11.

MAKALE

ANCIENT PEOPLE SHAPED THE

AMAZON RAINFOREST
The Amazon rainforest is a moist broadleaf forest in the
Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of
South America.

BÖLÜM 1 MAKALENİN ÖNEMLİ KELİMELERİ

Makaleyi okumadan önce YKS-DİL’e yansıyabilecek ve özel olarak seçilmiş olan aşağıdaki kelimeleri
gözden geçirip bilmediklerinizi mutlaka not ediniz.

Hedef Kelime Türkçe Karşılığı Eş ve Yakın Anlamlıları

vast (adj) engin, muazzam, geniş massive, huge, enormous, immense

in fact (adv) aslında, doğrusu truly, indeed, actually
indigenous (adj) yerli, bölgeye ait native, local, aboriginal
amass (v) toplamak, biriktirmek collect, accumulate, gather
influence (v) etkilemek, tesir etmek affect, impact
focus on (phr v) odaklanmak, dikkatini vermek concentrate on, pay attention to
domesticate (v) evcilleştirmek bring under human control
throughout (adv) boyunca, her tarafında everywhere, all over
remote (adj) uzak, mesafeli distant, isolated, faraway
pristine (adj) saf, dokunulmamış unspoiled, untouched
heat up (phr v) kızıştırmak, tırmandırmak spark off, escalate, aggravate
debate (n) tartışma, münazara argument, dispute, discussion
immense (adj) muazzam, engin, çok büyük huge, vast, enormous, vast
hamper (v) engellemek, köstek olmak impede, hinder, obstruct
impression (n) izlenim, intiba feeling, idea, notion
pinpoint (v) tespit etmek, yerini belirlemek locate, identify, determine
livelihood (n) rızık, geçim living, income, source of revenue
sufficient (adj) yeterli, kafi enough, adequate
point out (phr v) belirtmek, işaret etmek, dikkat çekmek indicate, state, show, identify
heritage (n) miras, kalıtım inheritance, legacy

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 11. MAKALE AMAZON RAINFOREST

BÖLÜM 2 KELİME ÇALIŞMALARI ve ALIŞTIRMALARI

Makalemize geçmeden önce, aşağıdaki alıştırmalarda Bölüm-1’de sunulan hedef kelimeleri pekiştirmeye
dair çalışmalar yaparak bu kelimeleri daha kalıcı hale getirebilirsiniz.

EXERCISE-1 SYNONYM - TURKISH DEFINITION MATCHING

Orta sütunda gördüğünüz hedef kelimeleri önce sol sütundaki İngilizce eş anlamlısı ile daha sonra sağ sütundaki
Türkçe karşılığı ile eşleştiriniz.

( ) living, income livelihood ( ) uzak, mesafeli

( ) local, native, aboriginal point out ( ) geçim, rızık

( ) argument, dispute remote ( ) yerli, bölgeye ait

( ) indicate, state indigenous ( ) belirtmek, işaret etmek

( ) faraway, distant debate ( ) tartışma

( ) affect in fact ( ) izlenim, intiba

( ) spark off, escalate impression ( ) etkilemek

( ) feeling, idea, notion vast ( ) aslında, doğrusu

( ) huge, massive, immense influence ( ) kızıştırmak

( ) indeed, actually heat up ( ) muazzam

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AMAZON RAINFOREST 11. MAKALE

EXERCISE-2 DEFINITION & SYNONYM EXERCISE-3 SYNONYM FINDER

Sorudaki açıklamaya uygun seçeneği işaretleyiniz. Altı çizili olan kelimenin eş anlamlısını işaretleyiniz.

1. Türkçesi “yeterli, kafi” ve eş anlamlısı “enough, 1. A team made a discovery by amassing data
adequate” olan kelime aşağıdakilerden hangisidir? from more than 1,000 forest surveys on a map of
more than 3,000 archaeological sites across the
A) sufficient B) vast Amazon.
C) remote D) pristine A) collecting B) emphasizing C) hindering

M O DA Dİ L Y a yı nl a rı
2. A study pinpointed regions of the Amazon that
2. Türkçesi “boyunca, her tarafında” ve eş today concentrate especially high diversities and
anlamlısı “everywhere, all over” olan kelime large populations of domesticated species.
aşağıdakilerden hangisidir?
A) domesticated B) identified C) impeded
A) throughout B) besides

C) except for D) in place of

EXERCISE-4 FILL IN THE BLANKS

Boş bırakılan yerlere uygun olan ifadeyi bulunuz.

3. Türkçesi “muazzam, engin, çok büyük” ve eş

anlamlısı “huge, massive, enormous, vast” olan 1. Some of the tree species that are abundant ‑‑‑‑
kelime aşağıdakilerden hangisidir? Amazonian forests today, like cacao, and Brazil
nut, are probably common because they were
A) pristine B) immense planted ‑‑‑‑ people who lived there long before
the arrival of European colonists.
C) remote D) indigenous
A) with / for B) on / around

C) of / via D) in / by

4. Türkçesi “engellemek, köstek olmak” ve eş

MO DADİL Ya yı nl arı

anlamlısı “impede, hinder, obstruct” olan kelime 2. A study ‑‑‑‑ 85 tree species known to have been
aşağıdakilerden hangisidir? domesticated by Amazonian peoples for food,
shelter, or other uses over the last several
A) highlight B) heat up
thousand years.
C) point out D) hamper
A) kept up with B) focused on

C) looked after D) gave up

5. Türkçesi “miras, kalıtım” ve eş anlamlısı

“inheritance, legacy” olan kelime aşağıdakilerden 3. There are still some remote forests in the
hangisidir? Amazon that we’d typically assumed to be ‑‑‑‑
and undisturbed,” says Pitman.
A) heritage B) impression
A) pristine B) spoiled
C) demand D) argument
C) cultivated D) domesticated

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 11. MAKALE AMAZON RAINFOREST

BÖLÜM 3 MAKALE ve OKUDUĞUNU ANLAMA SORULARI

ANCIENT PEOPLE SHAPED THE

AMAZON RAINFOREST

Bölüm 1 ve 2’de çalışmış olduğunuz kelimeleri dikkate alarak aşağıdaki makaleyi okuyunuz ve okuduğunu
anlama sorularını makaleye göre cevaplayınız.

We often think of the Amazon rainforest as a vast expanse of nature untouched by humans. But a new study in
Science Magazine suggests that is not true; in fact, today’s rainforest is shaped by trees that were cultivated by
indigenous peoples thousands of years ago.

“Some of the tree species that are abundant in Amazonian forests today, like cacao, açaí, and Brazil nut, are
common because they were planted by people who lived there long before the arrival of European colonists,” says
Nigel Pitman, the Mellon Senior Conservation Ecologist and a co-author of the study.

The team made the discovery by amassing data from more than 1,000 forest surveys on a map of more than 3,000
archaeological sites across the Amazon. By comparing forest composition at varying distances from archaeological
sites, the analysis generated the first Amazon-wide picture of how pre-Columbian peoples influenced Amazonian
biodiversity.

The study focused on 85 tree species known to have been domesticated by Amazonian peoples for food, shelter,
or other uses over the last several thousand years. The researchers found that throughout the Amazon basin, these
species were five times more likely to be common in upland forests than non-domesticated species.

“That is even the case for some really remote forests that we’d typically assumed to be pristine and undisturbed,”
says Pitman. The finding heats up a long debate among scientists about how thousands of years of human
settlement in the Amazon basin have influenced modern-day patterns of Amazonian biodiversity. The immense size
of Amazonian forests has historically hampered archaeological research and given the impression of an untouched
landscape, but a large number of new archaeological sites have been discovered in recent years.

The study also pinpointed regions of the Amazon that today concentrate especially high diversities and large
populations of domesticated species. Southwestern Amazonia, where large stands of Brazil nut trees remain a
foundation of local residents’ livelihoods, is one such example. Other regions showed fewer domesticated species,
or a weaker relationship between domesticated species and archeological sites, highlighting the need for more
research on the history of Amazonian settlement.

While the small number of domesticated species used in the study was sufficient to reveal a strong human signal in
modern forests, the authors point out that the signal may be even stronger than they documented, since hundreds
of other Amazonian tree species were used by pre-Colombian peoples and also deserve study. “The questions
are pressing,” says Pitman, “since both types of pre-Columbian heritage - archeological sites and the forests that
surround them - are at risk from road-building, mining, and other threats to the Amazon.”

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AMAZON RAINFOREST 11. MAKALE

Aşağıdaki soruları makaleye göre cevaplayınız. 3. It is clear in the passage that though Amazon
was thought to be an untouched area, ----.
1. It is clearly stated in the passage that ‑‑‑‑.
A) in the light of new discoveries it has been
A) data collected by the team about the proven that Amazon had people living in it,
archeological sites is gathered through who shaped the Amazon basin by cultivating
superficial analysis plants

B) contrary to popular belief, Amazonian B) some non-domesticated plants and a few tree
biodiversity has not been affected by any species can be found in the area, showing vice

M O DA Dİ L Y a yı nl a rı
human settlement versa

C) the arrival of the European colonists to C) some regions showed weak relationship
Amazon rainforest was the first in human between domesticated species and
history archaeological sites

D) some of the tree species are so common in D) today’s rainforest is shaped by trees that were
the Amazon rainforest that they seem to be cultivated by European colonists
planted only recently
E) the small number of domesticated species was
E) a new study in Science states that human not sufficient to reveal a strong human signal
activities have played a role in shaping in modern forests
Amazon rainforest

2. It can be understood from the passage that

Southwestern Amazonia ----.

A) is a spot where domesticated species linked to

human activities cannot be seen
MO DADİL Ya yı nl arı

B) hosts domesticated species by which local

people in the area mostly earn their living

C) hosts hundreds of tree species used by pre-

Colombian people, so they deserve to be
studied

D) holds scientific evidence about how human

settlements in the Amazon basin changed the
history of the region

E) is the place where new archaeological sites

have been discovered recently

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 11. MAKALE AMAZON RAINFOREST

YKS-DİL MİNİ TEST

BÖLÜM 4
Bu makaleden YKS-DİL’de nasıl sorular gelir?

Aşağıda, bu makaleden ve aynı konu içeriğine sahip benzer makalelerden yazmış olduğumuz özgün
soruları çözerek makale içeriklerinin ve makalede geçen cümlelerin YKS-DİL sınavında nasıl soru haline
geldiğini görebilirsiniz.

4. ‑‑‑‑ the Amazon basin was substantially drier,

1. - 6. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere
uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. or remained wet during glacial times has been
controversial.

1. Efforts by the Brazilian government over the A) Whether B) How

past 15 years to ‑‑‑‑ deforestation have been a
widely celebrated success. C) What D) Where

M ODA Dİ L Ya yı nl a r ı
A) curb B) boost E) Which

C) supply D) erupt

E) compile

2. Climate change policies ‑‑‑‑ the tropics have

effectively been paying attention ‑‑‑‑ reduction 5. ‑‑‑‑ urgent action is taken to stop deforestation
of carbon emissions from deforestation. in key areas, the Amazon will suffer the loss of
between 31-44% of species by just 2030.
A) to / over B) for / towards
A) Now that B) Unless
C) on / to D) with / for
C) Once D) In case
E) by / against
E) Just as
MO DADİL Yayı nl arı

3. The pre-Columbian Indian societies that once

‑‑‑‑ in the Amazon rainforests ‑‑‑‑ much more
advanced than researchers previously realized.

A) were living / would have been 6. Amazon was widely drier during the last glacial
period ‑‑‑‑ the rainforest persisted throughout
B) are living / could be
this time.
C) lived / may have been
A) so long as B) if
D) had lived / must be
C) seeing as D) though
E) live / are
E) just as

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AMAZON RAINFOREST 11. MAKALE

7. - 9. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada 10. soruda, verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde

numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.
ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
10. Two major droughts within a five-year period
Human activity (7)‑‑‑‑ more than one-tenth of have done significant damage to the Amazon
trees and plants from the Amazon rainforest forest in Brazil, ‑‑‑‑.
since the 1960s. Widespread removal of trees
A) so the Brazilian Amazon covers 60 percent
has contributed to a rise in the amount of carbon
of the country, an area half the size of the
dioxide in the atmosphere, increasing the potential
continental United States
impact (8)‑‑‑‑ climate change. Deforestation of the

M O DA Dİ L Y a yı nl a rı
B) but analyzing how the forest has responded
Amazon accounted for 1.5 per cent of the increase
may help researchers predict the long-term
in carbon dioxide levels seen since the mid-
effect of global warming
nineteenth century. (9)‑‑‑‑, this increased the total
amount of carbon found in the atmosphere only C) and thus farmers in the deforested areas
very slightly compared with fossil fuel emissions. raise cattle, but more recently have planted
soybeans
D) whereas the prolonged drought in 2005
caused a lot of tree mortality
E) since a drought event drastically reduces
7. available water and affects vegetation health
A) used to remove B) may remove

C) had removed D) has removed

E) is removing

8.
MO DADİL Ya yı nl arı

A) for B) of

C) in D) with

E) towards

9.
A) However B) In particular

C) For example D) Consequently

E) Otherwise

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 11. MAKALE AMAZON RAINFOREST

11. soruda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş 12. soruda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın
bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi cümleyi bulunuz.
bulunuz.
12. The water flowing in the Amazon River, at
11. Jack: any given time, is more than the total water
flowing in the seven largest rivers in the world
– I think more serious attempts should
combined.
be made towards recovering Amazon
rainforests. A) Amazon has more water streaming in it than
the seven largest rivers in the world have.
Mary:

M O DA Dİ L Y a yı nl a rı
– What do you mean by that? B) The seven largest rivers in the world together
have as much water as Amazon River, at any
Jack: given time.
– ----
C) The water streaming in Amazon River, at any
Mary: specific period, is no more than the total water
– I read an article saying that they are already the seven biggest rivers in the world has.
taking some actions against deforestation
D) Amazon River has almost the same amount of
and pollution in the area.
water flowing in it, at any particular time, as the
A) Well, I think global warming is a major menace seven biggest rivers in the world combined.
to environment and it should be tackled
E) The seven biggest rivers in the world
immediately.
combined have less water flowing than
B) You know, people in the area have long Amazon River, at any specific time.
been damaging forests and ecology and
governments should be aware of that.

C) In other words, they are the lungs of the world

and they must be well protected.

D) Every person in the area should be well

informed about the possible consequences of
cutting down forests unconsciously.
MO DADİL Ya yı nl arı

E) Brazilian government has already said it will be

enacting some laws about it.

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AMAZON RAINFOREST 11. MAKALE

13. soruda, verilen duruma uygun düşen 14. soruda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam
ifadeyi bulunuz. bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek
cümleyi bulunuz.
13. You saw your little brother throwing away
some used papers. You are well aware of the 14. Tropical areas of south and Central America
importance of recycling as forests are being such as the Amazon rainforest are home to
cut down all over the world relentlessly. You some 7500 species of butterfly compared with
get angry with the situation, so you say to him: only around 65 species in Britain. Scientists
---- have ruled out the common theory that
attributed this richness of wildlife to climate

M O DA Dİ L Y a yı nl a rı
A) You should be more careful about the things change, in a paper published on 7th December.
you use as they are getting less and less ‑‑‑‑ After conducting “DNA-clock” studies,
nowadays. which revealed that new species evolved at
very variable rates, the scientists were able to
B) What do you think you are doing? You should
conclude that external factors can only have had
use recycling bins and you shouldn’t be so
a limited impact on evolution.
ignorant the next time.
A) Likewise, some groups contain very young
C) I reckon you toss my homework out. What will and rapidly evolving species, such as the
I do now? Amazonian tiger-stripe butterflies.

D) You should use more e-books since a lot of B) Around 40% of the world’s species can be
trees are being cut down throughout the world found in the tropical areas of south and Central
to make paper. America, as a result.
C) The difference in numbers of species between
E) Recycling will save Amazon rainforests, and
the temperate zone and tropical South
we should be giving it more credit.
America, however, can be explained by mass
extinctions.
D) Instead, scientists believe that biology played
a far greater role in the evolution of species
than external factors like prehistoric climate
change.
E) So, most species living in North America and
Europe are relatively recent arrivals because
MO DADİL Ya yı nl arı

the original inhabitants were wiped out by

those ice ages.

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 11. MAKALE AMAZON RAINFOREST

15. soruda, verilen İngilizce cümlenin 16. soruda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin İngilizce
Türkçesini bulunuz. çevirisini bulunuz.

15. Destruction of large areas of the Amazon 16. Yeni bir araştırma, son yirmi yılda madencilik,
impacts on the biodiversity of the rainforest yasadışı kerestecilik ve tarım nedeniyle
and could lead to the loss of many animal and dünyanın yağmur ormanlarının onda birini
plant species. kaybettiğimizi ortaya koydu.

A) Amazon’un geniş alanlarını tahrip ettiğimizde, A) A new study has proved that mining, illegal
yağmur ormanlarının biyolojik çeşitliliği bundan lumbering and agriculture are the cause of loss
of one tenth of the world’s rainforests in the

M O DA Dİ L Y a yı nl a rı
etkilenir ve bu durum birçok hayvan ve bitki
türünün yok olmasına yol açabilir. last twenty years.

B) Amazon’da meydana gelen tahribat yağmur B) According to a new study, in the past twenty
ormanlarının biyolojik farklılığını etkiler ve years one tenth of the world’s rainforests have
birçok hayvan ve bitki türünde ciddi kayıplara been lost owing to mining, illegal lumbering
sebep olabilir. and agriculture.
C) Amazon’un geniş alanlarının tahrip edilmesi, C) A new study has revealed that in the last
yağmur ormanlarının biyolojik çeşitliliğini etkiler twenty years we have lost one tenth of the
ve birçok hayvan ve bitki türünün yok olmasına world’s rainforests due to mining, illegal
neden olabilir. lumbering and agriculture.
D) Büyük oranda Amazon tahribatı, yağmur
D) According to a new study, one tenth of the
ormanlarının biyolojik çeşitliliğini etkilemekle
world’s rainforests have been burned down in
kalmaz, aynı zamanda birçok hayvan ve bitki
the last twenty years for many reasons such
türünün kaybına da yol açar.
as mining, illegal lumbering and agriculture.
E) Amazon alanlarının geniş ölçüde tahrip
edilmesi, yağmur ormanlarının biyolojik E) It is stated in a new study that in the last
çeşitliliğini etkiler ve birçok hayvan ve bitki twenty years we have lost one tenth of
türünü yok edebilir. world’s rainforests because of mining, illegal
lumbering and agriculture.

17. soruda, cümleler sırasıyla okunduğunda

parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi
bulunuz.
MO DADİL Ya yı nl arı

17. (I) Portions of the Amazon basin are experiencing

a transition in energy and water cycles.
(II) Evidence suggests that the Amazon may also
be transitioning from a net carbon sink to a net
source. (III) This research shows that although
the Amazon is resilient to individual disturbances,
such as drought, multiple disturbances override
this. (IV) This review provides a framework for
understanding the associations between natural
variability and drivers of change. (V) Efforts in
Brazil to control deforestation have caused a
significant decline in the clearing of forests in the
Amazon.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

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AMAZON RAINFOREST 11. MAKALE

BÖLÜM 5 MAKALENİN ÇEVİRİSİ

Bu bölümde, makaleyi tekrar okuyarak ve çevirisini kontrol ederek öğrendiğiniz gramer yapılarını ve
kelimeleri pekiştirebilirsiniz.

1. We often think of the Amazon rainforest as a vast expanse of nature untouched by humans.
 Genellikle Amazon yağmur ormanlarını insanların el sürmediği uçsuz bucaksız bir yer olarak düşünüyoruz.
2. But a new study in Science Magazine suggests that is not true; in fact, today’s rainforest is shaped by
trees that were cultivated by indigenous peoples thousands of years ago.
 Ancak Science’daki yeni bir araştırma bunun doğru olmadığını gösteriyor - aslında, bugünün yağmur
ormanları, binlerce yıl önce yerli halk tarafından yetiştirilen ağaçlardan oluşur.
3. “Some of the tree species that are abundant in Amazonian forests today, like cacao, açaí, and Brazil nut,
are common because they were planted by people who lived there long before the arrival of European
colonists,” says Nigel Pitman, the Mellon Senior Conservation Ecologist and a co-author of the study.
 Mellon Üst Düzey Koruma Ekolojisti ve çalışmanın yardımcı yazarı Nigel Pitman “Günümüzde Amazon
ormanlarında bol miktarda bulunan kakao, açaí ve Brezilya fıstığı gibi ağaç türlerinin bazılarının Avrupalı
sömürgecilerin gelişinden çok önce burada yaşayan insanlar tarafından dikildiğini için yaygın olduğunu
belirtiyor.
4. The team made the discovery by amassing data from more than 1,000 forest surveys on a map of more
than 3,000 archaeological sites across the Amazon.
 Ekip, keşfi, Amazon’da 3000’den fazla arkeolojik alana ait bir harita üzerinde 1,000’den fazla orman
araştırmasından elde edilen verileri bir araya getirerek yaptı.
5. By comparing forest composition at varying distances from archaeological sites, the analysis generated
the first Amazon-wide picture of how pre-Columbian peoples influenced Amazonian biodiversity.
 Arkeolojik alanlara farklı uzaklıklarda bulunan orman oluşumu karşılaştırılarak, analiz Kolomb öncesi
dönemdeki halkların Amazon’un biyolojik çeşitliliğini nasıl etkilediğinin ilk Amazon geneli resmini ortaya
koydu.
6. The study focused on 85 tree species known to have been domesticated by Amazonian peoples for food,
shelter, or other uses over the last several thousand years.
 Çalışma, Amazon halkları tarafından son birkaç bin yılda yiyecek, barınak veya diğer kullanımlar için
evcilleştirildiği bilinen 85 ağaç türüne odaklandı.
7. The researchers found that throughout the Amazon basin, these species were five times more likely to
be common in upland forests than non-domesticated species.
 Araştırmacılar, Amazon havzasında bu türlerin yüksek yerlerdeki ormanlarda, evcilleştirilmemiş türlerden
muhtemelen beş kat daha yaygın olduğunu tespit etti.
8. “That is even the case for some really remote forests that we’d typically assumed to be pristine and
undisturbed,” says Pitman.
 Pitman “Normalde bakir ve bozulmamış olduğunu farz ettiğimiz bazı oldukça uzak ormanlar için bile durumun
böyle olduğunu” söylüyor.
9. The finding heats up a long debate among scientists about how thousands of years of human settlement
in the Amazon basin have influenced modern-day patterns of Amazonian biodiversity.
 Bu bulgu, Amazon havzasındaki binlerce yıllık insan yerleşiminin Amazon biyolojik çeşitliliğinin günümüz
örneklerini nasıl etkilediği ile ilgili bilim insanları arasında yapılan uzun tartışmaları alevlendiriyor.

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 11. MAKALE AMAZON RAINFOREST

10. The immense size of Amazonian forests has historically hampered archaeological research and given
the impression of an untouched landscape, but a large number of new archaeological sites have been
discovered in recent years.
 Amazon ormanlarının muazzam büyüklüğü, arkeolojik araştırmaları tarih boyunca engelledi ve el değmemiş
bir manzara izlenimi verdi ancak son yıllarda çok sayıda yeni arkeolojik alan keşfedildi.
11. The study also pinpointed regions of the Amazon that today concentrate especially high diversities and
large populations of domesticated species.
 Çalışma, Amazon’un günümüzde özellikle yoğun çeşitlilik gösteren ve büyük ölçüde evcilleştirilen türlerin
yoğunlaştığı bölgelerini de tespit etti.
12. Southwestern Amazonia, where large stands of Brazil nut trees remain a foundation of local residents’
livelihoods, is one such example.
 Brezilya fıstık ağacının yerli halkın geçiminin temelini oluşturduğu Güneybatı Amazon bu tip bir örnektir.
13. Other regions showed fewer domesticated species, or a weaker relationship between domesticated
species and archeological sites, highlighting the need for more research on the history of Amazonian
settlement.
 Diğer bölgeler daha az evcilleştirilmiş türü ya da evcilleştirilmiş türler ve arkeolojik alanlar arasında
daha zayıf bir ilişkiyi gösterdi, ki bu Amazon yerleşkesinin tarihi üzerinde daha fazla araştırma ihtiyacını
vurgulamaktadır.
14. While the small number of domesticated species used in the study was sufficient to reveal a strong
human signal in modern forests, the authors point out that the signal may be even stronger than they
documented, since hundreds of other Amazonian tree species were used by pre-Colombian peoples and
also deserve study.
 Araştırmada kullanılan az sayıda evcilleştirilmiş tür, modern ormanda güçlü bir insan emaresi ortaya
çıkarmak için yeterli olmasına rağmen, yazarlar, yüzlerce başka Amazon ağaç türü Kolomb öncesi halklar
tarafından kullanıldığı için, emarenin belgelediklerinden daha güçlü ve çalışmaya değer olabileceğini
belirtiyorlar.
15. “The questions are pressing,” says Pitman, “since both types of pre-Columbian heritage - archeological
sites and the forests that surround them - are at risk from road-building, mining, and other threats to the
Amazon.”
 Pitman, “ Kolomb öncesi mirasın her iki türünün de (arkeolojik alanların ve bunları çevreleyen ormanların)
yol yapımı, madencilik ve Amazon’a yönelik diğer tehditlerden dolayı risk altında olduğu için soruların arka
arkaya geldiğini” belirtiyor.

Suat GÜRCAN • Yunus BAĞCI

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Rıdvan GÜRBÜZ • Kürşat CÖMERT