Symmetry Art (Pesccasio – 16) − Serogaganding is a two-string zither The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

− Kudyapi or boat lute is the most popular display images of the Virgin Mary and Infant
When working with symmetry (or asymmetry) in string instrument among the Maguindanao Jesus.
design, there are several best practices that an and Maranao. It has two metal strings
artist or artisan should keep in mind. which are raised on small bridges Chapter 10: Various Arts Movements
(Kheyanne – 17)
1. Use symmetry strategically B. Percussion instruments are:
Meaning of Art Movement
Symmetry is a very powerful design tool. These − Gamelan is an ensemble of a variety of
are designs that need more stability, a strong gongs Art movement refers to the tendency of style in
organizational structure and a classic and trusting art that has a specific common philosophy or goal.
− Agumay a gong is a boss made of brass. It
message, tend to use more symmetrical design. Art movement is followed by a group of artists
may be alone or found in a set suspended
during a restricted period of time (from
However, for risk-loving designs, providing from a frame in rows. It gives off a thick
movement. a few months to a decade) with the
asymmetry can reinforce the message. Using muffled sound.
heyday of such
asymmetry can punctuate an otherwise orderly, − Babandir is usually made of thin bronze,
boring design. wide rimmed and big-bassed. Because of Art movement are very important in modern art
the fineness of the bronze of which it is when “each consecutive movement is considered
Torogan made, it's sounds are very resonant but low a new avant-garde.
when beaten.
Torogan is a residential structure elevated above − Gandingan has a low, thick sound. It is The following art movements from the ancient
the ground by its column cut from trees of huge usually made of brass and often big but times to the present are presented here.
girth. The walls are covered with plywood sticks narrow ridged. (Reference: Internet)
whereas the roof is thatched with dried coconut − Kulintang or brass xylophone is a row of 7
leaves. There is no partition, so it appears as a or 8 gradually-pitched gongs set 1. Cave Paintings (Parietal Art)
huge hall. Apart from the basic elements of this horizontally on a designed wooden
structure, it is intricately engraved with the framework. These are painted drawings on a cave walls or
ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, dated to
flowing geometries of the Maranaw design − Gabbong is the Sulu and Yakan version of
system called okir. A Torogan will never be some 40,000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE) in
the xylophone, a series of bamboo slate
complete without the legendary bird, Sarimanok Eurasia. The exact purpose of Paleolithic cave
nailed on wood. It is played by striking the
being displayed inside. Furniture is also common paintings is not known. Evidence suggests that
slate with a rubber-covered hammer.
among Maranaws. they were merely decorations of living areas
− Dabakan is a single-headed drum
since the caves in which they have been found do
primarily used as a supportive instrument in
The torogan was considered a symbol of high not have signs of ongoing habitation. They are
the Kulintang ensemble.
social status because it was once a home to a also often located in areas of caves that are not
− Kubling is a jaw harp.
lakan (datu, sultan, rajah). The best known easily accessible. Some theories hold that cave
torogans are found in Dayawan, Marawi and C. Wind musical instruments are: paintings may have been a way of
those located around Lake Lanao. communicating with others, while other theories
− Palendog - is a lip valley flute ascribe a religious or ceremonial purpose to them.
The Kawayan Torogan, built by Sultan sa The paintings are remarkably similar around the
− Sahung- a pipe with reed
Kawayan Makaantal in Bubung Malanding, world, with animals being common subjects that
− Suling - a ring flute
Marantao, Lanao del Sur, the last remaining give the most impressive images. Humans mainly
habitable Torogan, was declared as a National Influence of the Islamic Arts appear as images of hands, mostly hand stencils
Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the made by blowing pigment on a hand held to the
Philippines in 2008. Despite the Marawi siege that occurred in 2017 wall.
and the declaration and extension of martial law
Other Muslim Arts in 2018, the Islamic influence has been observed The earliest known cave paintings/drawings of
in Southwestern Philippines art. Among the animals are at least 35,000 years old and were
Aside from those mentioned above, there are found in caves in the district of Maros, located in
people who have embodied the Islamic cultural
other arts in Muslim Mindanao. Bantimurung district, South Sulawesi, Indonesia,
specialization in varying degrees are the Maranao,
Tausug, Maguindanao and Samal and Badjao according to datings announced in 2014.
These include their literature, musical
instruments, and weaponry. people. The decorative or ornamental art okil or Previously it was believed that the earliest
okir distinctly belongs to this part of the country. figurative paintings were in Europe. The earliest
Muslim Literature The Muslim people are generally peace-loving, figurative paintings in Europe date back to the
hospitable, kind, dedicated, and hardworking. Aurignacian period, approximately 30,000 to
Some examples of Muslim literature are: There are however, differences between the male 32,000 years ago, and are found in the Chauvet
and female art. The male art is predominantly Cave in France, and in the Coliboaia Cave in
1. Darangan, sometimes called the story of curvilinear in design while the female art is Romania.
Bantugan, a popular epic of the South. The epic largely geometric in form. The basic motifs of
tells the adventure of the characters aboard swift masculine decorative composition are usually The earliest non-figurative rock art dates back to
boats in search of rich booty and slaves from fare bird, leaf, fern, and flower. In the feminine form, approximately 40,000 years ago, the date given
lands, and of love courtship and marriage brings. the basic motifs are the circle, "artificial moon", both to a disk in the El Castillo cave in Cantabria,
square, rectangle, diamond, and zigzag. Spain and a hand stencil in Sulawesi. There are
2. The epic of Kapmabaning so Kiyaprawa'a Ko similar later paintings in Africa, Australia and
Lawanen which means "The Abduction of Contact with other cultures in recent years South America, continuing until recent times in
Lawanen" is about the exciting search of Prince resulted in the addition of newer figures in some places, though there is a worldwide
Mabaning for his princess. Muslim art such as eagle, lion, peacock, elephant, tendency for open air rock art to succeed
and others. There are still to be said about paintings deep in caves.
3. The epic Ag Tobig Nag Keboklagan (The
beautiful and aesthetic Muslim art but these are
Kingdom of Keboklagan) from the Subanon of 2. Ancient Egyptian Art
left for the students to get into research on them.
Zamboanga Peninsula is about the adventure of
the hero Taake One of the themes of the epic is Christian Art Visual arts like painting, sculpture, architecture,
human sacrifice. and other arts were produced by the civilization
Christian art is a sacred art. It uses themes and of ancient Egypt in the lower Nile Valley from
4. The epic Tudbulol of the Tibolis is sung during imagery from Christianity. Most Christian about 3000 BC to 30 AD. Ancient Egyptian art
annual gatherings to celebrate a good harvest. It groups like those in the Cordillera Region used or reached a high level in painting and sculpture,
describes and praises the "being" of Tudbulol. have used art to some extent. There had been and was both highly stylized and symbolic. It was
periods of iconoclasm within Christianity. Some famously conservative, and Egyptian styles
5. "O Papanok" and "Bansamoro" are two changed remarkably little over more than three
Christian people have had strong objection to
revolutionary songs from Cotabato that reveal the thousand years. Much of the surviving art comes
some form of religious image.
aspiration and perceptions of the native from tombs and monuments and thus there is an
Mindanao people against migrants. Among the most common subjects of Christian emphasis on life after death and the preservation
arts are the images of Jesus and the narrative of knowledge of the past.
6. "Parang Sabil" is a ballad or narrative song
scenes on the Life of Christ. There are also scenes
about an outlaw or bandit. Literally, the term Ancient Egyptian art included paintings,
from the Old Testament play as part of some
means "to fight in the path of God (Allah)" sculpture in wood (now rarely surviving), stone
Christian denominations. The images of the
Virgin Mary and saints are very much rare among and ceramics, drawings on papyrus, faience,
Muslim Musical Instruments
the Protestant group because they don't worship jewelry, ivories, and other art media. It displays
A. String instruments are: an image. an extraordinarily vivid representation of the
ancient Egyptian's socioeconomic status and the latest taste and provided a large group in printmaking, is the depiction of scenes from
belief systems. society with stylish objects at what was evidently everyday life and narrative scenes that are often
an affordable price. Roman coins were an crowded with figures and detail. This tradition no
3. Greek Art important means of propaganda and have doubt began in the early medieval period under
survived in enormous numbers. Chinese influence that is now beyond tracing
Greek art began in the Cycladic and Minoan except in the most general terms, but from the
civilization and gave birth to Western classical 5. Chinese Painting (oldest artistic traditions in period of the earliest surviving works had
art in the subsequent Geometric, Archaic and the world) developed into a specifically Japanese tradition
Classical periods (with further developments that lasted until the modern period.
during the Hellenistic Period). It absorbed The traditional painting involves essentially the
influences of Eastern civilizations, of Roman art same techniques as calligraphy and is done with In Japan, there were 158 works or sets of works
and its patrons, and the new religion of Orthodox a brush dipped in black ink or colored pigments; in painting listed in the official List of National
Christianity in the Byzantine era and absorbed oils are not used. As with calligraphy, the most Treasures. These works were done in the 8th to
Italian and European ideas during the period of popular materials on which paintings are made the 9th century that includes a number of Chinese
Romanticism (with the invigoration of the Greek are paper and silk. The finished work can be paintings which have long been in Japan. These
Revolution), until the Modernist and mounted on scrolls, such as hanging scrolls or painting works represent peaks of achievement or
Postmodernist. Greek art is mainly five forms: handscrolls. Traditional painting can also be done very rare survival from the early period in Japan.
architecture, sculpture, painting, pottery and on album sheets, walls, lacquerware, folding
jewelry making. screens, and other media. 7. Renaissance Art (noblest of ancient traditions)

Artistic production in Greece began in the Main Techniques in Chinese Painting: Renaissance art emerged as a distinct style in
prehistoric pre-Greek Cycladic and the Minoan Italy in about 1400. Renaissance art took as its
civilizations, both of which were influenced by 1. Gongbi which means "meticulous" uses highly foundation the art of classical antiquity but later
local traditions and the art of ancient Egypt. detailed brush strokes that delimits details very transformed that tradition by absorbing recent
precisely. It is often highly colored and usually development in the art of northern Euro by
There are three scholarly divisions of the stages depicts figural or narrative subjects. It is often applying contemporary scientific knowledge.
of later ancient Greek art that correspond roughly practiced by artists working for the royal court or
with historical periods of the same names. These in independent workshops. The Renaissance is divided into three (3) periods
are the Archaic, the Classical and the Hellenistic.
The Archaic period is usually dated from 1000 2. Ink and wash painting, in Chinese shui-mo 1. Early Renaissance (13-14th century)
BC. The Persian Wars of 480 BC to 448 BC are "water and ink" also loosely termed watercolor or
usually taken as the dividing line between the brush painting, and also known as "literati Early renaissance placed emphasis on simplicity
Archaic and the Classical periods, and the death painting" as it was one of the "Four Arts" of the gesture and expression. Painting depicted man
of Alexander the Great in 323 BC is regarded as Chinese Scholar-official class. In theory this was and nature in Fresco technique.
separating the Classical from the Hellenistic an art practiced by gentlemen, a distinction that
begins to be made in writings on art from the Early renaissance art was created in parallel with
period. Of course, different forms of art
Song dynasty, though in fact the careers of late medieval art The influences upon the
developed at different speeds in different parts of
leading exponents could benefit considerably. development of Renaissance men and women in
the Greek world and varied to a degree from artist
This style is also referred to as "xieyi” or the early 15th century are those that also affected
to artist. There was a sharp transition from one
freehand style. Philosophy, Literature Architecture, Theology,
period to another.
Science, Government, and other aspects society.
The art of ancient Greece has exercised an The highest form of Chinese painting is the
landscape painting and still generally used today. 2. High Renaissance (16th century)
enormous influence on the culture of many
countries from ancient times until the present, Its center was in Florence, Venice and Roman
particularly in the areas of sculpture and The time from the Five Dynasties period to the
Northern Song period (907-1127) is known as the Painting style consists of the deepening of
architecture. In the West, the art of the Roman pictorial space, making the sky more dramatic
Empire was largely derived from Greek models. "Great age of Chinese landscape". In the north,
artists such as Jing Hao, Li Cheng, Fan Kuan, and with dark and flashes of light. Da Vinci
In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests introduced the chiaroscuro. Michelangelo
initiated several centuries of exchange between Guo Xi painted pictures of towering mountains,
using strong black lines, ink wash, and sharp, dramatized the position figures in his famous
Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, contrapuesto twists.
resulting in Greco-Buddhist art, with dotted brushstrokes to suggest rough stone. In the
ramifications as far as Japan. Following the south, Dong Yuan, Juran, and other artists 3. Mannerism Period (Late Renaissance Period)
Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic painted the rolling hills and rivers of their native
and the high technical standards of Greek art countryside in peaceful scenes done with softer, The human figure is rendered through the use of
inspired generations of European artists. Pottery rubbed brushwork. These two kinds of scenes oil paints of sumptuous, warm, and sensual colors.
was either blue with black designs or black with and techniques became the classical styles of This period which existed around 1520 and lasted
blue designs. Chinese landscape painting. about the end of the 16th century in Italy, when
the Baroque style began to replace it. Northern
4. Roman Art 6. Japanese Painting (most highly refined visual Mannerism continued into the early I7th century.
arts)
The prehistoric Roman Art encompasses two Here is a summary of the Renaissance period
periods, Etruscan Period (2000-1000 BC). The The Japanese painting encompasses a wide concerning its art (Courtesy of Internet):
subject matter of paintings was ancestor worship, variety of genres and styles. The long history of
catacombs, and sarcophages. In the Roman Japanese painting exhibits synthesis. • Classical texts, lost to European
Period (2000 BC-400 AD), art was characterized scholars for centuries, became
Japanese painting (kaiga, also gado) is one of the
by commemorative statue, sarcophage, frescoes, available. These included Philosophy,
oldest and most highly refined of the Japanese
and design with vine motifs. Art in these periods Prose, Poetry, Drama, Science, a
visual arts, encompassing a wide variety of
served the cult of ancestors and defied emperors. thesis on the Arts, and Early Christian
genres and styles. As with the history of Japanese
Roman art includes architectures, painting, Theology.
arts in general, the long history of Japanese
sculpture, and mosaic work. Luxury objects in • Simultaneously, Europe gained
painting exhibits synthesis and competition
metal-work, gem engraving, ivory carvings, and access to advanced mathematics
between native Japanese aesthetics and the
glass are sometimes considered in modern terms which had its provenance in the works
adaptation of imported ideas, mainly from
to be minor forms of Roman art although this of Islamic scholars.
Chinese painting which was especially influential
would not necessarily have been the case for
at a number of points; significant Western • The advent of movable type printing
contemporaries. Sculpture was perhaps in the 15th century meant that ideas
influence only comes from the later 16th century
considered as the highest form of art by Romans, could be disseminated easily, and an
onwards, beginning at the same time as Japanese
but figure painting was also very highly regarded. increasing number of books were
art was influencing that of the West.
The two forms have had very contrasting rates of written for a broad public.
survival, with a very large body of sculpture Areas of subject matter where Chinese influence • The establishment of the Medici Bank
surviving from about the 1st century BC onward, has been repeatedly significant include Buddhist and the subsequent trade it generated
though very little from before, but very little religious painting, ink-wash painting of brought unprecedented wealth to a
painting at all remains, and probably nothing that landscapes in the Chinese literati painting single Italian city, Florence.
a contemporary would have considered to be of tradition, calligraphy of ideographs, and the • Cosimo de' Medici set anew standard
the highest quality. painting of animals and plants, especially birds for patronage of the arts, not
and flowers. However distinctively Japanese associated with the church or
Ancient Roman pottery was not a luxury product, monarchy.
traditions have developed in all these fields. The
but a vast production of "fine wares" in terra • Humanist philosophy meant that
subject matter that is widely regarded as most
sigillata were decorated with reliefs that reflected man's relationship with humanity, the
characteristic of Japanese painting, and later
 universe and with God was no longer Baroque period are ornate and fantastic. They Neoclassicists' appreciation of Greek architecture
exclusive province of the Church. appeal to the emotion, are sensual and highly was mediated through drawings and engravings,
• A revived interest in the Classics decorative. They make use of light and shadow to which subtly smoothed and regularized,
brought about the first archaeological produce dramatic effects. The paintings show "corrected" and "restored" the monuments of
study of Roman remains by the figures in diagonal, twists, and zigzags. Greece, not always consciously.
architect Brunelleschi and sculptor
Donatello. The revival of a style of Famous painters in this period include Peter Paul 12. Neo-impression (science-based
architecture based on classical Rubens, Rembrandt, El Greco, Diego Velasquez, interpretation of urban and rural scenes)
precedents inspired a corresponding and Bartolome Esteban Murillo.
This art movement was coined by a French art
classicism in painting and sculpture,
Baroque sculpture started in the 17th century. It critic Félix Fénéon in 1886 when he described the
which manifested itself as early as the
depicted the beauty of art and stressed on the art movement founded by George Seurat.
1420's in the paintings of Masaccio
expression of emotion. The works of Gian
and Uccello. (Hannah – 18)
Lorenzo Bermini and the La Piedad of Gregorio
• The improvement of oil paint and
Fernandez, a famous Spanish sculptor, were
developments in oil-painting 13. Impressionism (accurate depiction of light in
representatives of Baroque sculpture.
technique by Dutch artists such as Jan the ordinary subject matter)
van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, 10. Rococo Art (graceful style in art)
and Hugo van der Goes led to its This art movement originated from a group of
adoption in Italy from about 1475 and Rococo started in the 18th century in France Paris-based artists where independent exhibitions
had ultimately lasting effects on during the reign of King Louis XV. This art brought them to prominence during the 1870s
painting practices, worldwide. quickly spread to other parts of Europe and 1880s.
• The serendipitous presence within the particularly Bavaria, Austria, Germany, and
region of Florence in the early 15th Russia. The impressionistic art during the 19th century
century of certain individuals of was characterized by relatively small, than and
artistic genius, most notably Rococo painting placed emphasis yet visible brush strokes, open composition, as
Masaccio, Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, voluptuousness and picturesque and intimate well as emphasis on accurate depiction of light in
Piero della Francesca, Donatello and presentation of farm and country. The Rococo art its changing qualities of ordinary subject matter.
Michelozzo formed an ethos out of technique made use of soft pastel colors,
rendering the landscape smoking and hazy with 14. Post-impressionism (emphasized abstract
which sprang the great masters of the
the subject always in the center of the canvas. qualities or symbolic content of art).
High Renaissance, as well as
supporting and encouraging many This art movement roughly began between 1888
lesser masters of the High Famous Rococo painters were Jean Antoine
Watteau, Jean Honore Fragonard, William and 1905. Post impressionism encompasses neo-
Renaissance, as well as supporting impressionism, symbolism, synthetism,
and encouraging many lesser artists to Hogarth, Joshua Reynolds, and Francois Boucher.
Cloisonnism, along with later impressionists.
achieve work of extraordinary quality. Paul Cézanne was the father of post-
Rococo architects took a different approach from
• A similar heritage of artistic impressionism. Among the post-impressionists
a lavishly decorated architecture which appeared
achievement occurred in Venice were Paul Gauguin, Vincent Van Gogh, and
in Rome and Spain. The exteriors of Rococo
through the talented Bellini family, George Seurat.
buildings are often simple, while the interiors are
their influential in law Mantegna,
entirely dominated by their ornament. The style
Giorgione, Titian and Tintoretto. was highly theatrical, designed to impress and Post-Impressionism art movement likewise
• The publication of two treatises by awe at first sight. Floor plans of churches were encompasses a wide range of stylistic variations
Leone Battista Alberti, De Pitura (On often complex, featuring interlocking ovals; In focused on abstract form and pattern when paint
Painting), 1435, and De re palaces, grand stairways became centerpieces, is applied to the canvass surface. Structure, order
aedificatoria (ten Books on and offered different points of view of the and optical effects of color dominated the post
Architecture), 1452. decoration. impressionist's aesthetic vision. This movement
also depicts art in bright colors show the artist's
8. Mannerism Art 11. Neo-Classicism Art (based on simplicity and feelings and moods. Images were often distorted
symmetry in art) disregarding the natural colors
This is known as the Late Renaissance Period (www.theearthstory.org/movement).
which started in 1520 and continued up to the This art movement started in Rome in the mid-
17th century. In this art, there are a variety of 18th century. Neoclassicism was considered the Examples of this art is Vincent van Gogh's "starry
approaches influenced by famous artists such as "highest rank given to Western movements in the night" (Ariola, 2014) but the most important post
Leonardo da Vinci, Raffaelo Sanzio and decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, impressionism art was the "Vision After the
Michaelangelo, High Renaissance Art music, and architecture. Sermon" designed by artist Paul Gauguin in 1888.
(mannerism) emphasized the principles of art and "A Sunday Afternoon in the Island of La Grande
design such as proportion, became an ideal The main neoclassical movement occurred in the Jatte". This masterpiece was exhibited at the
beauty. 18th century which coincided with the Age of Société de Artes in Paris. This was the beginning
Enlightenment and continued until the 19th of this art movement.
Mannerism exaggerates such qualities of art century. In the field of architecture, the art style
design often resulting in compositions that are continued up to the 21st century. Around this time, the peak of France's modern era
asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant. The style is emerged and many painters were in search of new
notable for its intellectual sophistication as well Insofar as European Neoclassicism is concerned, methods. Followers of Neo-Impressionism, in
as its artificial (as opposed to naturalistic) the visual arts started in 1760. This was opposed particular, were drawn to modern urban scenes as
qualities. It favors compositional tension and to the then dominant Baroque and Rococo styles. week as landscapes and seashores. Science-based
instability rather than the balance and clarity of Rococo architecture emphasizes grace, interpretation of lines and colors influenced Neo-
earlier Renaissance painting. Mannerism in ornamentation, and asymmetry. Impressionists' characterization of their own
literature and music is notable for its highly florid contemporary art. The Pointillist and Divisionist
style and intellectual sophistication. Neoclassical architecture is based on the techniques are often mentioned in this context,
principles of simplicity and symmetry, which because it was the dominant technique in the
The definition of Mannerism and the phases was seen as virtues of the arts of Rome and beginning of the Neo-impressionist movement.
within it continues to be a subject of debate Ancient Greece and were more immediately
among art historians. For example, some scholars drawn from 16th century Renaissance Classicism. Some argue that Neo-Impressionism became the
have applied the label to certain early modern Each "neo"-classicism selects some models first true avant-garde movement in painting. The
forms of literature (especially poetry) and music among the range of possible classics that are Neo-Impressionists were able to create a
of the 16th and 17th centuries. The term is also available to it and ignores others. The movement very quickly in the 19th century,
used to refer to some late Gothic painters working Neoclassical writers and talkers, patrons and partially due to its strong connection to
in northern Europe from about 1500 to 1530, collectors, artists and sculptors of 1765-1830 anarchism, which set a pace for later artistic
especially the Antwerp Mannerists-a group paid homage to an idea of the generation of manifestations. The movement and the style were
unrelated to the Italian movement. Mannerism Phidias, but the sculpture examples they actually an attempt to drive "harmonious" vision from
also has been applied by analogy to the Silver embraced were more likely to be Roman copies modern science, anarchist theory, and late 19th
Age of Latin literature. of Hellenistic sculptures. They ignored both century debate around the value of academic art.
Archaic Greek art and the works of Late The artists of the movement "promised to employ
9. Baroque Art (highly ornate and extravagant Antiquity. The "Rococo" art of ancient Palmyra optical and psycho-biological theories in pursuit
style of art) came as a revelation, through engravings in of a grand synthesis of the ideal and the real, the
Wood's The Ruins of Palmyra." Even Greece was fugitive and the essential, science and
This art flourished on Europe in the early 17th
all-but-unvisited, a rough backwater of the temperament."
century up to late 185 century. Paintings in the
Ottoman Empire, dangerous to explore, so
15. Art Noveau (emphasis on natural forms and 20. Abstractionism (texture and shapes are more painter, is well-known in presenting violent and
structure) important than real-life objects) cruel surrealist paintings.

This art movement was most popular sometime Abstractionism is used when the artist becomes 23. Constructivism (as an art)
in 1890 and 1910 but after 1910 this movement so interested in one phase of a scene or a situation
was replaced by architectural and decorative that he does not show the subject at all as an Constructivism started as early as the 20th
style known as Art Deco and then by Modernism. objective reality, but only his idea or his feelings century in Russia. As an art, this is applied in the
about it. construction of social evils existing in the present
This art noveau (New Art in English) is an society. It is contrasted with surrealism.
innovative style of modern art that become Abstract means "to move away or separate." Surrealism art emphasizes what is inside a man's
popular sometime in 1890 to 1914. This kind of Abstract art moves away from showing things as mind. In constructivism, it emphasizes the
art movement was very useful in architecture, they really are. The painter or artist paints the reconstruction of the evils of what society has
applied art and decorative arts. picture not as it really looks. done to man.

Its typical decorative flat patterns mostly The picture is not just likelife. It is rendered not 24. De Still or Neoplasticism (emphasis is pure
curvaceous in shape is in line with its philosophy realistic. abstraction using only black, white, and primary
of applying artistic design to everyday objects as colors.)
part of the everyday life. These artistic designs In the field of sculpture, artists also began doing
were especially depicted on birds, flowers, abstract sculpture. They ignored the exact forms The Dutch term for De Still is "The Style." This
insects, hair, and curvaceous bodies of beautiful of real-life objects. They felt tat the texture and Dutch Artistic movement which was founded in
women an indication of making beautiful things shape of a sculpture were more important than the 1917 in Leiden, Netherlands.
in environment available to everyone. exact form. Constantin Brancusi's "bird in Space"
is an example. Brancusi was so impressed by the Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction
16. Fauvism (extremely bright color art works) grace of a bird in flight, by the sweep of its body and universality by a reduction to the essentials
as it flew on air, that he represented those of form and color; they simplified visual
Fauvism was the first important art movement of qualities in his sculptural work. His work does compositions to vertical and horizontal, using
the 1900s. The fauves flourished as a group only not look like a bird for it is supposed to convey only black, white and primary colors.
from 1903 to 1907 but their style greatly an impression of a bird's grace and speed.
influenced many later artists. Henri Matisse led De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was
the movement. Other important fauves included Abstract subjects can be represented through the published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer,
Andre Derain, Raoul Dufy, and Georges Rouault, following: and critic Theo van Doesburg that served to
all from France. propagate the group's theories. Along with van
a. Distortion. This is clearly manifested when the Doesburg, the group's principal members were
The fauves did not attempt to express ethical, subject is in misshapen condition or the regular the painters Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszár, and
philosophical, or psychological themes. Most of shape is twisted. Bart van der Leck, and the architects Gerrit
these artists tried to paint pictures of comfort, joy, Rietveld, Robert van 't Hoff, and J. J. P. Oud. The
and pleasure. b. Elongation. It refers to the lengthening of a artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the
subject (protraction or extension). group's work is known as Neoplasticism-the new
They used extremely bright colors. To fauve, for plastic art (or Nieuwe Beelding in Dutch).
example, a tree trunk need not be brown. It could c. Mangling. This may not be a common way of
be bright red, purple, or any other vibrant color. representing an abstract subject, but there are a According to Theo van Doesburg in the
few artists who show subjects or objects which introduction of the magazine "De Stijl" 1917 no.1,
17. Expressionism (spiritual rebirth in a are cut, lacerated, mutilated, or hacked with the "De Stijl"-movement was a reaction to the
materialistic age) repeated blows. "Modern Baroque" of the Amsterdam School
movement (Dutch expressionist architecture)
Expressionism was introduced in Germany 21. Dadaism (art is playful and highly with the magazine "Wendingen" (1918-1931).
during the first decade of the twentieth century. It experimental)
has casts its influence on European artists from 25. Abstract Expressionism (characterized by
1910 up to the present. It also seemed to have Dadaism is a protest movement in the arts formed large canvasses and strong color)
influenced the playwrights in English and in 1916 by a group of artists and poets in Zurich,
Filipino in the Philippines. Switzerland. The Dadaist reacted to what they This is a style of abstract painting that originated
believed were utworn traditions in art and the in New York after World War II and gained an
As can be seen on the work of Amelia Lapeña evils they saw in society. They tried to shock and international vogue. Although it has close
Bonifacio "Sepang Loca" (1958). The exponents provoke the public with outrageous pieces of antecedents in European art, the term was first
of expressionism believed in the necessity of a writing, poetry recitals, and art exhibitions. Much applied to the New York School, whose work
spiritual rebirth for man in age that was becoming dadaic art was playful and highly experimental. was characterized by great verve, the use of large
influenced by materialism. Paul Dumal's The name "dada," is a French word meaning canvasses, and a deliberate lack of refinement in
"Paglilitis ni Mang Serapio" (1969) and Reuel "hobby horse," was deliberately chosen because the application of the paint. Strong color, heavy
Aguila's "Mapait sa Bao" are plays which it was nonsense. Perhaps the best-known Dadaist impasto, uneven brush strokes, and rough
depicted the idea of rebirth of the individual as was the French artist, Marcel Duchamp. textures are other typical characteristics. In other
possible only within the context of the words, abstract expressionism departs
transformation of the entire society. The 22. Surrealism (art is weapon against evil and completely from subject matter, from studied
emotional expressions is expressionist paintings restrictions in society) precision, and from any kind of preconceived
can be described as involving pathos, morbidity, design. Jackson Pollock was one of the abstract
violence, or chaos, and tragedy. It also sometimes The surrealist movement in art and literature was
expressionist painters of the New York School.
portrays defeat. founded in Paris in 1924 by the French poet
Andre Breton. Like Dadaism, from which it arose, 26. Optical Art (uses optical illusion created in
18. Cubism (emphasis in the use of geometrical surrealism uses art as weapon against the evil and black and white)
shapes) restrictions that surrealists see in society. Unlike
Dadaism, it tries to reveal a new and higher Optical Art is op art for short. This is a style of
It takes the abstract form through the use of cone, reality than that of daily life. Surrealism is an visual art that emphasize the use of optical
cylinder, or sphere at the expense of other invented word meaning "super realism." The illusions.
pictorial elements. Cubists want to show form in movement was influenced by the Freudian
their basic geometrical shapes. Paul Cezanne's psychology which emphasizes the activities of Op art works are abstract, with many better
works played an important part in the the subconscious state of mind. known pieces created in black and white.
development of cubism. It was further developed Typically, they give the viewer the impression of
by Georges Braque of France and Pablo Picasso Subjects of this movement attempt to show what movement, hidden images, flashing and vibrating
of Spain. is inside man's mind as well as the appearance of patterns, or swelling or warping.
this outside world. The surrealist claim to create
19. Futurism (emphasis is on modern society) forms and images not primarily by reason, but by 27. Pop Art (uses images of popular culture, as
unthinking impulse and blind feeling or even opposed to elitism)
Futurism developed in Italy about the same time accident. Using these methods, the surrealist
cubism appeared in France. Futurist painters declares that a magical world - more beautiful It started in Britain and the United States during
wanted their works to capture the speed and force than the real one - can be created in art and the mid-to-late 1950's.
of modern industrial society. Their paintings literature. Much of the beauty sought by
glorified the mechanical energy of modern life. surrealism is violent and cruel. In this way, the The movement presented a challenge to
Subjects included automobiles, motorcycles, and surrealist tries to shock the viewer or reader and traditions of fine art by including imagery from
railroad trains -subjects that express the show what they consider the deeper and truer part popular mass culture, such as advertising, comic
explosive vitality of a modern city. of human nature. Benjamin Mendoza, a Bolivian books, and mundane cultural objects. One of its
aims is to use images of popular (as opposed to
elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or Other types of body arts are mine and living polys. If we join up with another parent, it
kitschy elements of any culture, most often statues (the art of conveying action and emotion becomes a social event for the adults too.
through the use of irony. It is also associated with employing body gestures); nail (decorating the
the artists' use of mechanical means of fingernails and toenails) and human nude-scope Stuart Brown, author of Play: How it Shapes the
reproduction or rendering techniques. In pop art, photography (photos of female nudes). Among Brain, Opens the Imagination, and Invigorates
material is sometimes visually removed from its the well-known body artists were Chris Burden, the Soul, claims that, "play deficiencies cause
known context, isolated, or combined with Gina Pane, Benjamin Vantier, Ketty La Rocca, obesity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
unrelated material. Annie Leubovitz, Spencer Tunick childhood depression, classroom 'behavioral
(http://www.visual-arts- problems involving violence,' and the 'inability to
Among the early artists that shaped the pop art cork.com/definitions/body-art.htm). interact well with peers." (Let the Children Play
movement were Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Some More, New York Times Happy Days Blog).
Hamilton in Britain, and Larry Rivers, Robert 33. Land Art (emphasis is on earth materials)
Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns among others in 3. Provide our children with open-ended toys.
the United States. Pop art is widely interpreted as Land art is an art movement known also as
a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract "Earthworks", "Earth Art" or "Landscape art" Arts and crafts supplies, dress-up clothes and hats,
expressionism, as well as an expansion of those that started in America in the 1960s by cars and trains, dolls and animals, legos and
ideas. Due to its utilization of found objects and developing man's awareness of his relationship building sets are just some of the toys that require
images, it is similar to Dada. Pop art and with his environment through "thought- a child's essential input to make them come to life.
minimalism are considered to be art movements provoking construction" of art works, that uses We should steer away from media characters that
that precede postmodern art or are some of the materials such as stones, rocks clay to create appear in shows that kids know well. (It's too
earliest examples of postmodern art themselves. artistic imagery. The purpose of these artworks is tempting for them to fall into repeating scenarios.)
to touch the sensibilities of man towards the
Pop art often takes imagery that is currently in environment. Some of the famous land artists 4. Concede a little chaos.
use in advertising. Product labeling and logos were Robert Smithson's "Special Jetty" where
In last month's New York Times' article, Effort to
figure prominently in the imagery chosen by pop they re-arrange rock, soil, algae to form a long
Restore Children's Play Gains Momentum, free
artists, seen in the labels of Campbell's Soup (1,500 feet) spiral-shaped Jetty jutting out into
play advocate and mother of three, Megan
Cans, by Andy Warhol. Even the labeling on the the Great Salt Lake; Christo Javacheff and
Rosker, set aside the large sunroom in her home
outside of a shipping box containing food items Jeanne-Claude's "encirclement of eleven Florida
for the children and filled it with blocks, games,
for retail has been used as subject matter in pop Islands in pink polypropylene fabric"
crayons, magazines to cut up and draw in, as well
art, as demonstrated by Warhol's Campbell's (http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/land-art.htm)
as toys and dress-up clothes. "I think a big part of
Tomato Juice Box.
How to Use Recycled Materials for Art free play is having space to do it in, a space that
28. Post-minimalism (artists use unprocessed Works (Delaluz-19) isn't ruled over by adults," she said."
materials)
This is a very simple art work that you are willing "The other key is not to instruct kids how to play
This art movement emerged in the late 1970s that to recycle by cutting up. along with two pieces of with something," she said. "I can't tell you how
employs a variety of arts such as body art, process clear contact paper to make the bookmark sturdy. many board-game pieces have been turned into
art, conceptual arts, and performance arts. The This is the best example to recycle your less-than- something else. But I let them do it because I
post minimalist artists use materials that are perfect-artwork or preserve your child' treasured figure their imagination is more valuable than the
unprocessed, uncomposed, and sagged instead of drawings. Bookmarks can be great gifts too. price of a board game."
using industrial and fabricated materials to
This project is easy to prepare. It can be done at But, Ms. Rosker added, "I won't claim any of this
achieve the desired purpose. The most important
home, in the classroom or in a group. has been easy for me or my husband," noting that
art was "Untitled" produced by artist Eva Hesse,
her husband used to be "a total neat freak." She
in 1970 (http://www. v.visual-arts-
What you need are: said they have learned to live with disarray and to
cork.com/history-of-art/minimalism.htm).
take other difficult steps, like strict limits on
29. Conceptual Art (conceptualism) • old arwork screen time.
• clear contact paper
• scissors 5. Show them how it's done.
Following a set of written instructions, concepts,
or ideas take precedence over traditional • ruler Most of us don't want to make-believe for hours
aesthetic, technical and material concerns. • pencil with our kids - and we shouldn't have to. But we
• optional: glue, construction paper can just get them started by picking up a stuffed
Some works of conceptual art, sometimes called
installations, may be constructed by anyone animal or a truck and say in an animated voice, "I
How to do it:
simply by following a set of written instructions. want my mommy!" or "Our friend the elephant
This method was fundamental to American artist Project Preparation - Gather the above needed fell in some quicksand. Let's go save him!"
Sol LeWitt's definition of Conceptual art, one of materials. You can pre-cut the contact paper, if it
………… (missing page ni hannah) …………
the first to appear in print. need be.
the Free-Range Kids blog, where the motto is,
to experience the craftmanship of the artist. The Select Artwork - Find a very good colorful
"How to Raise Safe, Self-Reliant Children
installation of the objects may only be temporary artwork that you are willing to cut into pieces.
Without Going Nuts with Worry."
unless they are photographed or documented to Finger-painted pictures sometimes look very nice
be presented as evidences of an artwork. when cut into rectangles but don't use a very thick 9. Talk to other parents.
paint. Pictures in magazine is also useful but we
Some of the installation arts were the "still-life" will need plain-colored construction paper glued Breaking away from the allure of illuminated
line drawings of clustered objects made from to the back being encased in clear contact paper. story lines is hard, and to be fully supported, it
adhesive tape" by Michael Craig-Martin; the will require a change in our culture. We can talk
"Earth Rooms" of Walter de Maria, "a room filled Cut Artwork - You measure and mark the backs to other parents about what we are doing - letting
with sump oil viewed from a foot bridge by of artwork pieces into rectangles of bookmark play become contagious like a neighborhood of
Richard Wilson. Critics of this art form stressed size - 11/½" by 5" (4 by 12cm) is a good size. Cut Victorian houses that goes pastel.
that installation art has low intrinsic value out the bookmark carefully. Tip: Two rectangles
because their real value is the artistic effect the can be glued back-to-back to make a reversible
artist produce. (http://www.visual-arts- bookmark or cut and glue construction paper to
cork.com/installation-art.htm) the back for another look

… (missing page ni delaluz, 30-31 missing) … Apply contact paper - Then cut two rectangles of
clear contact paper for each bookmark. These
32. Body Art (emphasis is on human body) should be ½" (1cm) wider and longer than the cut
artwork - 2" by 5 1½" (5 by 13cm).
Body art is a form of body painting, using the
body as a canvas or artwork employing color ………… (missing page ni hannah) …………
pigments for cultural motives. Face painting,
body painting, and tattoo art are forms of body art 2. Schedule in free play.
that dates back from pre-historic times. These art
forms during the early times were employed to Instead of organized sports, which put a lot of
identify prominent personalities like tribal chiefs. pressure on kids to compete according to adult
Modern body art is utilized as a cosmetic make- rules, we could schedule in playground time or an
up as shown in stage plays, television programs, afternoon to just run around climbing trees,
in circuses and movie characters. making forts in bushes, and searching for roly-