AlCrobi gomeo Un4-J)

RO DUCTON roco. Yan mpendand-feateve. of tivirg ongeniEr, Doring î

AoDeON an onderdy iherease oal| celloart Congtio ents 8cc reso14ng an
hcrease h due ncoy o eerell. There are a, numben eor
Clic. mioro oraantms" mine ase te írt no, and poplatin i b a
orcomidia ete
hary fs i), evelolny )dsetmendodim,Spre
e e o Grocotba iymighce populodioo Te odee ob svuHae
na Unice tlut CR oropunsm coh rel oct o) to 4re is Stuol)ed inabotel
Co4eoT doseo 9ysterm ealnors nutmene n t e medicm ane

Sli nl mce a d J e beaimive oke qoa anal Hea

f no repleihment

Monauxíc hrook Normat hvoR)

a e culdume Te nadme o bocderia qa y cwey chu oledh n
cotture o u m ne +me.soxrtoe ndnen af te beginnig n
clesed ytem, 0The qsoot huk beech culJre dhods feer Seps.
cilfchcan be Seen md. g r r . Cunve The fourHepI arco
Log pha,
Log
flhogeexponmentiae pae
n) yatimary Phase
decine pdoy.
OLae phaue: Tic fa a oreparnadoruy períod fort l e n 4or Simteiz
ceuoor Constidueis -for reProoluion. Thcre {orte m 4is phoge +eeir sn
t e . numberc o ce1S.
fneriecde n
TUNe enagnibms arne physio (ogicodi aetie Gne dolapt to 4lhe enuron
ment.
T duraten ok 0e lag phale Narue depenoli°yOn-e S t q . envfron-menka
Condliion Jua leue ooulernial cetl @reefr. previous gro4e CondiHons.
dMdhoy.Te
Le phoye Once Jhe la phase y overt taeceus ount ane Odervb
Cettlarmele%othe Th cells
diides ay biîhary hsien
numberts afserr ou genevadiom
n e . melabolic.
actity Ard.
Cune
Tae Cell numberc mereageg expnentieuly onolHe 7oyb,
betueen 4ne and log of e n0 og Keus loeComog a Stsoiglrt lihe.
madhemtfeall) 'caKpe reoreJentod
as

NE No a"
uborce Nli y-a nrmberr ok mipcnebo a dme t
No t e nmbert ob microbg at Akm to

o y e no. oenesouion
CeNB hepeapy
A calld xponeniae becao ReN0
fn a n erprnontta fmethon o 2 Cpfl-eo (oo oue u
locpuriitm of ke hackerricie man hereayes leany wits
4fMe
StationourfhJO
YYYY Erpenentiae picge. cont Continve pecause
fndePinide e
) Ecsenia nuBnents me med im qet e xhauleol
cHoxic nmeiabolitio h4e aenvfron ment orHee meatím g

a caifca euce ok oruledion conetiten moy be.ahiono

e s e foctAare (ead to deireae h populaicn goba eno tee qocon
d numbert or ceus Parmed
Cuove becomee horfzomdla Adthfs SHeae e a h tme Sooma
oomeeo by nrobort o fremee-
cetis e, af
M e ponati n ahiek EI1S
Mno arCAU
no Chone, h t cel no

PopUlatiom awn
laleriaa produre endos pores phose ard
Spore. +ertm rq tina heip Joen
boegerna begm to gen exase. ubston
e e
pathogenie
Curvie, hanh COnditfons an

A s nutriende beconme 1ex aNaalole ano c0os Be. prodwets meneaje

b a num bercok dyih ceL Cmdnueg to rúse.
CelLe deoreaes ex penen4ioutuy
9n e deoda- ploe, J e o V
no.

ShatP deame. As-de

arepopulofio) qocol expemenees a

-ke.spI Jeht Conterds hto e

A S dyy ces ydeot loreak open,
nutment aletlalole to olert bartema.
enuiro ment uuiry Jej e
@ma to SurVie de en ouge
TUARg he Ps Spore procldchay bout
cdort Sporoe prodvcAio). (
to S r i e Ho harngk Con di4hong oh e deode.
Sameg a r t e f a l
Dakena e n plar ef hoin
pye ano be come s d
erufrerne envsrenment e pponk liJe

slahororup
ERRmentey
proBe
DecP p l e e

Tine
( robo-l Gurve th tek Coldme)

Monayxic Crsoo4 Cuye

 CCkaple-)19 (Virus)
>"Louls asome ua Coined e torm viruse' &he iryt d emanStronteo/
h o t viral diseale ike rabiog
Adolf mayeydiscoveneo e mogic diteode a tbo(Co
moCic dißeaJe
DS.Tw ncogk was f i t oliscovvere het Tmv ousin
oto bareo.
m . Beijey inck"estabiished t a t vì rese i ke Tmu Can Tepii catenr

P'D lifesate onhy h g3oiih plant Ce.

w.m Stenley sey fhrst olated 4 cny Sallizee/ TM V. uy finctng

provey eUnon - living natere o 'vinuge, SHondey knoun a

ates o virfogy
Bowden & pircie ane firgt 2Stobiisheed a t vitos3 are nucleopmth
partty ,

nenea ChareteoTS1icsvuws
C
Jviruseg are acetlular ano can easil be cyshaNi z2o.
They aru tramîesoScophc arfiHescbie throug, beueria di1ter.
V i r e ane obigate îhtoa Cellvart pirasites a n nfct au a
mayort bioleqicalsoups animou plants anq baltesia.
v e g arnn hast &peifre i e aspecific virus in feut a Speipie host
S
Padh virus feuticte on virion y nucleoPoo tein în natue.
6Nuueic aid ý elher DNA Sr RNA h t nof He bojh asm any ceu.
Thoy us-e onmes a n ofter mohih esy oh Aot Cet| for nepîcatin

Qn pvteih Sbes,
8 Tvey on deiJanoe to Comical Vlohotspnel Onvirn nmenka

Chano3.
Tey one eayily hanmiHeol frum în feued hot do healh
One theogh v'ettoxJ Like hseete, nemqdodeg ec.
vrusey hal kin teir ost ane catle Virulent ane o s e
do not oajeoctu3 kiu einhots all eo Hemeate o n
Modeg cte ituSpor
 lasicotion ireuia (BoLtimose
Casid cafhen)
o.Claitîcatfoon o
fath o SHem
Dawid Bal4hmo ne, Po4 tlassiticoutîm
In 1991.
BalHimoe
vTw knoun
claxititcutiO)ya ttarHea)
outimore claificetioy y a
depenaliho
H E ) h o t plae virwses
into One o&even gocoups
nucleit oagidDNA O Ra), Stoanoled
a Crmbinaution o e i
no (sle or double Stoano.eo, ence &mehod ok}

Con be plareo T one ob Leven dollecoing yovups

rosey

UP (Doubie SHronoles DNA NIhus)

Poxvirw
) Ex: Adenovirugea Hen p-e) vinug,
rup-1 Sgbe Srsonded ONA vinos ) te Sente)
Parvo v}rue
rcou (Doubte &troonde RNA vit )
ExResvirnovse3
qroup-:+) & RNA ines)
Ex Pico TEN viw ses, Togavin.
Gnevp s()esRNA iose)
EX, oRehomyx o viruseg, Rhabdo virus-ej
RNA R1 vinus-e Sense RNA to DNA ihter
apoup
meoli acteo m9fe CyeRe
-

FX'.Retrovinusog.
neup ds DalARYEsviey diHer, RNA Eameothee.
lenovírug, Pon vírg
Ex. Aepaelnavinwse prrwo vírs
Reo ninuS ob

T o qo Virue
APRT
Rhebdo virus
RaFro yirorY
Geg
jeet
biguo@ epodn9 v
 Genegae troetune o viruses
ovinus)
Componens o vlRug Hwkre, (Cnemtny
Mantytwomajor COmpnent anafoune n a viru hoy a r e () CapSiq )
4e Capßide
Nutefe aiol ano prejene oAhineo Compnent Vcoverthoy
y fono Some vireses ht no ail.
tie envelop a n e fano) He virs,
celo e Capsio e quclec oejd and
Ity ca.eo as a virúon
Cay Capsio e noci-eic aid.
2O epootein coat o r hett culich enctoses
T e Copsio Coneins ony Bimilau pootem unis (ot mon omerg), eath one

knon ag copSomee, molecu1

CopSomere an amociatim ooi4h o eio poodem
Eobh Ctntture but auso
ane not ml identi co0
AH ege sDteTn cmi amihoUatidtforming hortk Chon opol
Conteun &imilar &equence o
Peptrdeg. R.
and penfotem moiniy two
hent
log icali
9 Tte oupsid o a v i r y uySionuClefcaid foom te odverge eßfout-ok
raoet Je virot
Jenttions
allo help t e vius n ruecoqnisi 2ing
is host and
envirm ment ano cwell og ren erofÝn
ine Cnfale chost as
atHouth ment to

hocleic atf oleo 3Nueleo(apsiq.

The Capsie coh Je

b) Nuciefc aid oulich Coe ine oniy me type o nuc-eSc ajol ec

yltuute) ane &petifre entities -or eu kanye tic mica
neveT boh tmiine oleoT Prio
DNA or RAA bot
Graanbm.
eOmpesiion, c ondosning q pentose gort
aucle howe oir notema0
Tto nociefe Uvel b fuesptieer bm
ane Lunkeod ag
itovqen baye a n o - e y
in RNA and D
quhnine, and urtaiI< ane founo
Cytosine Adenine,
goanineTymine
Conderire, Cytocine, ndenine,
toom virus to Virus
e nuaefe aeie f e
The &tpandeolnegs &toandecConli1Fen
eiloy în Singte,
Ono DNA
are oono
RNA
Conaihe
DNA
dobte_Srnde Oddavbte
n Som e whene ag Sane
&4roanaled RN
a definite flaue r'n 4e prlen
Coe
h e n u C e l c acid ocCupig
bnd
a l t l inkeger, hyloag e)
One Pnially attathed to 4 hrougs
Ond'oe ketn fraY Kin keo
 nuCIeic atfd onder o to f e has t e eu ag inlectruho
e vittal
Cni+ bot na +e capsid n mos Caye
vira pruterh
Te vi ral nucClefc adid Cmeims he Codes fo r_
Ruprlhesized ony altes 14 entes te host Ceu.
Ocbach ane

(Eoetopeo
Y many a oraoteih tauy er tui n embedol eo Proting
in-epophoRipi Lilayegs.
Some Spike gike, RArzuctumes Comfos eo ycopmtis
Oune fanol HeQ enelope obich heip m hmagalutinaian
oLettvies.
Since envelope y Jiexible, ue enve loped virug donoff
xhi'bi4 a fixe chope ansl Size anel are called as Pleomorphie.
The enveto pes &oma-+ime anisez rom Le nuceart ofl plajmA
manmbn-e d te hasf cel1.

P e n Componets o e envelepe ane dk vinock onigin o r

mixeo origin cotth has po}ems
Saone enyme k e PNIACge, reverrie oansenipoche. m
rretoovirwses, Proolem Kinase henp nrs, DNA
dependent RNA Rolmaraga n Poxviru3 an fand fh-le
envelope. They hejp m vira epliotim methang

ca enwloped pesente viru Caue ag envelope

vinus
viws and tkon + is absoef CouLeas ntked vires.
Ala ked virus dee naf mean jte lach h{ capsido
 9
( moLpheleay ovul ee Cap&id gis le morpholoq1c
Theanurorgement Capomene h t dortming
nopextote iruse hree
&trwcture o virus has de oefollowinp
a
7 y n oc knousn hat e
basic
Sqmnetries a PopoSed by Goodheovt
Tey maybe ah (o) cobicat Synmehry on b) eaicot Spnehy O Comple
Smetriy
a Cubic Symnelt
hey aure alo Knoun a spherial 9uati&phencat, foefoat ert Mraspeu
call icocahectsal virses.

POyhedral meang mocn Sidod ktrucAne ewie icCoCa hedsal, nean

Cuscol metny and) eeur befag icolah eqal n 9hape.
The fhametex of e Vrute rangas -rom a5-30nm th Small Vitrtws
virUsa, 0
anoTo-loonm h lange
replor iCoSahecton hai l2 verctice ao focej on o ego)
Po1io
7 Many o e viruse 2ike herpe3 vizus,adenovruS, Pslyoma virwe,
vinus ave jcalcehecloal Stouctse.capsid A A
Spi ne
O Fnvelef 9

NoCIere
alid

ceschectroa! S,mmeh ACe Naked fcasakadsea

CEnvelepd reacaheo/ral ymmetries.
( Heiee Smmetory
Vhese viueeg ane ako kneun ag elomgote Viruse.
(toe 12sonm)
They are. moTe. h tepethand les moiameex (to-25 om).
w o viruse&hoo Slairc Cobe k e ert Scre Xike arunargemen
t e CorSomeseg afving a
heooul aPPearTance .

Dhetic arndnement octurs areenon moanor rdedBonaR

arig
Maihewsfound Tvotyres heicnd viruse- Rigio roe Sapeo
Viros 2e TMV, TRV Ono Hexible ralk e Ralato vYtos XG.
h e halica Copsid may be nak-eor vwmoleo by an enveloped.
 RNA
-Capsid AAAAA RNA

8ccoco
Hex CoPlomer

4kicoe Smyehy Enve loped eticou

laka virs Virus
Ahetio Vi'Tg
Con flex Smetoy 8
This gpoups o vitueUexhilbi Comgl ex
tr& Combmbiom Symmerly ort Cexcloh qnmedry
un

d heti ca an cubica
GTdmefry.
They Can be oevidey into two oroupg- ne wih
Combinafi
Cubiau Symmetry Ond keiioal Symmedry ang-ka olaspike
O
fox vi rus which does not exbi C1éhrt
Cosie
a
donfifia.bi,ble
Themixed gmmdrg forro n baderiorh T
tulose heod kag a ge lcoSabhedoat.
Jai9. Cos}ai ning o Stvctre wiH 4e tod Dike
hoj)ow tobe Sos T0mde byheicol.
Coptoac ti e Upoki Sheath

(e)

Pox vius
Bcslesiopqe
Repicabico vius
,Repiication oviruse rreferg do e dormaticp
Viro gencme an fbrmochon oneuo Virtusegok capieg of e
host cen alles 4ee hfeuh hoiofe O
proce.

Adesrtion
peneledien Enfuy 4o He Los4 ce4
atnCoecding
Replicn idn avinou 7ename
semity
mobantien kotease
( Adsorptiop o Aachmeetvirot ultth Ae virus bermer
4e firu Sfep fo e rteplioticm n
94
ofL CortreA ceu.
able to OctHatkh to Le -arget
Sty peasive racex and doe) not ruir onerg'
em e Speif Poofeie d vina& Copsid Ooly recogoise He
Celylar Serc-far e re ceptors andee vircus qe4s Valaked oncdormbe
to-e Surtfateote cet.
T T i The Cenokrc. Rorefare receptor. ntiuele pafeins, d Canb1hyd
Hes, 9lycopootin e , ipids ete

Herfkuttort. Hal auo infuenc e dee. epPicient of viroe aflauhmert

nClude densihy o Hte recepter3 poebent on B s t (e) Kreere
qensity o te ) qgno) nTe vinae &un-fare n c en trgatim, ump
PH oLe vi rus& 4o ho cel

Peneatio O Endrhdo e hesd ell

MHerc. atHothment, Jeirus mutt entes Ceus CroSsing -ee Cel1 membmn
m Soch a sy Hhot 4he tety.ý neiJhor kil eo nerleV viral gencme
ydishorbe
e v i r a L entry hreougt-e cell memboane Can Occur trsoog
pathecneys fer ene toped an) ney envelope vito
7Erve tope vinuSes canketn a Lipid bilayere
envelopeo eohch SUadounols
TC'nuCles (opsic Those Virseg enden by eites o1ganemeofiafeo
fusim b recephorc, meol iatel CndocfoBic ent.
err

dn
igpne meoliouk kusiom - e virra ligond rafo enCellulan tce cephens
meoliddes yue psion erent . The virug aliaad toke plosmamembrane.
ocel & hsn fakaspnte botueeo Hle virals cenutar Menbrones.
The nucleo CopSid ý eloas ey hside te Cel| . The Demanirg viral e lope
omong ag a podch on-ke Cetlolan Mem brane.

-He reteptor fmeofade endotiyfosS, J e detHaekment o e virtus octery

-e
plogmamenbpane. ofe.Cel| anc e Cef cagul/s e enie
irtus, ftrconr gne an endo Cfofit. woSitle. Ths enolo ty to4c vesicte
fuse o f e 'yseseme haviny atidic ft. n e acidre plt
Conferero Hemot Chorgo thJee virtat envetope pmiehg freili taks
fision of e ni rral membrane cOr 4e. _Onclocy-rs, embene
ond viroe m nu (tee Gagside gels nereajeof rto le yhepdan
 OnCoadhg 6 oto
TRs Stee referi-to le removae on degneclaticn o e copSid
SMS Uncoat ihey may ottuy cluviy te penetbation Procem o
mayoe ocds Completety fHer. Pen etoatio)
n See caje Hlere- no desooktion ofte Copsid a
Capsiel povteihs flay Sem ole m vinat Anan cni pi o)
ano
DeplicaHon-
S49fme at most el He Rala inujeg h te
neplieate
Cyto plasM olere a e ë DNA vnus a replicate m fue nuClei
M eukotuotico Cell

9 Replicatim oira gengme 9

ou
erc 4the viro qoncme hag been Uncocdeo, ronSealptten
onerolothon of4ue Vinea qenom e ynitiates
yHafs Stecese ovina 'ropii cotion Jhat dibere
9eott betueen Dn/A &RN
O
vinujeg anel vinuseg wita
oppasiKnucleic aci) polanitj
n DNA Virs he sengcni ptiom&toanu (aHon ane a f
Covpleol. Tcecnsciption ccCUrS 4 nucieus anooanllatten
OCtUS h e yto fla JM e xtept forr Pox ViLUGe) bu4,
e evend3 ane Cytop(abmic
4 U RNA virus trepticotion ClUTS m A oplamie dk e
host ce.
B a Te DNA & RAIA vinuos May Smeke or Aouhte Jtranole

Thás Poocey Cu|m înodey lnte e nowynlesiS o viras

Ps0ehg ane 9enome.
Asonbty
30
After de &sn-lhakTS o ViRO
novo
nome ano pr 4ehs, chhch
Con be rost AoargcrupHomalm moodfi,vira paotem
are pak ed eoi Hh nels
icafeovinaldnome into
nexo virus hot a n
ready fon meleoye, from e
hest pey
1 s s pan cer an ako Cole to as Maturatien
 eogE
Matrnti9 ang rer 6)
tb ViRcu e e a y e , Iyi bud-liNg orz
TLee ane tuwo motuodg
age typeso
y8isreso113 nAe death o an hfesBeo host cell)
ViTzus eane efeSTe to s (ytoltr. fx Sall PoX
Envelo peo viruse), in fw on xa 4 vinu, a e yPco
Such Gs
hst cel| by budolîing. 4y t povceN Had
rel eaje tsem tee
tcesu+ h He atqyisition o te4e vina
phosphoii pio envelope
- e nfected cell and ane
hese tpes virug dnof ka usvely kfoe
virvsof.
-etee ay topeu{uic
Some viroul proleme remam wH n e
Aftert viruon ruleose
hest ce membscne, culTChaet- ag a potenkio Hortqots for
r r co lo4itrq anti bocl'i eg.
vinese
Nucleicould
virug
veMUe
noloCyti

NucCteuj -
Infu
enxa

)
estcev nfuenza virus The ceu enguls vira Conlen
beCome attaihestoa are ndeoJe
anoet ePitheiîadteu. enotytoSiT . virra RAIA enfos
penefretBen e n u C e u s utherei
pCne ReptrcaPe b hevina
RNA Polymaras

(CmcatyA)

Mew viral peaticteg arenmade virai mRA

sed tu v inal
relesed nts e
exuewlourr ttuio .

not kile in Pnotens

Ta Cey, eultch y
Replioeh
Proce, Cgmdlnve) to mouke neo Viruw.
McutUrdSTn and
 oukeriopege 9 Parasiteg on halttru o an Colle
viruseg whch ane

betteuophagg
bectercio ptoey ya type o virus, tlat ateccky om
bot tesial. 94 ujey Jle bauttenato hefioduce 1tselk
Aefr oun DNA Mto
Bt4erio ploe,e3 tsoruK by hjeiinay
batteria Cells.
e L use e bloleeoe machineny oh Je bouterio to
fep-yee ,ancl many more. virusd oune Cneates beJ

Baiteoio pkagey cuene jeihdly dsccvenee F. Twort a n

F . e e l e . F. YHenene oeo r baeperioplloges.
,7 boeteriophooe yComgtee n six slers Such ag? attaeh ment
penefoetim, 4roenicaibtio, bie Siyn-}e, maclusatioy & losy
ysfs
tuy adteeheo to -Ht Suifecee 04e boccterieecey
&en inj-eet is DnIA nto beltcaîa cI Jen drantriphon
gcuy e - c hos eaL DNA deg taded o lcey mcletoelny
dieeteol
Te psR DAIA repti cote hide Jle DatA CI Senlteg iZing
aneco plee DnIA &ppotcin.
The replicoted materiat assemble hto afly torme vira phages
Then Rily dermee vinal Phage ane KeLeaeou Sicle frtm ee,

fnfectto ce to Seek out toneo host (ei infeof.

AT Baeteriophae
width
afyowrimately do0 nm leng ang so /00nm
T e body of i batterfophagoy mahy HhgoltR into o

hen and taii join e

heat a collarn hegion.
Meo:he heoola uosaheorsel CapSio mosle p ol Capsomernex
Compoed o Poens
The head hes ap
Side ano t
OncLoSe}he dg oneao
DNA genome
The etimonsion o e head y 19sx86oA
94 Conhans (5oo roeîh b umit.
 Teu A a ho||oo tube eike tube eike Sitwcture .The toie y
Sheodth eohich Comroaets during infenction.
YY

Sorrounted by Cont oaltile

T e He hada bog e flode cwhich y hexegonco ooit 6{ais. fiberg
Odtahed neto eaeh o CorcneT.
The. heoc and Jue tei ane Joina by a Coller rugion.
Thetaig plate. hag tali pins as eaehcorner
The Heci Pins Jaft di bens hetyp hatlachment c t e phaq to a
Sorfeee o e ho5battmum.
T e locio y lo0o A loRo ano oA Aene des.

genamic huClerc aud

Ty latesioptoge onlams ads DNA e ioSahedpa0 heool
9ty cubou4 t69 bp long an Etoeencocle3 989 Povterh.
8 4RNA geneg, moe Hhen o qenes howe been chameeter
iStzed b u onl Ba gnes a n e esentiot.
T h e nvaerc afeN condering Some. onu SvaR ort Mocified boyc utPe hap
to P tect e huctefe aid fam break decn y has t- nuciesUe).

)hege o ettieicafin
bactes fophoag mul4iplicthi on Oturd htoo a0ayg Olytic c
PySognic yue .

Colla
CoTte,
shealh

Bagef l a e

a tiber
Stwetene o ouferioptoge E)
 mutti plr
h baiteritcn
by virvlent phoge celufeh
25re eyec y exhibited
and kit t e battesial dt by lysls
phay e comeg p`cd
genome ile
e n aterue entry of vira or oufde Hhe bou
00Inetiaug p a fruntictes
anefevne ether ihside
beuterial tell. 0 e Himè pertiod
plhaqes ana reeaso
u s emtiaveg tí L e moturesl
y knoung eciPSe peruoe
>ymel ° vi rao
penioe Mu4iplicodBom oviRot
qenoroe,
Hsa
Poofen n t , t i r . asembiy ans Mcdurafidn -Jee po
ceu takey
The ptcq nuctefe au aer entering 4ha retoric
o en te host Cel] bioSynHet. mathinang. he
Avi1iS.eg fu hoat enzme rubaSome tc.for {e Syri
s 6oun mRlARano footeihs.
he bio Snles7s is requoded in c e Pane f j e mRNA

Progeveton foltpte h a Phase ogrov kh pPso dvctie), hehay ane )

Eoru hos e he enume modi Ay te. JeSt 0NA Reeliaien by RN

petymourag e
T virus chongeg Jhe igomn fu tor tthe hos poodu eg ag
gotac e p host PoomoJeryO ane not rulog nizd
alze e Ty Middie, proteis .
CO

idpue phoeSoeshs virus nucleic. aioJakey plaue

Lte pha3 e 9 he giruwcduro poodefo orc e heac ane -dei

4oi bens ane roien, retateo| 4 i a r e Syndhesiaa
NucLefe. oidg3 y e n poatuen e *n g hole te hea an en Joi
aold ooto 4Ae heao- The asembly PP rejul4 îo 4e
rnatin Comte te phg pantickk.
L n eRis qno reteaophaseAe battexiaa yes due Jo

an reKseol lo }t meum9 a o Suoppestecn

phogeenAyme weaken baider1a tey wall
 Te nor o forutictes neeajed pennfuteoattera cen nesny l ooo.

3geois shouo b a nop-Virutent

91yanolberc euay oMUIHiplicadton onol
batteriophoqe anelambdo plea
n 4ese Hupe o multiplicoton,t kust te y nct lyse9uick
sto give and epseluce aj us ve
Qn Conting
botderio 9ndme &
2Te virtatqentme ge nteseuteJih JLe
0 Cell oliviacn
y njmitHeol to daugter Cells a t eath Subseturd
o fe backriat, host. T hteyoadesd steye y kneun 0 pphn

Butte phaag, Con treventto netmae lyhe Ctte anel kin e

kneun4 s
ot ce Tere lith hounbettg tuepuphong y
o lye .

e ysoagit ocvss h-totaiSeS

ocincunerizatieg ch fhege DNVA rgins ot

Lombodo ds DNA h3 3ing e &neleo rgfegrcaf s ends.

frm a Cintwlare
T i s Sirgte Showaclo ends a n e (om plememary anoiryt
e usie Cohesinenoly.
oletuta aRmb5
S t z a peipic. recem binafim Ten te cincuteur phege DNA m
ala perdicular Sie a e hejt cmo
ome.
DNA
coH e host

> This y mos medieded e phag Codeoenkymes. The reJul4

Tnte amplete ireghatin tase plagk JE hne, twide - e heat
knun ap poginge ,
aencme and a pbale qencme aj His SHags
maindenanre o yogeny
a
peor ouleo CI cohfch
dasp geame y reprezerdo
site ok he rlaa(DNA) .

brely do a poatfcutcu
ne xept f
Thit shus,ok le rans erüphn omos pa
nttier.
urexsort. ane
fhnae nome foeno
le
o}k-e
tagrort rtepre ony ts Ocun genue nof
toshp a
none
-efreanolber rappeyort coed Cra alch y orosite h a.C.
De'CrLe proAein Sugrrone e ans lyogeny in no} esiobuish
arl ComtHoue

hcontoptoeofien obedh C and êrno er dleercmineg 4e mhena,

ygenic Btete',
Feremhtes-He noin-tenance e lytegon A
d) Terminahn oon
Ihe
tyd oenit 3fete iynof permanenk. "T phoge an
re vent to
t i phos StoPe openoling me envirom mental Cencliticn

Conelitiom3 Su ch os RXPoSure. to Ov orn ionixing toaliokiovm

scCoi m, Pmeyente, ol mudccoenic aoenHs oteetminade te
ereern ty3oqenicstete ar A eos y Coul- indluci.

pha enne noco be e he1Pob hoth maahinar

Proolweo vfrou pyeto, reiicods s 9enUme, ano Pio
e Smilour f ocem*8 9tve axevnbl Moturetton & A S .

Ahmert

feea

penednPon

(6 h

Asenbl
mahrobien CoSnesis
 TMV)Tobeemo virud)
lobacco masfe virus Tmu) e sirest virus dStovene o has been
Stuoli@ ell,
a
Suoog i drscovenad y D. TvonovSky ard W.mSfan ler
Cwague Arat to Crgautized fre virtus.
7 9Causeg disease Cale to baCo Masi diseose n to batco
funts
Plaunts Sut t allo Caus es'imilarL mosie diseoses in aleor membeg°
Solana leae
g neo Liue virus ase Con hes hafloc) .
Telengi y B00 nm
wiclth y 18 nm
ateno e a i
The rool y buîIh UP o a30 Slbumik d CopSomere Strung
mahu CaL manneg.& eaeh capiemeara
cmit og SB amiheauid g

The virtus Cmaane a g e skrocnol oo PNA

Cohich Com geins Ca95
nuceotiol-es witun one end ono ole-es 3 eno
The foJem SJbumis ane bamd ed af f e ihner, i d e eno r e nuefe

The viral rlocl Liee Strrucre. ý sHcbe al C2 P} an Ha d isc goou

e ad 0w pt. 44 hiqes PH e 4uetme hercmeg unsabie
anel fale apar.
 Virois ) Sttruckme, ano R
A Viroid ya Sub-virag(Smoullert-doun vinuses)
Consiolerud oy tue Smalld infecias enti
heo Relen ottoDiener wu finst olisceneeSuch entep
culai e Stuolying e potato plans SutfercnY sm odato
Pndte eto ben diS ease Tus e fryt viroio
identifieof as
Pecto pindie. Tuber vinodPSTvd)
* OTS cauje diseale ly m plans. Aoout 30 Virefa Spefa
have been
dentified casfudeaseg h dikeyent plans.
A fdenthf eo nirefd Spetfes ane ote neo qwupe nto two
onithes a) pospivi roidee nuLearinei YauloseyPe ne PS Tud
CnCA s) vireidae_clhos e ypeno. 'y Avocad o Sun bloeh virui
As evd)
7Nioiol3 ane exAme mely Small RaJA Molecwte cohich ourte
NofConenu
bt Praten Coads m Comsast to virtus
RnIA rol e shonded ono creulsn dfiene. o nvuea jioley
h dibkerend vitoiolg angirm a3 to t

h aonesa e virofdg hane kig tosine& uanine Conten

aukeh pravidg ebility
vfco d exhfbi4 Raerma@ slebiiity, Co-opevativity or9
Selb Cenpemendan.
dorvfon8-
PRong ara, mls fojde potefry co e abitity to AonUmi) ueir
nto norma varians o tu Come poBeh,
Tey Chornatteri2e Sevesai Atal&tanLmiesibe neusodegoneredr
CSeay-ej humang ano many Qher aaimalg,
Preus Pney co desiqnad te Poojeing ýn rim o
'pn p0Hen e r
PruP. PrRG fond m-e healthy fea ple &anmal
There ora tuoo formg ok re. Tne nonma n f one feunol h alu
orgpromg and deno4 Caue ay diseal e one ore fomol n e
Cellmem bonnek. TLa) e py0}ein reberecl o PrPleye
cefet
+o Genulan ohcOmmon
eeComedorm o far yfame n hfees nobertals ma are
re33 ant to po lea) e entiy med. Ths inkeHoo orcn& ferenedos
PrPSlere sl e r qo ScarpPie J e pro etype Prion ediseosem
,

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