Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The word infrastructure has been used in French since 1875 and in English since 1887.The
word is a combination of the Latin prefix “infra”, meaning “below” that indicates
underground structures like (tunnel, water system and railways) and “structure”. Though
infrastructure is not having any ideal definition the word can simply defined as the basic
amenities which are required for the development of any country. Infrastructure is a critical
component of a nation’s development, and at the core Competitiveness Report has included
infrastructure as a key factor to competitiveness for more than a decade. The development of
a country wholly depends on the availability of its infrastructural facilities.
Infrastructure plays a vital role in the improvement of the country’s standard of living. It also
plays an important role in contributing to a higher rate of economic growth. Urbanization
refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the decrease in the proportion of
people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It is
predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more
people begin living and working in central areas Urbanization is an index of transformation
from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. It is a progressive concentration of
population in urban unit. Urbanization has significant impact on urban activities and as well
as on various infrastructure in cities and more so in metropolitan areas. Largely cities are
experiencing the process of densification and spatial expansion. Urban infrastructure severely
gets affected because of substantial gap between city growth and pace of provision of
infrastructure facilities due to financial crunch and limited capacity of local governments.
Infrastructure is a necessary requirement of society for economic as well as social
development of the nation. In a broader sense, infrastructure may be categorized as physical
and virtual infrastructure. Physical infrastructure includes for various services as well as
social components where in the services include for water supply, sewage, storm water,
power supply, solid waste management and transportation through various modes. The social
infrastructure are services and facilities that help in meeting social requirements of citizens.
The most acceptable aspects of social infrastructure in the different literature includes for:
health-care facilities, education facilities, distribution services, police and fire services,
cultural facilities, recreational facilities and open spaces.
From the study of various components and existing infrastructure facilities in areas, design
proposals have been made for the lacking system as a sustainable design proposal and
proposed designs for other lacking facilities. The implementation of these proposals can lead
towards the development of areas and thus contributes towards the development of the nation.

1.2 RESEARCH ISSUE

 Assess the availability, accessibility, and quality of healthcare services, evaluate the
standard of education, including infrastructure, teacher qualifications, and student

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outcomes, investigate the state of sanitation facilities, waste management practices,

and their impact on public health.
 It is expected that majority of urban growth in India will take place in small and
medium sized towns. Such towns do not have enough revenue to maintain the speed
of infrastructure development with increasing demand and least capacity to manage
such services. Unplanned Peri-urban areas are most prone to it having low pace of
infrastructure development (Anna Norstrom et al, 2009; UN Habitat, 2006).
1.3 Aim
To evaluate and analyze existing infrastructure scenario of village as per guidelines or
standards and propose Infrastructure planning proposal for improvement of relevant services.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
Following are the research objectives.
• To analyse the demographic details of village area.
•To analyse the existing situation of infrastructure in study area.
• To identify the gap between existing and required infrastructure for study area.
• Development of village considers the main aspect of sustainable development, social equity,
environmental and economic growth.
• Planning proposal for new infrastructure based on requirement of study area.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Following are the research objectives.
• The study is limited to SUDA area only
• The villages examined for study are located in Surat city within the SUDA boundary
covering the area of 715.00 km2
• The villages will be recognized based on certain criteria such as population, area, economic
activities, proposals in Development Plan / Town Planning Schemes, infrastructural details,
geographic data and so on.
1.5 NEED FOR STUDY
As urbanization occurs very rapidly and due this the city limits are extending day by day.
Surat is the 9th largest growing city in world. Due to high rate of migration and
industrialization, the population growth becomes uncontrolled. To cope up the land demand
the surrounding villages are added in Surat city. As a result of this, there will be a heavy
burden on existing infrastructure as they are designed for limited population. Therefore, this
research mainly highlights the assessment of this infrastructure based on different assessment
methods to check the efficiency of them and to provide proposals for new infrastructure for
study area.

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Population Growth
7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
Saroli Jothan Balkas Talad Kunkni

2011 2021 2031 2041

The selection of villages Jothan, Balkash, Talad, Saroli, Ariyana Kunkni for this thesis were
guided by multiple practical and strategic considerations. These locations show clear
deficiencies in essential services like roads, water, electricity, and sanitation, making them
appropriate for assessing development needs. The villages reflect a mix of social and
geographic characteristics, offering a balanced perspective for analysis. Their inclusion also
aligns with broader rural development initiatives promoted by government programs.
Importantly, the local population showed interest in participating, and the presence of some
preliminary data made detailed assessment more feasible. These factors combined make the
chosen villages suitable for exploring sustainable and scalable development approaches.

1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district
Introduction

For the purpose of the present study, a detailed

Need literature
for studyreview was carried out by referring
articles from national as well as international journals/conferences and reports published by
various organizations in recent past. The study area was decided by the discussion with
personnel from the Surat Municipal Corporation. The data were collected by the authors with
Aim
the help of Surat Municipal Corporation. The current availability of social infrastructure in
various categories was examined, and the gaps were identified considering the URDPFI
guidelines, 2015. Objectives
The survey is mainly done to assess the present state of the condition of the various
infrastructure facilities that are provided by the administration to the people Demographic
of the zone. TheProfile
Study area due
facilities provided may have some shortcomings profile
to the faulty maintenance or faulty
usage or negligence. The negligence may be due to the general behaviour Growth of study
of the people or area
due to the surroundings or environmental factors. The analysis parameters of the survey are
segregated into the various infrastructure Data facilities
collection available in the zone fire-safety,
education, health, recreation, etc. The scope of the survey extends to the basic perception of
the layman regarding the satisfaction level of the user to the various facilities. It is also
aimed at the information
Primary Data to be collected to initiate the improvement Secondary
the existing condition
Data of
the infrastructure. Due to the collection of the various personal data of the household like the
gender, marital status, age, literacy level; the information can be stored in a database and can
be procured whenever the information is required for initiate a new scheme or a planning
Questioner expert
proposal. The Opinion
use of the software MS-Excel
Selection in the storage and analysisResearch
Parameter paper, the
of data facilitates Case
(Sarpanch, Villagers),
easy access and utilities representation of the data. studies,
Existing Facilities Required Data collection from, S.M.C
Data Analysis
Facilities, Population & SUDA, Data
1.6 Report Organization:
forecasting Requirements from Authorities (Gram
Planning proposal
as per norms (URDPFI, panchayat)
GDCR)1. Introduction:
Cost and Estimation

Conclusion

2. Literature Reviews:

3. Study Area:

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUTION
A literature or narrative review is a scholarly article that summarizes the current knowledge
on a specific topic, including key findings, theoretical insights, and methodological
contributions. Infrastructure is a fundamental element of urban life, with its adequacy and
accessibility being crucial factors for improving urban living conditions and planning efforts.
These aspects are closely tied to geographical and urban conditions, local natural resources,
policy differences, and regional variations in resources, all of which influence local
governance and the issues faced by urban populations. Urban development projects,
particularly those in rapidly developing areas, aim to improve social welfare by enhancing
infrastructure and facilities. City planners, urban managers, and administrators must work
diligently to develop innovative strategies to ensure that infrastructure reaches all sectors of
society, especially vulnerable groups. This review aims to propose guidelines and standards
for different infrastructure components, considering factors such as hierarchy, location,
spatial distribution, affordability, social compatibility, and manageability. The term
"infrastructure" combines two parts: "infra," meaning sub, and "structure," referring to the
system or framework beneath the surface.
As per Draft URDPFI infrastructure are classified in following infrastructure:

Infrastructure

Social Physical

Education Facilities Water Supply

Healthcare Facilities Sewerage & Sanitation
Socio-cultural Drainage
Open-space Rain water Harvesting
Sports Facilities Electricity
Police, Civil defense and Solid Waste
Home Guards management
Safety Management

Figure: 1 Classification of Infrastructure

(SOURCE: URDPFI Guideline 2014)

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Figure 1 shows the classification of Infrastructure as per URDPFI Guideline 2014 from
which we can conclude that infrastructure can be classified in 2 categories such as physical
Infrastructure and Social Infrastructure. Education, Healthcare, Socio Cultural, Recreational,
Sports Facilities are included in social infrastructure. Road network, water and drainage
system, solid waste system, distribution Services (like, CNG, Petrol, milk) are included in
physical infrastructure. Police and fire safety also included in physical infrastructure.

2.2 INFRASTRUCTURE: OVERVIEW

Infrastructure is the basic requirement of urban life, and its adequacy and accessibility are
two important components of the upgrade and the main contributors to promote any quality
of urban life and planning the primary goal of development efforts. Directly or indirectly
oriented to urban and geographical conditions and local natural resources, resource
availability and status / regional differences in policy, resource base and many factors to the
local government, thus affecting the urban population issues of various borderful nature of
the special economic development goals / Town, especially the rapid development of
generosity In the competitive landscape, social facilities and infrastructure are the social
welfare objectives of urban development projects. The city planners, urban managers and
administrators are required to make special efforts to devise the innovative strategies in
order to ensure their wider coverage and equitable distribution for the society as a whole and
the vulnerable sections of the urban society in specific. Thus, this is an effort to suggest the
norms and standards for different components of infrastructure with respect to their
hierarchy, locational and spatial attributes, affordability, socio-economic compatibility and
manageability. Infrastructure word having two separate word “Infra” and “Structure”. Infra
means Sub part so that infrastructure means Sub-Structure of system/structure

Infrastructure is regarded as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing

commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living
conditions" . Infrastructure defines as the sum of material, institutional and personal
facilities and data which are available to the economic agents and which contribute to
realizing the equalization of the remuneration of comparable inputs in the case of a suitable
allocation of resources, that is complete integration and maximum level of economic
activities (Jochimsen, 1966)

Infrastructure is understood as,

The totality of all earning assets, equipment and circulating capital in an economy that serve
energy provision, transport service and telecommunications; we must add structures etc. for
the conservation of natural resources and transport routes in the broadest sense and buildings
and installations of public administration, education, research, health care and social
welfare" (Jochimsen, 1966).
One way by which to classify types of infrastructure is to view them as two distinct kinds:
hard infrastructure and soft infrastructure. Hard infrastructure refers to the physical networks
necessary for the functioning of a modern industry. This includes roads, bridges, railways,
etc. Soft infrastructure refers to all the institutions that maintain the economic, health, social,
and cultural standards of a country. This includes educational programs, official statistics,
parks and recreational facilities, law enforcement agencies, and emergency services.

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2.3 REVIEWED RESEARCH PAPER

(1) “Social Infrastructure Planning Based on Accessibility Analysis”. Global Research

and Development Journal for Engineering, Emerging Research and Innovations in
Civil Engineering (ERICE - 2019) February 2019 e-ISSN: 2455-5703
He decoded the development extent and potential in the study region of Dahej PCPIR that is
upcoming as an important Special Investment Region in the Gujarat State of India. They
aimed to evaluate the necessity for social infrastructure based on projected population
scenario looking it as a potential for future investment in contributing to increase the quality
of life for the workers as well as families thereof who choose to reside in the region. They
proposed a population projection considering diverse aspects concerning industrial needs.
Based on the analysis, the needs in housing sector under various categories and classes are
projected. Besides, the needs for social infrastructure, addressing the education, health,
socio-cultural, open spaces, recreational spaces, sports facilities, distribution services, safety
and security Services, and safety management are identified and envisaged for need-based
development that generates an opportunity at different levels.

(2) Straka, Jakub, and Marcela Tuzová. “Factors Affecting Development of Rural
Areas in the Czech Republic: A Literature Review.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral
Sciences 220.March (2016): 496–505.
This paper identifies the various criteria to measure the rural development such as social,
economic, cultural or environmental in Czech Republic. The two main deficits which are
eliminated in this paper are firstly which factors and indicators to be selected and secondly
what level of region is appropriate for rural development assessing. Here 307 articles were
chosen and then finally only 21 were selected, out of which 10 articles are such which
focuses on Czech Republic and other 11 focused on European countries. All these 21 articles
were studied in depth and the different factors of rural development were identified. They
found out different local, demographic, economic, social and cultural factors of rural
development but theses alone cannot determine the rural development as the approach is very
comprehensive in nature. Also, it suggests that use both objective and subjective data in the
process of examining rural development. Finally on studying the European countries and
Czech Republic the researcher have identified 14 indicators such as registered unemployment
rate, dwellings, birth rate, average gross wage, number of business, share Inhabitants of
commuting to work, number of registered cars, share of households with internet connection,
number/share of university students, education index, average incapacity for work due to
sickness, age index (60-65-year-old per 100 inhabitants), average voter turnover and
migration balance per 100 in habitants.
1 Registered unemployment rate Economic
2 Dwellings (completed, started, etc.) Local
3 Birth rate Demographic

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4 Average gross wage Economic

5 Number of businesses Economic
6 Share of inhabitants commuting to work Economic
7 Number of registered cars Local
8 Share of households with internet connection Local
9 Number/share of university students Demographic
10 Education index Demographic
11 Average incapacity for work due to sickness Economic
12 Age index: 60-65-year-old per 100 inhabitants Demographic
13 Average voter turnover Social
14 Migration balance per 100 inhabitants Demographic
Source: (Straka & Tuzová, 2016)

(3) Social Infrastructure Planning Based on Accessibility Analysis”. Global Research

and Development Journal for Engineering, Emerging Research and Innovations in
Civil Engineering (ERICE – 2019) February 2019 e-ISSN: 2455-5703
In this paper the researcher had discussed on urban health and care facilities. The study seeks
attention from the authority to avail all such infrastructure (social) and services (health and
care) to be available with maximum possible accessibility by the citizens. The study aimed to
identify the demand-supply and gaps underlying in the sector using population projections by
AIM and IIM tools. It also includes recommendations to carry out detailed planning and
allocation prioritisation of facilities at different zones (through TPS mechanism of land plot
reservation).

(4) Poerwoningsih, Dina et al. “Integrating Visibility Analysis in Rural Spatial

Planning.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227.November 2015 (2016): 838–
844.
This paper presents the results of research using the visibility analysis in rural areas Bumiaji,
Batu, where the characteristics of the rural mountains feared to be changed. The research is
aimed at villages with the criteria of the major issues that are assumed to carry a negative
change to the development of rural areas. These issues are
1. Urbanization,
2. Land use,
3.Environmental degradation and the threat of water and energy crisis,
4. Low economic level,
5. Areas include in Indonesian economic corridors in MP3EI.
This paper is organized into two main sections. The first section describes the function of

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the visibility and analysis capabilities. The second part presents the methods and results of
the implementation of the visibility analysis and its implications on rural area spatial planning
in the study area.The location study is in Bumiaji District, Batu City, East Java of Indonesia.
The study tried to demonstrate the usefulness of visibility analysis in explaining the
relationship between several dimensions integrative and interdisciplinary. The study was
conducted on 33 observation viewpoints along the village main road. Each viewpoint
essentially has 2 (two) types of information: visual data and spatial data. Visual data in the
form of observational data are captured in a photograph. Spatial data in the form of mapping
data in a viewshed map generated from satellite image processing. Both of photographs and
viewshed maps are collected on each unit of analysis from a viewpoint.Visibility analysis
using the view shed analysis tools in ArcGIS demonstrates the opportunities to combine
methods of visual and spatial analysis that were used to obtain the ecological and aesthetic
quality scores.
Sustainable rural spatial planning has a different approach to urban spatial planning. Such
differences should be reflected in both process and product planning that takes account into
several things:
1)Make sure the involvement of rural communities in the planning starting from the vision
study process of planning to decision-making,
2)Prioritize the interests of conservation and preservation of natural resources
3)Open to different approaches from academic and practitioners to push increased public
resource that tends to be low.
Such kind of analysis can be used to facilitate stakeholder in better understanding the
complexity of rural space in the stage of rural resource information inventory and also in the
stage of further planning analysis.

(5) “Health Infrastructure In Rural India” With Reference To Hospitals In Sivakasi,

Tamilnadu – Case Study, Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research
Corpus ID: 56015931
The paper presents to adapt accordingly and improve. Infrastructure is an umbrella term
covering many activities relating to social, economic and physical Overhead capital, that are
responsible for creating conducive environment for productive activities in different sectors
of an economy. The Social infrastructure of a country is very important as it not only presents
the human face of economic growth process but represents the very Essence of it. A key
component of the ecosystem of the healthcare industry is having the requisite physical
facilities and infrastructure which Are critical to the delivery of quality healthcare services.
This paper makes quantitative Examination of the degree to which sampled hospitals are
improving in quality and efficiency over time. Physical infrastructure is analysed On aspects
like space availability, equipment, ambulance facility, intensive care unit, pharmacy and
basic facilities like water supply and power supply. Improved urban health infrastructure is
definitely the need of an emerging urban economy like India. This should be met to help the
Majority of patients in emerging cities across India. With 60-80 per cent of healthcare sought

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in the private sector, and households contributing 4-6 per cent of their incomes to the same,
there will be a whopping Rs 400-600 billion healthcare market in India by 2040. Though
hospitals differ, Their overarching needs for the future are similar: All hospitals want to
achieve the highest quality care at lower costs; hospitals are required to Conduct community
health needs assessments and demonstrate their attempts to improve community health; and
all hospitals will have to work Toward developing integrated solutions to keep their patient
population and surrounding communities healthy. Only by having a strong Infrastructure.

(6) Singh, Dinesh, and Prof Anjana Vyas. “Planning Strategies for the Development of
Peri-Urban Area.” 5.7 (2015): 27–32.

This paper is the study carried out in the peri urban area of Indore city located in
Madhya Pradesh state. As Urbanization increases, the fringe’s productive
agricultural land gets converted into urban uses. Also in villages there is lack of
proper guidelines and monitoring system so the conflict of development goes on
and hence unorganized growth takes place. In this paper the fringe area is
delineated using the same statistical approach used in Patna with the help of 16
variables and finally a urban rural component is calculated which gives the scale of
urbanity in that village. They sampled 58 villages and after short listing 30 they
selected 7 villages on the basis of selected criteria such as proximity, population
size, growth rate, density and % of non agriculture worker.

Figure : Selected peri urban villages of

Indore city

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The formula used to calculate Urbanity index (UI) in the paper is shown as follow.
➢ For Factors which Decreases as we go close to the town the index value will
decrease from town, fringe to the village. So the urban index will be:

UI = (F-V)/ (T-V) ×1

For Factors which increases as we go close to the town the index value will
increase from town, fringe to the village. So the urban index will be:

UI = (V-F)/ (T-V) ×100

Where, T, V & F are Index Value of Factor for sample Towns, Villages and
Fringe respectively.

r=
∑ XY
Nσxσv

X = (m-x) & Y = (m-y)

Where, r = correlation coefficient, σ = SD or Standard Deviation, x & y =
variables, m = mean of the variable concern.
The factors which show very less or no correlation are not considered wile
calculating the scale of urbanity.

Scale of urbanity = ∑ 𝐧= 𝐔𝐈
Scale of Urbanity (SU):
𝐧=𝟏𝟑
𝟏
Where, n = no. of variables and UI +ve when Variable Decrease with Distance else
–ve
The findings of the paper suggest that there is no development plan for the region and nor the
authority is following the guidelines. The outcome of study suggests that the agricultural land
is wasted upon in random development. Few recommendations by the researcher are given in
order to have a planned framework for the peri urban villages.

(7) “Network Analysis of Water Distribution System in Rural Areas Using EPANET”
Journal Procedia Engineering, Vol.119, 496 – 505, ISSN: 1877-7058
The paper had stated that Water distribution system is crucial to providing portable water to
consumer which consisting elements like pipes, reservoirs, pumps & valves etc. hence
effective water system is most importance in a designing new water system or improve
existing one. More complex problem of water distribution system is to analysis & designing
of pipe networks for large metropolitan areas. EPANET becomes more popular & convenient
tools out of all computer tools for effective designing of water distribution system. These
tools are developed by USA EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) which is free online

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software. EPANET is designed to track water flow, pressure in each pipe & height of water
tank also. Using methods of digitizing in AutoCAD base map is generated. Layout of
Distribution network was imported into EPANET from AutoCAD. All hydraulic properties
data imported into tool & run the analysis. By using tools like EPANET, the analysis can be
done with in a period of time even for complex type of networks.

(8) “Sustainability Assessment of Sewerage Infrastructure Projects: A Conceptual

framework” International Journal of Environmental Science and Development vol.10
No.1 January, 2019 DOI: 10.18178/ijesd.2019.10.1.1140
Ali A., Anisur R. (2019) had to study which is part of a larger research project contributes to
the literature by proposing a sewerage sustainability assessment framework that focuses on
all aspects of sustainability, namely, environmental, economic, and social aspects, throughout
the project life cycle. This framework is set apart from most existing frameworks, which
focus more on the environmental aspect than on the social and economic aspects. These
challenges lead to the enhancement of the risks of failure, for example, sewer leakage,
overflow, and odour. These issues can have serious impacts on the environment, public health
and safety, the economy, and the service lives of assets.

(9) “Methods for the Assessment of Rural Social Infrastructure Needs” Business and
Rural Development Management Institute. Europe. Countries Vol.9 2017 No.3 p.526-
540 Dol:10.1515/euco-2017-0031
This article reveals the importance of different methods for assessment of social
infrastructure (SI) development needs in rural areas. Rural social infrastructure is a
significant element of rural territories interpreted in different ways: as social and economic
system, basic services for local community, social bridge for integrating different social
groups into the society, important factor for satisfaction of rural people’s needs and
acknowledgement of their human rights. Besides the mentioned importance of SI to rural
areas and rural community, the lack of exploration of methods for analysis of the needs for
developing rural social infrastructure has been noticed in the scientific literature. The
research aim is therefore to analyse the methods for assessment of needs of rural social
infrastructure. The research question has been set accordingly: how different methods for
need analysis could be applied to social infrastructure planning and development? The
research results show that need analysis is generally linked to various methods, but for the SI
planning, development and implementation specifically, there are certain methods, the
application of which depends on specifics of rural areas (as territory) and features of local
community. The findings of the research are presented as follows: first, the situation and
discussions on the importance to assess the needs for social infrastructure development are
provided; further, research methodology is described; afterwards, the methods for assessment
of needs for rural social infrastructure services are analysed; finally, the insights into a case
study identifying the needs for SI services in Lithuania are presented

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(10) “improve management of education systems” the Education for All (EFA) Global
Monitoring Report African (SSA)
M. N. East Africa (2015) had noted, however, the need to improve curricula, the
management of education systems, provide better teaching materials and increase
expenditure for the training and management of teachers. The universal target for 2015
turned out to have been rather optimistic because, in January 2014, the Education for All
(EFA) Global Monitoring Report noted that the world was set to miss the goal of full
primary schooling for children, both boys and girls, everywhere by 2015. This paper focuses
on MDG Goal two and examines the reasons why not all boys and girls could complete a
full course of primary education by 2015. The conceptualisation of literacy practices and
events was used as the motif of analysis of data from a study that employed a variety of
research methods. Questionnaire surveys, ethnographic observations, focus group
discussions and interviews were used to document some of the reasons why Sub-Saharan
African (SSA) countries and Tanzania in particular were also missing the MDGs. This study
focused on literacy practices, events and perceptions that characterise the homes, schools
and communities to promote early literacy development at home and school in rural, low-
resourced communities. sustainable access to schooling and outcomes.

(11) “An Analysis of Social Infrastructure and City Competitiveness “Infrastructure

Canada Knowledge-building, Outreach and Awareness (KOA) research program.
Russell M., Elissa A. (2009) The Infrastructure Canada (INFC) identified three research
priorities. In calling for proposals, Infrastructure Canada (INFC) identified three research
priorities. Communities, cities and public Infrastructure; the economic, social, cultural and
environmental impacts of public infrastructure; and governance issues related to public
infrastructure. In particular, the research proposal addressed an interest in how infrastructure
investment decisions are made, from the perspective of how municipalities choose to make
one investment over another. In part, this interest was based on questioning how investments
in social infrastructure such as housing and community facilities can compete with the need
to continue to invest in traditional “hard” infrastructure such as roads and sewers. The
research team had a long involvement in the area of housing and urban systems. Reflecting
these interests and responding to the INFC priorities, the research proposal was framed
around the notion of examining various types of infrastructure investment, with a focus on
social infrastructure communities, cities and public Infrastructure; the economic, social,
cultural and environmental impacts of public infrastructure; and governance issues related to
public infrastructure. In particular, the research proposal addressed an interest in how
infrastructure investment decisions are made, from the perspective of how municipalities
choose to make one investment over another. In part, this interest was based on questioning
how investments in social infrastructure such as housing and community facilities can
compete with the need to continue to invest in traditional “hard” infrastructure such as roads
and sewers. The research team had a long involvement in the area of housing and urban
systems. Reflecting these interests and responding to the INFC priorities, the research

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proposal was framed around the notion of examining various types of infrastructure
investment, with a focus on social infrastructure.

(12) “Economic and social Infrastructure “a case of Andhra Pradesh. Centre for
Economic and Social Studies, MPRA Paper No. 49076
The state of Andhra Pradesh has shown tremendous progress in terms of economic and social
Infrastructure over a period of time especially during the last two decades. Nevertheless state
Has to continue to improve its infrastructure base in order to improve its status with respect to
Human and economic development. In economic infrastructure, road connectivity and
Transportation has improved but still there are villages in the state which do not have pucca
Road and any transportation facility. In terms of energy, although Andhra Pradesh stands top
In terms power generation in India, it is not meeting the increasing demand for energy. The
Gap in supply and demand for the electricity is affecting the growth of industry and thereby
By employment opportunities in the state. The development of Non-Conventional and
Renewal Energy systems in the state is in the infancy stage. Access to formal financial
Institutions has improved but still inadequate and marginalised sections are not able get the
Formal credit so that they have to depend on the informal systems. With respect to social
infrastructure, most of the villages are having primary schools and Middle and high schools
available within the distances (norms). As regards the health Facilities, there are adequate
number of sub-centres and PHCs available in the state but their Functioning is a matter of
concern.

(13) "Infrastructure and Human development in India: An Inter-state

comparison," Journal of Global Economy, Research Centre for Social Sciences,
Mumbai, India, vol. 7(4), pages 292-311, December.
Economic development of a country depends very much on the availability of its
infrastructural facilities particularly the development of sectors such as Agriculture, Industry
and Service Sectors. An economy’s infrastructure is more conveniently divided into two parts
Physical Infrastructure and Social Infrastructure. Physical Infrastructure is directly concerned
with the needs of such production sectors as agriculture, industry & trade. The physical
infrastructure, include such services such as power, irrigation, transport telecommunication.
On the other hand, social infrastructure comprising education, health and medical care,
nutrition, housing and water supply which is instrumental in contributing to substantial
improvements in human development, which in turn, initiate and accelerate economic
development. Human Development is the process of widening people’s choices and their
level of well-being. The choices change over time and differ among societies according to
their stage of development. The three essential choices for people are – to lead a long and
healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have access to the resources needed for a decent
standard of living. If these choices are not available, many other opportunities remain
inaccessible. Other choices, highly valued by many people include political, economic and

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social freedom, access to opportunities for being creative and productive and enjoying self-
respect and guaranteed human rights.

(14) “Establishing standards for social infrastructure” . Boiler house Digital, UQ ‘Boiler
house’ Community Engagement Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia,
2005. Ipswich Qld 4305.
Ms. C. Sharyn (2005) had adopted a social sustainability framework to explore the issue of
social Infrastructure. It outlines a cost benefit analysis of the importance of social capital and
well-planned social infrastructure. On the basis of relevant research and through case studies,
the paper indicates the Costs to government and communities of not giving appropriate
attention to social Infrastructure needs and requirements. The report considers the distinction
between ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ infrastructure, the Relationship between the two and the importance
of incorporating both aspects in Planning local communities. Consideration is given to
developments in other jurisdictions in measuring social Sustainability and establishing
standards for social infrastructure that assist in the Planning of new developments and
redevelopment of local communities. The paper supports the development of standards as a
guide to the planning and Provision of social infrastructure, underpinned by the key
principles of access, equity and community engagement. It should be noted that this topic was
the source of some discussion and research in the early 1990’s when governments across
Australia moved to establish benchmarks to Cost the provision of community services.

(15) “The Urban Social infrastructure” International Journal of Current Research Vol.
9, Issue, 06, pp.52239-52243, June, 2017 . School of Architecture, IPS academy Indore.
M. Ahzam, Ar. S. Manita (2017) had examined the rising development in urban social
infrastructure in MMR (Mumbai metropolitan region), India. Contrasting the other planned
metropolis of India, MMR was distinctively built as a planned transference of a huge urban
city. The study centers on explaining the urban social infrastructure of this specific case
study. An urban social infrastructure reflects the social attributes of the urban setting. In the
instance of MMR, the government had a social agenda to encourage a social form based on
socioeconomic division rather than a cultural one. Investigation of the data gives an insight to
the result of this social agenda, and presents a basis to frame new ones. The study includes a
broad review of secondary source data to create the speculative framework for the research.
The review also involves an extensive inspection of the past, present and future of the whole
MMR (Mumbai metropolitan region) to better understand the whole context of urban
morphology and social infrastructure as a whole and also their effects, pros and cons. The
research puts forth a study that explains the social infrastructure of MMR by social area
investigation using variables, which are found from social aspects of any big city and
native/radical factors of Indian settlements. The study depends not only on form and space
analysis but also on understanding of local conditions. As the local conditions of working,
living, the geographical factors all widely affect the social infrastructure of the city. This
research lays the understanding of the rising social patterns in in developing cities.

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(16) “A new approach to assessment of infrastructure projects on urban transport

systems”. Present urban transport systems infrastructure in Lithuania. Transport and
Telecommunication Journal 13(2) DOI: 10.2478/v10244-012-0009-5
Daiva G., Algirdas G. (2012) had scientific analysis of currently used assessment principles
of the development on urban transport systems; subsystems on vehicles, passenger and
freight transportations, special public services, pedestrian and bicyclists have been carried
out. Each Subsystem needs technical infrastructure, the set of informational and traffic
control means. Moreover, quantitative and qualitative Development of transport
infrastructure is necessary for appropriate operating of whole communication system.
Unfortunately, an increase in the level of automobilization, growing transport flows in urban
territories and decreasing investment for the development of transport infrastructure are the
main barriers for urban development. An uncontrolled increase in Automobilization changed
the character of the usage of urban territories, urban structure, stimulated the process of
agglomeration and formed new problems. The results of expert evaluation and statistical
analysis highlighted the influence of each subsystem on the sustainable Development of
whole urban transport system by technical, traffic safety, social-economic, environmental and
other specific aspects. Objects of technical infrastructure that should be treated as
infrastructure of urban road transport system were identified. The results of statistics analysis
allowed determine features of separate objects necessary to evaluate; assess and adjust
separate stage Key principles and quantitative and qualitative criteria of assessment of the
development on urban transport systems Infrastructure. The effect of these factors is usually
methodologically assessed in three main aspects: Economic, social and environmental. The
cohesion of these aspects is the frame for sustainable urban Development. Assumptions for
sustainable development have to be regularized in planning documents. Local authorities as
decision makers have to consider the requirements of territorial planning documents. This
principle has to be adopted in the process of strategic planning and implementation of the
development of urban transport systems. This article presents the scientific approach for the
creation of theoretical model to assess the development of urban transport systems’
infrastructure in Lithuania.
(17) An assessment of infrastructure level and performance of Indian states, Affiliation:
National institute of construction management and research, Pune. February 2014
Prof. R. Nallathiga (2014) describes the Infrastructure provides the necessary services that
support economic growth by increasing the productivity of labours and capital, thereby
reducing the costs of production and raising profitability, production, income and
employment. Extensive and efficient infrastructure is critical for ensuring the effective
functioning of any economy. However, the development of infrastructure and its growth may
depend upon the peculiar priorities and performance of State governments in a federal
structure. India has been growing extensively in the terms on infrastructure through the
planning and implementation of the five-year plans. Some states have grown very fast while
some have been sluggish in their infrastructure development, due to various reasons. It is in
this context that this study has made an attempt to assess the performance of Indian States on
infrastructure (here, only „Developable/ Constructible Infrastructure). The study has drawn a

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sample of 15 Indian States and compiled secondary data on the infrastructure categories viz.,
roads, railways, power, postal services, telecom and banking, over the time period 1990/91-
2005/06 covering two-point observations. The infrastructure performance of these States has
been analysed first using levels data i.e., showcasing better/poor performers by comparing
with group average. Subsequently, the growth performance has also been analysed by
comparing within the group. For a better presentation, „quadrant analysis‟ has been done to
imply the status of States. The assessment of the infrastructure performance of the States has
been done later with reference to each infrastructure categories through the ranking of States
in terms of levels (over two time periods – 1990/91 and 2005/06) and growth performance.
Those States that have performed on both counts have further been categorised into – top and
bottom performers. The overall assessment of infrastructure performance of States has been
done subsequently by aggregating the sector rankings and they have further been categorised
into top and bottom overall performers. Rank correlations have been used to analyse the
association between (a) two levels and (b) level and growth. Last but not least, the
performance of the select States on the respective infrastructure categories has also been
depicted through the „Cob-Web‟ diagrams using normalised performance indices computed
for each respective State. These Cob-web diagrams further elucidate the overall performance
index of the States through a better graphical presentation of their performance.
(18)“ Infrastructure development in school” Present Status of Infrastructure Facilities
in Schools in India: From National and State Level Perspective. National University of
Educational Planning and Administration. Retrieved June 25, 2019 from.
Bhunia, Kumar D. (2012), had the sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) was launched by the
Government of India. It is primarily meant for promoting increase in the infrastructural
facilities up to the elementary education for development and causing an increase in the
literacy rate. The availability of infrastructural facilities within schools is of major
significance. When the schools will make provision of adequate infrastructural facilities, then
improvements would take place in the overall learning environmental conditions. Good
infrastructure is truly regarded as the base for good-quality education. The members of the
schools need to ensure that they make appropriate decisions with regards to promotion of
infrastructural facilities. The major decisions need to be taken regarding the use of financial
resources. The availability of financial resources are regarded as the major factors in the
promotion of infrastructural facilities With the introduction of powerful and high-speed
computers and proficient techniques for the agement and development of infrastructure have
advanced with the useof geo- informatics technology. The geo-informatics technology is of
great significance. It is regarded to render a significant contribution in the development of
school infrastructure. In schools, an attempt has been made for broad-mapping and analysis
of the existing infrastructures whenthe analysis was conducted, then areas were taken into
account in which improvements were required. For instance, research has indicated that in
some schools, the teaching-learning methods are not put into practice in an appropriate
manner. Due to this, the students are experiencing problems in efficiently understanding the
academic concepts. Hence, it is vital to bring about improvements in teaching-learning
methods and instructional strategies.

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(19) Goel, Neha. “Dynamic Planning and Development of Peri Urban Areas : A Case of
Faridabad City.” September (2011): 15–20.
This paper describes about the urban fringe of Faridabad city of India, where the random
development has taken place in the form of Ribbon Development all along the transport
corridors and lack in infrastructure facilities and shelter. This kind of churning growth has led
to unmanaged land development. Here the authority has planned the area but the agency
working actually on field doesn’t seem to follow planning norms and eventually it will lead
to loss of visual quality of space. So every sector is growing in isolation without integrating
the growth with other nearby centers and thus mixed land use is practiced which will lead to
haphazard development and unorganized infrastructural facilities lead to depletion of natural
resources. Thus concluding this paper the outcome is that as planners it is the prime duty to
plan these most neglected areas in order to have integrated development.
(20) “The size, composition and spatial pattern of migration in Surat city” A journal of
business perspective, First Published October 12, 2020 Research Article.
Chowdhury S. R. (2020) this article defines the size, composition and spatial pattern of
migration in Surat city based on discussions in the existing literature, anecdotal evidences and
interactions with the Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) officials during field trips. It sheds
light on migration ‘specificity’ of Surat compared with migration flows in other major cities.
The article builds a competitiveness index to rank the four cities in our project: Surat, Pune,
Kochi and Ludhiana using the principal component analysis (PCA) technique and interprets
the role of migration in building a city’s competitiveness. While migration adds strains on
urban resources (e.g., growth of slums) and makes it more ‘vulnerable’, it enriches a city’s
supply chains by easing labour market tightness and making it more ‘competitive’
economically. It finds a positive link between migration and a city’s competitiveness in
general. Competitiveness is here taken to be a composite of several socio-economic variables,
over and above what is generally meant by ‘economic’ competitiveness. Based on the
commonalities of the variables that explain the principal components (PC) most (have
significant loadings in the component), the PCs are redefined as ‘Absorption Spillover’ and
‘Strength of Pull’. It finds that though Surat is placed in the 2nd rank in terms of overall
competitiveness, its competitiveness is primarily driven by ‘Strength of Pull’ rather than
‘Absorption Spillover’. The policy implication is that urban adaptive mechanisms should be
redesigned on this dimension to achieve a balanced, inclusive and sustainable
competitiveness.

21) Institute of Rural Management, Anand. “Sustainable Settlements in Peri-Urban

Areas : With Special Reference to Impacts of Transport and Energy on Natural
Resources Management.”
This report is result of the task assigned to The Institute of Rural Management, Anand
(IRMA) by The European Commission for the sustainable settlements in peri-urban areas.
The case study of Vadodara city is taken as one of the task under this assignment. The main
objective of the study is to examine the institutional mechanism with respect to natural

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resource management in the peri-urban areas of Vadodara. The methodology adopted

includes household level data collection, data from officials of VUDA, GEB, and GEDA.
The case study villages are Serkhi, Angadh and Alamgir. The demographic details, energy
use, transportation, water supply and sanitation, pollution, migration and occupation and
income are studied in detail for each sample village. The conclusion drawn from it is that
most of the peri-urban areas of Vadodara are affected by the industrial activity and
consequent pollution also looking at the accessibility of staff of various institutions to the
peri-urban areas needs an attention.

2.4 CASE STUDY

(1) Hiware Bazar, Maharashtra

Hiware Bazar, a village in Maharashtra, underwent a remarkable transformation through
Panchayat leadership and community involvement. Hiware Bazar is an Indian village that has
transformed its history by being possibly the richest village in India, with the record of 60
millionaires in the village & barely any poor. In comparison to monthly per capita income of
Rs. 830 in 1995, it grew up to Rs. 30,000 till 2012, resulting in 60 millionaires in the village.
Once plagued by drought, low literacy, unemployment, and social issues, the village
implemented water conservation, afforestation, and economic reforms. Under the leadership
of Popatrao Pawar, initiatives like watershed development, organic farming, and banning
liquor shops led to increased agricultural productivity, improved incomes, and 100% literacy.
Today, the village boasts underground drainage, solar-powered streetlights, and high living
standards, making it a model for rural development in India.
(2) Gangadevipalli, Andhra Pradesh
Gangadevipalli, a small village in Warangal district, Andhra Pradesh, has emerged as a model
for rural development in India. With a population of about 1,200 people, the village has
achieved remarkable progress through collective community efforts, strong leadership, and
active participation of villagers. Gangadevipalli stands as a testament to how self-governance
and sustainable development can transform rural life. The village formed Gram Samakhya
(Village Committee), where every household contributes to decision-making. Various
committees handle different aspects such as education, health, water supply, and sanitation.
The village achieved 100% literacy through adult education programs. Students are
encouraged to pursue higher education with community support. The village installed a
Reverse Osmosis (RO) water purification plant to provide clean drinking water. Every
household has proper sanitation facilities, eliminating open defecation. Streetlights are solar-
powered, ensuring energy efficiency. The village has paved roads, proper drainage, and
electricity in every home. The community collectively decided to ban alcohol and gambling,
reducing crime and domestic violence. There are no police cases in the village, making it one
of the safest in the region. Villagers practice organic farming and self-help group (SHG)
initiatives. Women actively participate in dairy farming, tailoring, and small businesses.
Gangadevipalli has received several national awards for rural development and self-

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sustainability. Recognized by the United Nations and Indian Government as a model village.
Gangadevipalli stands as an inspiring example of how collective community efforts, strong
leadership, and self-discipline can drive rural transformation. The village serves as a blueprint
for sustainable development in rural India.

(3) Ramachandrapuram, Andhra Pradesh

Ramachandrapuram is a small village with 471 households in Koheda Mandal of Karimnagar
District which has achieved remarkable transformation through innovations in self-
governance arrangements and participatory planning and development. Earlier the village
was a fairly typical Indian village with a measure of poverty, low-income economic
development skeletal amenities and poor health and education facilities, poor connectivity,
low employment and therefore seasonal and longer-term emigration, and similar other
characteristics. Through the efforts of panchayat, the situation has changes substantially in
the last decade or so. The main business of liquor production and sale was eliminated. The
village now has uninterrupted power, a piped water system, well-connected roads, and better
schooling facilities. Cultivated land increased threefold, and agricultural diversification led to
higher incomes, with an annual turnover of over Rs. 3.5 crore. Widespread thrift-saving
practices led to Rs. 1 crore in collective annual savings. The Panchayat and village leaders
formed a committee to initiate reforms. The first step was banning liquor production, which
was the major business in the village. Infrastructure, education, and agriculture were
systematically improved. Awareness programs promoted thrift-savings, insurance, and social
responsibility. Ramachandrapuram's journey from a struggling village to an ideal model of
development showcases the power of community effort, leadership, and sustainable practices.
With strong governance, economic diversification, and social reforms, it serves as an
inspiration for rural transformation across India.
(4) Piplantri, Rajasthan
"Piplantri Gram Panchayat in the Rajasthan District of Rajasthan is another story of
successful village development through effective and enterprising local self-governance. The
Panchayat is a “group Panchayat”, consisting of 12 hamlets located in seven (earlier six)
revenue villages, a distinctly different formation from the three other cases where
development efforts generally took off after the village became a separate Panchayat. The
Panchayat has a total estimated population currently of about 6500 (2001 Census records
5138), with 1100 households and additional immigrants working in the adjacent quarry. Less
than 15% are BPL. The terrain is hilly and the largest business of marble quarrying (R.K.
Marbles) in the state is located partly in the Panchayat area." Tree-Planting Tradition for Girl
Children: Every time a girl child is born, 111 trees are planted in her honor. Over 350,000
trees have been planted so far, turning the village into a green oasis. When a girl is born, her
family, the Panchayat, and community members contribute ₹31,000, which is kept as a fixed
deposit for her future. The parents sign a legal bond ensuring they will provide education,
prevent child marriage, and care for the trees. The sale and consumption of alcohol are
strictly prohibited. Dowry practices are discouraged, promoting gender equality. Improved

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schooling facilities have led to higher literacy rates, especially for girls. Skill training
programs help youth and women find employment opportunities. The initiative was started
by former Sarpanch Shyam Sundar Paliwal after the loss of his daughter. The Panchayat and
villagers united to implement tree-planting, financial security for girls, and water
conservation measures. Community participation ensured the success and sustainability of
these initiatives. Piplantri’s transformation highlights how environmental conservation,
women’s empowerment, and financial inclusion can uplift a village. The tree-planting
initiative, water conservation efforts, and economic reforms have made Piplantri a self-
sufficient, eco-friendly, and progressive model village for sustainable rural development in
India.
(4) Punsari, Gujarat
Punsari, a small village in Sabarkantha district, Gujarat, has been recognized as one of India’s
most developed villages. The population of village approx. 6000. The main occupation of
villagers are agriculture and dairy farming. Through modern infrastructure, smart
governance, and technology-driven initiatives, Punsari has transformed into a model rural
settlement. Unlike traditional villages, Punsari has implemented urban-level facilities while
preserving its rural essence, making it a benchmark for rural development in India. Concrete
Roads & Drainage System is well-maintained, roads and underground drainage ensure
cleanliness. The village is equipped with solar-powered street lights. Free Wi-Fi is available
throughout the village, promoting digital literacy. Farmers receive government subsidies and
training in dairy and agriculture field. Self-help groups (SHGs) are encouraged to start small
businesses for women. Due to ample employment opportunities, villagers do not need to
migrate for jobs. The village panchayat is fully digitalized, ensuring transparency.
Announcements and village updates are communicated through loudspeakers installed across
the village. Ensures security and reduces crime rates.Waste Management takes Proper
garbage disposal and recycling mechanisms are in place. Awarded "Best Gram Panchayat" by
the Government of India. Recognized under the Adarsh Gram Yojana (Model Village
Scheme). Zero dropout rate in schools and 100% sanitation and cleanliness. A visionary
leader like Himanshu Patel played a crucial role. Active involvement of villagers ensured the
success of initiatives. Digitalization and modern infrastructure uplifted the village economy.
Effective use of government schemes accelerated development. Punsari proves that with the
right governance, rural India can be transformed into self-sustaining, smart villages. The
model set by Punsari can be replicated across India to bridge the urban-rural divide and
enhance the quality of life in villages.
2.5 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development can be defined as an approach to the economic development of a

country without compromising the quality of the environment for future generations. In the
name of economic development, the price of environmental damage is paid in the form of
land degradation, soil erosion, air & water pollution, deforestation, etc. This damage may
surpass the advantages of having more quality output of goods and service. Public health is a
vital characteristic of a sustainable community.

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The world is faced with challenges in all three dimensions of sustainable development
economic, social and environmental. More than 1 billion people are still living in extreme
poverty, and income inequality within and among many countries has been rising; at the same
time, unsustainable consumption and production patterns have resulted in huge economic and
social costs and may endanger life on the planet. Achieving sustainable development will
require global actions to deliver on the legitimate aspiration towards further economic and
social progress, requiring growth and employment, and at the same time strengthening
environ-mental protection.

According to the World Health Organization, the primary factor influencing the health of
people is their way of life having weightage of about 50%. Therefore, to ensure high-quality
life for urban citizens, provision of social infrastructure with effective planning within the
urban settlement is must (Stein, 2017).
Social sustainability is another significant term in the rapidly urbanizing world. Social
sustainability may be defined as “a process for creating sustainable, successful places that
promote wellbeing, by understanding what people need from the places they live and work.
Social sustainability combines the design of the physical realm with the design of the social
world – infrastructure to support social and cultural life, social amenities, systems for citizen
engagement and space for people and places to evolve”. (Social Drivers for Sustainable
Development [Beyond 2015 Brief No. 4], 2014). Social sustainability is especially crucial
for new towns and communities because they demand local services like schools, healthcare,
shops, public transport, cultural facilities at an early stage to create a sense of shared history,
to meet other residents and also to create their own local projects.

Figure 1: Sustainable Development Properties

Figure shows Sustainable development properties which contain three priorities environment,
economic and social aspects. In Environment aspect Energy/GHG Emissions, GES Emissions
and Greening& Biodiversity is included. In Social aspect service culture, employees and

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community is included. In economic aspect responsible procurement and engine of economic

development is included.
India, as the fastest growing economy, is undergoing this dilemma of sustainable
development too. India’s immediate priority is to provide livelihoods and employment to its
population besides creating sustainable economic opportunities at both- micro & macro –
levels to keep its promises to take the GDP growth of the country to an ambitious double-
digit target of 10 percent.
India has to provide houses to millions, ensure food & nutritional security, and make health
services accessible & affordable. For the sustainable inclusive growth, jobs have to be
created. In order to tackle its developmental challenges, and to push the economic growth
further, India, apart from conventional development programs, plans to set up smart cities,
construction of roads, railways, and other large infrastructure projects.
Under ‘Make in India’ mission, it lays emphasis on manufacturing sector which will help
create jobs. But all these actions put together will increase India’s cumulative as well as per
capita Co2 emission rate which will potentially weaken India’s global position on responses
to climate change. Also, some of the important policies related to India are given as below.

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

The Ministry of Urban Development of the Government of India initiated the major city-
modernization program known as the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM). Over $20 billion would be invested over seven years, according to the plan. It
bears the name of India's first prime minister, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh formally launched the program on December 3, 2005, with the goal of
enhancing urban infrastructure and quality of life. It was started in 2005 and ran for seven
years, ending in March 2012, to encourage communities to start taking action to gradually
raise their levels of municipal service. The mission's term was extended by the government
for an additional two years, from April 2012 to March 31, 2014. JNNURM was an ambitious
project that mostly dealt with urban conglomerates' growth in Indian cities. By improving the
social and economic infrastructure in cities, offering Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP),
and implementing extensive urban sector reforms to fortify municipal governance in
compliance with the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, JNNURM seeks to create
"economically productive, efficient, equitable, and responsive Cities." JNNURM's program
mainly consists of two sub-missions: the Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and
Governance, which is run by the Ministry of Urban Development and focuses on solid waste
management, road networks, urban transportation, water supply and sanitation, and the
revitalization of old city areas. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
oversees the Sub-Mission for providing Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP), which
focuses on slum integrated development. It also consists of two more parts. The Ministry of
Urban Development oversees the Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme
for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT), which focuses on incorporating the Accelerated
Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP) and Integrated Development of Small and

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Medium Towns (IDSMT) schemes that seek to improve planned urban infrastructure in
towns and cities under its jurisdiction. In order to provide safe and sufficient water supply
facilities for the whole population, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
(MHUPA) developed and implemented the Sub-Mission for Integrated Housing and Slum
Development Programme (IHSDP) in 1993–94. According to the 1991 census, the initiative
is mostly carried out in municipalities with fewer than 20,000 residents.
• Ascertain that sufficient financial resources are allocated to address problems in urban
infrastructure services. planned development of designated cities, encompassing outlying
areas, urban corridors, and peri-urban areas, to ensure that urbanization occurs in a distributed
fashion.
• Increase the distribution of utilities and municipal facilities, focusing on providing universal
access to the urban poor.
• To start an urban redevelopment program, which involves redeveloping inner (old) cities in
order to lessen traffic.
The mission will last for seven years, starting in December 2005. The purpose of the mission
around this time was to guarantee the sustained growth of the member cities. Before the
eleventh year of the five-year plan ended in 2012, an assessment of the mission's
implementation experience would be conducted. The mandate was extended for a further two
years, ending on March 31, 2014. Ten projects now fall within the purview of JNNURM
funding, including those related to road networks, storm water drains, rapid bus systems,
water supplies, solid waste administration, treatment of wastewater, river and lake
enhancement, and slum rehabilitation and improvement.
JNNURM was a huge mission which relates primarily to development in the context of urban
conglomerates focusing to the Indian cities. JNNURM aims at creating ‘economically
productive, efficient, equitable and responsive Cities’ by a strategy of upgrading the social
and economic infrastructure in cities, provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP) and
wide-ranging urban sector reforms to strengthen municipal governance in accordance with
the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.
JNNURM primarily incorporates two sub-missions into its program:
The Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance administered by the Ministry of
Urban Development, with a focus on water supply and sanitation, solid waste management,
road network, urban transport and redevelopment of old city areas. The Sub-Mission for
Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) administered by the Ministry of Housing and
Urban Poverty Alleviation with a focus on integrated development of slums. In addition to
this, it has two further components. The Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure Development
Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) administered by the Ministry of Urban
Development, with a focus on subsuming the schemes of Integrated Development of Small
and Medium Towns (IDSMT) and Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP)
which aim at planned urban infrastructural improvement in towns and cities under its
purview. The Sub-Mission for Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme
(IHSDP) administered by Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA) was

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envisaged and brought into effect in 1993–94 in accordance with providing the entire
population with safe and adequate water supply facilities. The program is mainly
implemented in towns with populations less than 20,000 as per the 1991 census.
 Ensure adequate investment of funds to fulfill deficiencies in the urban infrastructural
services. Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, out
growths, urban corridors, so that urbanization takes place in a dispersed manner.
 Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on
universal access to urban poor.
 To take up urban renewal programme, i.e., re-development of inner (old) cities area
to reduce congestion.
The duration of the mission is seven years beginning from December 2005. During this
period, the mission sought to ensure sustainable development of participating cities. An
evaluation of the experience of implementation of the mission would be undertaken before
the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan in 2012. The duration of the mission was extended by
two more years: until 31 March 2014. Currently, ten projects are covered by JNNURM funds
pertaining to road network, storm water drains, bus rapid transit system, water supply, solid
waste management, sewage treatment, river and lake improvement, slum improvement and
rehabilitation, all fall under its scope.
As per the JNNURM guidelines, only select cities/Urban Agglomerations (UAs) as per 2001
Census have been chosen for the implementation of the programme as per norms/criteria
mentioned below.
As per the JNNURM guidelines, only select cities/Urban Agglomerations (UAs) as per 2001
Census have been chosen for the implementation of the programme as per norms/criteria
mentioned below.
A Cities/UAs with 4 million plus population as per 2001 census 07
B Cities/UAs with 1 million plus but less than 4 million 28
population as per 2001 census
C Selected cities/UAs (state capitals and other cities/UAs of 28
religious/historic and touristic importance)

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India launched the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and
Urban Transformation (AMRUT) in June 2015 with the goal of putting in place the necessary
infrastructure to guarantee strong sewage networks and water supplies for urban
transformation through the implementation of urban revival projects. In order to improve the
quality of life for everyone, particularly the under privileged and impoverished, the Indian
government has made it a national priority to create facilities in cities and offer basic services
like water supply, sewage, urban transportation, etc. to homes. With these goals in mind, the
Government of India established the Atal Mission for Revitalization and Urban Change
(AMRUT) on June 25, 2015, with the goal of enhancing the fundamental infrastructure of

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urban areas in 500 cities and towns—known as Mission cities and towns. The previous
Mission's lessons have demonstrated that the development of infrastructure should directly
address people's actual needs, such as giving every home access to taps and toilets. This
implies that the development of infrastructure that directly contributes to the delivery of
improved services to people should be the main priority. It is a national goal to provide
essential services (such as water supply, sewerage, and urban transportation) to homes and to
construct facilities in cities that will enhance everyone's quality of life, particularly for the
underprivileged and impoverished. The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation (AMRUT) aims to:

guarantee that every home has access to a tap with a guaranteed water supply and a sewer
connection; (ii) improve cities' amenity value by creating parks and other green spaces; and
(iii) lower pollution by implementing public transportation or building infrastructure for non-
motorized transportation (such as walking and bicycling).

• Under the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), Rajasthan
was the first state in the nation to submit a State Annual Action Plan.
• The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) has a new face,
AMRUT. The public-private partnership (PPP) model is a prerequisite for the program.
• To provide basic infrastructure services including water supply, sewerage, storm-water
drainage, transportation, and the creation of parks and green areas with specific consideration
for children's needs, AMRUT uses a project-based approach.
• 500 areas with a population of one lakh or more will adopt AMRUT. It would include major
cities in mountainous regions, islands, and tourist destinations, as well as several cities on the
banks of major rivers and a few state capitals.

• As part of this mission, governments and union territories will receive 10% of the budgetary
allotment as an incentive, contingent on the implementation of reforms in the preceding year.
•For urban areas with an inhabitant of up to 10 lakh, central assistance will cover 50% of the
project cost; for those with a population of more than 10 lakh, it will cover one-third of the
project cost.
• Through this goal, states are given the freedom to create plans that are tailored to the
requirements of specific cities and to monitor and implement them.
• Funds will only be given if states submit their state yearly action plans to the centre for
widespread approval. However, the federal government will not evaluate individual projects,
which is a major divergence from JNNURM.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

The Government of India's Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) aims to develop 20
million affordable homes by March 31, 2022, with the goal of providing affordable housing
to the urban poor. For the urban poor, it consists of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY-
U), while for the rural poor, it consists of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin) (PMAY-G
and also PMAY-R). In order to guarantee that homes have a toilet, an electricity connection
through Saubhagya Yojana, an LPG gas connection through Ujjwala Yojana, access to
drinking water, Jan Dhan banking services, etc., this program converges with other programs.
As of December 28, 2019, a total of 1 cr of dwellings have been approved out of a total

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

demand of 1.12 cr. "By the time the Nation accomplishes 75 years of its Independence,
however, every family will have a dwelling with water connection, toilet facilities, 24x7
electricity supply and access," the Hon. President of India declared during his speech to the
Joint Session of Parliament on June 9, 2014. The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Housing for
All (Urban), 2015, was a comprehensive mission that the Indian government executed in
order to accomplish this goal. According to the 2011 Census, 4041 statutory towns will be
covered by the program.
Through the following program, the Yojana seeks to meet the housing needs of urban poor
people, especially slum inhabitants.

Slum rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers with participation of private developers using land as a
resource
Promotion of Affordable Housing for weaker section through credit linked subsidy
Affordable Housing in Partnership with Public & Private sectors
Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction /enhancement. (source- PMAY-
HFA Guidelines, 2016).
The mission will assist in building homes with a carpet area of up to 30 square meters and
essential public utilities.
Basic civic infrastructure, such as roads, electricity, sewage, water, and sanitation, should be
included in slum redevelopment and affordable housing programs that collaborate.
Every home constructed or enlarged under the Mission should fundamentally have a
bathroom.
The mission's homes should be built in accordance with the National Building Code, which
specifies structural safety against landslides, earthquakes, floods, and cyclones, among other
hazards.
The houses constructed/acquired with central assistance under the mission should be in the
name of the female head of the household or in the joint name of the male head of the
household and his wife, and only in cases when there is no adult female member in the
family, the house can be in the name of male member of the household. (source- PMAY-
HFA Guidelines, 2016)

2.7 STANDARDS AS PER URDPFI

Standards for the assessment of infrastructure and the guidelines related to all the
infrastructure facilities are given and referred from URDPFI (URBAN AND REGINIOAL
DELEPMENT PLANS FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION) and TCPO (TOWN
AND COUNTRY PLANNING ORGANIZATION). Town and Country Planning
Organisation (TCPO) was set up in 1962 with the merger of the Town Planning
Organization (TPO) and Central Regional and Urban Planning Organization (CRUPO).
Table shows the norms given in Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and
Implementation Guidelines (URDPFI), 2015 are used for assessment of education Centre
and the population served by that particular structure.

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Table Guideline on Education

Sr No Category Population Served Per
Unit
1 Pre-primary school 2500
2 Primary school 5000
3 Senior secondary school 7500
4 Colleges 125000
(SOURCE: URDPFI guideline)
a
For provision of social infrastructure URDPFI guideline has been used Given below table
shows the detailed guideline on health care facilities provision for general hospital, primary
health care and community health centre. Table 3 also gives information about the
population which can be served by the hospitals and area required for the hospitals.
Table Guideline on Health Care Facilities
Sr. No. Category Population served Area requirement
per unit
1 General Hospital (More than 300 2.5 lakh 6.00 Ha
beds)
2 Intermediate Hospital (Category 1 lakh 3.70 Ha
A) (200 beds)
3 Intermediate Hospital (Category 1 lakh 1.00 Ha
B)
(80 beds)
4 Primary Health Centre - Nursing 45,000 to 1 lakh 0.20 to 0.30 Ha
home, child welfare and
maternity centre
(25 to 30 beds)
5 Community Health Centre – 1 lakh 0.20 to 0.30 Ha
Polyclinic (Less than 10 beds)
6 Sub Centre – Dispensary 15000 0.08 to 0.12 Ha
(SOURCE: URDPFI guideline)

Table shows the norms for socio-cultural facilities as per URDPFI Guidelines in which
population served by the structure and land required area are the parameters that had taken
into consideration.

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Table Norms For Socio – Cultural Facilities

Sr. Category Population Land Area Requirement
No Served per
unit
1. Anganwadi ‐ Housing area/cluster 5000 200‐300 sqm

2. Community Room 5000 5000 750 sqm (NBC)

750 sqm (NBC)
3. Community hall, mangalkaryayala, 15000 2000 sqm
barat ghar/ library

4. Music, dance and drama centre 1 lakh 1000 sqm

5. Meditation and spiritual Centre 1 lakh 5000 sqm
6. Recreational Club 1 lakh 10,000 sqm
7. Old age home 5 lakh Max. 1000 sqm, subject to
availability of land
8. Religious Facilities (MPD, pg 149)
8a. At neighbourhood / housing cluster 5000 400 sqm
level

8b. At sub city level in urban extension 10 lakh 4.00 Ha

9. Other Facilities (MPD)
9a. Orphanage/ Children’s Centre 10 lakh Max. 1000 sqm, subject to
(One each) availability of land

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

9b. Care centre for physically /mentally 10 lakh Max.1000 sqm, subject to
challenged availability of land

9c. Working women – men hostel 10 lakh Max. 1000 sqm, subject to
availability of land
9d. Adult education centre 10 lakh Max.1000 sqm, subject to
availability of land
9e. Night Shelter 10 lakh Max.1000 sqm, subject to
availability of land
10. Socio Cultural centre/ Exhibition 10 lakh 15 Ha (NBC)
cum fair ground

11. Science Centre (MPD, pg 148) 10 Lakh As per requirement

12. International Convention Centre City level As per requirement
(MPD, pg 148
(SOURCE: URDPFI guideline)

(SOURCE: URDPFI guideline)

Table below gives the information about land requirement based on capacities as per
CPHEEO manual,1990
Table Land requirement for based on capacities
Sr Identified capacities(MLD) Land requirement
no. (Hectares)
1 5 0.10
2 10 0.19
3 50 0.93
4 100 1.87
5 200 3.73
6 500 9.34
(Source: CPHEEO manual, 1990)
Delphi method
Questionnaire surveys are a rather arbitrary way to gauge the requirements of the local
population. The responses to closed-ended questionnaire questions may not disclose the
respondents' actual attitudes about the problem under analysis, and the study findings may be
interpreted differently even when the researcher obtains answers to particular questions.
Direct contact with the respondents, focus groups, interviews, and the Delphi technique

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

always yield favorable findings since the researcher may ask more detailed questions, get
specific answers, and get feedback on topics that interest him or her.
Originally created as a methodical, participatory forecasting approach that depends on a panel
of experts, the Delphi method, also known as the Estimate-Talk-Estimate or ETE
methodology, is a structured communication tool. The method, also known as mini-Delphi or
Estimate-Talk-Estimate (ETE), can be modified for use in in-person meetings. The
foundation of Delphi is the idea that predictions (or choices) made by a structured group of
people are more accurate than those made by unstructured groupings. In two or more rounds,
the experts respond to surveys. An anonymized synopsis of the experts' predictions from the
previous round, together with the justifications they offered for their conclusions, is given by
a facilitator or change agent following each round. Thus, experts are encouraged to revise
their earlier answers in light of the replies of other members of their panel. It is believed that
during this process the range of the answers will decrease and the group will converge
towards the "correct" answer. Finally, the process is stopped after a predefined stop criterion
(e.g., number of rounds, achievement of consensus, stability of results), and the mean or
median scores of the final rounds determine the results.
Delphi Method Application in assessment and policy making.
The need to examine several types of items (not only forecasting items but, typically, issue
items, goal items, and option items) leads to introducing different evaluation scales which
are not used in the standard Delphi. These often include desirability, feasibility (technical
and political) and probability, which the analysts can use to outline different scenarios: the
desired scenario (from desirability), the potential scenario (from feasibility) and the expected
scenario (from probability). The complexity of issues posed in public policy-making tends to
increased weighting of panelists arguments, such often solicited pro and con each item along
with new items for panel consideration. likewise, methods measuring panel evaluations tend
to increased sophistication such as multi-dimensional scaling.

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CHAPTER THREE
STUDY AREA

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Surat, located along the River Tapi with a 6 km stretch of coastline on the Arabian Sea,
became a significant trade hub due to its strategic position. It flourished as a center for sea
trade during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, serving as a vital trade link between India and
other countries. At its peak, Surat was a prosperous city, but its fortunes declined with the
rise of the Bombay port in the 17th and 18th centuries. Surat was also known for its
shipbuilding industry, especially along the Tapi coast from Athwalines to Dumas, where the
Rassi community was primarily involved in ship construction. However, as Bombay's port
grew, Surat's shipbuilding industry suffered. In the post-independence era, Surat experienced
significant growth, particularly in textiles and trade, leading to substantial urban expansion,
including residential development. Surat is most popular city of Gujarat regards to high level
of immigration. It is one if the cleanest city of India. It has some other names like “THE
TEXTILE CITY”, “THE DIAMOND CITY” and “THE GREEN CITY”. People from all
around the country come to Surat for the business and jobs. On the industrial map of the
country, Surat city is one of the most important cities with many large industries. As
economic base, in Surat various industries like textile manufacturing, trade, diamond cutting
and polishing industries, Zari works, chemical industries and petrochemical and natural gas
based industries are there. Mumbai – Ahmedabad corridor passes through Surat city. National
Highway 8 passes within 16 Km of the SMC boundary and is one of the busiest interstate
trunk routes of the country. As per census 2011, Surat is number most populated city in the
India. Surat city is economic capital of Gujarat state located in western part of the India in
Gujarat state along with river Tapi. Surat is a second largest city in Gujarat state. Surat is the
eighth largest city and ninth largest metropolitan area of India Surat city is situated at latitude
21`12‟N and longitude 72`52‟E on bank of river Tapi having coastline of Arabian Sea on its
West. It is located in well-developed south Gujarat region. It is located 306 km south of the
state capital, Gandhinagar. Surat is a pivotal centre on Ahmedabad-Mumbai regional corridor
as well as on the 225 km long industrial belt, having direct linkage with industrial urban
centre of Vadodara, Ankleshwar and Vapi. The facilities and services provided in a
community, through services development and enhance community well-being. Economic,
physical and social infrastructures are inter-related for a sustainable community development.
Adequate infrastructure is the key to gain progressive society. Infrastructure can be defined as
a system that makes a society safe through the provision of health, education, public services,
and recreation. Infrastructure is also take part in the economic development of a country .The
infrastructure deals with the aspects of health-care facilities, education facilities, socio-
cultural facilities, recreational facilities and open spaces, distributive services and, safety
management .Current work is aimed at performing an analysis of demographic and in relation
to that, exploration of gaps in the existing infrastructure referring to Urban and Regional
Development Plan Formulation Guidelines (URDPFI) of Government of India. The work is
focusing at the West Zone of Surat city in terms of gap identification and discusses about
proposals for a ward in the zonal administrative area.

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

Table 3.1 below shows the basic information like area, population, density and zones of
Surat city.
Table 3.1: Statistics of Surat city
Subject Details
Area 462.149Sq. Km.
Population 46,45,384 (as per Census -2011)
Density
10052 Persons/Sq.Km (as per Census -2011)

No. Of Slum Pockets 334 (as per Census -2011)

Zones 9
No. Of Election Wards 30
No. Of Employees 21,106
Sex Ratio 755/1000 Male
Crude Birth Rate 14.67%
Crude Death Rate 4.14%
Maternal Mortality Rate 0.46%
Literacy Rate 87.89%
Male 91.22%
Female 83.44%
Decadal Growth Rate 55.29% (As Per Census-2011)
(SOURCE: Surat Municipal Corporation)

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

3.2 GROWTH OF SURAT CITY

Surat city is situated at latitude 21degree 12’N and longitude 72degree 52’E on bank of river
Tapi having coastline of Arabian Sea on its West. General terrain of the city is 13 Mt above
the MSL. It is situated in a well-developed region of the Southern Gujarat. It is located 306
km south to the state capital, Gandhinagar. Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) has
practiced Zonal systems for public administration, following a functional decentralization
approach of services management. The whole Surat city has been divided into 9 zones. Here,
the assessment of Social Infrastructure is discussed.

(SOURCE: Surat Municipal Corporation)

Figure 3.1: Decadal growth of Surat city

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

Figure above shows the decadal growth of Surat city since 1991 to 2020. The growth of city
is in the interval of 10 years given in terms of charts.
Below table describes the details of city limit extension in which the area of the added area
and the name of the extended areas are included.
3.2.2 Roles of Authorities in Surat’s Growth
The Surat Urban Development Authority (SUDA) was established on February 1, 1978 by
the State Government, with jurisdiction over 715 km², encompassing the former Surat
Municipal Corporation area and 148 surrounding villages, as per the Gujarat Town Planning
and Urban Development Act, 1976 (GTPUD Act).
Urban planning under SUDA is structured in two levels:
 At the macro level, a Development Plan is formulated.
 At the micro level, Town Planning Schemes are implemented to execute the
proposals outlined in the development plan.
SUDA prepared its first Development Plan in 1986, following the GTPUD Act. A
subsequent plan was prepared in 1996 and received official sanction in 2004. In a major
expansion, the State Government extended SUDA’s jurisdiction for the first time since its
formation, incorporating an additional 100 villages.
As mandated by the Act, a new Development Plan had to be prepared for these newly
included areas. Consequently, a Draft Development Plan-2035, covering a total area of
1,351 km², was prepared and submitted under Section 9 of the GTPUD Act.
The accompanying Figure 11 illustrates the administrative boundaries within Surat District
(Source: Pandya & Bhagat, 2015).
The Draft Development Plan-2035 is designed for a projected population of 11 million (110
lakh). Public feedback is invited in the form of suggestions and objections, which are
considered for finalizing the plan. SUDA envisions transforming Surat into a world-class
urban center.
Table 3.2 Planning Efforts Over the Years
Year Planning Initiative Planning
Authority
1960 Initial Development Plan SMC
1961 Sanction of Development Plan SMC
1969 Development Plan for Rander & Adajan SMC
1975 Surat Development Plan published under Bombay Town SMC
Planning Act
1976 Enactment of GTPUD Act SMC
1978 Establishment of Urban/Area Development Authority SMC

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

1980 First Development Plan published SUDA

1982 Amendment to Development Plan SUDA
1986 Development Plan sanctioned SUDA
1997 Revised Development Plan published SUDA
2001 Amendment to Revised Plan SUDA
2004 Development Plan sanctioned SUDA
2013 Initiation of Revised Development Plan-2035 SUDA
2016 Revised Draft Development Plan-2035 released for public SUDA
feedback
(Source: Surat City Development Plan 2004 & 2035)
This study focuses on the areas under SUDA's jurisdiction excluding the Surat Municipal
Corporation limits. Furthermore, the newly added 100 villages are also excluded from this
study, as the development plan for these areas is still awaiting sanction.

Table 3.3: Details Of City Limit Extension Population

TOTAL
YEA AREA NAME OF AREA AREA AREA
R SQ. SQ. SQ.
KM KM KM
1961 8.18(1 8.18
TO 12)
WARD
&TPS-
1&2
1963 TPS-3 TO 9 13.77 21.96
1966 21.95
1970 RANDER-ADAJAN 11.85 33.80
1971 33.80 33.80
1975 TUNKI,SINGANPOR,DABHOLI,VED,KATARG 21.76 55.56
AM
1981 55.56 55.56
1986 Nanavarachha, Karanj,Piplod, 55.60 111.16
Umra,Althan,

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

Bhatar, Majura (P), Bamroli (P), Pandesara,

Udhna, Bhedvad,
Bhestan, Dindoli (P), Limbayat, Anjana (P),
Umarwada, Dumbhal, Magob (P), Jahangirabad,
Jahangirpura.
1991 111.16 111.16
1994 112.28 Vadod (P) [0.696 Sq. Km.] Pisad [0.428 Sq. Km.] 1.12 112.28
2001 112.28 112.28
2006 148.67 Amaroli 0.413 146.45
6
Chhapara Bhata 2.962
Godadara 2.968
Parvat 2.121
Bamroli 5.333
Puna 7.331
Un 3.516
Kosad 9.532
34.176
2006 326.51 Rundh 3.652 326.51
5 5
Magdalla 2.299
Vesu 8.990
Bharthana – Vesu 2.194
Vadod 3.770
Dindoli 5.197
Magob 1.496
Simada 2.602
Sarthana 3.309
Motavarachha 9.042
Utran 2.916
Variyav 22.596
Pal 6.045
Palanpor 3.008
Gaviyar 4.061
Vanta 1.531
Dumas 20.577
Sultanabad 4.491

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

Bhimpor 6.389
Abhava 21.960
Khajod 16.392
Sarsana 2.014
Bhimrad 2.402
Sonari 1.294
Jiyav 5.734
Gabheni 12.460
Budiya 3.638
180.05
9
2011 326.51 326.51
5 5
2020 Sachin, Kansad, Kandi fadiyu, Pardi kande,
Talangpor ,Pali ,Uber, Segvasyadla, Vasvari,
Gothan, Umra, Banthanakosad, Bhatpor,
Bhatha,Ichhapor, Bhesan,Okha,Vanakla,
Vihel,Chichi,Asarma,
Kumbhaniya,Kathodra,Valak, Velanja, Abrama,
Bhada, Kathor, Khadsad, Lasakna,Saniya-hemad,
Pasodara, Saroli.
(SOURCE : SURAT MUNICIPAL CORPORATION)

3.3 DEMOGRAPHICAL PROFILE OF SURAT

The Surat urban area has witnessed a huge rise in the population over past decades. The
overwhelming population increase is a result of immigration caused due to enormous
economic opportunities and the extent of industrialization in the Surat city. The
demographic information past few decades and estimated population of Surat city (based on
SUDA development plan) are shown thus below. A development plan has a horizon of a
decade, whereas in the case of Surat city, the population increase in past decades completely
overtook the planning perspectives and its implementation. It resulted in certain deficiencies
and gaps when compared to ideal standards and guidelines.
The literacy rate of Surat is higher than the national average at 89%. Male literacy has been
recorded at 93%, while it is 84% for females. There are more men than women in the city.
There is also a high rate of young people, with 13% of the total population being under the
age of 6.
Table gives the Details of status, variation in population, sex ratio & density of Surat city in
which important parameters such as area, total population, density and sex ratio are included.

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Table 3.4: Details of status, variation in population, sex ratio & density
Census Area in Total Male Female Sex Ratio Density
Year Population
Sq. Km. [Females/ [Peron /
1000 Sq.km.]
Males]

1901 8.18 1,19,306 61,653 57,663 953 14,585

1911 8.18 1,14,868 59,634 55,234 926 14,042
1921 8.18 1,17,434 61,711 55,723 902 14,356
1931 8.18 98,936 52,958 43,978 868 12,092
1941 8.18 1,71,443 90,305 81,138 898 20,958
1951 8.18 2,23,182 1,16,426 1,06,756 916 27,283
1961 8.18 2,88,026 1,50,333 1,37,693 915 35,211
1971 33.85 4,71,656 2,49,902 2,21,754 887 13,933
1981 55.56 7,76,583 4,18,114 3,58,469 857 13,977
1991 111.6 14,98,871 8,14,938 6,83,879 839 13,483
2001 112.28 24,33,835 13,72,415 10,61,420 773 21,676
2006(As 326.515 28,76,374 16,30,846 12,45,528 764 8,812
per 2001
census)
2011 326.515 44,66,826 25,43,145 19,23,681 756 13,680
After 462.149 46,45,384 26,47,521 19,97,863 755 10052
extension
of city
limit in
2020
(SOURCE: SURAT URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY)
Table: 3.5 Selected for study Village Population Data (Census & Projections)
Village Year Total Males Females
Population
Saroli 2011 3,063 — —
2021 4,757 — —
2025 5,195 — —
(Projected)

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

Taked 2011 719 378 341

Jothan 2011 728 385 343
Balkas 2011 846 429 417
Aziyara 2011 1,519 832 687
Kunkni 2011 856 438 418

Below, The table gives the information about demographics of Surat city. In which
Population of current years and projected population up to year 2041 are derieved
Table 3.6 : Demographics Of Surat City
YEAR 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041
TRENDING POPULATION PROJECTED
POPULATION
POPULATION 7.76 14.98 24.33 44.66 59.50 74.34 89.18
(in lakhs)
(SOURCE : SURAT URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY)

The latest records of Census of India, 2011 revealed that the densities range from low as
31.05 ppha to a highest of 499.71ppha. The city-wide average population density during the
last Census year was 136.80 ppha.
Table 3.8 : Population Growth by Village and Year
Village 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Chorasi 34,071 41,805 54,030 68,085 106,974 162,776
Kamrej 14,428 19,580 28,562 39,920 56,848 71,409
Olpad 8,830 11,439 16,173 17,799 20,632 19,657
Palsana 9,798 13,728 22,228 29,704 52,067 7,789

3.4 Land Use Structure of Surat

With the formation of the Surat Urban Development Authority (SUDA), a comprehensive
Development Plan was prepared for its entire jurisdiction, which includes the area under the
Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC). This was carried out as per the provisions of the Gujarat
Town Planning and Urban Development Act, 1976.
The SUDA planning area includes not only the SMC region but also 148 villages from the
Chorasi, Kamrej, Palsana, and Olpad talukas. Over the years, Surat’s urban sprawl has been
expanding beyond city limits, particularly along major radial roads and development
corridors, such as:
 Udhana Corridor

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 Peri- village area development proposal in Surat district

 Dindoli Corridor
 Rander–Adajan–Olpad Corridor
 Nana Varachha–Kamrej Corridor
This trend reflects a significant shift in the land use dynamics, driven by rapid urbanization
and population growth.

Table 3.8 : Land Use of SUDA including SMC

№ Type of 1978 % 1995 % 2004 % 2014 %
Land Use Area (1978) Area (1995) Area (2004) Area (2014)
(Ha) (Ha) (Ha) (Ha)
1 Residentia 2,695.6 39.96 6,190 46.77 9,806.1 57.54 10,24 51.95
l % % 8 % 9 %
2 Commerci 141.3 2.09% 256 1.93% 415.72 2.44% 466 2.36%
al
3 Industrial 1,006.4 14.92 2,784 21.04 3,023.4 17.74 3,889 19.71
% % % %
4 Education 540 8.00% 735 5.55% 579.82 3.40% 1,360 6.89%
al &
Public
Purpose
5 Open & 22.21 0.33% 58 0.44% 106.61 0.63% 234 1.19%
Recreatio
nal
6 Roads 790.92 11.72 1,661 12.55 1,561.4 9.16% 3,531 17.90
% % 1 %
7 Agricultur 1,550 22.98 1,550 11.71 1,550 9.09% — —
e % %
Urbanized 6,746.4 100.00 13,23 100.00 17,043. 100.00 19,72 100.00
Area 3 % 4 % 14 % 9 %
Non- 65,455 — 58,96 — 55,157 — 51,77 —
Urbanized 6 1
Area
Total 72,201. — 72,20 — 72,200. — 71,50 —
Planning 43 0 14 0
Area
Source: Surat City Development Plan 2004 & 2035

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