1.

Introduction The world is fast becoming a global village due to the increasing daily
requirement of energy by all population across the world while the earth in its form cannot
change. The need for energy and its related services to satisfy human social and economic
development, welfare and health is increas ing. All societies call for the services of energy to
meet basic human needs such as: health, lighting, cooking, space comfort, mobility and
communication and serve as generative processes (Edenhofer et al., 2011). Securing energy
supply and curbing energy contribution to climate change are the two over-riding challenges of
energy sector on the road to a sustainable future (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2010; Kaygusuz, 2012). It is
overwhelming to know in today’s world that 1.4 billion people lack access to electricity, while
85% of them live in rural areas. As a result of this, the number of rural communities relying on
the traditional use of biomass is projected to rise from 2.7 billion today to 2.8 billion in 2030
(Kaygusuz, 2012). Historically, the first recorded commercial mining of coal occurred in 1,750,
near Richmond, Virginia. Momentarily, coal became the most preferred fuel for steam engines
due to its more energy carrying capacity than corresponding quantities of biomass-based fuels
(firewood and charcoal). It is noteworthy that coal was comparatively cheaper and a much
cleaner fuel as well in the past cen turies (Abbasi, Premalatha, & Abbasi, 2011). The dominance
of fossil fuel-based power generation (Coal, Oil and Gas) and an exponential increase in
population for the past decades have led to a growing demand for energy resulting in global
challenges associated with a rapid growth in carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions (Asumadu-
Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016a). A significant climate change has be come one of the greatest
challenges of the twenty-first century. Its grave impacts may still be avoid ed if efforts are made
to transform current energy systems. Renewable energy sources hold the key potential to
displace greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel-based power generating and there by
mitigating climate change (Edenhofer et al., 2011). Sustainable development has become the
centre of recent national policies, strategies and devel opment plans of many countries. The
United Nations General Assembly proposed a set of global Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) which included 17 goals and 169 targets at the UN in New York by the Open Working
Group. In addition, a preliminary set of 330 indicators was introduced in March 2015 (Lu,
Nakicenovic, Visbeck, & Stevance, 2015). The SDGs place greater value and demands on the
scientific community than did the Millennium Development Goals. In addressing climate
change, renewable energy, food, health and water provision requires a coordinated global
monitor ing and modelling of many factors which are socially, economically and environmentally
oriented (Hák, Janoušková, & Moldan, 2016; Owusu, Asumadu-Sarkodie, & Ameyo, 2016).
Research into alternate sources of energy dated back in the late 90s when the world started re
ceiving shock from oil produces in terms of price hiking (Abbasi et al., 2011). It is evidential in
litera ture that replacing fossil fuel-based energy sources with renewable energy sources, which
includes: bioenergy, direct solar energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, wind and ocean
energy (tide and wave), would gradually help the world achieve the idea of sustainability.
Governments, intergovern mental agencies, interested parties and individuals in the world
today look forward to achieving a sustainable future due to the opportunities created in recent
decades to replace petroleum-derived materials from fossil fuel-based energy sources with
alternatives in renewable energy sources. The recent launch of a set of global SDGs is helping to
make sure that climate change for twenty-first century and its impacts are combated, and a
sustainable future is ensured and made as a bequest for future generations (Edenhofer et al.,
2011; Lu et al., 2015). Against this backdrop, the study seeks to examine the potentials and
trends of sustainable devel opment with renewable energy sources and climate change
mitigation, the extent to which it can help and the potential challenges it poses and how a shift
from fossil to renewable energy sources is a sure way of mitigating climate change. To achieve
this objective, concepts, techniques and peer reviewed journals are analysed and reviewed
judiciously

The remainder of the paper is sectioned into five: Section 2 discusses renewable energy sources
and sustainability and climate change, Section 3 elaborates on the various renewable energy
sourc es and technologies, Section 4 elaborates on the renewable energy sources and
sustainable devel opment, Section 5 elaborates on challenges affecting renewable energy
sources and policy recommendations and Section 6 concludes the study. 2. Renewable energy
sources and sustainability Renewable energy sources replenish themselves naturally without
being depleted in the earth; they include bioenergy, hydropower, geothermal energy, solar
energy, wind energy and ocean (tide and wave) energy. The main renewable energy forms and
their uses are presented in Table 1. Tester (2005) defines sustainable energy as, “a dynamic
harmony between the equitable availabil ity of energy-intensive goods and services to all
people and preservation of the earth for future generations”. The world’s growing energy need,
alongside increasing population led to the continual use of fossil fuel-based energy sources
(Coal, Oil and Gas) which became problematic by creating several chal lenges such as: depletion
of fossil fuel reserves, greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental concerns, geopolitical
and military conflicts, and the continual fuel price fluctuations. These prob lems will create
unsustainable situations which will eventually result in potentially irreversible threat to human
societies (UNFCC, 2015). Notwithstanding, renewable energy sources are the most out standing
alternative and the only solution to the growing challenges (Tiwari & Mishra, 2011). In 2012,
renewable energy sources supplied 22% of the total world energy generation (U.S. Energy
Information Administration, 2012) which was not possible a decade ago. Reliable energy supply
is essential in all economies for heating, lighting, industrial equipment, transport, etc.
(International Energy Agency, 2014). Renewable energy supplies reduce the emission of
greenhouse gases significantly if replaced with fossil fuels. Since renewable energy supplies are
obtained naturally from ongoing flows of energy in our surroundings, it should be sustainable.
For renewable energy to be sustainable, it must be limitless and provide non-harmful delivery of
envi ronmental goods and services. For instance, a sustainable biofuel should not increase the
net CO2 emissions, should not unfavourably affect food security, nor threaten biodiversity
(Twidell & Weir, 2015). Is that really what is happening today? I guess not. In spite of the
outstanding advantages of renewable energy sources, certain shortcoming exists such as: the
discontinuity of generation due to seasonal variations as most renewable energy re sources are
climate-dependent, that is why its exploitation requires complex design, planning and control
optimization methods. Fortunately, the continuous technological advances in computer hard
ware and software are permitting scientific researchers to handle these optimization difficulties
using computational resources applicable to the renewable and sustainable energy field (Baños
et al., 2011).

2.1. Renewable energy and climate change Presently, the term “climate change” is of great
interest to the world at large, scientific as well as political discussions. Climate has been
changing since the beginning of creation, but what is alarm ing is the speed of change in recent
years and it may be one of the threats facing the earth. The growth rate of carbon dioxide has
increased over the past 36 years (1979–2014) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016c, 2016f),
“averaging about 1.4 ppm per year before 1995 and 2.0 ppm per year there after” (Earth System
Research Laboratory, 2015). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
defines climate change as being attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alters
the composition of the global atmosphere and which in turn exhibits variability in natural
climate observed over comparable time periods (Fräss-Ehrfeld, 2009). For more than a decade,
the objective of keeping global warming below 2 °C has been a key focus of international
climate debate (Asumadu-Sarkodie, Rufangura, Jayaweera, & Owusu, 2015; Rogelj, McCollum,
Reisinger, Meinshausen, & Riahi, 2013). Since 1850, the global use of fossil fuels has in creased
to dominate energy supply, leading to a rapid growth in carbon dioxide emissions. Data by the
end of 2010 confirmed that consumption of fossil fuels accounted for the majority of global an
thropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, where concentrations had increased to over
390 ppm (39%) above preindustrial levels (Edenhofer et al., 2011). Renewable technologies are
considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these re sources decreases
environmental impacts, produces minimum secondary waste and are sustaina ble based on the
current and future economic and social needs. Renewable energy technologies provide an
exceptional opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reducing global warming
through substituting conventional energy sources (fossil fuel based) (Panwar, Kaushik, & Kothari,
2011). 3. Renewable energy sources and technology Renewable energy sources are energy
sources from natural and persistent flow of energy happening in our immediate environment.
They include: bioenergy, direct solar energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, wind and ocean
energy (tide and wave). 3.1. Hydropower Hydropower is an essential energy source harnessed
from water moving from higher to lower eleva tion levels, primarily to turn turbines and
generate electricity. Hydropower projects include Dam project with reservoirs, run-of-river and
in-stream projects and cover a range in project scale. Hydropower technologies are technically
mature and its projects exploit a resource that vary tem porarily. The operation of hydropower
reservoirs often reflects their multiple uses, for example flood and drought control (Asumadu-
Sarkodie, Owusu, & Jayaweera, 2015; Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, & Rufangura, 2015),
irrigation, drinking water and navigation (Edenhofer et al., 2011). The primary energy is
provided by gravity and the height the water falls down on to the turbine. The potential energy
of the stored water is the mass of the water, the gravity factor (g = 9.81 ms−2) and the head
defined as the difference between the dam level and the tail water level. The reservoir level to
some extent changes downwards when water is released and accordingly influences electricity
produc tion. Turbines are constructed for an optional flow of water (Førsund, 2015).
Hydropower discharges practically no particulate pollution, can upgrade quickly, and it is
capable of storing energy for many hours (Hamann, 2015). 3.1.1. Hydropower source potential
Hydropower generation technical annual potential is 14,576 TWh, with an estimated total
capacity potential of 3,721 GW; but, currently the global installed capacity of hydropower is
much less than it’s potential. According to the World Energy Council Report, about 50% of
hydropower installed ca pacity is among four countries namely China, Brazil, Canada and USA
(World Energy Council, 2013). The resource potential of hydropower could be altered due to
climate change. Globally, the altera tions caused by climate change in the existing hydropower
production system are estimated to be less than 0.1%, even though additional research is
needed to lower the uncertainties of these projec tion (Edenhofer et al., 2011). 3.1.2.
Hydropower environmental and social impact Hydropower generation does not produce
greenhouse gases and thus mostly termed as a green source of energy. Nonetheless, it has its
advantages and disadvantages. It improves the socio-eco nomic development of a country; but,
also considering the social impact, it displaces a lot of people from their homes to create it,
though they are compensated but are not enough. The exploitation of the sites for hydropower
such as, reservoirs that are often artificially created leading to flooding of the former natural
environment. In addition, water is drained from lakes and watercourses and transported
through channels over large distances and to pipelines and finally to the turbines that are often
visible, but they may also go through mountains by created tunnels inside them (Førsund,
2015). Hydroelectric structures affect river body’s ecology, largely by inducing a change into its
hy drologic characteristics and by disturbing the ecological continuity of sediment transport and
fish migration through the building of dams, dikes and weirs (Edenhofer et al., 2011). In
countries where substantial plants or tree covers are flooded during the construction of a dam,
there may be forma tion of methane gas when plants start rotting in the water, either released
directly or when water is processed in turbines (Førsund, 2015). 3.2. Bioenergy Bioenergy is a
renewable energy source derived from biological sources. Bioenergy is an important source of
energy, which can be used for transport using biodiesel, electricity generation, cooking and
heating. Electricity from bioenergy attracts a large range of different sources, including forest by
products such as wood residues; agricultural residues such as sugar cane waste; and animal hus
bandry residue such as cow dung. One advantage of biomass energy-based electricity is that
fuel is often a by-product, residue or waste product from the above sources. Significantly, it
does not create a competition between land for food and land for fuel (Urban & Mitchell, 2011).
Presently, global production of biofuels is comparatively low, but continuously increasing
(Ajanovic, 2011). The annual biodiesel consumption in the United States was 15 billion litres in
2006. It has been growing at a rate of 30–50% per year to achieve an annual target of 30 billion
litres at the end of year 2012 (Ayoub & Abdullah, 2012). 3.2.1. Bioenergy source potential
Biomass has a large potential, which meets the goal of reducing greenhouse gases and could
insure fuel supply in the future. A lot of research is being done in this area trying to quantify
global biomass technology. According to Hoogwijk, Faaij, Eickhout, de Vries, and Turkenburg
(2005) the theoretical potential of bioenergy at the total terrestrial surface is about
3,500 EJ/year. The greater part of this potential is located in South America and Caribbean (47–
221 EJ/year), sub-Saharan Africa (31 317 EJ/year) and the Commonwealth of Independent
States (C.I.S) and Baltic states (45–199 EJ/ year). The yield of biomass and its potential varies
from country to country, from medium yields in temperature to high level in sub tropic and
tropic countries. With biomass, a lot of research is focus ing on an environmentally acceptable
and sustainable source to mitigate climate change (Demirbas, Balat, & Balat, 2009). 3.2.2.
Bioenergy environmental and social impact The use of biological components (plant and animal
source) to produce energy has always been a cause of worry especially to the general public and
as to whether its food produce are to be used to provide fuel since there are cases of food aid
needed around the world in deprived countries. About 99.7% of human food is obtained from
the terrestrial environment, while about 0.3% comes from the aquatic domain. Most of the
suitable land for biomass production is already in use (Ajanovic, 2011). Current studies have
underlined both positive and negative environmental and socio-eco nomic effects of bioenergy.
Like orthodox agriculture and forestry systems, bioenergy can worsen soil and vegetation
degradation related with the overexploitation of forest, too exhaustive crop and forest residue
removal, and water overuse (Koh & Ghazoul, 2008; Robertson et al., 2008). Diversion of crops or
land into bioenergy production can induce food commodity prices and food security (Headey &
Fan, 2008). Proper operational management, can bring about some positive effects which
includes enhanced biodiversity (Baum, Leinweber, Weih, Lamersdorf, & Dimitriou, 2009; Schulz,
Brauner, & Gruß, 2009), soil carbon increases and improved soil productivity (Baum, Weih,
Busch, Kroiher, & Bolte, 2009; Edenhofer et al., 2011; Tilman, Hill, & Lehman, 2006). 3.3. Direct
solar energy The word “direct” solar energy refers to the energy base for those renewable
energy source tech nologies that draw on the Sun’s energy directly. Some renewable
technologies, such as wind and ocean thermal, use solar energy after it has been absorbed on
the earth and converted to the other forms. Solar energy technology is obtained from solar
irradiance to generate electricity using photo voltaic (PV) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016d)
and concentrating solar power (CSP), to produce thermal energy, to meet direct lighting needs
and, potentially, to produce fuels that might be used for transport and other purposes
(Edenhofer et al., 2011). According to the World Energy Council (2013), “the total energy from
solar radiation falling on the earth was more than 7,500 times the World’s total annual primary
energy consumption of 450 EJ” (Urban & Mitchell, 2011). 3.4. Geothermal energy Geothermal
energy is obtained naturally from the earth’s interior as heat energy source. The origin of the
heat is linked with the internal structure of the planet and the physical processes occurring
there. Although heat is present in the earth’s crust in huge quantities, not to mention the
deepest parts, it is unevenly distributed, rarely concentrated, and often at depths too great to
be exploited mechanically. Geothermal gradient averages about 30 °C/km. There are areas of
the earth’s interior which are accessible by drilling, and where the gradient is well above the
average gradient (Barbier, 2002). Heat is mined from geothermal reservoirs using wells and
other means. Reservoirs that are naturally adequately hot and permeable are called
hydrothermal reservoirs, while reservoirs that are satisfac torily hot but are improved with
hydraulic stimulation are called enhanced geothermal systems (ESG). Once drawn to the
surface, fluids of various temperatures can be used to generate electricity and other purposes
that require the use of heat energy (Edenhofer et al., 2011). 3.5. Wind energy The emergence of
wind as an important source of the World’s energy has taken a commanding lead among
renewable sources. Wind exists everywhere in the world, in some places with considerable en
ergy density (Manwell, McGowan, & Rogers, 2010). Wind energy harnesses kinetic energy from
moving air. The primary application of the importance to climate change mitigation is to
produce electricity from large turbines located onshore (land) or offshore (in sea or fresh water)
(Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016e). Onshore wind energy technologies are already being
manufactured and deployed on large scale (Edenhofer et al., 2011). Wind turbines convert the
energy of wind into electricity. 3.6. Ocean energy (tide and wave) Surface waves are created
when wind passes over water (Ocean). The faster the wind speed, the longer the wind is
sustained, the greater distance the wind travels, the greater the wave height, and the greater
the wave energy produced (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011). The ocean stores enough en ergy to
meet the total worldwide demand for power many times over in the form of waves, tide,
currents and heat. The year 2008 saw the beginning of the first generation of commercial Ocean
energy devices, with the first units being installed in the UK-SeaGen and Portugal-Pelamis. There
are presently four ways of obtaining energy from sea areas, namely from Wind, Tides, Waves
and Thermal differences between deep and shallow Sea water (Esteban & Leary, 2012). 4.
Renewable energy and sustainable development Renewable energy has a direct relationship
with sustainable development through its impact on human development and economic
productivity (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016b). Renewable energy sources

provide opportunities in energy security, social and economic development, energy access,
climate change mitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts (Asumadu-
Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016g). Figure 1 shows the opportunities of renewable energy sources
towards sustainable development. 4.1. Energy security The notion of energy security is
generally used, however there is no consensus on its precise inter pretation. Yet, the concern in
energy security is based on the idea that there is a continuous supply of energy which is critical
for the running of an economy (Kruyt, van Vuuren, de Vries, & Groenenberg, 2009). Given the
interdependence of economic growth and energy consumption, access to a stable energy
supply is of importance to the political world and a technical and monetary challenge for both
developed and developing countries, because prolonged interferences would generate serious
economic and basic functionality difficulties for most societies (Edenhofer et al., 2011; Larsen et
al., 2009). Renewable energy sources are evenly distributed around the globe as compared to
fossils and in general less traded on the market. Renewable energy reduces energy imports and
contribute diversification of the portfolio of supply options and reduce an economy’s
vulnerability to price vola tility and represent opportunities to enhance energy security across
the globe. The introduction of renewable energy can also make contribution to increasing the
reliability of energy services, to be specific in areas that often suffer from insufficient grid
access. A diverse portfolio of energy sources together with good management and system
design can help to enhance security (Edenhofer et al., 2011). 4.2. Social and economic
development Generally, the energy sector has been perceived as a key to economic
development with a strong correlation between economic growth and expansion of energy
consumption. Globally, per capita incomes are positively correlated with per capita energy use
and economic growth can be identified as the most essential factor behind increasing energy
consumption in the last decades. It in turn creates employment; renewable energy study in
2008, proved that employment from renewable energy technologies was about 2.3 million jobs
worldwide, which also has improved health, educa tion, gender equality and environmental
safety (Edenhofer et al., 2011). 4.3. Energy access The sustainable development goal seven
(affordable and clean energy) seeks to ensure that energy is clean, affordable, available and
accessible to all and this can be achieved with renewable energy source since they are generally
distributed across the globe. Access concerns need to be understood in a local context and in
most countries there is an obvious difference between electrification in the urban and rural
areas, this is especially true in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian region (Brew Hammond,
2010). Distributed grids based on the renewable energy are generally more competitive in rural
areas with significant distances to the national grid and the low levels of rural electrification
offer substan tial openings for renewable energy-based mini-grid systems to provide them with
electricity access (Edenhofer et al., 2011). 4.4. Climate change mitigation and reduction of
environmental and health impacts Renewable energy sources used in energy generation helps
to reduce greenhouse gases which miti gates climate change, reduce environmental and health
complications associated with pollutants from fossil fuel sources of energy. The change in total
GHG emissions in European Environmental Agency (EEA) countries for 1990–2012 and their
GHG emissions per capita are depicted in Figures 2 and 3. Figure 2 shows that greenhouse gas
emissions declined by 14% in 33 EEA countries between the years 1990–2012. Nevertheless,
there was variation in individual member countries, while there was a decrease in GHG
emissions in 22 EEA countries, there was an increase in 11 EEA countries. GHG emissions per
capita declined by 22% between the years 1990–2012 in the EEA countries as de picted in Figure
3 (EEA, 2016). Figure 4 shows United States carbon dioxide gas emissions from 1990–2013.
Figure 2 shows an example of carbon dioxide emission levels being reduced from 1990–2013 in
United States, a shift from mainly fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources
(United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). 5. Challenges affecting renewable
energy sources Renewable energy sources could become the major energy supply option in low-
carbon energy economies. Disruptive alterations in all energy systems are necessary for tapping
widely available renewable Energy sources. Organizing the energy transition from non-
sustainable to renewable en ergy is often described as the major challenge of the first half of
the twenty-first century (Verbruggen et al., 2010). Figure 5 shows the interconnection of factors
affecting renewable energy supplies and sustainability. It is evident from Figure 5 that a major
barrier towards the use of renewable energy source depends on a country’s policy and policy
instrument which in turn affect the cost and tech nological innovations. In addition,
technological innovations affect the cost of renewable energy
technologies which in turn leads to market failures and low patronization of the renewable
energy technology. In the light of this, an effective renewable energy policy should take the
interconnection of factors affecting renewable energy supplies and sustainability into
consideration. The following are policy recommendations emanating from the study that can
help mitigate cli mate change and its impacts: • All sectors and regions have the potential to
contribute by investing in Renewable energy tech nologies and policies to help reduce it. •
Reducing our carbon footprint through the changes in lifestyle and behaviour patterns can con
tribute a great deal to the mitigation of climate change. • Research into innovations and
technologies that can reduce land use and also reduce accidents from renewable energy
sources and the risk of resource competition, for example in Bioenergy where food for
consumption competing with energy production. • Enhancing international cooperation and
support for developing countries towards the expan sion of infrastructure and upgrading
technology for modern supply and sustainable energy ser vices as a way of mitigating climate
change and its impacts.
6. Conclusion Energy is a requirement in our everyday life as a way of improving human
development leading to economic growth and productivity. The return-to-renewables will help
mitigate climate change is an excellent way but needs to be sustainable in order to ensure a
sustainable future for generations to meet their energy needs. Knowledge regarding the
interrelations between sustainable development and renewable energy in particular is still
limited. The aim of the paper was to ascertain if renewable energy sources were sustainable
and how a shift from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources would help
reduce climate change and its impact. A qualitative research was em ployed by reviewing papers
in the scope of the study. Even though, the complete lifecycle of renew able energy sources
have no net emissions which will help limit future global greenhouse gas emissions.
Nevertheless, the cost, price, political environment and market conditions have become barriers
preventing developing, least developed and developed countries to fully utilize its poten tials. In
this way, a creation of global opportunity through international cooperation that supports least
developed and developing countries towards the accessibility of renewable energy, energy ef f
iciency, clean energy technology and research and energy infrastructure investment will reduce
the cost of renewable energy, eliminate barriers to energy efficiency (high discount rate) and
promote new potentials towards climate change mitigation. The study brought to light the
opportunities associated with renewable energy sources; energy security, energy access, social
and economic development and climate change mitigation and re duction of environmental and
health impacts. There are challenges that tend to hinder the sustain ability of renewable energy
sources and its ability to mitigate climate change. These challenges are: market failures, lack of
information, access to raw materials for future renewable resource deploy ment, and most
importantly our (humans) way of utilizing energy in an inefficient way. From the findings, the
following suggestions are made that can help improve the concerns of re newable energy being
sustainable and also reduce the rate of the depletion of the ozone layer due to the emissions of
GHG especially carbon dioxide (CO2 ):

• Formulation of policies and discussions from all sectors towards the improvement of technolo
gies in the renewable sector to sustain them.

• Changes in our use of energy in a more efficient way as individuals, countries and the world as
a whole. Efforts that aim at increasing the share of renewable energy and clean fossil fuel tech
nologies into global energy portfolio will help reduce climate change and its impacts. Energy
efficiency programmes should be introduced globally, which give tax exemptions to firms who
prove to provide energy efficiency initiatives (energy-efficient homes), product design (energy
efficient equipment) and services (industrial combined heat and power). Introducing the con
cept of usability, adaptability and accessibility into energy-dependent product design is a way of
promoting energy efficient behaviours.

• Increase research in these areas, so that the fear of some renewables posing risks in the
future is limited.

• Improve education, awareness-raising and human institutional capacity on climate change

mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning. Developed countries should incor
porate decarbonization policies and strategies into the industry, energy, agricultural, forest,
health, transport, water resource, building and other sectors that have potential of increasing
greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts in developing countries aimed at improving institutional
training, strengthening institutions and improving capacity of research on climate change will
increase awareness, promote adaptation and sustainable development. Least developed coun
tries should develop and test tools and methods with a global support that direct policy and
decision-making for climate change mitigation, adaptation and early warnings. Supporting a
global dialogue through international cooperation and partnership with developed, developing
and least developed countries will promote the development, dissemination and transfer of en
vironmentally friendly technologies, innovation and technology, access to science, and among
others which will increase the mutual agreement towards combating climate change and its
impacts.
If these suggestions are implemented, the sustainability of renewable energy resources would
be addressed as well as the seventh and thirteenth goal of sustainable development which
seeks to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, modern energy for all and combat
climate change and its impact