h1>Parithi's IoT Portal</h1>");

 // Display current state, and ON/OFF buttons for GPIO 26

client.println("<p>green - State " + greenstate + "</p>");

// If the green LED is off, it displays the ON button

if (greenstate == "off") {

client.println("<p><a href=\"/green/on\"><button
class=\"button\">ON</button></a></p>");

} else {

client.println("<p><a href=\"/green/off\"><button class=\"button

button2\">OFF</button></a></p>");

// Display current state, and ON/OFF buttons for GPIO 27

client.println("<p>red - State " + redstate + "</p>");

// If the red LED is off, it displays the ON button

if (redstate == "off") {

client.println("<p><a href=\"/red/on\"><button
class=\"button\">ON</button></a></p>");

} else {

client.println("<p><a href=\"/red/off\"><button class=\"button

button2\">OFF</button></a></p>");

client.println("<p>yellow - State " + yellowstate + "</p>");

// If the yellow LED is off, it displays the ON button

if (yellowstate == "off") {

client.println("<p><a href=\"/yellow/on\"><button
class=\"button\">ON</button></a></p>");

} else {
 client.println("<p><a href=\"/yellow/off\"><button class=\"button
button2\">OFF</button></a></p>");

client.println("</body></html>");

// The HTTP response ends with another blank line

client.println();

// Break out of the while loop

break;

} else { // if you got a newline, then clear currentLine

currentLine = "";

} //else if (c != '\r') { // if you got anything else but a carriage return character,

//currentLine += c; // add it to the end of the currentLine

// Clear the header variable

//header = "";

// Close the connection

///client.stop();

///Serial.println("Client disconnected.");

///Serial.println("");
 Research Papers on NVIVO
References
[1.] Garry W. Auld, Ann Diker, M. Ann Bock, Carol J. Boushey, Christine M. Bruhn, Mary Cluskey,
Miriam Edlefsen, Dena L. Goldberg, Scottie L. Misner, Beth H. Olson, Marla Reicks, Changzheng
Wang, Sahar Zaghloul, Development of a Decision Tree to Determine Appropriateness of NVivo in
Analyzing Qualitative Data Sets, Journal of Nutrition Education and Behaviour, Volume 39, Issue
1,2007,Pages 37-47,ISSN 1499-4046

[2] André Luiz Bufoni, Aracéli Cristina de Sousa Ferreira, Luciano Basto Oliveira, Waste management
CDM projects barriers NVivo 10® qualitative dataset, Data in Brief, Volume 15,2017,Pages 595-
599,ISSN 2352-3409

[3] Katarina E. Göransson, Anna Ehrenberg, Margareta Ehnfors, Marsha Fonteyn, An effort to use
qualitative data analysis software for analysing think aloud data, International Journal of Medical
Informatics, Volume 76, Supplement 2,2007,Pages S270-S273,ISSN 1386-5056

[4] Md. Khaled Sifullah, Md. Salman Sohel, Md. Fouad Hossain Sarker, Muhaiminul Islam, Maruf
Ahmad, Md Motiur Rahman, Mapping out the vulnerabilities of migrant women in the informal
sector: A qualitative investigation in Dhaka city, Heliyon, Volume 9, Issue 10,2023,e20950,ISSN 2405-
8440

[5] Ming Zhang, Ying Yang, Panpan Du, Jiancheng Wang, Yaoyao Wei, Jiayan Qin, Limei Yu,The effect
of public environmental participation on pollution governance in China: The mediating role of local
governments' environmental attention, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Volume
104,2024,107345,ISSN 0195-9255

Purpose of use of NVIVO & Research methodologies for the above papers
[1]Purpose: was employed to examine 204 Asian, Hispanic, and white parents' interviews
across 12 states. The event gave insight into things to think about while choosing whether or
not to use the software.

Research Methodology:

Researchers used Microsoft Access 2000 (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash) to categorise thematic
effects from 35 focus group transcripts from Asian, Hispanic, and White teenage females in
order to determine factors influencing adolescents' use of calcium-rich foods.2 The
researchers analysed transcripts of 113 interviews of stroke survivors regarding eating
difficulties following an acute stroke using QSR Non-Numerical Unstructured Data Indexing
Searching and Theorising (NUD*IST) (QSR International, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia), a
qualitative data analysis software set. Researchers utilised NUD*IST to categorise transcript
data from eight focus groups on health beliefs and attitudes related early childhood weight
issues according to emergent themes in order to update the theoretical framework for
nutrition education among Latina mothers.
[2] Purpose: In a single NVivo 10® software file, 432 large waste management projects
design documents (PDD) from 2004 to 2014 were shared.

Research methodology: To choose the units for analysis (phenomenology), the approach
entails a recursive process (coding) of a basic word search on the material. For those units, a
semantic search, interpretation, and potential relationships among the fragments picked are
considered (hermeneutic). Sectoral Scope was the search criterion applied to the content
selection (raw data) in this file from the UNFCCC Project Search site.

[3] Purpose: NVivo was employed in an effort to oversee and facilitate a three-step protocol
examination of think-aloud data in a research project looking at the reasoning used by
emergency nurses during triage. The identification and description of the information that
sixteen triage nurses focused on during triage, as well as how they organised this information
to reach a triage decision, were made possible by the use of the qualitative data analysis
software programme QSR NVivo©.

Research methodology: The three-step PA process includes: Referring Phrase Analysis

(RPA), Assertional Analysis (AA), and Script Analysis (SA) was used. Many little text
fragments were found and coded during RPA (Step 1), leaving multiple codes on each line of
text. An overview was simply obtained by using the QSR NVivo©'s Coding Stripes and
Coder. Nevertheless, there were restrictions because not all Nodes could be shown
simultaneously in various colour settings.

[4] Purpose: To achieve the study's goal, twenty-five semi-structured in-depth interviews
were held over the course of eight months of participant observation. The phenomena of
vulnerability encountered by female migrants in the informal sector was explained by the
authors through the use of the capabilities approach theory. Utilising NVivo 12, thematic data
analysis were carried out.

Research Methodology: We used NVivo 12, an intuitive and user-friendly data management
and analysis programme with improved analytical features, rather than paper and pen to
analyse the data. To obtain more precise and consistent results, theme coding, categorization,
and organisation were carried out using the NVivo 12 software. Soon after returning from
data collection, the data were carefully arranged and condensed. The gathered information
was coded based on the profession of each person and kept in a different file.

[5] Purpose: It uses Nvivo software to extract keywords about local governments' concern to
the environment from documents from Western Chinese province governments and looks at
the mediating role that local governments play between pollution governance and public
environmental participation.

Research Methodology: The panel data unit root test is carried out prior to the regression
estimation results to guarantee the smoothness of the data process, prevent pseudo regression,
and guarantee the validity of the panel data regression estimation results. This research
simultaneously uses the IPS test and the LLC test in an effort to strengthen the test's
persuasiveness and robustness. When there is a "same root," the former is applicable, and
when there is a "different root," the latter is applicable.
 Case Study: The Impact of Social Media on Teenage Mental
Health

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between teen use of social media
and mental health markers.

Methodology: Gathering Information:

Surveys: Create and send out a questionnaire to teens (13–18 years old) asking on their use
of social media, emotional health, and perceived stress levels.

Interviews: To learn more about the experiences and perspectives of a chosen set of
participants, hold semi-structured interviews with them.

Social Media Data: To examine usage trends, collect information from websites like
Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok (with users' permission).

Data Analysis tool: NVIVO

Format of survey used on 5 persons: Akanksha,Shalabh,Ayush Shrut,Anunay
Arunav,Utkarsh vyas

1. Social Media Usage:

 Which social media platforms do you use regularly? (Check all that
apply)
 Instagram
 Snapchat
 TikTok
 Twitter
 Facebook
 Other (Please specify): ___________
 On average, how many hours per day do you spend on social media?
 Less than 1 hour
 1-2 hours
 2-4 hours
 More than 4 hours
2. Mental Health Perception:
 How would you rate your emotional well-being on a scale from 1 to
5? (1 being very poor, 5 being excellent)
 1
 2
  3
 4
 5
 Do you often feel stressed or anxious?
 Yes
 No
3. Comparison and Self-Esteem:
 Do you ever compare your life to what you see on social media?
 Frequently
 Occasionally
 Rarely
 Never
 Has social media ever negatively affected your self-esteem?
 Yes
 No
4. Support and Connectivity:
 Have you ever found emotional support through social media?
 Yes
 No
 Do you feel more connected or disconnected from others due to
social media?
 More connected
 More disconnected
 No difference

Coclusion from analysis: The study highlights the need for a comprehensive strategy to
address both good and negative consequences by indicating a complex relationship between
teen social media use and mental health.
 Digital twin
Q) Generate 1 question from each lecture and post on the Hello IITK forum.

Ans: https://hello.iitk.ac.in/des641asem12324/#/forum/general/42
 Double diamond design process for smart products
Q) Select 10 products from a department store’s online catalogue for a supplier of
household items (not clothing) and decide which needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of human
needs they satisfy. Then, identify the particular product features that make the
products attractive to you. Divide your customer needs into the four categories:

• Expecters • Spokens • Unspokens • Exciters

Solution:

Products
1) Paper towels

Need: Physiological (need for basic sanitation and hygiene)

2) Basic Kitchen Utensils (Set of Utensils, Pots, and Pans)

Physiological Need: Concerning food, cooking, and survival

3) Cleaning supplies (dustpan, broom, and all-purpose cleaner)

Need: Safety (keeping things tidy and secure)

4) Bedding Set (Pillowcases, Sheets)

Physiological (rest and sleep) needs

5) First Aid Package

Safety (health safety and emergency readiness) is necessary.

6) Extinguisher for fire

Safety (a safeguard against crises) is necessary.

7) Lamp Bulbs

Safety (lighting and security for a secure atmosphere) is a need.

8) Insect detectors

Safety (a safeguard against fire hazards) is necessary.

9) Security Camera System for Home

Need: Safety (property security and safety)

10) Containers for Storage

Psychological (Organisational techniques to improve comfort and lower stress) needs

These products have the following unique qualities that add appeal to them:

Product features as per needs of customer as

Specters
Toilet paper: strength, absorbency, and softness.

Essential Kitchen Utensils: Sturdiness, Practicality, and Resistance to Heat.

Cleaning supplies: efficiency, usability, and environmental friendliness.

Bedding Set: Cosy, long-lasting, and simple to clean.

First Aid Kit: Easy to use, portable, and full of supplies.

Fire extinguishers: dependable, user-friendly, and efficient.

Light Bulbs: Durability, energy economy, and selection of brightness levels.

Smoke detectors: Sensitivity, dependability, and installation simplicity.

Home security camera system: interoperability, remote access, and high quality.

Storage containers: robust, airtight, and available in multiple sizes.

Spokens
Toilet paper: preferred brand, made from recycled materials.

Basic Kitchen Utensils: ergonomic handles, nonstick coating, and brand preferences.

Cleaning supplies: eco-labels, pleasant smells, and non-toxic formulas.

Bedding Set: Brand preferences, specific thread count, hypoallergenic materials.

First Aid Kit: transportable form factor, specialised medical supplies, preferred brands.

Fire Extinguisher: Reputation of the brand, sorts of fires it can put out.

Light Bulbs: Certain manufacturers, certain wattages, dimmable options.

Smoke Detectors: Dependability, particular brand features, wireless connectivity.

Home security camera system: particular manufacturers, AI features, and cloud storage
choices.

Storage Containers: Brand preferences, specified sizes, and stackable designs.

 Unspokens
Toilet paper: sustainable packaging and environmental friendliness.

Simple Cleaning and Storage Options for Basic Kitchen Utensils.

Cleaning supplies: long-lasting smell, safe for children and pets.

Bedding Set: temperature control and resistance to allergens.

First Aid Kit: Extra emergency supplies and instructions.

Fire extinguisher: shelf life and maintenance requirements.

Light Bulbs: Colour rendering index and flicker-free illumination.

Smoke detectors: battery life, resistance to false alarms.

Data encryption and privacy features are included in home security cameras.

Storage Containers: Recyclable materials, safe for the dishwasher and microwave.

Exciters
Toilet paper: upscale package with scented infusions.

Basic Kitchen Utensils: Multifunctionality and intelligent technology integration.

Cleaning supplies: Personalised fragrances, subscription-based delivery.

Bedding Set: Intelligent temperature control, materials that clean themselves.

First Aid Kit: Small in size, with GPS location and integrated diagnostics.

Voice activation and intelligent extinguishing sensors characterise this fire extinguisher.

Light Bulbs: Adaptable colour patterns and connection with smart lighting.

Smart alerts and self-testing features are features of smoke detectors.

Home security camera system with predictive analytics and facial recognition driven by AI.

Stackable storage containers with intelligent inventory tracking and self-organizing

features.

Q) A space agency is planning to set up mankind’s first colony on Mars. To do that,

they plan on sending a team of robots which will set up the bases where humans will
later visit. Generate a set of 5-10 functional requirements of this multi-robot team.
Prioritize these requirements and create a problem definition.
Ans: The multi-robot team entrusted with establishing the Mars colony has to meet the
following functional requirements as per priority:

 On Mars, robots should be able to navigate through a variety of terrains on their own
to get to building sites quickly and safely.
 The robots need to be capable of assembling and building modular homes,
workspaces, and other facilities that are necessary for human occupancy.
 To build and maintain the colony, they must effectively use the resources that are
already there on Mars, including water, minerals, and solar energy.
 Create a strong network of communication between them and Earth so they may send
and receive information, send and receive data, and report back to mission control.
 The capacity to adjust to harsh Martian weather, such as temperature swings, dust
storms, and low air pressure.
 It should be possible for robots to collaborate effectively with one another, potentially
utilising swarm intelligence for jobs such as building and upkeep.
 Include safety procedures to avert mishaps and redundancy in vital systems to
guarantee continuous operation in the event that a single robot fails.
 Capacity for remote software updates, maintenance, and diagnostics to guarantee
continuous performance on Mars without the need for human interaction.
 Develop the capacity to produce food and recycle in order to establish and preserve
sustainable living circumstances for next human settlers.
 Make sure the robots are designed to survive the hostile Martian environment for
months or perhaps years without seeing a noticeable reduction in performance.

Problem description: Creating an Autonomous Multi-Robot System for the

Establishment of a Mars Colony

The aim is to develop an integrated system of self-governing robots that can

autonomously and cooperatively establish the basic infrastructure required for human
settlement on Mars. In order to solve this issue, multiple technical, operational, and
environmental difficulties must be taken into consideration.
 Defining the solution in double design process
Q) Find out how you can use the objectives tree method in defining the design problem.

Answer: The Objectives Tree method sometimes referred to as the Goal Tree or Logical
Framework Approach, is a methodical approach for defining, setting priorities, and
organising goals in the direction of accomplishing a certain task or issue resolution. This
approach can be quite successful when used to solve design-related issues. Using the
Objectives Tree technique is as follows:

1) Define the problem

2) Identify the main objective
3) Prioritize objectives
4) Break down the objectives into sub objectives
5) Review and refine the objective tree
6) Iterate and improve

Q) What are function structures? How and where are they used in the design process?

Answer: Function structures are hierarchical representations that divide complicated systems
or products into smaller, easier-to-manage functions or activities. They are sometimes
referred to as functional breakdown or decomposition. In the design process, function
structures are used in various ways:

1) System analysis: They assist in comprehending the system as a whole by dissecting its
individual operations. This aids in determining the project's scope and the key tasks that must
be completed.

2) Identification of Requirements: They assist in determining the prerequisites and

limitations for every system operation. This guarantees that every function is clear and
satisfies the requirements.

3) Communication: Throughout the design process, function structures are used as a visual
communication tool by team members, stakeholders, and various departments. They offer a
shared framework for debating and comprehending the parts and workings of the system.

Q) Pick one of the themes below and define a design problem within the theme using the
discover and define phases that you think needs addressing urgently

Design for equality • Design for sustainability • Design for large populations

Answer:

Theme selected: Design for large population

Let’s break down the problem using the Discover and Define phases of the Double Diamond
process.

Discover Phase: -

Problem statement-‘Recognising and resolving the issues with transit accessibility for an
urban population that is expanding quickly.’

Define phase:-

Problem statement- ‘creating a transport system that is efficient, sustainable, and inclusive
while taking into account the social, economic, and environmental demands of an expanding
metropolitan population.’
 Supply Chains & Open innovations
Q) Michael Dell didn’t invent the computer – but he built one of the most successful
businesses selling them. Discuss how he makes use of a networking approach to build
and sustain a competitive edge in his business

Ans: Indeed, Michael Dell's success was largely due to his creative business strategy and
skilful network utilisation rather than his invention of the computer. His plan included a
number of crucial components:

Direct Sales Model

In the PC sector, Dell's direct sales model was revolutionary. He eliminated the
intermediaries and was able to offer customised products at reasonable costs by selling
straight to customers instead of through retailers. Better consumer feedback and
personalization were made possible by this methodology, which raised customer happiness.

Embracing technology & innovation

Dell responded quickly to emerging technology and consumer preferences. His company
stayed ahead of the curve in terms of innovation by continuously improving its goods and
services. Because of its flexibility, Dell was able to stay relevant in the rapidly changing
computer industry.

Customer Focus

Dell operated with a strong focus on its customers. He utilised client feedback to improve
goods and services since he recognised their value. Developing strong client relationships
also required making use of networks via recommendations and word-of-mouth advertising.

Global Expansion

Dell grew their business internationally by reaching out to various areas and populations.
Through this development, they were able to take advantage of various economies and
resources across the globe in addition to growing their consumer base.

Michael Dell used these tactics to create a powerful company that prospered due to its
creativity, flexibility, and network-centric strategy, which put the needs of suppliers,
consumers, and the market as a whole first.

Q) Why might Joe Bloggs, famous inventor, need help in getting his great idea into
widespread use? And how might a networking approach help him?

No matter how well-known an innovator like Joe Bloggs is, a number of obstacles can
prevent a brilliant invention from being widely adopted:

It may be due to following reasons

a) Lack of resources
 b) Even though Joe Bloggs is an inventive genius, it's possible that he lacks industry
experience or relationships that could maximise the impact of his creation.
c) To reach its intended audience, even the most brilliant invention need efficient
marketing and awareness. Without the appropriate contacts or marketing knowledge,
Joe Bloggs could find it difficult to generate interest in and demand for his idea.
d) Making connections with experts in a variety of sectors, such as manufacturing,
finance, marketing, and legal, can yield priceless knowledge and advice. Joe Bloggs
can locate mentors or advisors through networking to help him fill up the knowledge
and resource shortages.

Networking approach can help him in many ways

a)Joe Bloggs can obtain insights into the demands and preferences of the market by
networking. Having conversations with prospective clients or business insiders can assist the
idea be improved to better suit consumer needs.

b)By creating a network, Joe Bloggs may present his creation to a larger audience, creating
excitement and interest. Important relationships may promote the invention, setting off a
chain reaction that increases awareness of it.

c) Joe Bloggs can enhance his chances of compliance and intellectual property rights
protection by establishing professional connections with legal specialists or people who have
handled regulatory procedures before.

To put it simply, a networking strategy can help Joe Bloggs close the gap between his
ground-breaking discovery and its general application by giving him access to the
information, resources, and market that he needs to successfully negotiate the challenges of
commercialising his creation.

Q) Is innovation a solo act? – The product of the lone genius. Show how successful
entrepreneurs make use of networks to help take their ideas forward

Instead of existing only as the creation of a single genius, innovation frequently flourishes
inside a collaborative network. Networks are used by prosperous business people in a variety
of ways to advance their concepts:

a) Entrepreneurs seek validation and feedback from others by bouncing ideas off of them
in their networks. They interact with industry professionals, mentors, and prospective
clients to hone their ideas in light of practical observations.
b) Networking introduces business owners to a variety of perspectives and experiences.
They interact with people from all backgrounds, professions, and degrees of
knowledge, which enables them to examine their ideas from a variety of perspectives
and viewpoints.
c) Strategic alliances are formed by prosperous businesspeople via their networks. They
work together with other companies, organisations, or people whose complementary
skills help hasten the creation or release of their goods or services.
d) Entrepreneurs use their networks to develop their brands, whether they are personal or
corporate. Interacting with thought leaders or prominent people increases their
visibility and credibility while drawing attention to their creative ideas.

In the end, prosperous businesspeople understand that innovation requires teamwork.

In order to bridge knowledge or resource gaps, support one another's strengths, and
successfully negotiate the challenges of realising their ideas, they actively build and
utilise networks. Instead of functioning independently, they leverage the potential of
networks to stimulate and expedite their inventive pursuits.
 API & Machine learning in product design

Project Title: API for word count based sentiment analysis

Objective: Using machine learning, develop a sentiment analysis model and make it
available as an API so that users may assess the tone of text.

C++ code for this task:

#include <iostream>

#include <unordered map>

#include <vector>

#include <string>

#include <sstream>

std::vector<std::string> tokenize(const std::string& text)

std::vector<std::string> tokens;

std::istringstream iss(text);

std::string token;

while (iss >> token)

tokens.push_back(token);

return tokens;

std::unordered_map<std::string, int> preprocess(const std::string& text)

std::unordered_map<std::string, int> frequencyMap;

std::vector<std::string> tokens = tokenize(text);

for (const auto& token : tokens) {

frequencyMap[token]++;
 }

return frequencyMap;

std::string classifySentiment(const std::unordered_map<std::string, int>& frequencyMap)

int positiveWords = frequencyMap["good"] + frequencyMap["great"] +

int negativeWords = frequencyMap["bad"] + frequencyMap["terrible"] + ;

if (positiveWords > negativeWords)

return "positive";

} else if (negativeWords > positiveWords)

return "negative";

} else

return "neutral";

int main() {

std::string inputText = "I feel great using this app!";

std::unordered_map<std::string, int> frequencyMap = preprocess(inputText);

std::string sentiment = classifySentiment(frequencyMap);

std::cout << "Predicted sentiment: " << sentiment << std::endl;

return 0;

}
 A PROJECT BASED ON TOOL FOR
REUSE OF PLASTIC BOTTLE
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR (U.P.)

Submitted to- By –
Prof. Amar Kumar Behera Gyanesh Sharan (231190604)
CONTENT
 Introduction
 Benchmark
 Tool Working
 Dimensions taken
 Material and tools used for fabrication
 PRO-E model of components
 Actual model (previous)
 Final model
 Results
 Conclusion
 Recommendation and Limitation
 Reference
1. Introduction

 The absolutely great amount of plastic bottles that everyone uses and throws into the
garbage can every day is truly impressive. This represents an economic waste, since the
plastic of bottles is a commodity that is worth money and can be reused. Also, from an
ecological perspective, this poses several problems. Even when sent for recycling, the
volume of plastic bottles makes it challenging to transport and accommodate them
efficiently.
 Excessive garbage waste nearby Raiway stations and Bus-stands seen in India

“Trash is a big problem”

1.1 Recycling plastics : Advantages
 Plastic recycling comes with many advantages among them a reduction in resources
needed to produce new plastics and less reliance on landfills.
 Estimates state that recycling one ton of plastics saves 22 cubic meters of landfill space
and conserve 80-90 percent of the energy used when making new items from plastics.
 Useful for Handy and DIY purposes, for creative uses and arts & crafts.
 By cutting them into ropes, it’ll be dramatically reducing the volume of plastic bottles –
and space they occupy on their way to being recycled.
 The string can then be woven to make items such as chairs, green houses, fencing, and
more.
 Decreases the amount of plastic trash accumulation by repurposing it to create desirable
goods
 Produces raw material for users to create new products for income generation too.
The picture taken behind a railway
station, there were some workers
gathered lot of water bottles from
train passengers, which become
excessive waste.
2.Benchmark:

-Dr. David Saiia, a professor of strategic economics and

sustainability at Duquesne University has created a
solution to strip plastic bottles from a hand powered m/c.

-Another improved Design

-A Russian designer found on You tube has created a design

 2.1 Previous Design problem:
-Not handy enough
-Needs bench vice
-Limited functionality in the size of bottle and strip width
 2.2 Features of smart cutter:
-made up of eco-friendly materials.
-very resistant
-easy to keep, carry or store
-cheap and handy.
 2.3 Goal:
- ease of construction
- easy to be used taking customer assembly considerations
- making it from eco-friendly materials
- safer to be used.
3.Tool Working

 The device consists of a wooden handle, razor blade and a metallic cutting guide.

 To use the ‘Plastic bottle cutter ‘you first have to cut the bottom off of a plastic soda or water
bottle.

 The tool then slices the rest of it into a long thin strand of plastic that is flexible enough to be
used in the place of twine.
3.1 Steps of Construction
 Take a cuboidal shaped wooden block and on the top face of it create a groove up to certain
depth.
 On the side ways face of it create another groove perpendicular to the initial groove and at a
small height above the end of the initial groove.
 In the second groove insert a blade.
 Take a steel blade of certain width with a cut mark on it at the place where it will wrap the
intersection of above two grooves and wrap it around the wooden block in such a way so that
the bottle inserted in the groove should come out of the cut mark on the steel plate after being
cut by blade into strip.
 At the place where two ends of the steel plate will overlap each other insert a nut and tighten
it.
4.Dimensions taken

Part A-
• length of block (L) - 180 mm
• upper/lower cross section of block-
30*35 mm
Part B- B A
• thickness (t) – 2 mm
• cross-section (inner) – 31*36 mm
• cross-section (outer) – 35*40 mm
4.1 Quantity required

 Tin Plate –

3 mm

40mm

150 mm
 Wooden block (Teak) -

35 mm

30 mm

180 mm

 Stainless steel razor –

10 mm Width = 0.5 mm

30 mm
4.2 Strip width can vary

3 mm

6 mm

9 mm
5. MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED TO FABRICATE
THE PRODUC (1)
Tool Item Quantity

Bench vice 1

Wood smoothing jack 1

Hack saw 1

Drill Press 1

Sheet Cutter 1
Wooden mallet 1

Bench Grinder 1

Drill bit 1

Diamond filer 1
 Supplies Item Quantity

Sewing machine screw 1

(2)

Razor blade 1

Item Materials

Wooden block
(3)
Razor blade Stainless steel

Cutting Guide tin

Screw
6.PRO-E MODEL
 Wooden Block

 Cutting Guide

 Screw
6.1 PRO-E MODEL ASSEMBLY

(1) (2)
7.1 Problems found in previous model
 Smoothness of plastic strip – less

 Metallic cutting guide – low strength

 Need of scissors to cut bottom of bottle.

9. RESULTS

Consideration Metrics Target Final result

Ease of construction 1. # of material 1.less than 5 1.4 material

2. # time to build 2.less than 2 hr 2.1 hr
3. # of people to build 3.1 person 3.1 person

Ease of use 1. Time to strip 1 1.less than 30 sec 1.~ 15-30 s

bottle 2. 2 or less people 2. 1 person
2. # of people use

Versatility 1.Range of bottle sizes 1.600 ml to 2 lit 1.600 ml to 2 lit

that can be stripped 2.3mm to 20 mm 2. 3mm to 9mm
2.Range of strips that
can be made (in mm)
 Consistency 1.Variation of 1. +/- 1 1.+ /- 1
strip width 2. 9/10 2.to be done
after initial
“evening out”
2. %
frequency of
continuous
complete
bottle
“stripping”

Use of recycled 1. % of total 1. 80% 1. 60%

material materials that
are from
reused waste
material
Safety 1.exposure of blade 1. Not exposed 1.Not exposed
2. # of accidents 2.Zero 2.accident free
10. CONCLUSION

It is determined to make use of plastic waste and continue experimenting with commercial
products made from plastic strips. We believe that the final result of this project will be of
great benefit for consumer. Qualitative design ideas led to this success. The final design is
simple, easy to construct and use, durable, cheap, and most of all fun to use. The next step
will be to make the product reliable and we fully expect ultimate success for the design and
plastic bottle strip activities generally.
11. RECOMMENDATION AND LIMITATION

 There are several recommendations for the design of this bottle strip cutter moving
forward.one of them is, we’d like to attach a pivoting bar support. We are cutting the bottle
at a 45-degree angle to the angle iron to start the cut then placing a bar support and moving
to 90-degrees to continue the cut. If the bottle could just easily be placed on a pivoting bar
support initially, cut at 45-degrees, and then moved to 90-degrees in one motion, we think
this would be an improvement.
 The limitation of the product are –
*Varying bottle shape, cannot be done, uniform heating of bottle is necessary.
*Sharp edge of cut out strip (it can harm hands of user).
12. REFERENCE

 O.I Nkwachukwu, C. H. C., A.O. Ikenna, and L. Albert. (2013). "Focus on

potential environmental issues on plastic world towards a sustainable plastic
recycling in developing countries." International Journal of Industrial Chemistry
4(34): 1-13.
 T.M Coelho, R. C., J.A. Gobbo Jr. (2011). "PET containers in Brazil:
Opportunities and challenges of a logistics model for post-consumer waste
recycling." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 55(3): 291-299
 Image source- google
SKETCH APPENDIX
Prototype (1)
Prototype (2)
Prototype (3)
Prototype(4)
Prototype(5)
Prototype(6)