Task 2 Simplified:

Agricultural Farming

Pastoral Farming Farming animals in rural areas

Arable Farming Plants farming

Mixed Farming Farming both plants and animals
Livestock Animals on a farm are called livestock.

Subsistence Farming that uses basic tools, little money, and

Farming mainly grows food for the farmer’s family. Usually,
there’s not enough left to sell, though some farmers
may sell small amounts during the year.
Sedentary Farming Farmers stay in one place all year, like dairy farms in
Devon and Cornwall.
Shifting Cultivation A farming method in tropical rainforests where land
is cleared by burning, crops are grown for a few
years until the soil becomes less fertile, and farmers
then move to new areas. This is sustainable only if
done by small tribes who wait 25-30 years before
reusing old land.
Commercial Farming Farming for commercial purpose

Hectare A measure of land. 1km squared

Yield The amount of crops or milk produced by a specific

field, farm, or area, including milk from dairy cows.
Intensive Farming Farming focused on making money, using advanced
technology to grow food for sale. It usually employs
very few workers.
Extensive Farming A farm that uses little money, covers a large area of
land, and produces less per hectare.

Intensive Extensive Commercial Subsistence

Wha It is an Low capital inputs, farming for a Farm for self-
t it agricultural large land area, profit, where food sufficiency, with
is approach that low output per is produced by minimal surplus sale
maximises hectare.
advanced
output through
significant inputs technological
of labor, capital, means for sale in
chemicals, and the market. Often
technology. very few workers
 are employed.

Exa Monoculture Wheat Farming in dairy farming in Small scale-rice for

mpl cropping-growing East Anglia (UK): New Zealand farming in rural area
e a single crop Large fields of in India
repeatedly on
wheat are
the same land.
Crop based cultivated with
intensive farming minimal labor and
in U.S Midwest machinery.

Posit High Lower Costs: High Productivity, Provides food

ives productivity. Extensive farming creates jobs and security for the
Efficient land requires less contributes to family
use. national and
capital investment
Reduces global economies
pressure to in machinery,
expand labor, and inputs
farmland. like fertilizers and
pesticides.
.
Neg Pollution form Low Productivity: Heavy reliance on Low income , low
ativ pesticides and The yield per water, energy, and surplus for sale, and
es fertilizers. hectare is chemicals can be vulurability for crop
Soil erosion due unsustainable, failure
generally lower,
to monoculture Can lead to soil
practices. which can make it degradation, water
Monocultures less efficient in pollution, and
and habitat terms of land use deforestation,
destruction compared to reduce
reduce species intensive farming. biodiversity and
diversity. harm ecosystems

Commercial Farming in Estwatini

Location factor
Hot Climate
Flat land for large-scale mechanization
Rainfall - sugar needs at least 1800mm per year which Swaziland does not
receive, so irrigation is needed from country’s rivers.
Alluvial soils in river valleys, rich in nutrients and retain moisture.
Some large-scale farms cover hundreds of square kilometers.
This system might be run on extensive principles (where the large area
compensates for a low level of human inputs), but not always.
Human Inputs Physical Inputs Processes Outputs

Machinery (tractors, Soil Irrigation water is sugar

taken from rivers
combine harvesters, Precipitation by canal.
etc.)
Sun The growth of the
Labor - both sugar cane crop in
unskilled and skilled. Flood water
Swaziland takes
Entry to international Land about 12 months
markets provided (relatively short for
by government trade this crop)
agreements - a The ripe sugar cane
political input. is first burned in
the fields to make
harvesting easier
as it removes the
leaves without
damaging the
sugar.
Then it is cut down
and taken to the
sugar mill for
crushing.
Sugar cane will
regenerate for
several years
before replanting is
necessary.
Introduction: (Quick facts about Eswatini farming)
Eswatini is located in eastern Africa.

Point (inputs, processes, outputs,)

Evidence (use the website to give some facts about the inputs
processes or outputs)

Explain (explain the inputs, processes and outputs and the part they
play in the overall system)

Point (inputs, processes, outputs,)

Evidence (use the website to give some facts about the inputs
processes or outputs)

Explain (explain the inputs, processes and outputs and the part they
play in the overall system)

Point (inputs, processes, outputs,)

Evidence (use the website to give some facts about the inputs
processes or outputs)

Explain (explain the inputs, processes and outputs and the part they
play in the overall system)

Point (inputs, processes, outputs,)

Evidence (use the website to give some facts about the inputs
processes or outputs)

Explain (explain the inputs, processes and outputs and the part they
play in the overall system)

Human Inputs Physical Inputs Processes Outputs

Labor is generally Soil Many Swazi farms flour

from family are self-sufficient
members, with Precipitation plots of 1–3
women playing a Sun hectares, with maize
particularly as the main crop and
important role in Flood water a few cattle grazed.
recent years as
many men have left Land Individual
to work in mines in subsistence farmers
neighboring South are encouraged to
Africa. join farmers'
associations to share
Many farmers also information about
seek casual work in new processes
towns to provide (guided by field
extra income for officers from the
their families and Department of
small capital for their Agriculture).
farms.
Many cattle are
Traditional grazed on Swazi
knowledge is National Land,
important, and many guarded and
people are still controlled by herd
guided by religion boys on unfenced
and custom in their land.
lives.
In dry winters,
Hand tools like hoes pastures are burned
are mostly used, to remove coarse dry
although the grass and promote
government new nutritious
operates a tractor shoots.
hire scheme.
Swaziland's rains
Fertilizer use is come in summer
limited, though some (starting around
animal manure from October), which is
cattle grazing on when maize seeds
stubble in winter are sown.
may be used.
Lands are plowed in
The social/political June, before the
system of Swazi expected rains.
National Land is an
important input. After the harvest in
April and May, cattle
may graze the fields.
Steeper slopes in the
High Veld are
terraced.

### Solutions to the Problems

1. **Irrigation Development**:

- More investment in dams and canals is needed to extend

irrigation in the Middle and Low Velds.

- Micro-irrigation schemes for holdings of 1–5 hectares have been

planned, often for cooperatives of women farmers.

- In areas where irrigation is not possible and average rainfall is

less than 800 millimeters per year, alternative crops to maize are
being investigated. These include sorghum, sweet potatoes,
cassava, and groundnuts.

2. **Subsidized Farming Inputs**:

 - Subsidized inputs like seeds and fertilizers, especially for small-
scale farmers, would help address the lack of capital.

- One scheme requires farmers to pay for one-third of the cost of

the inputs.

3. **Livestock Production Improvements**:

- A fence along the border with Mozambique has been proposed to

help control foot-and-mouth disease.

- All cattle within a 15-kilometer-wide buffer zone would be

vaccinated.

- Reducing stock density would also help, though many farmers

resist this.

- Rotational grazing under fenced conditions would lead to higher

grass production and healthier cattle.

4. **Education and Training Programs**:

- Programs have been established to educate and train farmers.

- For example, residential training courses are offered at the

Veterinary and Farmer Training Centre at Mpisi.

- This organization has set up units to teach farmers about cattle

fattening, dairy production, and broiler, egg, and pig production.

These solutions aim to address the challenges faced by farmers in

Swaziland, particularly in irrigation, capital constraints, livestock
management, and agricultural education.

**Causes of Food Shortages in Eswatini**

Here’s a **more specific breakdown** of the causes, impacts, and

solutions to food shortages in Eswatini, with detailed content points
for each category:
---

### **Causes of Food Shortages in Eswatini**

1. **Climate Change and Environmental Factors**:

- Frequent droughts caused by El Niño and La Niña phenomena.

- Erratic rainfall patterns leading to crop failures.

- Rising temperatures affecting crop growth cycles and livestock

health.

2. **Agricultural Challenges**:

- Over-reliance on rain-fed agriculture (only 10% of arable land is

irrigated).

- Use of outdated farming techniques and low adoption of modern

technology.

- Limited access to high-yield seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides.

3. **Economic Constraints**:

- High levels of poverty (58.9% of the population lives below the

poverty line).

- Limited access to credit for smallholder farmers.

- High cost of agricultural inputs and machinery.

4. **Land Degradation**:

- Soil erosion due to overgrazing and deforestation.

- Loss of arable land to urbanization and unsustainable farming

practices.

- Declining soil fertility due to lack of crop rotation and overuse of

land.

5. **Dependence on Food Imports**:

 - Heavy reliance on maize imports from South Africa and other
countries.

- Vulnerability to global food price shocks and supply chain

disruptions.

6. **Population Pressure**:

- Rapid population growth (2.1% annual growth rate) increasing

food demand.

- Limited land availability for agriculture due to population

expansion.

7. **Health and Labor Issues**:

- High HIV/AIDS prevalence (27% among adults) reducing the

agricultural labor force.

- Poor health conditions limiting productivity and income-

generating activities.

---

### **Impacts of Food Shortages in Eswatini**

1. **Health and Nutrition**:

- High rates of stunting (26% of children under 5) and wasting due

to malnutrition.

- Increased prevalence of diet-related diseases like anomia and

vitamin deficiencies.

2. **Economic Consequences**:

- Rising food prices leading to higher household expenditure on

food.

- Reduced agricultural income exacerbating rural poverty.

 - Increased government spending on food imports and emergency
aid.

3. **Social and Political Effects**:

- Increased rural-urban migration as people search for food and

employment.

- Social unrest and conflicts over access to scarce resources like

water and land.

- Strain on social services due to malnutrition-related health

issues.

4. **Environmental Degradation**:

- Overexploitation of natural resources, such as deforestation for

firewood.

- Loss of biodiversity due to unsustainable farming practices.

5. **Education Disruption**:

- Children dropping out of school to help families find food or work.

- Reduced cognitive development in children due to malnutrition.

---

### **Solutions to Food Shortages in Eswatini**

1. **Climate-Resilient Agriculture**:

- Introduce drought-resistant crops like sorghum, millet, and

cassava.

- Promote conservation agriculture techniques (e.g., mulching,

crop rotation).

- Expand irrigation systems using solar-powered pumps and drip

irrigation.
2. **Improved Agricultural Practices**:

- Provide training on modern farming techniques and sustainable

practices.

- Distribute high-yield seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides to

smallholder farmers.

- Encourage mechanization through subsidies for farm equipment.

3. **Economic and Financial Support**:

- Establish microfinance programs for smallholder farmers.

- Provide subsidies for agricultural inputs like seeds and fertilizers.

- Create crop insurance schemes to protect farmers from climate-

related losses.

4. **Land Restoration and Conservation**:

- Implement reforestation programs to combat soil erosion.

- Promote agroforestry practices to restore soil fertility.

- Enforce land-use policies to prevent overgrazing and

deforestation.

5. **Diversification of Food Sources**:

- Promote the cultivation of diverse crops to reduce reliance on

maize.

- Support backyard gardening and urban farming initiatives.

- Encourage livestock farming and aquaculture as alternative food

sources.

6. **Strengthening Food Distribution Systems**:

- Build and rehabilitate storage facilities to reduce post-harvest

losses.
 - Improve road infrastructure to facilitate the transportation of
food.

- Establish local food markets to connect farmers with consumers.

7. **Social Safety Nets**:

- Expand school feeding programs to ensure children receive at

least one nutritious meal daily.

- Provide cash transfers and food vouchers to vulnerable

households.

- Implement community-based food banks to distribute surplus

produce.

8. **Health and Education Initiatives**:

- Strengthen healthcare systems to address malnutrition and

HIV/AIDS.

- Conduct nutrition education campaigns to promote balanced

diets.

- Provide scholarships and school feeding programs to keep

children in school.

9. **Regional and International Cooperation**:

- Collaborate with regional organizations like SADC to address food

security.

- Seek funding and technical assistance from international

agencies (e.g., FAO, WFP).

- Participate in regional trade agreements to stabilize food supply

chains.

10. **Research and Innovation**:

- Invest in agricultural research to develop climate-resilient crops.

- Establish partnerships with universities and research

institutions.
 - Promote the use of digital tools for weather forecasting and
market information.

Food Aid-
Conditional or tied aid Is when one country donates money or
resources to another (bilateral aid) but with conditions attached.
These conditions will often be in the MEDC’s favor.

Long-term or development aid -Involves providing local

communities with education and skills for sustainable development,
usually through organizations such as Practical Action.

Emergency or short-term aid - Needed after sudden disasters

such as the 2000 Mozambique floods or the 2004 Asian tsunami.

Charitable aid- Funded by donations from the public through

organizations such as OXFAM

ADVANTAGES OF AID-

 Provision of medical training, medicines and equipment can

improve health and standards of living.
 Aid helps rebuild livelihoods and housing after a disaster.
 Aid for agriculture can help increase food production and so
improve the quality and quantity of food available
 Emergency aid in times of disaster saves lives.
 Encouraging aid industrial development can create jobs and
improve transport infrastructure.
 Aid can support countries in developing their natural resources
and power supplies

DISADVANTAGES OF AID-

 Aid can increase the dependency of LEDCs on donor countries.

Sometimes aid is not a gift, but a loan, and poor countries may
struggle to repay.
 Aid may not reach the people who need it most. Corruption may
lead to local politicians using aid for their own means or for
political gain.
 Sometimes projects do not benefit smaller farmers and projects
are often large scale.
 Aid can be used to put political or economic pressure on the
receiving country. The country may end up owing a donor
country or organisation a favour
The GPRD includes the HKSAR, the Macao Special Administrative
Region, and the PRD Economic Zone portion of Guangdong Province.
The PRD Economic Zone, as specified by Guangdong Province,
includes nine municipalities, namely Guangzhou, Shenzhen,
Dongguan, Foshan, Jiangmen, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, and the urban
areas of Huizhou and Zhaoqing

The economic interaction between Hong Kong and the PRD has
fostered the development of a range of internationally competitive
industries and clusters in the GPRD. The region is important as an
industrial market for all sorts of inputs, materials, and capital goods.
It is also a major market for transportation and trade-related
services

《——第二阶段（2013-2015 》,严控区域工业新增 VOCs 排放

The Pearl River Delta in south China’s Guangdong province is

among the fastest growing regions in China, averaging above 13
percent since the early 1980s, mostly due to large inflows of direct
foreign investment initially in low value-added manufacturing, and
more recently in higher value-added manufacturing and, in a few
cities, in services.

Solution

Foshan’s wastewater collection and treatment rose from 55 percent

in 2005 to 88 percent in 2013, partly due to of the capacity
expansion of the Zhen’an Wastewater Treatment Plant from
200,000 to 250,000 cubic meters a day and 7.6 kilometers of
associated sewer collection networks constructed under the project,
serving 1.1 million people in Chancheng District today.

Choose two projects carried out by ‘Practical Action’. Make notes on

what the project does and explain how it is an example of
sustainable development using appropriate technologies.
Facts about Map showing countries that Airbus operates in.
Airbus (types of
planes, profit
margins, notable Global Operations: Major hubs in France,
events in their Germany, Spain, UK; assembly in US & China.
history)

*Types of
Planes**: A320
(short-haul),
A350 (long-
haul), A380
(superjumbo,
discontinued).

- Profit Margins:
~10% (varies by
year).

- Founded in
1970, A380
launch (2005),
Boeing rivalry,
COVID-19
downturn.

Why is airbus a Why is Airbus very important to the process of

good example of globalisation?
a TNC? What are
the important
countries that Role in Globalisation: Integrates suppliers
make airbus worldwide, drives tech transfer, creates
planes?
interdependent economies.

- Why a TNC?:
Operates in
180+ countries,
global supply
chain,
multinational
workforce.

- Key
Manufacturing
Countries:
France (wings),
Germany
(fuselage), Spain
(tail), UK
(engines).
Title: Brighter Futures. Making quality education a reality in rural
schools in Peru

Dates, Location: November 2019 – October 2022 5 communities

in Condorcanqui, Amazonas and 4 communities in Huancané, Puno –
Peru

Our role: We’re problem solvers, bringing together the institutions

that can make the 16 schools the seed of
inclusive, just, sustainable education for all children in rural areas of
Peru.

Participants: 700 students and 14 teachers in 16 schools are part

of the pilot intervention. Through the educational apps, 225k
students from indigenous communities.

Project Budget: 1.2 million GBP

Evaluation: By leveraging appropriate technology (offline apps,

solar power) and local partnerships, it provides sustainable
development in education which empower communities to develop
themselves in the future.

Super seeds feeding families

Location: Balaka District, Southern Malawi

Duration: 2020 – 2022

The Challenge: Farmers in the Balaka District of Malawi are

struggling to grow enough food to feed their families and earn an
income.

The project will reduce hunger and vulnerability to climate change

of farmers by diversifying and improving crop production, using a
range of locally adapted and climate resilient seeds.

Train farmers to choose, store and replant saved seeds (the practice
of saving seeds from crops, to use from year to year.) using
agroecology techniques, and Empowering farmers to share their
knowledge and methods with others, enable future sustainable
development.
 Renewable energy Carbon Afforestation International
Capture reforestation Agreements
what Energy from Technology to Replanting trees Global pacts (e.g.,
inexhaustible capture and in deforested Paris Agreement)
sources (solar, store CO₂ areas to coordinate
wind, hydro) emissions climate action
example Solar farms in Orca plant in Amazon Paris Agreement
Morocco Iceland reforestation (2015)
(captures projects
4,000
tons/year)
Advantages Reduces fossil fuel Directly Restores Global
dependence reduces biodiversity accountability
atmospheric
CO₂
Disadvantag High upfront Energy- Land-use conflicts Enforcement
es costs intensive and challenges
expensive

**Model Answer – Level 3 Response (7 marks)**

The growth and functions of rural settlements in **Tsoelike Valley,

Lesotho** have been shaped by both physical and human factors.

The valley's **steep terrain** and **high altitude** (with

settlements concentrated below 2,250m) limit arable land, forcing a
**dispersed settlement pattern** of isolated homesteads. North-
facing slopes are preferred for crop cultivation due to greater
sunlight exposure, while the **boggy, flood-prone valley floor** is
avoided.

Economic activities are divided between **subsistence farming** on

lower slopes and **seasonal cattle grazing** at higher elevations,
though the traditional **land tenure system** has fragmented plots,
reducing agricultural efficiency. Access to services is limited, with
most residents relying on **Qacha's Nek** (15km away) for schools,
hospitals, and the Farmer Training Centre, while higher-order
services require difficult travel to **Maseru** (250km away). Recent
improvements to the **A4 road** have enhanced connectivity, but
many areas remain isolated, relying on tracks. These factors
combine to create a settlement pattern adapted to environmental
constraints, with limited economic opportunities reinforcing rural-
urban migration trends.

**Coastal Management on the Holderness Coastline**

The Holderness Coast, Europe's fastest-eroding coastline (retreating

1.8 metres/year), uses hard engineering to protect key settlements.
Bridlington relies on a 4.7 km sea wall, while Hornsea combines a
sea wall, rock armour, and groynes to absorb wave energy and trap
sediment. Similarly, Withernsea employs groynes to combat
longshore drift and a sea wall for direct wave protection. These
structures prioritise safeguarding homes and infrastructure, though
they can be costly to maintain and may disrupt natural sediment
flow.

Further south, targeted strategies address specific vulnerabilities.

Mappleton's two rock groynes (costing £2 million in 1991)
successfully reduce local erosion but exacerbate downdrift erosion
in areas like Cowden. Meanwhile, Spurn Head's fragile sand spit, an
important wildlife habitat, is shielded by rock armour and groynes
from North Sea storms. While these measures slow erosion, they
highlight the challenge of balancing human needs with natural
coastal processes along this rapidly changing coastline.

*(Word count: 150 - easily adaptable by adding/removing

examples)*