MARK SCHEMES (GUIDES)

ANSWERS FOR PAPER ONE (01) (MCQs)

1. A 8. D 15. A 22. B 29. A 36. D 43. C
2. B 9. A 16. D 23. D 30. C 37. D 44. B
3. D 10. A 17. B 24. A 31. B 38. B 45. A
4. C 11. C 18. A 25. C 32. B 39. A 46. C
5. B 12. D 19. C 26. C 33. B 40. B 47. B
6. A 13. B 20. C 27. B 34. A 41. D 48. D
7. C 14. C 21. D 28. D 35. C 42. C 49. B
50. C
ANSWERS FOR PAPER TWO (02)
Question 01 (compulsory)
(a) (i) Inalienable rights are those rights that cannot be taken away from somebody
 -rights that cannot be transferred to someone else
(ii) Right to life
 Freedom of speech
 Freedom of worship
 Freedom of association
 Freedom of fair hearing
 Right to own property
 Right to be safe and healthy
(iii) December of 1948
(b) (i) –The 1996 Constitution
(ii) – 1960 Constitution
- 1961 Constitution (Federal Constitution)
- 1972 Constitution
(iii) –Seven-year mandate
(c) (i) Flag. Motto, Seal, Coat of Arms
(ii) Dr Bernard Nsokika Fonlon
(iii) –During morning assemblies in schools
- During important national celebrations
- Opening sessions of Parliament
- When the President wants to address the nation
- During political party meetings
- Labour Day celebrations
- Seminars and meetings of national interest. Etc.
(d) (i) Elections Cameroon (ELECAM)
(ii) –Senatorial Elections
-Elections of City Mayors
(iii) –Multiple voting
- Displacement of voters
- Absence of an independent electoral code
- Absence of single ballot papers
- Poor quality of indelible ink
- Manipulation of voter register
- Poor media coverage (assess others)
(e) (i) National Assembly and Senate
(ii) –Bills are tabled by the President of the Republic to Parliament
- The National Assembly examines and passes Bills governing the elections of the
President of the Republic
 - The President of the Republic can dissolve Parliament
- Members of Parliament question government ministers
- Government ministers defend their ministerial budgets before Parliament
- The President of the Republic is sown into office by the President of National
Assembly
- The Prime Ministers and all Government Ministers constitute the Government bench
in Parliament (Assess others)

SECTION A
Question 2
a) i) A citizen is a person who has legal rights and privileges of belonging to a country
and enjoys the protection from the state. An active citizen takes part in the economic
and political activities to improve on the lives of members of the community while
passive citizens take instructions but cannot initiate anything on their own.
ii) Citizenship is the status of belonging or being a member or citizen of a country. It
can also be defined as a sovereign or legal right of an individual to belong to a
particular country. This qualifies the citizen to rights, duties and privileges that are
vested in the state.
b) -By Descent
-By place of birth
-By marriage
-By Resident
-By Adoption
-By Territorial Expansion
-By Naturalisation
-Through service
-By Declaration or conferment
-By the purchase of Real Estate
c) -The right to travel freely and to settle anywhere in the country
-The right to own, use and enjoy property
-The right to privacy in their homes
-The right to vote and be voted
-The right to a fair hearing in court
-The right to a healthy environment
-The right to believe and belong to any religion of his choice
-The right to work
-The right to quality education and health care
-The right to enjoy basic utilities
Question 3 Common ills or vices in the school environment
 Examination fraud/malpractice: It is a dishonest, deceitful and illegal
method used by students in order to pass an examination or to score
undeserved marks. This practice involves;
-Cheating
-Cohesion
-Leakage of examination
-Impersonation
-Bribery
-Immoral fraud
-Falsification of marks
-Gross misconduct of an exam
  Bribery and Corruption: This is the act of giving something or making a
promise to somebody in order to influence or persuade him/her to do
something usually wrong in favour of the giver. It is an act of dishonesty. E.g.
-Students/pupils offer something to help him/her pass a test or an examination.
-Giving something like money to a classmate to help him/her write a test or
exam.
-Teacher/Principal receives money, drinks or other favors from parents to
influence them offer better marks to make their children pass to the next class.
-When pupils/students offer gifts or money to prefects and even teachers to be
exempted from labour or given little work
-When a pupil/student gives money or any gift to class or school mates to be
elected prefect.
 Drug Abuse: The use or consumption of harmful and unlawful drugs such as
cocaine, heoin, opium, marijuana, cannabis, cigarettes, alcohol, etc…
 Sexual Abuse: This is the act of forcing a person into having an intercourse,
especially sexual intercourse without his/her consent.
 Gambling: This is a game of chance played mostly for money. It is played
with the intention of winning by luck, chance or fate.
 Occultism and the proliferation of sects: It is a hidden and secret society for
special members or people with more than ordinary knowledge. It is a
dangerous and mysterious society where members are admitted through
initiations.
 Alcoholism
 Lies telling
 Vandalism
 Stealing
 Exploitation
a) Effects of examination fraud in school
- It discourages hard work
- It leads to a drop in academic standards. This is because the award of mars to
students is not by merit.
- The less intelligent students are favoured at the detriment of the very intelligent
ones.
- Some students have either been suspended or even dismissed from schools
because of examination mal-practices.
- Some teachers even lost their jobs because of examination fraud.
- Some examination centres have been closed down.
- Examination fraud gives a poor image of the school in public. This at times leads
to a drop in school enrolment.
b) Efforts to limit social ills in schools
- School rules and regulations have been put in place and well explained to pupils
and students.
- Students are seriously punished, suspended or even dismissed from schools for
going against school rules and regulations.
- The government has prohibited the consumption of alcoholic drinks and harmful
drugs in school.
- Some schools have been fenced and security provided to prevent students from
breaking bounds.
 - Teachers are always advised to be strict in the conduct of class test and
examination.
- Admission of corrective measures or punishment while avoiding corporal
punishment.
- Moral education is being encouraged in schools.
- Some teachers have been banned from participating in public examinations
because of examination malpractice.
- The creation of a link between parents and the school authorities to see how they
can jointly handle some recalcitrant cases in schools.
- The teaching of citizenship education in schools.
- Religious knowledge is taught in schools.
- The deployment of the military in schools to promote school security.
- The appointment of discipline masters in schools to ensure discipline.
- The UNO has been trying to combat alcoholism and drug abuse. This is done
under the UN Drug Control program (UNDCP) which has extended its activities
to schools in Cameroon.

QUESTION 4
a) A council is a local government area managed by a group of people choose from
among the local population and functions like a cooperate body with administrative
and financial authority. The types of councils in Cameroon are;
 Ordinary council or sub-divisional council: It is the local authority of a town,
sub-division and other rural areas in Cameroon. They are headed by an elected
mayor, assisted by deputy mayors and councilors. E.g. Limbe I Council, Bamenda
II Council, Tubah Council etc…
 City Council: These are special councils in some major urban areas or cities in
Cameroon headed by a Government Delegate appointed by the President of the
Republic. Mayors and councilors are elected from Sub-Divisional councils in the
city. E.g. Douala City Council, Yaoundé City Council, Garoua City Council,
etc…
b) Regional councils: Established under the Decentralization law, these councils
facilitate governance at the regional level. Each of Cameroon’s Ten Regions has a
council that addresses development strategies and regional planning.
c) Sources of council revenue are;
 Grants from the central government through;
-Subventions from the state
-Through sale of natural resources like Timber, oil or petroleum
-River resources
 FEICOM Support to Councils
The special council support fund for mutual assistance, known by its French
acronym as FEICOM is a very importance source of revenue to the council.
- FIECOM generates income from state subsidies, contribution from councils,
taxes, gifts and legacies, taxes paid by salaried workers, loans, etc….
- FIECOM provides funds to councils for projects such as schools, utilities, health
care, transport, infrastructure and other council projects.
 Direct Council Taxes
-Business taxes
-Cattle or jangali tax
-Liquor licenses
 -Other licenses like market, transport, etc…
-Workers’ salaries, sale of communal stamps, business taxes or patent, rents from
the use of council buildings, water and electricity, etc…
-Miscellaneous and casual revenue for the registration of births, marriages, deaths,
companies and contracts.
 Indirect taxes
-Slaughter house tax
-Sanitary inspection fee
-Pound fee
-Market fee
-Payment for market stalls
-Building permits
-Parking fee for vehicles in parking zones and temporary occupation of streets and
highways
-Motor park fees
-Entertainment taxes
-Advertising taxes
-Revenue from the use of public places like streets, public gardens, cemeteries,
council libraries, public toilets, museums, monuments, touristic sites, etc…
 Foreign Grants; Financial assistance from abroad, from some NGOs
d) Citizens participate in the functioning of the council in several ways;
- Register and vote in municipal elections
- Stand for elections and be voted as mayors or councillors
- Payment of direct and indirect council taxes
- Monitoring execution of council budget/projects as earmarked
- Gives opinion or suggestion through elected councillors or directly to the mayor
- Attending council sessions and observers
- Participating in development works like road maintenance, clean up campaigns,
etc…
- Reporting the non-respect of norms during construction of houses to the council,
etc…
SECTION B
5 (a) Candidates are expected state administrative units such as Region, Division and Sub-
Division. Identification is 1mark each. Explain the organisation and the characteristics. Point
out the different officials heading these units. Identify =1mark, Explain=1mark, Example
1mark in each case.
I ) Governor
Regions in Cameroon are headed by a Governor appointed by the head of state. A
governor performs a number of functions which include;
 Represents the central government at the regional level
 Ensures the maintenance of law and order in the region
 Supervises government economic and social developments in the region
 Controls the budget of civil servants and other government employees in the region
 Enforces all government policies in the region
 Administer civil servants and all government employees in the region
 Writes political reports on the economic, political and socio-cultural life of the region
to the president of the Republic
 Supervises all council areas in the region
 Coordinates the activities of all senior all sub-divisional officers in the region
  Supervises all government sponsored projects and contracts in the region
 Grant annual maternity, paternity and other special and casual leaves to personnel of
the regional office
 Takes disciplinary measures against civil servants and other state employees in the
region
ii) The Senior Divisional Officer
The Senior Divisional Officer or Prefect as the chief executive officer in the division
performs a variety of functions in his/her arear of jurisdiction. These functions are;
 Is the official representative of the head of state and the governor in the division
 Ensures that peace, order and the maintenance of law reigns in the division
Supervises all government activities and government sponsored projects in the
division
Promotes all social, economic, political and cultural activities in the division
Presides over all National activities such as National Day, Youth Day, Labour Day
activities in the division
 Supervises the activities of all local governments or councils in the division
 Helps to resolve problems in the division such as Inter-tribal wars, boundary disputes,
farmer-grazer problems etc
 Supervises all civil servants of the various ministries in all divisional delegations
 Controls all political activities at the divisional level
 Presides over divisional meetings, commissions and board meetings of technical and
administrative nature
 Report matters directly to the governor of the region for onward transmission to the
central government in Yaounde
 Certifies very important documents such as academic certificates, marriage, death and
birth certificates
 Implements all government policies at the divisional level
 Works in collaboration with traditional authorities in the division for the maintenance
of peace and order
QUESTION 6
a) i) A state is an organized community of people living in a particular geographical
area or territory with a clearly defined internationally recognized boundaries and
having a central government and sovereignty.
ii) A nation is a community of people formed on the basis of common language,
history, culture, ancestry and in most cases a shared territory and government
iii) National integration is the awareness of a common identity among citizens of a
country despite the presence of different ethnic groups and tribes. It is also referred to
as unity in diversity.
b) Factors that hinder National Integration in Cameroon
- Unbalanced development
- Tribalism
- Anglophone marginalization
- Multiplicity of ethnic groups
- Unequal distribution of natural resources and uneven development
- Differences in colonial heritage
- Inadequate communication facilities
- The use of hate speech by some top government officials
c) Steps taken by the government of Cameroon to promote National Unity
 - Cameroon has one constitution, one army, the police force, one government with
central powers in Yaoundé
- The national assembly and the senate make laws for all Cameroonians
- Civil servants are recruited irrespective of regions, tribes and are posted or
transferred to any part of the country
- There is freedom of movement i.e. The right to move and settle in any part of the
country freely
- There is a common penal and labor code for all Cameroonians
- Freedom of marriage i.e. There is intertribal, ethnic as well as regional marriages.
- Celebration of common events like Youth, National, Women’s day, etc…
- The government has created the National Commission for the promotion of
bilingualism and multi-culturalism
- Sports is an important unifying factor in Cameroon

7 (a) –To provide social amenities to the population

-Stabilise the economy
-Achieve economic growth and development
-Pay salaries of employees
-Generate income for the running of state affairs
-Encourage investments.
-To correct the Balance of Payment Deficit
-To protect infant industries
(b) The government just like individuals receives and spends money. The various sources of
government revenue include;
 Taxes
 Royalties from the exploitation of natural resources
 Earnings from government departments
 Surpluses from government or national co-operations
 Grants and aids from multi-national co-operations such as IMF, World Bank
 Loans
 Rents
 Privatization
 Sell of treasury bonds
c) Tax evasion is the general term referring to efforts made by individuals, firms and other
entities to escape the payment of taxes by illegal means. The consequences of tax evasion are
very detrimental to the state and government. Some of these consequences include the
following
 It slows down economic development
 Leads to a fall in national income because of the failure by tax payers to pay taxes
which will raise government revenue
 There is uncertainty in income from taxes to the state
 In the case of direct tax, it at times creates problems between payers and tax collectors
 Tax evasion is often accompanied by some measures to overcome the situation such
as tax drive, detention, seal of business premises etc
 It increases the cost of collecting taxes thereby affecting the economy
 Tax evasion can force the government to tax higher income earners more in order to
realize reasonable revenue
 Leads to an increase in internal and foreign debts
 Leads to a decline in the quality of life
  It leads to a rise in death rate
 Tax evasion leads to widespread poverty
 It promotes corruption
 Leads to a drop in the quality and quantity of goods produced
 It leads to a rise in smuggling and other illegal practices
SECTION C
Question 8. (a) Importance of Human rights
- Human rights are the bases of peace in the society
- It enables citizens to know their rights and to respect those of others.
- It makes conditions favourable for peaceful coexistence in the multiracial multi-tribal
state
- A just society is created in which the respect for human dignity is supreme
- It promotes democratic principle and the rule of law
- It enables citizens to behave ethically and morally in their community
- It helps in the protection and preservation of the environment
- It promotes the understanding of the causes of abuses and ways in which the abuses
can be avoided
- It makes it possible for everyone to have duties to carry out in the society.
- Human rights provide for human equality and non-discrimination
It is an important tool for a nation’s progress and development
(b) The right to life; This is the most fundamental of all human rights. Man has the right to
his/her life and has to protect it. It is the super structure in which all other rights are built
 The right to freedom and persuit of happiness; Freedom is the human right to be
able to or allowed to do, say, think whatever a person wants to without being
controlled or limited such as
 Freedom of expression
 Freedom of movement
 Freedom of thought, conscience and worship
 Freedom from torture, forced labour and cruel treatment
 Freedom from arbitrary arrest detention and exile
 Freedom from bondage
 Freedom of association
 The right to education; Education is the process by which a person acquires
knowledge which can be formal or informal. Man has the right to acquire knowledge
for his/her fullest development
 The right to protection and equality before the law; Everyone has the right to
protection and security. It is therefore the duty of every government to provide her
citizens with protection from abuses such as human rights violations
 The right to privacy, home and family; Everyone has the right to his private life and
dignity. Man has the right to his honor and reputation. Any deformation of human
character is punishable by law. The privacy of the home and family is protected by the
law
 The right to Nationality; Everyone has the right to a nationality. This can be natural or
acquired
 The right to marry and to found a family
 The right to own property
 The right to participate in the government
 The right to work
 The right to social security
 The right to rest and leisure
a) (c) Instruments put in place to protect and protect Human Rights
- The constitution
- The penal code
- The labour code
- The new criminal procedure code
- The Judiciary
- The National Commission on Human Rights and Freedom
- The Justice and Peace Commission of the Catholic Church
- The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- The International Convention on Civil and Political Rights
- The European Court of Human Rights
- Amnesty International
- The Charter of the African Union
- The World Conference on Human Rights held in Vienna in June 1993
- The African Charter on Human’s and People’s rights
- Access others
QUESTION 9
a) Reasons for conflicts
- Bad tribal leadership
- Desire for position or power
- Succession disputes
- Inter-tribal wars
- Religious intolerance
- Bad neighbours
- Disregard for traditions
- Discrimination and marginalization
- Hatred
- Sectionalism
- Jealousy
- Human Rights violation
- Land disputes
- Tribalism
- Poverty
- Access others
b) Consequences of conflicts
- Disruption of social systems
- Destruction of family and community life
- Socio-economic cost
- Destabilisation of ethnic leadership
- Loss of livelihoods
- Lack of employment opportunities
- Development of war economies
- Destruction of social capital
- Large scale human rights abuse
- Mass refugee migration
- Sexual violence and rape
- Trauma
- It will lead to loss of lives
 - It will lead to famine
- Conflicts will lead to the spread of diseases
- Separation of families
- It will lead to corruption and criminality
Access others
(c) –Dialogue platforms
-Deployment of peace keeping forces
- Promoting democracy and good governance
- Sending mediation teams to warring ethnic groups and tribes
- The use of force
-Redemarcation of boundaries
Assess others
10. (a) Causes of refugee crisis
-Conflicts
-Civil wars
-Religious persecution
-Natural disasters
-Electoral malpractices
-Military coups (Assess others)
Effects of refuge crisis
-Prolonged suffering
-Death
-Malnutrition especially in children
-High crime wave
-Congestion refugee camps
Spread of diseases (Assess others)
(b) Causes of child trafficking
- Political conflicts
- Unemployment
- High demand for cheap labour
- Natural disasters
- Poverty/irresponsibility of parents over children
- Discrimination amongst children especially females
- Urbanization
- Illiteracy and ignorance
- The growth of multi-million sex industry
- Child labour
- Status of children such as orphans
- Religious extremism
- Peer pressure
- Lucrative nature of the trade
- Poor enforcement of anti-trafficking laws
Consequences of child trafficking
- It can lead to death or permanent injury
- Children are denied access to health services by their traffickers
- Loss of right to education
- They are exposed to criminal activities e.g. drug abuse, alcohol and violence
- They end up as prostitutes as they are deprived by juicy proposal of jobs
- Breakdown of a child’s physical development as they are heavily exploited
 - It leads to trauma of trafficked children as they suffer from stress and mental
disorder
- Spread of sexually transmissible diseases and HIV/AIDS
- Separation of families
- Early marriages as some are victims of early marriages
- Loss of human resources of a country. i.e. Brain drain
- It may lead to risk violence or physical attack as their rights might be violated

END