A

Project Report
on

REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE BY DEMOLISHED

CONCRETE
Submitted by

SAKIB JAMAL ANSARI (18544)

SATEESH CHANDRA SARSWATI (18549)
ISHANT KANOJIYA (18527)
OM PRAKASH (18537)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Under the guidance
of
Er. KANHAIYA LAL PANDEY
(Assistant Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University
Ayodhya, 224001
Uttar Pradesh,
2018-2022
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University

Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled “REPLACEMENT OF COARSE

AGGREGATE BY DEMOLISHED CONCRETE” submitted by “SAKIB JAMAL
ANSARI, SATEESH CHANDRA SARSWATI, ISHANT KANOJIYA, OM
PRAKASH” in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya is a record of
student’s own work carried under the supervision and guidance.
The project embodies result of original work and studies carried out by students and
contents do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to
anybody else.

Head of Department Internal Examiner

Project Supervisor External Examiner

I
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “REPLACEMENT OF COARSE

AGGREGATE BY DEMOLISHED CONCRETE” submitted by “SAKIB
JAMAL ANSARI, SATEESH CHANDRA SARASWATI, ISHANT KANOJIYA,
OM PRAKASH” in the practical fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology (CIVIL ENGINEERING) of Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University,
Ayodhya is a record of our own work carried under the supervision and guidance of
Er. KANHAIYA LAL PANDEY (Assistant professor, Department of Civil
Engineering)

Sakib Jamal Ansari (18544)

Sateesh Chandra Sarswati (18549)

Ishant Kanojiya (18527)

Om Prakash (18537)

II`
 ABSTRACT

There is a large amount of demolished waste generated every year in India and other
developing countries, since very small amount of this waste is recycled or reused. The
waste generated due to demolition of the building is highest among all the wastes. If
we demolish permanent building about 300kg/m2 waste is generated and in case of
demolition of semi- permanent building 500kg/m2 waste is generated. So, disposing
this waste is a very serious problem because it requires a large amount of space.
Environment must be protected for the survival of the human beings and other lives on
earth. So, environment consciousness, sustainable development and preservation of
natural resources should be kept in mind during the construction work and
industrialization.

Our project aims in this field of utilizing demolished concrete. During this project,
we replace coarse aggregate with the demolished concrete within the range 25%, 50%,
100% using M25 grade concrete. The prepared concrete mix is compared and would
be tested in term of compressive strength to standard concrete. The test is going to be
performed at 7, 14 and 28 days to gauge the strength properties.

III`
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, many thanks to Er. KANHAIYA LAL PANDEY (Assistant Professor) who has
brought us into so much new knowledge and brought us the chance to work on the
topic that we highly interested in the gave us direction all the time. Thank you, sir for
your assistance and your precious time.

Secondly, we would like to thanks our parents who support us to have chance to do
further studies and fulfill our long-lasting dream.

Special thanks to our faculty member Er. Amit Singh Sir (Asst. Professor), Er.
Sauhardra Ojha Sir (Asst. Professor), Er. Prince Poddar Sir (Asst. Professor), Er.
Naveen Verma Sir (Asst. Professor), Er. Manvendra Pratap Singh Sir (Lab Assistant).

Finally, we are very grateful to have so many friends in this program that can always
share my feelings and give me many opinions and helps team group members, who
have shared a lot of experiences and also countless hard-working midnights.

Thank you all.

IV`
 Table of Content

Page no
Certificate I
Declaration II
Abstract III
Acknowledgemen IV
t

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 1-2
1.3 Objectives 2

Chapter 2 Literature Review 3-4

Chapter 3 Materials

3.1 Cement 5-7

3.2 Coarse Aggregate 7-8
3.3 Demolished Concrete 8-18
3.4 Fine Aggregate 19-22

Chapter 4 Methodology

4.1 Concrete Mix Design 23-24

4.2 Casting the Mix 25-28
4.3 Casting of Specimens 29
4.4 Curing of Concrete 30-31
4.5 Compressive Strength Test 32

Chapter 5 Result and Discussion 33-35

Conclusion 36

Future Scope 36

Reference 37-38
 List of Figure

Fig. No. Page No.

1. Composition of Construction and Demolition waste in India 2
2. Cement 5
3. Coarse Aggregate 7
4. Demolished Concrete 8
5. Particle Size Distribution Curve 12
6. Apparatus for Testing Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of 13
Aggregate
7. Fine Aggregate 19
8. Particle Size Distribution Curve for Fine Aggregate 22
9. The Slump Test 25-26
10. Compaction Factor Test 27-28
11. Casting of Specimen 29
12. Curing of Concrete 30
 List of Table

Table. No. Page No.

1. Chemical Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement 6
2. Properties of Cement 7
3. Determination of Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregate and 10
Demolished Concrete Aggregate by Oven Dry Method
4. Sieve Analysis on Conventional Coarse Aggregate 11
5. Sieve Analysis on December Concrete Aggregate 12
6. Determination of Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Coarse 14
Aggregate
7. Determination of Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Demolished 15
Concrete Aggregate
8. Determination of Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Demolished 16
Concrete Aggregate
9. Result for Flakiness Index Elongation Index of Conventional and 17
Demolished Concrete Aggregate Angularity Number:
10. Aggregate Impact Test 18
11. Determination of Moisture Content of the Aggregate by Pycnometer 20
Method
12. Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate 21
13. Quality of Materials Required Slump Values for Concrete with Water 33
Cement Ratio=0.5
14. Compaction Factor for Concrete with Water Cement Ratio = 0.5 Using 33
OPC
15. Standard Values for Compaction Factor 34
16. Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube 34

1
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures.
The aggregates may be classified as fine or coarse aggregates basing on the particle size from
the sieve analysis. It offers stability and design flexibility for the residential marketplace and
environmental advantages through every stage of manufacturing and use. There are many
advantages of concrete as a building material such as built-in fire resistance, high compressive
strength and low maintenance. [1]

The importance of using the right type and quality of aggregates should be given much
consideration since they provide the compressive strength of concrete. The fine and coarse
aggregates generally occupy 60% to 75% of the concrete volume (70% to 85% by mass) and
strongly influence the concrete’s freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions
and economy. Coarse aggregates consist of one or a combination of gravels or crushed stone
with particles predominantly larger than 5 mm and generally between 9.5 mm and 37.5 mm.
Natural gravel and sand are usually dug or dredged from a pit, river, lake, or seabed. Crushed
stone is produced by crushing quarry rock, cobbles, or large-size gravel. Crushed air-cooled
blast-furnace slag is also used as fine or coarse aggregate. The aggregates are usually washed
and graded at the pit or plant. Some variation in the type, quality, cleanliness, grading,
moisture content, and other properties is expected. [2]

1.2 Problem Statement

There is a huge gap between the demand and the supply of the aggregates because giant
amount of aggregates is required in the housing and transportation nowadays. During
construction waste generated is about 40 kg per m2 to 60 kg per m2. Similarly, during
renovation, repair and maintenance work 40 kg/m2 to 50 kg/m 2 waste is generated. The
waste generated due to demolition of the building is highest among all the wastes. If we
demolish permanent building about 300kg/m2 waste is generated and in case of demolition of
semi- permanent building 500kg/m2 waste is generated. [3]

1
Environment must be protected for the survival of the human beings and other lives on earth.
So, environment consciousness, sustainable development and preservation of natural
resources should be kept in mind during the construction work and industrialization. At
present, demolished material are dumped on land or treated as waste, which means they
cannot be utilized for any purpose. If we put the demolished waste on land then the fertility
of the soil get decreases .23.75 million tons of waste is generated annually in Indian the year
of 2007 according to Hindu Online. According to CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board)
Delhi, 14.5 million tons out of 48 million waste is generated from the construction waste from
which only 3% is utilized in the construction of the embankment.[3]

1.3 Objectives
i. To study the effect of replacing natural aggregate with demolished concrete on workability
of concrete.
ii. To study the effect of replacing natural aggregate with demolished concrete on the
compressive strength of concrete.
iii. To compare and analyzed the results.

The volume of demolished concrete is increasing because of the following factors:

➢ Demolishing the structure for the construction of new ones.
➢ Destruction of structures due to natural calamities.

These are some factors due to which billions of tons of waste got produced every year

2% 3%
5%

Soil, sand & Gravel (36%)

Brick % Masonry (31%)
36% Concrete (23%)
23%
Metals(5%)
Wood (2%)
others (3%)

31%

90% of C&D Waste is Either Recyclable or Reusable

Figure:1 Composition of Construction and demolition waste in India

2
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Various researches for the partial replacement of coarse aggregate with demolished
concrete, which are related to my work, are as under

1. Murali, et al., (2012) had studied the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregate with
demolished concrete. The study on effects of Shahabad (a variety of cudappah) stone and
the chemical admixture (supaflo) on concrete were investigated. Natural aggregate had been
replaced with the waste Shahabad stone in four different percentages namely 10%, 20%,
30% and 40%. A comparison was made between the specimens of partially replaced coarse
aggregate and the same set of specimens admixed with supaflo.[4]

2. Subramani, and Kumaran, (2015) assessed a study on concrete which incorporate over
burnt brick ballast and concrete waste partially due to their abundance. The main objective
of this research project was to determine the properties of concrete by replacing natural
coarse aggregate with over burnt brick ballast aggregate and concrete waste. 25%, 50%
(M15, M25) incorporation was used as a partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate.
The compressive strength was observed to be optimum when containing 50% of concrete
waste. Also, it was found that as the percentage of concrete waste and crushed brick fine
aggregate was increased it influences more hardened properties of concrete.[5]

3. Patel, and Patel, (2016) investigated effect of demolished waste and carried out
comparative study of its mechanical properties. Recycled concrete aggregates were used in
concrete in replacement of nominal concrete aggregates in different percentages 25%, 50%,
75%, and 100%. It was observed that the compressive strength was optimum with 50%
replacement of recycled coarse aggregate.[6]

4. Veeraselvam, and Dhanalakshmi, (2017) focused on utilizing the demolished concrete

waste and reduces the generation of waste. Based on the experimental investigations carried
out, the following conclusions were drawn, on Comparing Compressive strength of Nominal
Concrete and Demolished Concrete Aggregate, the percentage of DCA replacement up to
20%, the strength increased as 2.5%. Concrete Aggregate, the percentage of DCA
replacement up to 20%, the strength increased as 7.07%. On Comparing Flexural strength of
nominal Concrete and Demolished Concrete Aggregate, the percentage of DCA replacement
showed reduction in the strength. From the study the Replacement of DCA Concrete
3
 allowed to use up to 20 % with adding fiber. For more replacement of DCA Concrete had
shown a decline in strength.[7]

5. Hedge, et al., (2018) aims at reuse of demolished concrete. The demolished waste had been
collected from some college work site. Coarse aggregates were replaced by demolished
waste in various proportions of 10, 20, 30 40, 50 and 100. Cubes, cylinder, beams were
casted for different mix proportions and were kept under curing for 7, 14 and 28 days. Up to
30% replacement of fresh coarse aggregate, the compressive strength was found above 30
N/mm2. When replaced by 50%, the compressive strength was observed 27.11 N/mm2
which is higher than target strength of 26.6 N/mm2. Hence, the concrete up to 50%
replacement is more suitable for the regular construction works.[8]

6. Reema, et al., (2020) assessed the use of demolished waste for partial replacement of
coarse aggregates in varying percentages. The specimens were casted with 10%, 15%
and 20% replacement of recycled coarse aggregate and tested after 7 & 28 days in
Laboratory. Demolished concrete found to have lower bulk density, higher workability,
crushing strength, impact value and water absorption value as compared to normal
concrete. The results indicated that the compressive strength and split tensile strength
aggregate) in concrete as compared to conventional concrete. These conclusions indicated
that partial replacement of coarse aggregate with demolished concrete can be a good
alternative, to be used as a new aggregate in concrete construction. Though a number of
researches have been conducted for the partial replacement of coarse aggregate with
demolished concrete, my research work will prove to be an additional benefit to the already
existing researches.[9]

4
 CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS

Concrete is a composite material compound of water, coarse granular material (fine and
coarse aggregate) embedded in a hard matrix (cement or binder) that fills the space
among the aggregate particles and glues them together.

3.1 Cement

Cement is a binder that is to say hardening when combined with water which is used to
produce concrete. Cement paste (cement mixed with water) sets and hardens by
hydration, both in air and under water. The main base materials, e.g. for Portland
cement, are limestone, marl and clay, which are mixed in defined proportions to give
different concrete strength. This raw mix is burned at about 1450°C to form clinker
which is later ground to the well-known fineness of cement.

Figure:2 Cement

5
3.1.1 Major components of cement
The percentage of various ingredients for the manufacture of Portland cement should
be as follows

TABLE:1 Chemical Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement

Constituent Ordinary Portland Cement % by

Weight

Lime (CaO) 64.64

Silica (SiO2) 21.28

Alumina (Al2O3) 5.60

Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 3.36

Magnesia (MgO) 2.06

Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) 2.14

N2O 0.05

Loss of Ignition 0.64

Lime saturation Factor 0.92

C3S 52.82
C2S 21.45
C3S 9.16
C4AF 10.2

6
3.1.2 Minor components

These are mainly selected inorganic natural mineral materials originating from clinker
production, or components as described (unless they are already contained in the cement as a
major constituent).

Table 2: Properties of Cement

IS:8112-1989
Properties Recommendation Obtained Values

Soundness Test 10mm 2.4mm

Fineness Test <10% 0.98%

Normal Consistency - 29%

Initial Setting Time 30 minutes (min) 110 minutes

Final Setting Time 600 minutes (max) 350 min

utes

3.2 COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregates can be defined as irregular broken stone or naturally-occurring rounded

gravel used for making concrete. Coarse aggregates are retained on the sieve of mesh size
4.75mm. It acts as a volume increasing component and is responsible for strength, hardness
and durability of concrete

Figure: 3 Coarse Aggregate

7
3.2.1 Good qualities of an ideal aggregate:

 These aggregates used for the construction of concrete and mortar must meet the
following requirements.
 This should include natural stones, gravel, sand, or various mixtures of those
materials.
 It should be inflexible, clear, and free of any coating.

3.3 DEMOLISHED CONCRETE

Demolished waste was collected from near the building of department of Civil Engineering,
IET, Ayodhya, waste material to be used is demolished concrete. It involves crushing,
breaking and removing irrelevant and contaminated materials from existing concrete.
Usually, demolished concrete was shifted to landfills for disposal, but due to greater
environmental awareness, the concrete is being recycled for reuse in concrete works. There
are a variety of benefits in recycling concrete rather than dumping it are burying it in a
landfill.

Figure: 4 Demolished Concrete

8
 Construction and Demolition Waste

Excavation Roadwork Demolition Complex

Soil Wastes Wastes Wastes

Building Construction,
Road, Railways, Excavation,
Runway Demolition
Activities: Such Refurbishment,
Excavation Construction Demolition
Demolition as residential,
Activity Roadwork and
Activity school, hospital,
Industrial other
building Construction
Related Activities

Concrete with Iron

Concrete without iron Concrete
Concrete Roofing construction and Wall materials
Vegetable soil, Broken asphalt roofing cover (wood, tiles Stucco
Soil Paving Stone isolated Sand
Sand Sand Materials) Pebble
Gravel Pebble Wall Materials (brick, Wood
Rock Railway Traverse Briquet, stone) Stucco Plastics
Clay and Ballast Gypsum Paper and
Other Materials Carton

9
 3.3.1 Test on coarse aggregate and demolished concrete aggregate:

3.3.1.1 Determination of Moisture content of coarse aggregate and demolished concrete

aggregate by Oven-Dry Method:

This test method sets out the procedure for the standard method for the determination of the
moisture content of coarse using oven-drying to constant mass of the sample.
Apparatus
(a) A thermostatically controlled oven with good air circulation capable of
maintaining a temperature within the range of 105-110 Celsius or a microwave oven,
preferably with temperature control.
(b) Heat resistant, non-absorbent, moisture dishes of appropriate capacities. Dishes to be
used in the microwave oven should be non- metallic.
(c) Scoops, spatulas, tongs, etc.

Calculations:

Calculate the moisture content (w) of the test sample as a percentage of the dry mass of
the sample as follows:
W = (M2- M3/M3- M1) X100

Where, M1 = mass of container plus lid.

M2 = mass of container plus lid plus wet sample.

M3 = mass of container plus lid plus dry sample.

Table-3: Determination of Moisture content of coarse aggregate and demolished concrete

aggregate by Oven Dry Method
Conventional Demolished
Aggregates Concrete
Aggregates

Original sample weight

(M1) g 880g 780g

Oven dried sample

weight(M2) g 874g 754g
Moisture content 874g 754g

W=[(M1-M2)/M2]x100% 0.68% 3.44%

10
11
Discussion: From the above results, it is found that DCA contains more water than that
of conventional aggregates because DCA has a higher amount of cement and thus absorbs
more water than normal aggregates due to larger pore sizes and hence, there is a need to
encounter for water absorption. Due to this, DCA will absorb the water during mixing of
concrete and this will lead to a bad mixture as there will be a lack of water and thus there
will be a need to add more and more water

3.3.1.2 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate and Demolished Concrete Aggregate

Sieve analysis of aggregate is a practice or procedure used to access the particle size
distribution of a granular material. The size distribution is often of critical importance the
way, material performed in use. The sieve analysis can be performed on any type of
organic or non-organic granular material including salons, crushed rocks, clay, granite, coil
or soil. Being such a simple technique of particle sizing, it’s probably the most common.

Procedure:

1. Place all the sieve in decreasing order of their sizes keeping pan at bottom.
2. Place the coarse aggregate in pan and take the weight of aggregate.
3. Now transfer aggregate in 80mm sieve placed on the top and placing empty pan
at bottom.
4. Now placing the conjugate set of sieves in shaper for five minutes.
5. Now take out aggregate retained in different size of sieves

Table-4: Sieve Analysis on conventional Coarse Aggregate

Sieve Size Weight Percentage Cumulative Cumulative

(mm) Retained (kg) Retained (%) (%)
(%) Retained Passing
40 0 0 0 100
20 0 0 0 100
10 1.56 78 78 22
4.75 0.44 22 100 0
Pan 0 0 100 N/A

12
 Table-5: Sieve analysis on Demolished Concrete Aggregate
Sieve Size Weight Percentage Cumulative (%) Cumulative (%)
mm Retained(kg) Retained (%) retained Passing

40 0 0 0 100
20 0 0 0 100
10 1.2 60 60 40
4.75 0.66 33 93 7
Pan 0.14 7 100 N/A
TOTAL 253

Particle Size Distribution Curve

120
100
100
100
100
100

80
% Passing

60
40 Demolished Concrete
Conventional Aggregate
40
22
7
20
0

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Sieve Size(mm)

Figure: 5 Particle Size Distribution Curve

Discussion: The D refers to the size or apparent diameter of the soil particles while the
subscript (10, 30 and 60) denotes the percent that is smaller than that diameter, e.g., D10 =
0.16 mm means that 10% of the sample grains have diameter smaller than 0.16 mm. A large
value of Cu indicates that the D10 and D60 sizes differ appreciably.

13
 3.3.1.3 Determination of Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate

Specific gravity test of aggregates is done to measure the strength or quality of the material
while water absorption test determines the water holding capacity of the coarse and fine
aggregates.

The main objective of these test is to:

. 1. To measure the strength or quality of the material.

2. To determine the water absorption of aggregates.

Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate to the weight
of an equal volume of water. It is the measure of strength or quality of the specific material.
Aggregates having low specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher specific
gravity values.

Figure 6: Apparatus for Testing Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Aggregate

14
 Table-6: Determination of specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregate:

Size of Aggregates Weight of Thickness Weight of Length Weight of

Fraction Gauge Aggregate in each gauge Aggregates in each
consisting Fraction passing size Fraction retained
Passing Retained size,
through On IS of a least Thickness Gauge mm On length gauge
IS Sieve, 200 pieces mm mm mm
Sieve mm
mm
63 50 0 23.90 0 - -
50 40 0 27.00 0 81.00 0
40 31.5 0 19.50 0 58.00 0
31.5 25 0 16.95 0 - -
25 20 0 13.50 0 40.5 0
20 16 2000 10.80 550 32.4 220
16 12.5 850 8.55 69 25.5 175
12.5 10 500 6.75 150 20.2 98
10 6.3 110 4.89 22 14.7 0
Total 3457 - 791 - 493

15
Table-7: Determination of specific gravity and water absorption of demolished concrete aggregate:

Size of aggregate Weight of Thickness Weight of Length Weight of

Fraction gauge Aggregates in each gauge Aggregates in each
Passing Retained consisting Size, Fraction passing Size, Fraction retained
through On IS Of at Least mm thickness gauge mm on length Gauge,
IS Sieve, Sieve 200 mm mm
mm mm Pieces
63 50 0 23.90 0 - -
50 40 0 27.00 0 81.00 0
40 31.5 0 19.50 0 58.00 0
31.5 25 0 16.95 0 - -
25 20 0 13.50 0 40.5 0
20 16 1540 10.80 15 32.4 72
16 12.5 920 8.55 15 25.5 159
12.5 10 420 6075 11 20.22 85
10 6.3 400 4.89 0 14.7 113
-
Total W=3280 - X=53 Y=429

16
3.3.1.4 Determination of Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Coarse Aggregate
and Demolished Concrete Aggregate

Shape tests on coarse aggregates such as flakiness index and elongation Index, its
importance in concrete construction, methods of determination are discussed.
The particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky and elongated
particles contained in it. For base course and construction of bituminous and cement
concrete types, the presence of flaky and elongated particles is considered undesirable as
this cause inherent weakness with possibilities of breaking down under heavy loads. Thus,
evaluation of shape of the particles, particularly with reference to flakiness and elongation is
necessary. The Flakiness index of aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles whose
least dimension (thickness) is less than three- fifths (0.6times) of their mean dimension. This
test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3mm. The Elongation index of an aggregate is
the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest dimension (length) is greater than nine-
fifths (1.8times) their mean dimension. This test is not applicable for sizes smaller than
6.3mm.

Table-8: Determination of Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Demolished Concrete

Aggregates

Conventional Demolished
Aggregates concrete
Aggregates

Flakiness 22.88% 1.62%

Index = [(X1+X2+…)/(W1+W2+…)]X100

Elongation 14.26% 13.10%

Index = [(Y1+Y2+…)/(W1+W2+...)]X100

Discussions: Flaky and elongated particles should be avoided in pavement construction,

particularly in surface course. If such particles are present in appreciable proportions, the
strength of pavement layer would be adversely affected due to possibility of breaking
under loads. Workability is reduced for cement concrete. As per IRC recommendations,
the conventional aggregates tested proved to be within permissible limits for use in all
types of pavements except for bituminous macadam and WBM base course and surface
course ones. The recycled concrete aggregates are within limits for all types of
pavements and may be used for anyone based on its flakiness index.

17
 Table-9: Results for Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Conventional and
Demolished Concrete Aggregates Angularity Number:

Conventional Demolished
Aggregates Concrete
Aggregates

W= Mean weight of aggregates in the 4310 g 4225 g

cylinder, g
C= Weight of water required 3000 g 3000 g
to fill the Cylinder, g

G= Specific gravity of aggregate 2.73 2.46

Angularity number 14 10
= 67-100 W/CG

Discussion: From the values obtained above, it is found that the angularity number of
conventional aggregates is higher than that of DCA. Thus, higher the angularity number,
more angular and less workable is the aggregate mix. In cement concrete mix, rounded
aggregates may be preferred because of better workability, lesser specific surface and
higher strength for particular cement content. In addition, the more angular shape of the
DCA and its rougher surface texture are also what contribute.

3.3.1.5 Aggregate Impact Test

Apparatus:
The apparatus as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) - 1963 consists of
1.A testing machine weighing 45 to 60 kg and having a metal base with a painted lower
surface of not less than 30 cm in diameter. It is supported on level and plane concrete floor
of minimum 45 cm thickness. The machine should also have provisions for fixing its base.
2. A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102 mm, depth 50 mm and minimum
thickness 6.3 mm.
3. A metal hammer or tup weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg the lower end being cylindrical in
shape, 50 mm long, 100.0 mm in diameter, with a 2 mm chamfer at the lower edge and
case hardened. The hammer should slide freely between vertical guides and be concentric
with the cup. Free fall of hammer should be within 380±5 mm

18
 4. A cylindrical metal measure having internal diameter 75 mm and depth 50 mm for
measuring aggregates.
5.Tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long, rounded at one end.
6. A balance of capacity not less than 500g, readable and accurate up to 0.1 g.

Theory:

The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to movement of

vehicles on the road the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their breaking down
into smaller pieces. The aggregates should therefore have sufficient toughness to resist their
disintegration due to impact. This characteristic is measured by impact value test. The
aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which may
differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load.

Table 10: Aggregate Impact Test

Conventional Demolished
Aggregate concrete
Aggregate

Original weight of aggregate, 320 g 300 g

W1 g
Weight of Fraction Passing 100 g 100 g
through 2.36mm IS sieve, W2 g

Aggregate 31.30 % 33.30 %

Impact value=(W2/W1) X 100%

Discussion: 10% → Exceptionally strong.10–20% → Strong.20–30% Satisfactory

for road surfacing. > 35% → Weak for road surfacing.

19
3.4 Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregates are essentially any natural sand particles obtained from land
through the mining process. The grain size of fine aggregates lies between 4.75mm and
0.15mm. Filling up the voids and acting as a workability agent is the main function of fine
aggregate.

3.4.1 Role of Fine Aggregate in Concrete Mix:

Fine aggregates are the structural filler that occupies most of the volume of the concrete
mic formulas. Depending on composition, shapes, size and other properties of fine
aggregate you can have a significant impact on the output. The role of fine aggregate can
be described in few points:

 Fine aggregates provide dimensional stability to the mixture.

 The elastic modulus and abrasion resistance of the concrete can be influenced with fine
aggregate.
 Fine aggregate quality also influences the mixture proportions and hardening
properties.
 The properties of fine aggregates also have a significant impact on the shrinkages of
the concrete.

FIGURE:7 Fine Aggregate

20
3.4.2 Test On Fine Aggregate:
3.4.2.1 Determination of Moisture Content of the Aggregate by Pycnometer Method

Table-11: Determination of moisture content of the aggregate by Pycnometer Method

SL.NO. Observation and Calculation

1 Mass of empty pycnometer (M1) g 684g

2 Mass of Pycnometer + fine Aggregates (M2) g 1184g

3 Mass of pycnometer +fine Aggregates, filled with 1869g

water (M3) g
4 Mass of pycnometer filled with water only
(M4) g Specific Gravity of Sand, G

5 Mass of fine aggregates, (M2-M1) g 500g

6 M3-M4 328g

7 (G-1)/G 0.67

8 Moisture content,
W=[(((M2-M1)/(M3-M4) ((G-1)/G))-1]X100
1.28%
9 Average Moisture Content, Wavg
1.28

Discussion: For fine aggregate, it is important to determine its moisture content because if
its water content is high, there will be an excess amount of water in the mixture. The water-
cement ratio used in the mixture is 0.5 and if the fine aggregates contain a certain amount of
water, this will have a considerable impact on the mixture and this may lead to bleeding of
concrete afterwards. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that the fine aggregate is dry or if it
is not the case, then the water content of the fine aggregates needs to be reduced.

21
 3.4.2.2Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate

Sieve analysis of fine aggregates is one of the most important tests performed on- site.
Aggregates are inert materials that are mixed with binding materials such as cement or lime
for the manufacturing of mortar or concrete. It is also used as fillers in mortar and concrete.
Aggregates size varies from several inches to the size of the smallest grain of sand. The
Aggregates (fine + coarse) generally occupy 60% to 75% of the concrete volume or 70% to
85% by mass and strongly influence the concrete’s freshly mixed and hardened properties,
mixture proportions, and economy. All Aggregates pass IS 4.75 mm sieve is classified as
fine Aggregates.

Observations and Graph:

Table-12: Sieve analysis of fine aggregates

Sieve
Size Weight Percentage Cumulative (%) Cumulative (%)
(mm) Retained(kg) Retained (%) Retained Passing

4.75 0 0 0 100
2.36 0.014 1.4 1.4 98.6

1.18 0.302 30.2 31.6 68.4

0.0006 0.24 24 55.6 44.4
0.0003 0.354 35.4 91 9
0.00015 0.062 6.2 97.2 2.8
Pan 0.028 2.8 100 N/A
TOTAL 376.8

22
 120 Particle Size Distribution Curve
98.6 100

100

80

60 44.4
68.4

40
2.8
20 9

0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size(mm)

Graph: Particle Size Distribution Curve for Fine Aggregate

Results: Effective size, in microns (D10, sieve opening corresponding to 10% finer in the
graph) = 245 Microns. Uniformity coefficient [(D60/D10), D to be obtained from the graph]
= 310. Fineness modulus (Sum of cumulative % weight retained / 100) = 3.77

Discussion: According to IS 383 - 1970, the fine aggregates belong to Zone II.

23
 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

The successive steps that were followed to complete the study are as follows:

 Collection of demolished concrete.

 Preparation of demolished concrete aggregate.

 Casting of concrete cube with central mix using natural aggregate.

 Cube casting for varying percentage replacement 25%, 50% and 100% of natural

aggregate by demolished concrete aggregate.

 Workability and the compressive strength test.

4.1 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN:

Mix Design: A mix design is a method of calculating the amount of coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate, cement content and water content. Mix design of concrete was done as per IS
10262:2019.

Trial Mix 1

Mix proportion for Normal Concrete of

M25 grade

Cement 320.83
kg/m3

Fine 746.1k
Aggregate g/m3
(Sand)

Coarse 1192.26kg/m3
Aggregate

Demolished 0
Aggregate

24
Chemical 1.75kg
Admixture /m3

Water 154
l/m3

W/C Ratio 0.5

25
Trial Mix 2
Mix proportion for replacement of 25% concrete aggregate by Demolished
concrete
Cement 320.83kg/
m3

Fine 746.1kg/
Aggregat m3
e (Sand)

Coarse 894.195 kg/m3

Aggregat
e

Demolished 298.065
Aggregate kg/m3

Chemical 1.75kg/m3
Admixtur
e

Water 154 l/m3

W/C 0.5
Ratio

Trial Mix 3
Mix proportion for replacement of 50% concrete aggregate by Demolished
concrete
Cement 320.83kg/
m3

Fine 746.1kg/
Aggregat m3
e (Sand)

Coarse 596.13 kg/m3

Aggregat
e

Demolished 596.13
Aggregate kg/m3

26
 Chemical 1.75kg/m3
Admixtur
e

Water 154 l/m3

W/C 0.5
Ratio

Trial Mix 4
Mix proportion for replacement of 100% concrete aggregate by Demolished concrete
Cement 320.83kg/m3

Fine 746.1kg/m3
Aggregat
e (Sand)

Coarse 0
Aggregat
e

Demolished 1192.26kg/
Aggregate m3

Chemical 1.75kg/m3
Admixtur
e

Water 154 l/m3

W/C 0.5
Ratio

4.2 Casting Mix:

Initially, the constituent materials were weighed and drying mixing was administrated for
cement, sand and coarse aggregate. Mixing is done by drum mixer. The mixing duration was
2-5 minutes and then the water added as per the mix proportion. The mixing was carried out
for 3-5 minutes.
4.2.1 The Slump Test:

The slump test is a measure of the workability of the concrete. The apparatus for

27
conducting the slump test basically consists of a metallic mould within the sort of a frustum
of a cone. The cone was filled in 3 layers, each layer approximately one- third the
volume of the mould. Each layer is tamped 25 times by a tamping rod. After the top layer
has been compacted, the concrete is struck off level with a trowel and tamping rod. Remove
any excess emission of concrete from around the base of the cone and lift the cone clear
of the concrete allowing the concrete to settle or slump under its own weight.
Slowly lift the cone vertically, with the lifting operation taking approximately 3 to 7
seconds. The amount of slump is measured immediately after the mould is lifted by placing
the rodding bar across the inverted mould and measuring from the top of the mould to the
displaced original center of the top of concrete. The difference in level between the height of
the mould and that of the maximum point of the subsided concrete is measured. The change
in height in mm is taken as a slump of concrete.

28
 Figure:9 The Slump Test

4.2.2 Compaction factor test is workability test for concrete conducted in laboratory:

The compaction factor is the ration of weights of partially compacted to fully compacted
concrete. It was developed by Road Research Laboratory in United Kingdom and is used to
determine the workability of concrete.
The compaction factor test is used for concrete which have low workability for which slump test is
not suitable.

Apparatus:

Compaction factor apparatus consists of trowels, hand scoop (15.2cm long), a road of steel
or other suitable material (1.6cm diameter, 61cm long rounded at one end) and a balance.
Procedure of compaction Factor Test on Concrete:

1. Place the concrete sample gently in the upper hopper to its brim using the hand scoop and level
it.
2. Cover the cylinder.
3. Open the trapdoor at the bottom of the upper hopper so that concrete fall into the lower
hopper. Push the concrete sticking on its sides gently with the road.

29
30
4. Open the trapdoor of the lower hopper and allow the concrete to fall into the
cylinder below.
5. Cut of the excess of concrete above the top level of cylinder using trowels and
level it
6. Clean the outside of the cylinder.
7. Weight the cylinder with concrete to the nearest 10g. this weight is known as the weight
of partially compacted concrete (W1).
8. Empty the cylinder and then refill it with the same concrete mix in layers approximately
5cm deep, each layer being heavily rammed to obtain full compaction.
9. Level the top surface.
10. Weigh the cylinder with fully compacted. This weight is known as the weight of fully
compacted concrete (W2).
11. Find the weight of empty cylinder(W).

31
32
Figure 10: Compaction Factor Test

33
4.3 CASTING OF SPECIMENS:

The specimen cubes were cast for varying percentage replacement of 25%, 50% and 100%
of natural aggregate using demolished concrete aggregate. The specimen was basically
prepared by batching and mixing of concrete constituents by weight to the required
consistency after which they were placed into oiled concrete mould cubes. Then the mix
poured into the cube molds of size 150×150×150mmand then compacted manually using a
tamping rod. The cubes are demolded after 1 day of casting and then kept in respective
water for curing at room temperature the cubes are taken out from curing after 7, 14, & 28
days for testing. The demolished concrete has been collected from near the Department of
Civil Engineering building in Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ayodhya.

Figure:11 Casting of Specimen

34
4.4 CURING OF CONCRETE:

Casting of concrete after the completion of 24 hours mould will be removed then cured by
using portable water. The specimen is fully immersed in portable water for specific age of 7,
14, 28 days. After the completion of curing, it will be tested.

Figure 12: Curing of concrete

35
 CONSTRUCTION MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Coarse aggregate Water supply

Cement Supply Sand Supply supply

Transporting, unloading and slacking

Gauging

Mixing Slump Test

Cube Test

Transporting

Placing

Compaction Curing

36
4.5 Compressive strength test

This test was done to determine the compressive strength of the concrete according to BS

4550-3.4: 1978 on the cubes after their respective days of curing. It involved the following

steps;

 The specimen blocks were removed from the water after the specified curing time and

the excess water wiped away from the surface.

 The dimensions of the specimens were taken to the nearest 0.2m

 The bearing surface of the testing machine was cleaned

 The specimen was placed in the machine in such a manner that the load was

applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.

 The specimen was aligned centrally on the base plate of the machine.

 The movable portion of the machine was rotated gently by hand so that it touched the

top surface of the specimen.

 The load was applied gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of

140kg/cm2 /minute till the specimen failed.

 The maximum load was recorded and note.

37
 CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table-13: Quality of Materials Required Slump Values for Concrete with water Cement
Ratio=0.5

S.No. type of concrete % Of replacement Slump

value (mm)
1. Normal Concrete 0 100
2. DCA Concrete 25 110
3. DCA Concrete 50 115
4. DCA Concrete 100 110

Discussion: The standard slump values for normal RCC work ranges from 80- 150 mm. If
the concrete mixture is too wet, it will have a greater slump and the coarse aggregates will
settle at the bottom of concrete mass, i.e., it will collapse and as a result concrete becomes a
non-uniform composition. If the concrete mixture is too dry, it will have a lesser slump
value.

Variation of Slump
120
115
115
110 110
110
Slump(mm)

105
100
100

95

90
0 25 50 100
% Replacement

38
Table-14: Compaction Factor for Concrete with Water Cement Ratio = 0.5 Using OPC:

0% 25% 50% 100%

DCA DCA DCA DCA

Weight of empty cylinder (W g) 11,980 11,980 11,980 11,980

Weight of cylinder with partially 23,180 23,320 23,420 23,200

compacted
concrete(W1g)
Weight of cylinder with fully compacted 24,520 24,140 23,960 24,110
concrete (W2g)

Compaction Factored 0.89 0.93 0.95 0.92

=(W1-W/W2-W)

Discussion: Following is a table showing the standard limits for compaction factor
of concrete:

Table-15: Standard Values for Compaction Factor:

Compacting Factor

Degree of Workability Small Large

Apparatus
Apparatus
Very low 0.78 0.80

low 0.85 0.87

Medium 0.92 0.87

High 0.95 0.935

Very high - 0.96

39
Table 16: Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

S.No. % Replacement

7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

1 0% 22.22 28 32.44

2 25% 20.77 26.26 30.63

3 50% 18.07 24.44 28.06

4 100% 14.41 20.50 24.05

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
35
Compressive Strength(N/mm2)

30

25

20

15

10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

Age of Specimen(Days)

0% 25% 50% 100%

40
 CONCLUSIONS
1.Demolished aggregate possesses relatively lower bulk crushing, density and impact
standards and higher water absorption as compared to natural aggregate.
2.Tests conducted on demolished aggregates and results compared with natural coarse
aggregates are satisfactory as per IS 2386.
3.Using demolished aggregate concrete as a base material for roadways reduce the pollution
involved in trucking material
4.The proportion replacement was 100:0 ,75:25, 50:50, 0:100 with 0%, 25%, 50%, and
100% respectively. the cube of concrete was tested for compressive strength after 7 ,14,
and 28 days of curing. the result indicates that the compressive strength of demolished
concrete decrease with increasing the percentage of demolished concrete aggregate in
concrete as compared to conventional concrete

FUTURE SCOPE

1.Sustainable development of structures can be achieved by using waste demolished

concrete aggregate.
2.We can use the plastic waste also as a coarse aggregate in concrete.
3.Fine aggregate in the demolished concrete can also be utilized in future.
4.Demolished bricks and stones possess the same properties as coarse aggregate.

41
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