Pinnacle

Major centers of the Revolt

Barrackpore Mangal Pandey, a Hindu
Bareilly: Khan Bahadur Khan was the
leader of this region. His revolt was
suppressed by Sir Colin Campbell.
Sepoy mutiny before 18s
Bengal Mutiny -
History
sepoy in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry in Bengal in 1764. Sepoy mutiny
regiment of the British East India
Company, led the revolt by attacking two
Kanpur -The revolt in Kanpur was led by
Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Vellore mutiny (10 July OcCur ed
British officers (Hugeson and Baugh). Baji Rao I and proclaimed as Peshwa. Scene of a large
mutiny1806)
in -The
Arrested and sentenced to death on He joined the revolt primarily because he
was deprived of his pension by the
occurred in
Madras South India
Nadu) by Indian sepoys (presently
March 29, 1857, in Barrackpore, he is
regarded as one of the first freedom British. Tantya Tope led his troops. The India Company. The against the
Vellore Tarmil
fighters of the revolt. revolt was suppressed by Sir Colin
Campbell.
suppressed by General Gillesby mutiny was
Delhi - The leadership at 47th Native Infantry
Delhi was Baraut Shah Mal led the Jats of Baraut
Unit
A parade was held on 1 mutiny (18824)-
nominally in the hands of Bahadur Shah
II (Bahadur Shah Zafar) but the real
control was exercised by General Bakht
Khan. Bahadur ShahI| was the last
(Uttar Pradesh) in rebellon against the
East India Company. He was killed in
battle in July 1857.
during which the
knapsacks and refused to
Novernber,
soldiers of the
Native Infantry appeared without n
Mughal emperor and a symbol of
Gwalior - Laxmibai, accompanied by
They again demanded theirbbring thern
Muslimn resistance to British rule. After
the revolt of 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar
Tantia Tope, led the Gwalior revolt. refused to march without
carriage
bullocks or payment of double batta
was overthrown by the British and sent to
Rangoon jail in 1858. He died in Burma
Tantia Tope, originally named
Ramchandra Pandurang, was a trusted
grievances. redress of
general of Nana Saheb. He died on April Solapur Mutiny - Dissatisfaction
the terms of payments led toahe..
in 1862 at the age of 87. His revolt was
suppressed by John Nicholson. 18, 1859 at Shivpuri. His revolt was
suppressed by General Hugh Rose. disarace of a native
Lucknow - It was the capital of Awadh. when it refused to turnregiment at Solane
out for parade o
Causes of failure - The Revolt was failed 24 Nov 1838.
Begum Hazrat Mahal, one of the begums
of the ex-king of Awadh, took up the due to localization and poorly organized,
leadership of the revolt. Her tomb is lacked mass support, lack of common
ideal among sepoys, lack of leadership,
Socio religious reforms
located in Kathmandu, Nepal and her
revolt and did not have any support from the In the first half of the 19th
was suppressed by Colin
ruling prince.
century, Indian
Campbell. society was entrenched in caste
divisions and rigidity. British colonial ulo
Jhansi - Rani Lakshmi Bai, daughter of Aftermath of 1857 Revolt exposed these flaws, introducing English
Moropant Tambe, led rebels after the language and modern ideals of liberty
British rejected her adopted son's claim Queen Victoria's Proclamation (1858) equality, and justice. This led to a social
to the throne of Jhansi. Her childhood was declared openly by Lord Canning Renaissance, with movements aiming to
name was 'Manikarnika', she fought the (first viceroy of India) on November 1, reform Indian society which laid down
British but died on the battlefield in 1858. 1858, at Allahabad (Prayagraj) through the foundation of modern India.
Durbar. The Act of 1858 was known as
Her son, Damodar Rao, died four months
after birth. General Hugh the Act for the better Government of Brahmo Samaj : Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Rose
India. founded the Atmiya Sabha (Forerunner of
suppressed her revolt.
Brahmo Samaj) in 1814, the Calcutta
Bihar (Jagdishpur) - Kunwar Singh, Main provisions: Indian territories of Unitarian Association in 1821, and the
Britain were to be governed in the name
Zamindar of Jagdishpur, led the revolt in Brahmo Sabha in 1828 in Kolkata which
of the British Queen, The act ended the
Bihar during 1857. His uprising was later became the Brahmo Samaj.
suppressed by William Taylor. Veer controversial 'Doctrine of Lapse'.
Kunwar Singh Jayanti celebrates his The designation of Governor-General of It was the first intellectual reform
achievements in the Indian rebellion India was changed to Viceroy of India, movement in modern India, aiming for
movement of 1857. ended the double government rule, and the worship of the eternal God while
introduced the Secretary of State for opposing priesthood, rituals and
Allahabad and Banaras: Maulvi Liyakat India (Lord Stanely) who was directly sacrifices. It was the forerunner of all
Ali, who was a Muslim religious Ileader responsible and accountable to the social, religious and political movements
from Allahabad (Prayagraj), in the state British Parliament. of modern India.
of Uttar Pradesh led this revolt. His revolt
was suppressed by Colonel Oncell. Number of Europeans in the army was It split into two in 1866, namely Brahmo
increased so that they have better Samaj of India led by Keshub Chandra
Faizabad: Maulvi Ahmadullah led the control over administration. Sen and Adi Brahmo Samaj led by
revolt in the Awadh region, declaring it a Debendranath Tagore. Raja Ram Mohan
Jihad against the English. Known as the Note - The skeletal remains of the Roy is popularly known as Harbinger of
Lighthouse of Rebellion in Awadh Indian soldiers, who were killed by the Morden India' and father of Indian
egion. His nickname was Danka Shah British troops during the 1857 revolt, Renaissance'. He abolished Sati with the
he maulvi with the drum. The mutinous were exhumed at Ajnala well in help of Lord William Bantinck in 1829.
2nd Native Infantry elected him as their Amritsar district, Punjab in 2014.
ader.
218
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ore 185Histony Pinnacle
- It was founded in 1830 1873. It aimed to reform society, prornote breaking caste rules.
Modern History

Dharam SabhaRadhakanta
utiny oC uTe in
Calcutta
conservative
by
Hindu
Deb. It was a
society. It
education, and advocate for social rights,
justice, and political access for the
Dadoba Pandurang composed Dharma
Vivechan under the narne of Jagadvasl
campaigned against the Hindu Widow marginalized. Arya. He was also known as the panini of
0n6) Soul-Tnhe Ihifiart RemarriageAct, 1856. His wife, Savitribai, managed women's
activities. was an anti-caste
the Marathi language. Dharma Vivechan
emphasized seven principles: worshiping

eaisennsttly theTaEamt
e mutiny was
Arya Samaj
- The first Arya Samaj unit
formally set up by Dayananda
Saraswati(born in Gujarat) at Bombay in
movement. Phule wrote "Gulamgiri"
dedicated to those fighting slavery in the
US.
only God, religion based on love and
moral conduct, unity of spiritual religion,
freedom of thought, actions consistent
esby. Lahore. The aim was
to
headquarters
875 later establishing its re-establish
Veda Samaj It was founded in Madras
with reason, hurmanity as one caste, and
universal access to the right knowledge.

n1utofinyNovembethe(I82447t) h inthe Vedas, the earliest Hindu scriptures,

revealed truth. Its slogan was
which means
in 1864 by Keshab Chandra Sen and K.
Sridharalu Naidu, aimed to abolish caste
Tattwabodhini Sabha - It was founded
by Debendranath Tagore in Calcutta on 6
Kinvanto Vishwam Aryam, distinctions, promote widow rernarriage,
October 1839 as asplinter group of the
without thei
heirbringcaritahgeem.
Make the World Noble.
paternal name of
Mool Shankar was the Saraswati.
and advocate for women's education. It
later became the Brahmo Samaj of
Southern India in 1871 under Naidu's
Brahmo Samaj. It aimed to promote a
rational and hurnanist form of Hinduism
on the Vedanta and the

tbleredress
bata ango Dayanand He leadership. Chembeti Sridharalu Naidu based
Swami
vedas and wrote three was the most popular leader of the Veda Upanishads.
translated the Prakash
haoks Veda Bhasya, Satyarth Samaj.
The Theosophical Society, founded in
the slogan
end Bhasya Bhumika. He gave The Widow Remarriage Association was 1875 by Madarne Blavatsky and Colonel
fentactleidaton Soltoaabpurouthe Go Back to
Vedas.
In his book Satyarth
Davanand Saraswati
Prakash, Swami
propounded that the
founded by Vishnu Shastri Pandit in the
1850s, followed by Mahadev Govind
Olcott in New York (later moved to
Madras), emphasized the
ancient Hindu, Buddhist, and
study of
Zoroastrían
was Tibet. Ranade in 1861. D.K. Karve established
for parade on original home off the Aryans Shuddbi philosophies. It advocated for universal
initiated the another Widow Remarriage Association
The Arya Samaj brotherhood based on principles from
conducting purificatory in 1893. Besant
the Upanishads and Vedas. Annie
Movement,
to
ceremonies for Hindus converted 1889.
eforms other religions like Islam and Christianity. Dev Samaj - Founded on February 16,
1887 in Lahore, by Shiv Narayan
Agnihotri, the Dev Samaj aims to
joined the society in

The Aligarh Movement, inítiated

by Syed
centuinry, Incastedian Arva Mahila Samaj - Founded in 1882
Pandita Ramabai, Arya Mahila
by
Samaj propagate beauty, truth, and goodness in
Ahmad Khan in 1875, focused
educational and social reform of
on the
Muslim
ncolonial rule
aimed to empower and educate
women all aspects of life, irrespective of their society, marking a significant
revival and
women's color, creed, caste, or country.
ucing English
als of liberty
for dignified lives. Ramabai, a
also
resurgence.
rights activist and social reformer, Prarthana Samaj - Founded in 1867 by
ed to a established Sharda Sadan and Mukti Sarvodaya Samaj - This movement was
social advocating for women's Dr. Atmaram Pandurang, influenced by 1950s. Its
nts aiming to Mission, Keshab Chandra Sen, the Prarthana started by Vinoba Bhave in the
Madhya
ch laid down education, particularly for widows and Samaj advocated monotheism, opposed first conference was held in
Pandita
dia. children. She received the title caste prejudice, and critiqued priestly
Pradesh.
University for
from the faculty of Calcutta authority. It preceded the Paramahansa Association
Mohan Roy Sanskrit. All India Depressed Class
her knowledge of Sabha, advocating for liberal principles founded by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar in
Forerunner of removal. was
Ramakrishna Mission Swami and caste/community barrier Nagpur on August 8, 1930. He
fought for
the Calcutta
as Narendranath Mahadeo Govind Ranade, joining in 1870, community,
Vivekananda, born Prarthana the rights of the Dalit
321, and the
established the Ramakrishna played a pivotal role in the nationwide workers and peasants. He belonged
to
blkata which Dutta, Samaj's success, earning it a
Bengal, the Mahar community.
maj. Mission in 1897 in Belur, West reputation. R.G. Bhandarkar and
N.G.
movements
stressing salvation through social Chandavarkar also served as He initiated temple entry
1935 to combat
ctual reform service and selfless action. It promoted prominent leader.
between 1927 and
he
a, aiming for Advaita Vedanta and four yogic ideals: caste discrimination. Additionally,
Hitkarini
The led by the Bahishkrit
l God while Jnana, Bhakti, Karma,and Raja yoga. The Young Bengal movement, established
to
"Atmano Mokshartham Calcutta in
Henry Louis Vivian Derozio in Sabha in Bombay on July 20, 1924,
ituals and motto was among
unner of all Jagaddhitaya Cha." He authored 'The the 1820s, promoted radical
thinking and foster socio-political awareness
West'.Vivekananda's death criticized orthodox Hindu religious the untouchables.
movements East and the
Derozio encouraged
anniversary is observed on July 4th. practices.
The Harijan Sevak Sangh,
founded by
free-thinking and advocated for liberty, Gandhi in 1932, aims to
Ramakrishna Paramahansa was Swami equality, and freedom. Mahatma
mely Brahmo Dalit
nub Chandra
Vivekananda's guru. In his 1893 Chicago eradicate untouchability and uplift
Delhi,
speech, Vivekananda emphasized Paramahansa Mandali - It was started by communities. Its headquarter is in
maj led by in states. Gandhi
Hinduism's values of tolerance and Durgaram Mehtaji, Dadoba Pandurang with branches across 26
published the weekly journal "Young
Ram Mhan
universal acceptance, stating that it
reform
Bombay in 1849, aimed to
Harbingerof Brahmanical India" from 1919 to 1931.
- of Indian
accepts all religions as true. Hinduism by opposing One
orthodoxy and advocating belief in
Satiwiththe Satyashodhak Samaj - Jyotiba Phule
in God. It was associated
with the Manav The Servants of India Society, founded
in 1829. founded the Satyashodhak Samaj 24, Dharam Sabha's ideology and focused
on by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Pune
on
September
Pune, Maharashtra, on Download Pinnacle Exam Preparation App
219
www.ssccglpinnacle.com
218
 Pinnncle
June 12, 1905, aimed et
through education, socialnation-building upon thelr duties as Muslims. It becarme founded the first
upliftment welfare, and
the underprlvileged revolutionary under the leadership of India - SNDT
Worners worner's Hrtey
Gokhale also eetablished
Snbha
the Decoan
DuduMion in 1840.
The Pngal Panthis sect founded by
The Government
the Bharat Ratna
of India
Uniavwearsridteyd hirm
Karam Shah was a religious movement
that arose in the northern Mymensingh
Vibhushan (1958) Hisand
(1955)
inautobiographies
The Depressed Ctnss Mission, were
founded
LookingAtrnBack
awrut a (
by VR Shinde in Mumbai In and Sherpur District areas of Bengaf's Marathi, and
1906,
to combat untouchnbility nationwideaimed
and
province, English.
restore respect nnd equality for all Castes The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929,
and elaeses Debendranath
passed on September 28, fixed the Covenant whichTagore
was a
wrote the
Deccnn Eduention Society t was
established in 1B84 by Gopal Ganesh
marriage age for girls at 14 and boys at
18. Subsequent amendments raised the
creed of the Brahmo
list of the duties and statementand Braofhmtghea
Samaj
Agarkar and Lokmanya Tilak and Inter
buit by Gopal Krishan Gokhle and
Dhondo Keshev Karve
age to 15 for girls and 21 for boys in
1949, and then to 18 for girls and 21 for
boys in 1978. t's commonfy known as
members. He founded
religion, in 1848
whichtheobligationsBrmadeahmo
of its
the Sharda Act.
synonynous with
Brahmoisn Intoday1863 heis
founded Shantiniketan
The Hindu Mahasabha, founded
Madan Mohan Malvive in 1915, aimed to
by The Hindu Widows Remarriage Act,
Dadabhai
(Abode of
Peaca)
protect Hindu oommunity rights in British 1856, drafted by Lord Dalhousie and Old Man Naoroji,
of India known as the
passed by Lord Canning, was enacted in and the Grand
India. t held its first Alltndia Conference
the Bombay Presidency due to the
Anbassador
India
of India, founded Unthoef rctial
in Haridwar in the same yeat From 1929 Association ín
onwards, t became more aggressive, efforts of social reformer Ishwar Chand the influential book1867. He authored
advocating for the concept of Hindu Vidyasagar. He advocated for the
abolition of child marriage and polygamy the "Poverty
Un-British Rule in India and co-foundedand
1854,Anglo-Gujarati
Rashtra. and supported the establishment of the paper Rast Gofar
The Anushilan Samiti, a
revolutionary
first permanent girls' school in India, the championing social reform amone
Parsis in Western India.
organization in Bengal established in Bethune School. Vidyasagar also served
1902 had over 500 branches. as Principal of a Sanskrit College Nawab Abdul Latif Khan, titled by e
Barindrakumar Ghosh, brother of promoting a blend of Indian and Western British in 1880, is hailed as the
Aurobindo Ghosh, served as its chief. culture. Muslim Renaissance in Bengal. Father cf
He ws
Other members included Rash Behari among the first Muslims in
Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal. The Satnami group, founded in 1820 in
Chhattisgarh by Guru Ghasidas, aimed to
India to advocate for 19th-century
modernization.
The Asiatic Society of Bengal, founded improve the social status of Dalits, Sri Aurobindo, born on
August 15, 1872.
on January 15, 1784, by Sir William primarily leather workers. in Kolkata, was a
philosopher, yogi. gur,
Jones aimed to study ancient languages poet, and nationalist. He authored The
and customs and promote indological Some Important Reformers Life Divine" and developed Integral Yoga
studies during the British era. in Pondicherry. Following his acquittal in
Sree Narayana Guru, born on August 22, the Alipore Bomb case, he launched
The Akali Movement also known as the 1856, in Chempazhanthy, Kerala, was a "Karmayogin" in 1909, a weekly English
social reformer from the Ezhava caste.
Gurdwara Reform Movement was journal covering national religion,
He advocated the anti-caste
initiated in the 1920s by Sikh reformers, movement literature, science, and philosophy.
aimed to purify religious places and and famously promoted the slogan "One
remove social evils. Caste, One Religion, One God for AlI" He Durgabai Deshmukh founded the Andhra
belonged to the Sree Narayana Dharma Mahila Sabha in 1937 in Andhra Pradesh.
Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha : It was Paripalana Yogam organization and built aiming to empower women through
founded in 1851 by a group of Parsis a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva at education and training to overcome
including Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Aruvippuram in 1888. He became a socio-economic and political
Naoroji. KR. Cama, and S.S. Bengalee. It prominent advocate of Advaita Vedanta, backwardness and participate in nationa
aimed to regenerate social conditions the principle of non-duality. development.
and restore the Zoroastrian religion. Books written by him are Advaitha
Deepika, Asrama, Thevarappathinkangal Narayan Malhar Joshi, an Indian trace
Mohammedan Literary Society : It was etc. union leader, founded the Social ServiCe
founded in Caicutta in 1863 by Nawab League and started the All India Trade
Abdul Latif. It aimed to spread modern Shiv Dayal Saheb, a banker from Agra, Union Congress (1920). He was the
education and remove social practices founded Radha Soami in 1861. Radha general secretary of AITUC.
like polygamy among upper and Soami Satsang teaches the significance
middie-class Muslims. of meditation and inner spiritual growth Lala Hansraj was a famous inaial
for achieving God-realization. educationist and a follower of Alyd
Faraizi movement: it was started and led Samaj. He founded the Dayanan
by Haji Shariatulah in 1819, The Dhondo Keshav Karve (Maharshi Karve), Anglo-Vedic Schools (D.A.V.) in 1886
movement extolled Muslims of Bengal to was a social reformer in India in the field Lahore.
of women's welfare. On the line of sOCia
Kandukuri Veeresalingam was aAndha
give up un-islamic practices and act from
promoting women's reformer and writer
education, he 220
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 Modern Hístory
May
Mahajan Sabha, founded in G
considered as the father Association, becoming the Britain, India, Madras Veeraraghavachariar,
Renaissance movement. and Pakistan Association. by M. Ananda Charlu,
cle
1884 P
Subramania lyer, and
is nationalist
He child marriage
dh.
Telugu
against The Bombay Presidency Association prominent Indianthe Madras
ne
fought
d o wSystem,
r was established in 1885 by Badruddin Was a
organization based in
the founder of Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta, and K. T. Presidency.
Khan was Telang. It aimed to oppose Lord Lytton's This
forward
4hmed University and a policies and the controversial lbert Bill.
Madras Native Association
Gazulu
Muslim reformer He is widely formed by
thetwo-nation organization was 1852 in the
Lakshninarasu Chetty inwas the first
lslamist
the
"father of The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha : It was
It
as
rded
founded by Mahadeva Govind Ranade Madras Presidency Madras.
Deshmukh is known as and GV Joshi in 1870 in Pune. They
political organízation in
emphasized the fought for legal rights of farmers,
Hari
Connected common people with the
Indian National Congress
oa/ He education
of for all,
hitwaa
ortance
caste or
gender. He wrote British Government. Bal Gangadhar Tilak andMuslim League
of underthe pen name was also a member of this Sabha.
ective
Prabhakar Indian
social reform
issues. Decernber 1885, the
eeky

olahitawadon
The Bombay Association, formed in On 28 was founded at
Chattopadhyay,later known as 1852 by Jagannath Shankarshet, National CongressSanskrít College in
Paramahansa, was included notable members like Sir Gokuldas Tejpal 72 delegates in
sdadhar
with
akrishna whose profound spiritual Jamshedji Jejibhai, Naoroji Fursungi, Bombay,
priest universal perspective Dadabhai Naoroji, and Vinayak attendance. Secretary
became General
and
guiding Shankarshet. Sir Jamshedji Jejibhai A.0. Hume Bonnerjee was
religious barriers,
ADeriences
Chandra
served as its first president. It was the and Womesh President of the Indian
a1SCend
search fortruth. elected First
their first political organization in the Bombay Dufferín, was
ein British socialist,
Presidency. National Congress. Lord critícízed the
Annle Besant a
time He
and women's rights activist, the viceroy at that
1887, calling them a
established The Bangabhasaha Prakasika Sabha, Congress in
Adcato,
India 1893. She
ivedin Home Rule League in 1916 founded in 1836 by associates of Raja "microscopic minority".
AAI-ndia first woman president of Ram Mohan Roy, focused on
Session of INC
Some Important
thebecamethe
1917. administrative reforms, Indian
and National Congress in Central
Indian
the laid the foundation
of participation in administration, and was the First
fesant Banaras in 1898, spread of education. It played a crucial Bombay Session (1885)- It Bombay in
in in
Mindu
College
religion with Western role in fostering modern nationalism Session which was held was the
ntegrating Hindu among the masses. December, 1885. W.C.Banerjee National
scientificsubjects. Indian
president of this session.
1910. The Indian Association of Calcutta : in this session.
onAugust 26, Congress formed
bar Teresa, born of Charity. Established in 1876 by Surendranath
Missionaries second
winded the serving the poor Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose, the Calcutta Session (1886) - The
iedicating her lite to Indian Association of Calcutta aimed for session of INC led by Dadabhai Naoroji,
worldwide. She was session's end,
and destitute Prize in1979 the advancement of people in political, saw 434 delegates. At the
auarded the Nobel Peace
selfless work. intellectual, and material aspects. It laid the Congress resolved to establish
forher charitable
and the foundations of the Indian National Committees
Provincial Congress
Organisations before Movement and merged with the Indian nationwide.
National Congress in 1886.
Indian National Congress Madras Session (1887)- It was the third
Surendranath Banerjee later joined Session of INC. Syed Badruddin Tyabji
known Indian National Congress, he supported (first muslim president) was the
Landholders' Society - It is also
and is
s the Zamindari Association the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms in President of this session.
Considered to be the first political contrast to congress. Later he left
association of modern India. It was congress and formed Indian National
Allahabad Session (1888) - It was the
formally launched in Calcutta in March Liberation Federation in 1919. fourth Session. George Yule (first
1838. Raja Radhakant Dev, Dwarkanath English president) was its President.
Tagore, Prasanna Kumar Tagore, The India League, initiated by Sisir Calcutta session (1901)- Dinshaw
Kumar Ghosh in 1875, aimed to foster
Rajkamal Sen, and Bhabani Charan Mitra E.Wacha was the President of this
Were its founding members. nationalism among the people. Ghosh, a
prominent Indian journalist and freedom session. First time Gandhiji appeared on
The East India Association the Congress platform.
was
fighter from Bengal, founded the Amrita
established in 1866 by Dadabhai Naoroji Bazar Patrika in 1868.
nLondon, replacing the London Indian Madras Session (1903)- It was the 19th
Society. It served as a platform for The Bengal British India Society, formed session of the INC. It was headed by Lal
discussing Indian affairs and in 1843 by William Adam, a friend of Raja Mohan Ghosh.
epresentation to Indians. Lord providing
Lyveden Ram Mohan Roy, aimed to collect and
as its first disseminate information about people's Banaras session (1905)- Gopal Krishan
held in nCaxtonPresident. Meetings were
Hall, Westminster. In 1949, health and well-being. Gokhale was the President: Formal
tmerged with the National proclamation of Swadeshi movement
Indian Download Pinnacle Exam Preparation App 221
www.ssccglpinnacle.com
 Pinnacle
against the government was passed and Kanpur Session (1925)- This session session. There
the famous Boycott Resolution was was presided over by Sarojini Naidu (the
first Indian woman president).
permanent fixation of Land
this session.
was
de r n
a

afidstory fox
n
passed.

Calcutta Session (1906)- Dadabhai Calcutta Session (1928)- Motilal Nehru Allahabad Session revenue I
Naoroji was the President of this was the President of this session. Wedderburn was the (1910)- Sir
session. Four resolutions on Swaraj (Self
Government) were passed. 'Swaraj' was
Formation of All India Youth Congress
took place.
session. MA
separate PresidetenjtectedIl artnhheis
Jinnah publicly
electorate systern
of

introduced
declared the ultimate goal of the Indian act of 1909.
Lahore Session (1929)- The resolution
National Congress. The Boycott
Special session
ty
for Poorna Swaraj was passed on
Movement, Swadeshi, and National
December 19, 1929, declaring January 26 Bombay. Syed (1918)
Hasan was
Education were adopted.
as Independence Day. The first President of this Imarn helwasd
session. at
Independence Day in Colonial India was was convened to Thhe the
Surat Session (1907)- Rash Bihari Ghosh
was the President of this session. celebrated on January 26, 1930. The contentious Montagu deliberate ses iothne
Congress
Extremists.
The moderate
split into
leaders
Moderates
were Madan
demand of INC was changed from the
dominion status to Complete
Independence or 'Purna Swaraj' of India.
Reforms Scherme.
Amritsar Session
was the (1919)-of thisMotilal
President
Chelirnsford
sKhiesNeiloahfrnuat
Mohan Malviya, M.G.Ranade, Gopal Karachi Session (1931)- Vallabhbhai Congress extended
Krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai Naoroji,
Surendranath Banerjee and the
Patel was the President. It was Movement during this support
session to
memorable for a Resolutions on
extremists were led by Lala Lajpat Rai, Fundamental Rights and National Gaya Session (1922)-
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, C.R.
President of this session. Das was
Das andthe
Economic Programme. Gandhi was CR
Aurobindo Ghosh, Rajnarayan Bose, V o nominated to represent INC in the other leaders left INC. The
C Pillai.
Second Round Table Conference to be
held in London and Endorsement of
was formed.
Swaraj Party
Calcutta Session (1911)- B.N. Dhar was Madras Session (1927)- Dr. M.A. Ansard
the President of this session. The Gandhi-lrwin pact was done. In this
was the President of
National Anthem of India "Jana Gana session, Mahatma Gandhi said, "Gandhi
resolution against the
this session. A
may die but Gandhism will remain use of
Mana was first sung in this session. troops in China, Iran and Indian
Bombay Session (1915)- Sir S.P. Sinha
forever"

Faizpur Session (1937)- Jawahar Lal

was Passed
against boycott of
and Mesopotamia
also a
Simon resolution
was the president. The Constitution of
the Congress was altered to admit the Nehruwas the President of this session.
It was the First Session to be held in a
was passed. The INC set up
Parties Conference to an All Commis ion
delegates from the extremist section .
Constitution for India.
draft a
village.
Lucknow Session (1916)- A.C. Majumdar
Haripura Session (1938)- Subhas Bombay Session (1934)
was the President of this session. Unity
between two factions of Moderates and Chandra Bose was the President of this Prasad was the President of this session Rajendra
Extremists of Congress took place. session. The National Planning Amendment in the Constitution of
Lucknow Pact signed between Congress Committee was set up under Jawahar Congress took place.
and Muslim League to build political Lal Nehru.
Consensus.
Lucknow Session (1936)- Jawahar Lal
Tripuri Session (1939)- Rajendra Prasad Nehru was the President of this session
was the President of this session. He pushed towards socialist ideas. In
Calcutta Session (1917) -Annie Besant
Subhas Chandra Bose was re-elected but this session the Government of India Act
presided over this session. She was the
first woman President of the INC. had to resign. He defeated Pattabhi of 1935 was rejected.
Sitaramayya. He became the only Ramgarh Session (1940)- Abul Kalam
Special Session (1920) was held at President who resigned. Rajendra Prasad
Calcutta in September 1920. Lala Lajpat Azad was the President of this session.
was appointed in his place. Civil Disobedience movement to be
Rai was the President of this session. In
this session, Mahatma Gandhi moved the Meerut Session (1946)- J.B Kripalani launched at appropriate time and
was the President of this session. It was circumstances was decided during this
Non cooperation resolution.
session.
the last session before independence.
Nagpur Session (1920) C.
Vijayaraghavachariar was the President Other Important Facts
Other Important Sessions of
of this session. Reconstitution of
Working committees of Congress on Congress In 1923, Abul Kalam Azad became the
Linguistic basis. MA Jinnah left the youngest person at the age of 35 to
Calcutta Session (1896)- Rahimtullah He
Indian National Congress in this session. serve as the President of the INC,
Sayani was the President of this session. writer, poet ano
was also a noted
Belgaum Session (1924)- M.K. Gandhi National Song Vande Mataram sung for journalist. He was a prominent politca
was the President of this session. This is the first time by Rabindranath Tagore. leader and was elected as Congress
the only Session which was presided President in 1923 and 1940.
Lucknow Session (1899)- Romesh
over by Mahatma Gandhí. Chandra Dutt was the President of this
222
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 Modern History

weaken Bengali uníty and

partition
the first Indian protect Muslim interests in British India motive was to and rule. Thís carme
was National as an alternative to the Indian National implenent divide 1905 and
acle
the Indian the announced ín July 1905, On that
to hold Congress.
Naidu
was October
Pinnac

f i r s woman on 16
chair
Pradesh. The first Honorary President of the into effect
symbolised
to the
a nGovernor
of Uttar Rabindranath TagoreMuslins to tie
Bharat Kokila League was Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah day,
w o m a n

d
title of Hindus and King
nngress
the t h e Mahatma (Aga Khan l). Muhammad Ali Jinnah unity by urging
partition lasted until
o fIndia by Royal
given
Nightingale Indian political joined the league in 1913. rakhi. The it in 1911 at
the
was
was
an George V reversed
e
She
The Muslim League observed the Day of Darbar in Delhí.
spurred the
Activist
an d
poet.
Bhagwandas Kripalani also Deliverance' on 22 December 1939, when
the Congress members resigned from Partition of Bengal Boycott as
Kriplani was The Swadeshí and
government positions in protest against adoption of to the
It also led mass
Acharya National
Indian methods,
watram
India's involvement in World War I| protest first
as the
of the transfer
of power. of India's
moverment
not without proper consultation. energence
oreslden during
of Sucheta Kriplani,minister movement, the
Swadeshí
ongress husband
woman
chief The Muslim League declared 16th frorn 1905 to 1911.
the
: first August 1946 as Direct Action Day' to Aurobindc
ofUtar e the
He Pradesh. archítects were
who
claimed for press for aseparate Muslim nation after Its chíef Gangadhar Tilak
Bal
Gokhale British departure. It led to widespread Ghosh, Lokmanya Raí,
Krishna government within the and Lala Lajpat
of self-
communal riots, notably in Calcutta, Bipin Chandra Pal Babu GenU.
self the model known as the Great Calcutta Killings. Chídambaram Pillaí,
Gqpal
or 0.
Australia and
wara O
Empire
colonies like the The Swades
forward from Swadeshi Movement:
Btish
governing
The first annual session of the Muslim
was put 1905 League was held in Karachi on 29 Auqust 7, 1905, a
Canada,
platformin movement began on aimíng to promot
December 1907. The Muslim League's Calcutta's Town Hall,
Congress drafted in 1928(Nehru foreign goods
domestic production over dubbed th
Constitution was framed in 1907 at
Constitution committee of 9 Karachi. was
The

was drafted
by a
Nehru While nationwide, it regíons lik
Report) were Motilal Swadeshi movenent, inknown as th
members. TheyJawaharlal Nehru In 1927 the League was divided into two
(Chairman) Bahadur Sapru, factions regarding the issue of a joint Andhra Pradesh, it was
Imam, Tej Vande Mataram movement.
(Secretary), Ali Mangal Singh, electorate. Those who supported the
Shrihari Aney, joint electorates were led by Muhammad different parts of Indi
MadhavQureshi. Subhas Chandra Bose, It spread to a few Mumbai under B
Ali Jinnah and those who opposed were
Shuab Pradhan.
led by Sir Muhammad Shafi. In Poona and
under La
andG.R. adopted Gangadhar Tilak, In Punjab
National Congress at the Singh, In Delhiund
e Indian Charkha In 1931 the party again split into two Lajpat Rai and Ajit Madras und
he tricolour
flag with a was
when Muhammad Ali Jinnah moved to Syed Haider Raza, and In
1931. The first national flag
Gand
London abandoning politics. The two Chidambaram Pillai. Mahatma
centrein 1906, followed by described it as the soul of swar
hnlsted in Kolkata in raising the factions were led by Abdul Aziz and
Madame Bhikaji Cama 1907. Lokmanya
Hafiz Hidayat. The two factions merged (self-rule).
seCond flag in Paris in
Besant raised the again when Jinnah returned to India in
Tlak and Dr. Annie The Swadeshi Movement promot
the Home Rule
1934.
third flag during indigenous goods, boycotted foreic
movementin 1917 The last session was held in Karachi in mainly British, goods, and aimed to blo
1943 and was presided by Muhammad colonial trade. After the partition, peop
design of
Jawaharlal Nehruproposed thehorizontal AliJinnah. of Bengal expressed widespre
the Indian National Flag with a opposition by singing "Vande Mataram
tricolour of saffron,white, and dark green The name Pakistan was first coined by School and college students were mc
blue
in equal proportions, with a navy Choudhry Rahmat Ali in 1933. active participants in the Swade
wheel at thecentre. The design, adopted Movement, notably in Bengal, Poo
by the Constituent Assembly on July 22, The idea of Pakistan was first conceived
Guntur, Madras, and Salem. The pol
1947, was created by Pingali Venkayya. by Muhammad Iqbal, aPhilosopher and adopted a repressive attitude towan
The flag's widthto length ratio is 2:3, with poet. He was elected president of the
Muslim League in 1930 at its session in
students. Traditionally home-cente
the navy blue wheel representing the women also actively participated in
chakra placed in the white band. Allahabad. He is called the 'spiritual
movement.
The National
father of pakistan'.
Anthemn of India
During the Swadeshi Movement
Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Partition of Bengal and
Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, Bengal, the tricolour flag with red, gre
adopted in its Hindi version by was
the Swadeshi movements and yellow colours was designed. It
Constituent Assembly as the National 8 lotuses which represented 8 provino
Anthen of India on 24 January In 1905, Viceroy Lord Curzon divided a crescent moon representing Hin
1950. and Muslims.
Bengal into two provinces- first (Western
Muslim League Bengal, Bihar and Orissa) and second
The Extremists (or the Garam
The im (Eastern Bengal and Assam), sparking
NwajaMuslSalimullah
League, infounded by Nawab protests. At that time Bengal was the gained a dominant influence over
1906, aimed to biggest province of British India. The real Swadeshi Movement in Bengal a
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www.ssccglpinnacle.com 223