MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY

MASTER OF COMMERCE IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND CORPORATE

GOVERNANCE

AN ASSESSMENT INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

AND SAFETY MEASURES IN THE PLATINUM MINING INDUSTRY.

By
R224668X
MAY 2025
 CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

The purpose of this research is to find out and evaluate Occupational Health and Safety
protocols to alleviate risks in the platinum mining sector.This research will cover elements
such as the background of the study, statement of the problem, research objectives, research
questions, hypothesis and significance of the study. Also, the delimitations, assumptions, and
limitations to carry out the study will be given in addressing the topic at hand.
1.1 Background of the study

Each year, a large number of fatalities occur in mines globally. Most of these fatalities occur in
developing countries and rural parts of developed countries. Nonetheless, even in the United
States an average of 93 people died in mining accidents during the period 1991–1999, in
addition to an average of 21, 351 injuries per year. Currently, China accounts for a large
proportion of mining accident related fatalities, particularly in the area of coal mining. For
example, it produces around 35% of the world’s coal and accounts for about 80% of coal-
mining fatalities,Also, the worst coal mining disaster in the world occurred in China on April
26, 1942 at the Benxihu Colliery, located at Benxi, Liaoning. In this mining accident, a coal-
dust explosion killed 1572 people,(Historical Data on Mine Disasters in the United States.
United States Department of Labor. Washington, D.C.; 2020)

Occupational injuries present a major public health problem resulting in serious social and
economic consequences that could be prevented if appropriate measures are taken. Majority of
world´s workforce does not have access to occupational health services. Estimated economic
loss caused by work-related injuries and disease is equivalent to 4% of the world´s gross
national product .The impact is 10 to 20 times higher in developing countries. 100 million
occupational injuries occur throughout the world each year,(Leigh,2021)
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) USA estimates that at least
10,000,000 persons suffer injuries on job each year. About 30% of these injuries are severe,
(NIOSH,2020).In Zimbabwe occupational injuries are among the top ten health priorities. The
highest numbers of occupational injuries in Zimbabwe occur in the construction, mining, and
manufacturing industries. The injury rate among mining workers in Zimbabwe was 131 per
1000 exposed workers per year as of 1998. This figure rose to 789/1000 workers in 2008. A
survey of 1585 informal/small scale workers in rural and urban Zimbabwe found occupational
injury and mortality rates similar to those found in large scale/formal sector,(Chimamise
etal,2016)
The mining company under study is a Platinum mineral extracting company which began its
underground operations in 2003. Since then it has transformed into one of the country´s largest
Platinum mining companies with more than 3 000 employees in one of their divisions who are
exposed to continuous potential risk of occupational injuries. The mine operates underground
and open cast mines.
The proportion of severe occupational injuries at the mine increased from 18% in 2008 to 37%
in 2009. The proportion is very high as compared to the maximum reported by NIOSH of 30%
and the 21.9% recommended by ILO. Factors contributing to severe occupational injuries were
not clear to mine management; therefore we investigated factors associated with severe
occupational injuries at the mine. Specifically we assessed personal, administrative,
engineering factors associated with occupational injuries and the availability and use of
personal protective equipment (PPE) at the mine form 2008 to 2010,(Zimplats,2016)

According to the International Labour Organization, work-related illnesses, injuries and deaths
due to accidents or exposure to health hazards exact a heavy annual toll reaching $1.25 trillion
in losses, equivalent to 4% of the world’s annual gross domestic product, ILO, 2022). Despite
all the efforts to reduce the risks, mines remain the most dangerous workplace, due to the
number of people who are exposed to the hazards inherent in this setting, (Bealko et al,2019).
Occupational accidents and illnesses have significant direct impact and longer-term social and
economic impact on communities and governments, Occupational Health and Safety in
Mining-Status,2018). Direct costs include medical expenses, compensation payments,
production down-time, and legal fees. The longer-term costs include lost productivity, accident
investigation, remedial training, lower employee morale, increased absenteeism, and so on,
(Qiao,2022).

Historically, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) research has treated health and safety
separately(ILO,2008) Comprehensive consideration of health factors alongside safety factors
is a recent development. Although health effects can be investigated from the safety
perspective, this complicates prediction,(Pons and Pearse,2020). Mining is a complicated and
multidisciplinary industry that functions under highly dynamic conditions. Lighting and
ventilation must be supplied artificially, a variety of gases released, dusts generated, and
noises associated with blasting or rock breaking must be controlled, along with numerous
ergonomic postures, heavy machinery, vehicles, conveyers and so on, Occupational Health
and Safety in Mining-Status, (2018). In addition, new hazards can emerge because of
technological progress, new interactions between system components, between human
behavior and technologies, new expectations or demands associated with social progress,
(Qiao et al, 2019). Miners are thus exposed to multifaceted risks, the consequences of which
can be work-related disease, injury, disability, or even loss of life. Mining accidents are
therefore multifactor risk coupling,(Qiao 2021).Mining processes contain a variety of obvious
and hidden health and safety hazards that contribute to risk. In a complex system, the
recognition of hazards (sources of danger or risk factors) is not simple. (Kozak 2017).
The African region is home to significant portion of the world's mineral resources, including
platinum, which is predominantly mined in South Africa (Musungwini, 2019). The mining
industry is a crucial sector in many African economies, contributing significantly to GDP,
employment, and foreign exchange earnings (African Development Bank, 2020). However,
the industry is also associated with significant occupational health and safety (OHS) risks,
including exposures to hazardous substances, noise, and vibrations (Kwame &Anim, 2022).
In South Africa, for example, the mining industry has one of the highest rates of occupational
injuries and illness, with a significant proportion of these incidences being fatal (Department
of Mineral Resources and Energy, 2020). The African region faces unique challenges in
ensuring OHS in the mining industry, including limited resources, inadequate regulatory
frameworks, and a lack of skilled personnel (Musingwini, 2019). Furthermore, the region's
mining industry is often characterized by poor working conditions, long working hours, and
inadequate safety equipment, which can exacerbate OHS risks (Kwame &Anim, 2022). In
Ghana, for example artisanal and small-scale mining operations are associated with poor OHS
practices including the use of child labor and inadequate safety equipment (Hilson, 2020).

The Zimbabwean Mining industry is characterized by an influx of injuries which is perpetrated

by lack of opportunities to create a safer environment for miners which can be lost among the
managers. This has been exacerbated by an increase in inaccurate hazard identification means
incomplete risk assessment and hence threats to safety, (Minas,2018). A hazard must be
identified correctly so that if it is avoidable, the probability of it becoming a risk can be
reduced, and if it is unavoidable, exposure to it can be controlled. Moreso, the study of hazards
has not been explicitly focused on by majority of the small-scale miners within the Mining
industry in Zimbabwe. Furthermore, other challenges in being faced by mining companies in
Zimbabwe in relation to fostering in reduction in lost time injury frequency rate are humanity
challenges such as the absence of evidence regarding mental health hazards, burnout, job
stress and lost time were all related to poor health, and the challenges of quality management
systems due to modern challenges and pressures affecting, (Yilmaz and Alp, 2019; Zwetsloot
et al,2017) posited that despite many safety and health intervention studies, occupational
hazards remain a challenge, especially in underground mining and quarrying.

According to the National Social Security Authority (NSSA, 2018), in 2018, occupational
deaths increased 49% to 106, and occupational injuries increased 36% to 5,390 from the
previous year in Zimbabwe. The mining industry attributed 20% of the deaths in year 2018
compared with 10% the previous year (NSSA, 2018). However, year 2018 had a 300%
increase in mining fatalities compared to previous year (NSSA, 2018). The prevalence of
occupational accidents in mining and quarrying industry remains a challenge to mining and
quarrying leadership (Cooper, 2017).
Moreover, mines and quarries are dynamic sites that keep evolving, with particular technical
challenges. Despite all the technological enhancement embraces within the Zimbabwean
mining industry, these environments are still hazardous for workers, especially in underground
settings, where, in addition to common hazards, one can find high temperatures, humidity, gas
concentration, low visibility, and narrow working areas, (Akka¸ 2018). Many challenges are
born from these conditions. In the case of an accident, it is of crucial importance to determine
where the miners are in order to rescue them, (Minhas, 2018). However, whenever an incident,
such as a flood or a roof collapse, a power cut is expected to occur. In this case, the traditional
sensors may fail to accomplish their task, and FOS appears to be the more suitable option, (Liu
et al, 2019). Additionally, communication is not always straightforward, (Mansouri et al,
2020). The automatisation and automation needed to solve these issues, in addition to safer
workplaces, will also contribute to more environmentally friendly exploitation, (Ranjan et
al ,2020).

It is against this background that this study aims to assess the effectiveness of occupational
health and safety protocols in reducing risks in the platinum mining industry. By investigating
the current state of OHS protocols in the industry, the study contribute to the development of
evidence based strategies for improving OHS outcomes and healthier work environment for
miners.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The Zimbabwe Platinum Mining industry has been hit extensively by a series of accidents
which has resulted in injuries to personnel , loss of limbs ,loss of life aswell as damage to
company properties over the past few years which has greatly affected the safe productivity
mantra.Although Management has put in place measures to ensure that every employee is well
trained and tested before commencing any duties and that the mine premises is a 0% alcohol
free zone this has not aided in reducing the frequency of these occupational hazards.
Research Objectives
1.3.1 To establish the impacts of effective OSH practices on accident and incident prevention.
1.3.2 To establish challenges encountered in implementing strategies for improving OHS

1.3.3 To determine successful strategies used in the reduction of workplace injuries and
fatalities.

1.4 Hypothesis

H1: OSH practices have an influence on accident reduction.

H2: Successful strategies have an influence on workplace injuries and fatalities.
H3: Challenges encountered has an influence on implemented strategies.
1.5 Research Questions
1. What are the current occupational health and safety (OHS) protocols in place in the
platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe?
2. To what extent are the current OHS protocols effective in reducing risks and improving
safety outcomes in the platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe?
3. What are the barriers to implementing effective OHS protocols in the platinum mining
industry?
4. What strategies can be employed to improve the effectiveness of OHS protocols and reduce
risks in the platinum mining industry?

1.6 Significance of the Study

1.6.1 To the researcher
The researcher got the invaluable opportunity of interacting with experts in the field of
Mining. As such, the researcher gained more insight on evaluation of OSH standards, and this
helped in knowledge improvement. Moreover, the study is being done in partial fulfillment of
the requirements of the Master of Strategic management and Corporate Governance Degree.
1.6.2 To the University
Upon completion, the study provided the Midlands State University with literature that
enabled scholars who may intend to pursue further studies on OSH practices impacts on
accident occurrence.
1.6.3 To other Organisations
Organizations in the same settings will also benefit in that they will get better knowledge on
the relationship between OSH practices and the rate of accident occurrences. They also get an
appreciation of the importance of OSH standards regarding the reduction of fatalities, and this
will help them in coming with informed decisions.
1.7 Assumptions
 The population is of adequate size to provide valid and comprehensive responses.
 The employees within the selected mining companywas completed the questionnaire
accurately and honestly.
 The researcher assumes the participants provided the researcher with useful, relevant,
and unbiased data.
1.8 Delimitations of the study
a) Geographical Framework - The study is confined to Zimbabwe Platinum Mining Industry
which lies along the Great Dyke which cuts across the country and is 4-11km wide and
522km long across Zimbabwe.

b) Conceptual Framework - The study is confined to how OSH practices impact occupational
hazards in the workplace and implementing succesful strategies to reduce incidents
occuring and the challenges encountered in implementing these strategies.

c) Time Framework - The study is limited between January 2025 to April 2025

d) Theoretical Framework - The study is limited in data collection and gathering whilst using
the Deming Cycle Theory of 1950.

1.9 Limitations
 The research focused only on Zimbabwe Platinum Mine employees meaning that the
sample size is limited.Therefore the researcher had to survey other non-
employees(spouses and relatives of employees) of the Platinum Mining Industry.
 The researcher anticipated being limited in obtaining as much data as expected for an
in-depth analysis on theevaluation into OSH practices with a view to reduce lost time
injury frequency rate. A case study of the Platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe. The
researcher therefore explained to the relevant authorities as well as the participants that
the information shared was not divulged to any third parties at any stage of the study.
Instead, the researcher would make emphasis that data to be collected was for
academic purposes only and every detail they provided was private and confidential.
 The researcher has other financial obligations besides the research study. As a result,
financial constraints were encountered particularly in the timeous acquisition of
resources for the collection of primary data. Expenses are expected to be incurred
through travelling, acquisition of stationary and accessing information. The researcher
would strive in reducing financial constraints of traveling by using online
communications with both the university officials and key participants understudy.
1.10 Chapter Summary
The Chapter consisted of the introduction, Background of the study and the statement of the
problem.The aspects dwelt on the evaluation into OSH practices and their impact on accident
occurrence,A case study of Zimbabwe Platinum Mining Industry.The conceptual and
theoretical framework was explained in line with the research objectives,Hypothesis and
assumptions of the study.Significance of the Study was explained and the limitations and
delimitations of the study were emphasized.The next chapter will be Literature review.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERRATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
The main purpose in reviewing literature will be to analyze the areas of divergence and
convergence from various philosophies, concepts and articulations by different authors of
textbooks, articles and publications taking note of literature gaps in those studies. The
researcher in this section will review literature on OSH Practices, occupational hazards and
Safety behaviors at the workplaces.The literature will be reviewed in line with the research
objectives of the study where we establish the effects of OSH practices on accident
occurrence, successful strategies to be implemented as well as the challenges encountered in
implementing these strategies.
2.2Theoretical Framework
This section presents the theories that underlie the research phenomena. This study is
grounded in a theoretical framework that draws on three key theories: the Hazard Risk
Vulnerability (HRV) framework , the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the High -
Reliability Organization (HRO) theory. Among these , the HRV framework is identified as the
major theory, as it provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex
relationships between hazards, risks, and vulnerabilities in the platinum mining industry. By
applying the HRV framework, this study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the OHS
risks associated with platinum mining and identify effective strategies for mitigating these
risks.
2.2.1 Theory of Hazard-Risk-Vulnerability (HRV)
The Hazard-Risk- Vulnerability (HRV) framework is a theoretical framework used to analyze
and understand the relationship between hazards, risks, and vulnerabilities in the workplace
(Wisner et al., 2004). Another study by Saeed (2020) used the HRV framework to assess the
hazards, risks and vulnerabilities associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The HRV is
effective in identifying and mitigating OHS risks because it provides a comprehensive and
systematic approach to risk assessment and management (Saeed et al., 2020). The framework
involves identifying hazards, assessing risks, and evaluating vulnerabilities, which enables
organizations to develop targeted strategies for mitigating OHS risks (Musingwini et al.,
2020).

According to Birkmann (2016), the HRV theory recognizes that hazards, risks, and
vulnerabilities are interconnected and that understanding these relationships is critical to
mitigating disasters and reducing risks. In the context of platinum mining, the HRV theory can
be used to identify and assess the hazards associated with mining operations, rock falls,
explosions and chemical exposure (Lilly, 2016). The theory can also be used to evaluate the
risks associated with these hazards, including the likelihood and potential impact of accidents
and injuries. Furthermore, the HRV theory can be used to identify the vulnerabilities of
miners, including their physical, social, and economic vulnerabilities, which can affect their
ability to cope with and respond to hazards and risks.

The HRV framework is also effective in promoting a proactive approach to OHS risk
management (Kwame et also., (2020). By identifying and mitigating OHS risks, organizations
can reduce the likelihood and impact of workplace accidents and injuries (Al-Samarraie et al.,
2020). Based on the theory, organizations can be able to adopt a proactive approach to OHS
risk management, and they can identify and mitigate the risks before they occur.
2.2.2 Theory of Planned Behaviour(Ajzen, 2018)
The theory of Planned Behavior is a theoretical framework used to explain how individual
attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence behaviour (Ajzen,
1991). Recent scholars, such as Al-Samarraie et al. (2020), have applied the TPB to
understand the factors that influence individual's behavior and decision-making related to
health and safety. For example a study by Kwame et al.(2020) used the TBP to understand the
factors that influence miners' behavior and decision-making related to occupational health and
safety (OHS). The study found that miners' attitude towards OHS, subjective norms, and
perceived behavioral control influenced their behavior and decision-making related to OHS.

Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is an extension of TRA that offers room to address those
behaviours considered somewhat questionable with regard to being under volitional control of
the individual (Ajzen, 2018). The main components of the TPB are the person’s own attitudes,
subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intentions, and behaviour
(Ajzen2017. The theory posits that attitudes often fail to predict behaviour because of a large
number of factors that potentially prevent the attitude from being converted to behaviour.
Perceived behavioural control (PBC) which refers to the perceived barriers and facilitators of
engaging in a behaviour was thus added to the TRA to predict behavioural intentions and
behaviours that are not under volitional control. Under this new model, behaviour is taken as a
function of intentions and perceived behavioural control (PBC). Intentions are themselves
shaped by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control and these
determinants of behaviour intentions are each based on an underlying belief structure (Fogarty
and Shaw, 2018 . The present study considers the TPB can be used to explain the relationship
between management and supervisors attitudes to safety and employees’ safety performance.
Management and direct supervisors attitudes will exert an influence on workers’ attitudes,
subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control and in turn affect their safety
behaviours.The TPB suggests that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral
control are interrelated and that changes in one of these factors can influence the other (Azjen,
1991). The TPB is highly relevant to this study on occupational health and safety (OHS) in the
platinum mining industry
2.2.3 High Reliability Organization Theory (HRO)
The High- Reliability OrnOrganization (HRO) theory is a theoretical framework used to
explain how organizations can achieve high reliability and safety performance in high-risk
environments (Weick& Sutcliffe, 2001). Recent scholars, such as Roberts et al. (2019) have
applied the HRO theory to understand how organizations can achieve high reliability and
safety performance in complex and dynamic environments. The HRO suggests that
organizations can achieve high reliability and safety performance by developing a culture of
reliability and safety, which emphasizes the importance of safety reliability in all aspects of
organizational operations (Weick& Sutcliffe, 2001). On a similar context, Vogus et al. (2020)
emphasized the importance of leadership and organizational culture in shaping safety and
reliability outcomes.

2.3.1 Current Occupational Health and Safety Protocols (OHS)in place in the platinum
mining industry
The current ooccupational safety and health(OSH) protocols in the platinum mining industry
in Zimbabwe are guided by the country's regulatory framework, which includes the Mines and
Minerals Act (Chapter 21:05) and Occupational Safety and Health Act (Chapter 28:01)
(Government of Zimbabwe, 2020). These laws require mining companies to implement OHS
management systems, conduct regular risks assessments, and provide training to employees on
OHS procedures (Musingwini, 2019). In addition, to the regulatory framework, the platinum
mining industry in Zimbabwe has also adopted various international OHS standards and
guidelines, such as the International Labor Organization (I LO) Convention 176 on Safety and
Health in Mines (ILO, 1995). These standards provide guidance on best practices for
managing OHS risks in the mining industry, including the use of personal protective
equipment, ventilation systems, and emergency response plans (Musingwini, 2019).

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is also an essential component of OHS protocols in the
platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe. Miners are required to wear PPE, including hard hats,
safety glasses, and respirators, to protect themselves from OHS hazards (Musingwini, 2019).
Mining companies are also responsible for ensuring that PPE is properly maintained and
replaced, and that miners trained on how to use it correctly (Zimplats, 2020). In addition,
mining companies in Zimbabwe are required to have emergency preparedness and response
plans in place in the event of an OHS incident (Government of Zimbabwe, 2020). These plans
include procedures for evacuating miners, providing first aid, and communicating with
emergency services (Musungwini, 2019). For example, Unki Mine has an emergency response
plan that includes procedures for responding to fires, explosions, and medical emergencies
(Unki Mine, 2020).

Some platinum mining companies in Zimbabwe, such as Zimplats and Unki Mine, have also
implemented their own OHS management systems, which include policies, procedures, and
training programs aimed at promoting a safety-first culture (Zimplats, 2020; Unki Mine,
2020). These systems are designed to identify and mitigate OHS risks, and to ensure
compliance with relevant laws and regulations. However, despite these efforts, the platinum
mining industry in Zimbabwe still faces significant OHS challenges, including high rates of
occupational injuries and illnesses, and inadequate resources for implementing effective
management systems (Musingwini, 2019). Therefore, there is need for ongoing research and
evaluation to identify best practices and areas for improvement in OHS management in the
platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe.
However, despite these efforts, the platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe still faces
significant OHS challenges. For example, a study by Musingwini, (2019) found that mining
companies in Zimbabwe faces challenges in implementing effective OHS protocols, including
limited resources and inadequate infrastructure.

2.3. 2 Effectiveness of current OHS in reducing risks and improving safety outcomes in
the platinum mining industry
The effectiveness of current occupational health and safety (OHS) protocols in reducing risks
and improving safety outcomes in the platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe is a critical
concern. While some studies suggest that current OHS protocols have been effective in
reducing risks and improving safety outcomes, others indicate that more needs to be done to
address the complex and dynamic nature of OHS risks in the industry (Musingwini, 2019). For
instance, a study by Musingwini found that the implementation of OHS management systems,
such as the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18001, has been
effective in reducing OHS risks and improving safety outcomes in some platinum mines in
Zimbabwe. The study noted that these management systems provide a framework for
identifying and mitigating OHS risks, and for promoting a safety-first culture within the
organization (Musungwini, 2019).

However, other studies suggest that current OHS protocols may not be effective in addressing
all OHS risks in the platinum mining industry. For example, a study by Kwame and Anim
(2022) found that miners in Zimbabwe's platinum mining industry are still exposed to
significant OHS risks, including respiratory diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, and
musculoskeletal disorders. The study noted that these risks are often associated with
inadequate ventilation, poor ergonomic design, and inadequate personal protective equipment
(PPE) (Kwame and Anim, 2022).

Furthermore, some studies suggest that the effectiveness of current OHS protocols may be
compromised by various factors, including inadequate resources, lack of training, and poor
communication (Musingwini, 2019). For instance, a study by Hilson and Nayame, 2020)
found that some platinum mines in Zimbabwe lack the necessary resources and expertise to
implement effective OHS protocols. The study noted that this can lead to a lack of confidence
in OHS protocols among miners, and lack of commitment to safety-first practices (Hilson and
Nayame, 2020). While current OHS protocols have been effective in reducing risks and
improving safety outcomes in some platinum mines in Zimbabwe, more needs to be done to
address the complex and dynamic nature of OHS risks in the industry. Further research is
needed to identify the factors that compromise the effectiveness of current OHS protocols, and
to develop strategies for improving OHS outcomes in the platinum mining industry.

2.3.3 Barriers to implementing effective OHS protocols in the platinum mining industry
in Zimbabwe
2.3.1 Lack of adequate resources
The implementation of effective occupational health and safety (OHS) protocols in the
platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe is often hindered by various barriers. One of the
significant barriers is the lack of adequate resources, including financial, human, and
technological resources (Musingwini, 2019). For instance, a study by Hilson and Nayame
(2020) found that some platinum mines in Zimbabwe lack necessary resources and expertise to
implement effective OHS protocols, leading to a lack of confidence in OHS protocols among
miners.

Another barrier to implementing effective OHS protocols is the lack of training and awareness
among miners (Kwame and Anim, 2022). Many miners in Zimbabwe's platinum mining
industry may not be aware of the OHS risks associated with their work, or may not know how
to use personal protective equipment (PPE) correctly. For example, a study by Musingwini
(2019) found that miners in Zimbabwe's platinum mining industry often lack the necessary
training and skills to identify and mitigate OHS risks.
2.3.2 Poor communication and lack of involvement of miners in decision-making process

Poor communication and lack of involvement of miners in decision-making process

are also significant barriers to implementing effective OHS protocols (Hilson and Nayame,
2020). When miners are not involved in OHS decision-making process, they may not feel
ownership of OHS protocols, leading to a lack commitment to safety-first practices. For
instance, a study by Kwame and Anim (2022) found that miners in Zimbabwe's platinum
mining industry often feel that their concerns about OHS risks are not taken seriously by
management. Poor communication can also lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and
mistrust among miners, which can compromise their willingness to report safety concerns or
participate in safety initiatives (Musingwini, 2020).
The lack of involvement of miners in decision-making process is another critical issue that can
compromise OHS in the platinum mining industry. When miners are not involved in decision-
making, they may feel disconnected from the safety policies and procedures that affect their
lives (Kwame, 2020). This can lead to lack of ownership and accountability among miners,
which can compromise their adherence to safety protocols (Saeed et al., 2020). Moreover, the
exclusion of miners from decision-making processes can also mean that their unique
perspectives and experiences are not taken into account, which can result in the development
of safety policies and procedures that are ineffective or impractical (Hilson et al., 2020).
Mining companies can tap into their knowledge and expertise, and develop safety policies and
procedures that are tailored to the specific needs and challenges of the mining environment.
2.3.3 Organization culture
Finally, the cultural and social context of the platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe can also
pose barriers to implementing effective OHS protocols (Musingwini, 2019). For example,
some miners may prioritize production over safety, or may feel pressure from colleagues or
supervisors to take risks. Addressing these cultural and social factors is critical to
implementing effective OHS protocols in the platinum mining industry.
2.3.4 OSH Challenges
Organizations rely on employees to function and meet the set objectives. They, therefore, use
resources to sustain and maintain a productive workforce. Inadequate workplace safety may
inhibit employee productivity (European employee productivity institute, 2019). Current
issues such as globalization, legal requirements, and technological revolution, limited
resources and resistance to change have significant implications on organizational
management.

2.4 Strategies that can be employed to improve the effectiveness of OHS protocols and
reduce risks in the platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe
There are a number of strategies that can be employed to improve the effectiveness of HIS as
well as reducing risks in the platinum mining industry. These strategies include;
2.4.1 Implementing a Safety Management Systems (SMS)
Implementing a safety management system is a crucial strategy for improving the
effectiveness of occupational health and safety protocols and reducing risks in the platinum
mining industry. A well designed SMS can help to ensure that OHS protocols are integrated to
the overall business operations, and that all employees are aware of their roles and
responsibilities in maintaining a safe and healthy work environment (Musingwini, 2019). For
example, a platinum mine in Zimbabwe implemented an SMS that included regular risk
assessments, safety audits, and training programs for employees. As a result, the mine reported
a significant reduction in OHS incidents, from 25 incidents per month to just 5 incidents per
month over a period of 12 months (Kwame and Anim, 2022). This is consistent with the
findings of other researchers, such as Haslam et al. (2015), who noted that the implementation
of an SMS can lead to significant improvements in OHS outcomes.

Mining and quarrying organizations attempting to improve safety and health performance has
mainly focused on the development of SMS. According to Årstad and Aven (2017), SMS
helps ensure hazards are identified earlier, effective controls are put in place, people are
adequately trained and empowered, and work processes are designed and carried out in a
manner that delivers more consistent safety and health performance. It is a methodical
approach to managing safety risk, including the necessary company structures,
accountabilities, policies and procedures. More safety risk systems need to be integrated to
build a strong safety foundation (Zwetsloot et al, 2019). There is need to integrate the current
academic, analytical and pragmatic approaches to develop an SMS that will provide a future
focus and framework giving meaning and direction to safety and health actions (Kim et al.,
2019).
In particular, mining is a high-risk industry (HRI) that needs effective systems to manage risk
(Årstad and Aven, 2018). HRIs are defined by the dangerous conditions they operate within
and strictly report incidents, accidents and near misses and views ‘failures’ as learning
opportunities (Gnoni and Saleh, 2018). HRIs are frequently quoted as examples of companies
with effective safety and health culture (Saujani, 2018). Saujani (2018) suggested that HRI
effectiveness can be attributed to the creation of collective mindfulness, essentially keeping
safety and health top of mind by being wary of possible failures and structuring groups and
systems to be flexible to risks.
2.4.2 Use of Technology
The use of technology, such as monitoring systems and personal protective equipment (PPE),
is also an effective strategy for improving OHS protocols and reducing risks in the platinum
mining industry. Monitoring systems can help to detect potential hazards and alert miners to
take action, while PPE can help to protect miners from harm in the event of an accident. For
example, a platinum mine can install respirable dust monitors in its underground mines, which
help to detect high levels of dust and alert miners to take action. As a result the Mines will
have a reduction in respiratory diseases among miners. Thus, use of technology is a very vital
strategy for improving OHS.
2.4.3 Behavior Based Safety
BBS is another safety approach used to improve OSH in mining and quarrying industry. As
observed by Hagge, McGee, Matthews, and Aberle (2017), the BBS approach depends on the
cognitive dissonance concept, which describes a state of psychological tension in individuals,
produced by two opposing cognitions. The tension is uncomfortable, and people are
encouraged to lessen the tension by changing or declining one of the cognitions. For example,
a worker might have two thoughts about safety measures that do not align; the first thought
being that safety procedures reduce occupational risk, and the second being that safety
procedures are cumbersome and cause delays. To reduce cognitive dissonance, one of the
thoughts should be rejected or changed to align with the other. Action can be taken simpler as
the behavior follows the attitude. BBS have defined steps that include defining the desired
behavior; setting behaviour performance goals; providing feedback and evaluation of the
results (Martinez et al, 2019). BBS influence safety behavior first and hopes to change
attitudes to align with the dominant safety behaviors through cognitive dissonance. The BBS
approach is useful because it aligns safety behaviors with workers’ attitudes (Beus et al.,
2018).
2.4.4 Safety Culture Change Programs
The other useful method is the safety culture change approach that combines organizational
safety programs to strengthen OSH strategies. According to Zivkovic and Ivanova (2020,
safety culture change programs are broad organizational programs aimed at continuously
improving safety management. In contrast to BBS approaches, Kim et al. (2019) concluded
that safety culture approaches focus on articulating safety principles with a top-down
approach. The aim being to create a self-sustaining environment based on a comprehensive
understanding of the causes of occupational safety performance (Hagge et al., 2018). Safety
systems need continuous improvement to match with organizational changes and demands.
There are several international guidelines for ensuring successful workplace safety for any
institution: The national occupational safety association (NOSA) (2017) system, the ILCI
(2017), the international safety rating system (2019), International Labour Organization’s
(ILO) guidelines on occupational safety (2018), ISO:31000:2009 safety risk management
standard, the three Es of safety (engineering, education, enforcement) advocated by Heinrich
(2017). All these international guidelines posit that effective safety management should
address ergonomics, emergency management, safety training, and safety transfer. If these four
areas are addressed, a safe workplace will be accomplished, and consequently, better
employee productivity is expected (Heinrich, 2017). There needs to be more empirical
evidence on the extent to which these safety programmes influence employee value-added,
accomplishment of tasks, and productive time.
Finally developing a safety-first culture within the platinum industry is essential for improving
OHS outcomes. A safety -first culture promotes a shared commitment to safety among all
employees and encourages miners to take ownership of safety and report any hazards or
incidents (Hilson and Nayame, 2020). For example, a platinum mine in. Zimbabwe launched a
safety- first culture program that included training programs, safety awareness campaigns, and
recognition and reward schemes for safe behavior.

2.4.4 OSH practices on company productivity

Safety management practices enable organizations to reduce the chances of accidents, injuries,
and near misses (Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2018). According to Kirwan (2017), safety
management practices are the actual roles in the organization to remain safe. Therefore, it is
quite understandable that to ensure occupational health and safety remains the biggest
challenge for practitioners and theorists alike (Clarke, 2019 Fruhen et al., 2019; Lestari et al.,
2019; Zohar, 2017). According to the International Labor Organization (ILO - 2018) workers
around the world continue to bear millions of injuries and deaths. However, there are various
safety management practices that are used to enhance occupational health and safety
performance (Hanafi et al., 2018) and to reduce the rate of accidents and injuries at the
workplace (Lee, 2018). The poor conceptualization for safety management practices and
interchangeable terms compel for development of a holistic framework that encompasses
different aspects of safety management practices (Autenrieth et al., 2018). Besides, in previous
research studies, scholars have identified the role of safety management practices to enhance
occupational health and safety performance (Almost et al., 2019; Baldassarre et al., 2020;
Hanafi et al., 2018; Lee, 2018; Liu et al., 2020; Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2010; Zimolong and
Elke, 2006). However, the rate of accidents, injuries, and health and safety expenses revealed
the fundamental concerns for the study designs and safety management models (Alingh et al.,
2018; Amponsah-Tawaih and Adu, 2016; Aziz, 2019). Added to this, occupational health and
safety-related theories have evolved dramatically and resulted in various safety management
practices in the last decade (Zohar, 2000).
To date, no successful attempts have been made to create a unified framework for safety
management practices and occupational health and safety performance. For example Hanafi et
al. (2018); Lee (2018); Vinodkumar and Bhasi (2019); Vredenburgh (2017) conducted a
literature review to synthesize literature on safety management practices and occupational
health and safety performance. In hazardous organizations, e.g. oil and gas, construction,
management needs to adopt a safety management model to reduce the chances of accidents
(Amponsah-Tawaih and Adu, 2016). However, the scope of studies (Hanafi et al., 2018; Lee,
2018; Liu et al., 2020; Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2017; Vredenburgh, 2019) was limited to only
safety management practices at the strategic level of the organization.
Safety management practices have played an important role to improve occupational health
and safety performance to reduce the rate of injuries and accidents (Autenrieth et al., 2016). In
past research, several studies have been conducted to understand the correlation between
safety management practices and occupational health and safety performance (Ajmal et al.,
2020). Earlier scholars emphasized selected safety management practices and didnt include a
few more practices to develop a holistic safety management model (Hanafi et al., 2018;
Kirwan, 1998; Swuste et al., 2020). In addition, safety management practices and occupational
health and safety performance are closely related to maintain safety performance (Fruhen et
al., 2019). In recent studies, safety management practices revealed that each practice
individually plays an important role to reduce the rate of accidents and injuries
(Vinodkumarand Bhasi, 2017). There are implicit assumptions about the relationship between
safety management practices and occupational health and safety performance.
According to McCunney (2019), the primary beneficial impact of occupational health and
safety on productivity is reduced absenteeism. McCunney demonstrates that the health risks
and failure of employees to participate in fitness and health promotion programmes are
associated with higher rates of employee absenteeism. There is need for much emphasis on the
employer’s participation in ensuring that OHS programmes and policies are existent. If these
OHS practices are set, it is more likely that the worker participates in order to preserve his/her
life. However, absenteeism may be encountered but may be completely neither unjustified on
medical grounds nor attributable to unsafe conditions or hazardous events in the workplace.
Workplace safety ergonomics improve workplace safety through the detection and elimination
of hazards. Hulme et al. (2022) posit that workplace safety ergonomics reduce the risk factors
that lead to injuries, ensuring employees’ optimal productivity is not interfered. Capodaglio’s
(2022) study adds that workplace safety ergonomics are expected to improve work activity
comfort and reduce safety injuries and fatigue, ensuring employees accomplish their work
tasks fully. Inadequate workplace safety ergonomics exposes employees to injury and rapid
fatigue, and this may lead to productivity losses (Ravindran, 2021). Despite previous research
consistently identifying ergonomics as a strategy to boost work safety and employee
productivity, they have been faulted in four areas; firstly, the studies have not evaluated the
three indicators of workplace safety ergonomics (hazard detectors, protective devices, and
effects analysis) against employee productivity. For instance, Leber et al. (2018) investigated
the impact of protective ergonomics on work efficiency for persons with disability; Ravindran
(2021) investigated the impact of hazard ergonomics on work performance while Sinno et al.
(2020) and Pickson et al. (2017) focused on recognition of symptoms of overexposure and
employee wellness.
Second, the methodological rigor applied by previous studies did not conclusively establish
the link between safety ergonomics and employee productivity; Chintada and Umasankar
(2022) was a case study and used subjective measures, and Bayram (2022) did a critical
literature review and therefore failed to generate original findings, while Leber et al. (2018)
analyzed data using frequencies and percentages. Third, previous literature is anchored on
different industries, firms, and countries; therefore, have a minimal application to
manufacturing firms in a developing nation. Fourth, previous studies and extant theoretical
frameworks have yet to relate workplace safety ergonomics with employee productivity
measured by productive time, degree of accomplishment of tasks, and value-added.
2.4.6 OSH Practices and Workplace Injuries
According to Ladewski and Al-Bayati (2019), safety management practices are the functions
that are used to manage organizational occupational health and safety performance. However,
safety management has gained more attention to reduce the rate of accidents and injuries
(Haslinda et al., 2016). According to Dyjack et al. (2019), after 1991, safety management has
entered in the third phase. Safety management was introduced in the United States of America
(USA), and Henrich is the early adopter to audit the safety protocols at the workplace to
inspect the safety rules and procedures (Gilkey et al., 2017). According to Vinodkumar and
Bhasi (2016) numerous attempts were made to predict safety management practices. Still, only
those practices should include in which employees and employers commonly perceived a safe
environment (Hanafi et al., 2018).
However, previous studies show that organizations with low accident rates and injury ratio
were characterized by employees safety training, management safety commitment, and display
of safety rules and procedures (Dov, 2008; Hanafi et al., 2018; Lee, 2018; Vinodkumar and
Bhasi, 2010). Lee (2018) highlighted safety training, workers involvement, and management
commitment for safety. According to Hale and Borys (2013); Ros and Gustafson (2018) safety
rules and feedback are part of safety management to respond to management commitment for
safety in the organization. In safety climate investigation Dov (2018) found that management
safety commitment plays an important role to maintain organizational safety performance.
2.4.7 Safety Behaviour
Fruhen et al. (2019) argued that employees safety behavior must demonstrate to follow safety
rules and procedures. Hence, management safety commitment should be an observable activity
to maintain safety performance (Almost et al., 2019; Lee, 2018; Vinodkumar and Bhasi,
2017). In the organization, employees need to be active to participate in occupational health
and safety training programs (Mazzetti et al., 2020). In addition, safety training improves
employees’ knowledge and capabilities to identify risk hazards at the workplace (Mazzetti et
al., 2020; Teoh et al., 2020). In addition, safety training also helps to minimize accident risk
chances and take corrective measures to prevent workplace accidents (Fruhen et al., 2019;
Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2010). The previous studies show that organizations with a low rate of
accidents and injuries were found with good safety training programs (Hanafi et al., 2018;
Hofmann and Morgeson, 1999; Zimolong and Elke, 2019). According to Vinodkumar and
Bhasi (2017) organizations need to conduct systematic safety training programs to improve the
health and safety level of employees. Therefore, safety training is considered an important
aspect of safety management for newly recruited employees including orientation sessions,
buddy practice, emergency action training practice to improve occupational health and safety
performance (Kirwan, 2017; Mearns et al., 2017). Regular communication between
supervisors and the workforce is effective management practice to improve workplace health
and safety performance (Eklof and Ahlborg Jr, 2016; Heaven et al., 2019; Kim and Scott,
2019; Kim and De Dear, 2017). However, in prior studies surveys among various categories of
employees show that communication levels among management, supervisors, and coworkers
influence safety performance (Chandrasekar, 2018; Mukherji and Arora, 2019; O’Conaill and
Frohlich, 2018). Well documented safety rules and procedures and enforcement from
supervisors and managers communicate what action employees can take and what actions they
cant take to maintain workplace safety (Reason et al., 2018).
Hence, organizations prioritizing to update safety rules and procedures shows the expression
to reduce accidents and injury chances (Hale and Borys, 2017). Further, safety rules and
procedures are correlated with rate of accidents and injuries based on the previous findings.
Nevertheless, in total quality management models, rewards and incentive practices are
acceptable to motivate workers work safely in the organization (Ajmal et al., 2020).
2.4.8 Safety Promotion Policy
A safety promotion policy is also part of safety management, including rewards and
incentives to report safety hazards and unsafe conditions (Dyjack et al., 2017). These
compensation practices also create competition among employees to report unsafe actions of
co-workers and safety-related problems (Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2019). In safety management
practices, one of the important factors that have been ignored is the usage of drugs at the
workplace (Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2010). However, drug usage control is not included in
management safety practice, but it can be included in the survey instrument (Vinodkumar and
Bhasi, 2019). Hence, the way seniors and management communicate with their subordinates,
influence their safety behavior, whether to participate or not in the safety process at the
workplace. The language used to convey a message often determines whether, the safety
process is rejected or accepted (Eklof and Ahlborg Jr, 2017). Nevertheless, safety practices
depend on communication practices used in an organization (Gao et al., 2019). A safe work
environment provides a sense of commitment and lowers the risk of hazards and injuries (Kim
and Scott, 2019). In addition, Management provides an open system and two-way
communication information related to risks and hazards to work safely (Kim and De Dear,
20174). Employees contribute effectively and consult which encourages to report hazards,
near misses, and injuries (Chandrasekar, 2019). Moreover, in decision making involvement of
employees is motivated to work safely (Acar and Acar, 2018; Fruhen et al., 2019; Mukherji
and Arora, 2017).
According to Vinodkumar and Bhasi (2019) behavioral-oriented technique is used for
employees involvement in the decision-making process through upward communication
within-group or within the organization. Hence, the level of participation ranges from full
participation to no participation. Numerous researchers have noted that communication
patterns influence safety related issues in the organization (Classen et al., 2020). According to
Hoffman (2020) people in high uncertainty avoidance societies tend to want to avoid
uncertainty and unpredictability. As a result, work environments in such countries try to
provide stability and certainty through clear rules and instructions. Communication barriers
present a challenge to adopt safety-related communication in the organization (Mehdibeigi et
al., 2018). According to Kim and Scott (2019) effective communication may help to reduce
hazards risk. The organizations open-door policy for communication facilitates discussion of
threats and challenges at the workplace (Arteta and Giachetti, 2017; Whittaker et al., 2018).

2.4.9 Leadership and minersinvolvement in decision-making process

Involving leadership and miners OHS decision-making process is also a critical strategy for
improving OHS outcomes in the platinum mining industry. When miners are involved in OHS
decision-making processes, they are more likely to feel ownership of safety and take
responsibility for maintaining a safe and healthy work environment. For example, a platinum
mine in Zimbabwe established a safety committee that included representatives from
management, unions, and miners. The safety committee met regularly to discuss OHS issues
and develop strategies for improving safety outcomes. This is supported by a research of
Cooke and Williams (2014), who found that involving employees in OHS decision-making
processes can lead to improved OHS outcomes.

Proactive emergency management is now a global concern since adverse risks still occur
despite the level of protection in place. Workplace safety emergency management reduces the
extent of workers’ disabilities and work disruption and potentially can lower employee
productivity losses. Prior studies by Drake et al. (2018) and Reese (2018) have provided an
understanding of the nature of a manufacturing sector workplace and have observed that
workplace safety incidents are disruptive and could lead to employee productivity losses.
Further studies by Alariki and Al-Abed(2021) and Obrenovic et al(2020) have pointed out that
the problem of employee productivity could be due to defective management of workplace
safety emergencies. A study by Leonhardsen et al(2022) has provided a guideline for effective
emergency management, including setting out rescue response and evacuation plans,
emergency equipment and medical care, conspicuous display of emergency contacts, safe
assembly and exit points, emergency logs, and documentation. Prior literature needs to
evaluate these programs’ effect on employee productivity adequately. Five aspects of extant
literature have been faulted.
First, the studies have not established the link between manufacturing firms’ workplace
emergency management and employees’ productive time, degree of accomplishment of tasks,
and value-added. Second, prior studies by Wilson (2017) and Keraka (2020) did not examine
organizations’ specific emergency management strategies. However, they focused on ex-ante
perspectives and employee awareness, which could have led to mistaken inferences. As
posited by the tip of the iceberg theory by McCllelland (2019) that simple incidences which go
unreported by employers could significantly affect employees’ productivity where inadequate
emergency equipment are lacking. Further, employees’ awareness of their responsibility in
case of loss does not guarantee effective emergency management in case programmes such as
first aid kits and other emergency equipment are lacking.
Workplace safety transfer to consultants and insurance companies assures the organization of
its safety, improves employee morale and company pride, and reduces suffering by injured
employees(Reese,2018). Workplace safety incidents put a significant financial and
psychological burden on employees, which could affect their work productivity (International
Labour Organization, 2018). Previous studies by Kurdy et al(2021) and Gubler et al(2022) add
that workplace safety transfer reduces the financial and psychological burden associated with
work incidents; hence employees are expected to be optimally productive without worrying
about safety incidents. Reports by International Labour Organization (2018), Osha African
Report (2019), and literature by Reese (2018) have noted that the incident prone
manufacturing workplace has recently been transferring their safety management to
consultants and private security firms, who design, evaluate and review their safety
programmes; the manufacturing firms are also arranging health, disability, liability, and
accident insurances on behalf of their employees. Gubler et al. (2022) note that the firms
include external consultants in their safety committees to enhance organizations’ safety and
positive employee safety attitudes. The prior empirical literature has yet to systematically
explore the actual effect of providing insurance and using safety consultants on employee
productivity (productive time, degree of accomplishment of tasks).

2.5 Rescue Response and Evacuation

Previous literature has laid out emergency management recommendations for firms. First, the
American Organization for Safety standard (2017) and Drake et al. (2018) posits that firms
should have rescue response and evacuation for workplace safety emergencies. Second, the
volunteer protection program (2018), Reese (2018), and international loss control institute
(ILCI (2018) posit that workplace safety emergency programmes should include elaborate
evacuation plans, safe assembly points, exit points, and emergency equipment such as first aid
facilities. International Labour Organization (2018) opines that a lack of workplace safety
emergency management often leads to work disruptions, lost work time, and fear of accidents
by employees hence may hinder their productivity.
Previous empirical studies have failed to empirically evaluate workplace safety emergency
management’s effect on employee productivity. First, empirical studies done in workplaces
outside Africa revealed several gaps; Alariki and Al-Abed (2021) focused on the impact of
work safety crisis management on employee performance in the Yemeni oil industry. The
study conceptualized workplace emergency management in terms of crisis planning and
preparedness. Employee performance was conceptualized in terms of subjective task
performance, which could have led to biased inferences due to a lack of objectivity.
The study found a significant relationship between emergency workplace emergency
management and employee performance. The current study used expanded and objective
measures of workplace safety emergency management and employee productivity. Obrenovic
et al. (2020 investigated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic emergency management and the
sustainability of employee productivity. The study was a critical literature review and needed
to generate original findings. The study recommended safety emergency management as an
innovative approach to enhancing employee productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic. A
study by Wilson (2010) investigated emergency preparedness alternatives at higher education
institutions in the United States. Telephone interviews were used to collect data among
employees who manage emergency programs. The study found that 30% of the organizations
did not have emergency plans and equipment. The study lacked objectives and did not
establish the link between emergency plans and employee productivity.
Assessment of risks enable managers to make informed safety plans to prevent accidents. As
claimed by Årstad and Aven (2017), failure to evaluate accident risk can also cause mine
accidents. Risk assessments are used to establish priorities so that the most dangerous
situations are addressed first and those least likely to occur and least likely to cause major
problems can be considered later (Ivensky, 2018). According to P. Zhang et al. (2019, risk
identification, risk assessment, geologic influence mapping, geotechnical evaluation, risk
analysis, risk mitigation, and monitoring are important elements of risk management process
that need to be integrated into organizational safety plans. Business managers therefore need to
take corrective action to avoid recurrence of accidents. Mine leaders must avoid replication of
accidents by improving safety policies and strict adherence to safety procedures. According to
Dash, Bhattacharjee, and Paul (2016), management’s inability to learn lesson from previous
accidents and take corrective action.
2.6 Gaps in Literature
Despite the growing body of research on occupational health and safety (OHS) in the platinum
mining industry, significant gaps remain in the literature. There is a lack of studies on the
effectiveness of OHS management systems in reducing risks and improving safety outcomes
(Amponsah-Tawiah&Dartey-Baah, 2018), and limited research on the role of human factors,
such as behavior attitudes, and perceptions in shaping OHS outcomes (Lingard &Rowlinson,
(2017). Additionally, there is a need for more research on the impact of technological
advancements, such as automation and robotics, on OHS outcomes in the platinum mining
industry (Duff et al.,2018). Furthermore, the role of organizational culture in shaping OHS
outcomes in the platinum mining industry remains underexplored (Choudhry & Fang, 2018).
Addressing these gaps in the literature is critical to developing a comprehensive understanding
of OHS in the platinum mining industry and identifying effective strategies for improving
safety outcomes.

2.7 Chapter Summary

The chapter reviewed the existing literature on OHS in the mining industry, with a focus on
the platinum mining sector. The review also explored the theoretical frameworks that underpin
OHS research, including the Hazard-Risk-Vulnerability framework (HRV), the Theory of
Planned Behavior (TPB) and the High Reliability Organization(HRO) theory. The chapter
identified gaps in the existing literature and highlighted the need for further research on OHS
in the platinum mining industry. The next chapter will be presenting research methodology.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter outlines the research methodology used to investigate the occupational health and
safety (OHS) risks associated with platinum mining in Zimbabwe. The chapter provides an
overview of the research design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis
techniques used in the study. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a clear transparent
account of the research methodology, enabling readers to understand the context and
limitations of the study. By outlining the research methodology, this chapter aims to establish
the credibility and validity of the study's findings, which are presented in subsequent chapters.
3.1 Research Philosophy
The proposed study is grounded in a pragmatic research philosophy, which emphasizes the
importance of practicality and utility in research (Creswell, 2014). A pragmatic approach is
particularly suited to this study, as it seeks to investigate the occupational health and safety
risks associated with platinum mining in Zimbabwe, with a of identifying practical strategies
for mitigating these risks (Morgan, 2014). The study also draws on elements of interpretivism,
recognizing that the experiences and perceptions of miners and other stakeholders are shaped
by their social, cultural, and historical contexts (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011). By combining
pragmatic and interpretivist elements, this study aims to provide a nuanced and contextually-
informed understanding of the OHS risks associated with platinum mining in Zimbabwe.
3.2 Research Strategy
This study will employ a mixed-methods research strategy, focusing on three platinum mines
in Zimbabwe, to provide an in-depth examination of occupational health and safety (OHS)
risks, safety and practices, and policy implementation at the mine sites. Data will be collected
through a combination of methods including document review of mine policies and
procedures, observations of safety practices and policy implementation, in-depth interviews
with mine management and safety officers, and focus group discussions with miners. This case
study will provide a detailed understanding of OHS risks, safety practices, and policy
implementation at the mine sites, allowing for the identification of best practices and areas for
improvement.
3.3 Research Design
This study employed a descriptive research design, utilizing a mixed methods approach to
investigate occupational health and safety risks in the platinum mining industry in Zimbabwe.
The study will consist of two phases, involving a survey with 337 participants and qualitative
phase of 30 safety officers and management representatives and observational studies at the
three mine sites. The quantitative data will be analysed using a descriptive and inferential
statistics, while the qualitative will be analyzed using thematic analysis. The results from both
phases will be triangulated to increase the validity and reliability of the findings.
3.3.1 Case study
Case studies, or reference to case studies, were used in an effort to reach a broad scope of the
data. A case study is defined by Yin (2009) as an empirical inquiry that investigates a
contemporary phenomenon in depth and within its real-life context especially when the
boundaries between phenomenon and the context are not clearly evident. Such an approach
allows the researcher to collect as much information as possibly needed within the area of
study. The researcher will use the case study research design since it deals with a specific area
in which the research is carried out.

A case study approach was chosen for its ability to provide in-depth, contextualized
understanding of complex phenomena, capturing the dynamics and processes within
organizations (Merriam, 2018). As Yin (2018) notes, "case studies are particularly useful for
exploring complex contextual phenomena" (p.5). This study's focus on an assessment of OHS
in reducing risks in mining industry necessitated an in-depth examination of organizational
contexts.
3.4 Target Population :367 participants
According to Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2019), the entirety of the items, persons or
aspects that the researcher intends to conclude about, are referred to as the population.The
target population for this study is 8000 from the platinum mining companies in Zimbabwe
(Zimplats 4000, Mimosa 2500 and Unki 1500 employees). Specifically, the study focuses on
Zimplats, Unkiand Mimosa mine companies.The target respondents include both those in the
safety department and who are not in the department like miners and general hands.
3.4.1 Research Population Companies
Mimosa Mine
Zimplats
Unki Mine
Total 3 Companies
3.4.2 Research Population ( Cohort 2 )
Company Target sample
Mimosa Mine 122

Zimplats 122
Unkie Mine 123
Total 367

3.5 Sample Size : 367

formula n = (Z^2*p*) / E ^2
Where:
n = sample size
Z= Z-score (confidence level)
p= proportion of population (estimated)
q=1-p
E = margin of error

Using the formula:

n = ( 1.645^2 * 0.5 ) / 0.06^ 2
n = (2.706* 0.25) / 0.0036
n = 367.93
rounding up to the nearest whole number, we get
n = 367
Calculations for the sample of each company is
Total employees = 4000 + 2500+ 1500 = 8000 (company A = 50% of total employees,
company B = 31 % of total employees, company C = 19% total employees)
Zimplats : 184
Mimosa : 115 employees
Unki : 68 employees
Total sample size = 367
The total number of the target population is 8000 from the 3 platinum mines, and the
researcher used a sample size of 367.By selecting a sample of 3 companies, the study aims to
provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding the effectiveness of occupational health
and safety protocols in reducing risks in the platinum mining in Zimbabwe.The survey will be
conducted with 337 low level mining employees, for qualitative data a sample size of 30
respondents will be used (management members and safety officers),from the 3 companies.
The total sample size is 367. The sample size is 367, confidence level 95%, margin of error 5
%, population proportion 0.5%.

3.5.1 Rationale for sample

The sample size of 3 companies was chosen based on several considerations. Firstly, it is a
manageable size that allows for in-depth data collection and analysis, given the quantitative
and qualitative nature of the study. Secondly, it provides a reasonable level of generalizability
to the population of platinum mining companies in Zimbabwesince they are only three, every
company is represented.The sample size is sufficient to detect statically significant
relationships between OHS in reducing risks in the mining industry.

3.6 Sampling technique

This study employs stratified random sampling technique, a probability sampling technique,
to select participants from platinum mining companies in Zimbabwe. Convenience use of
stratified random sampling in this research is highly effective in ensuring that the sample is
representative of the population (Creswell, 2014; Saunders et al, 2019). Stratified random
sampling reduces the risk of sampling bias, increasing the reliability of the findings, and
enables the researcher to make more accurate references about the population (Taherdoost,
2016). In the context of this research, stratified random sampling enables the researcher to
capture the diverse experiences and perspectives of mining employees, providing a
comprehensive understanding of occupational health and safety practices in the mining
industry. By using this technique, the research can produce more robust and generalizable
findings that can inform policy and practice (Bryman & Bell, 2015; Neuman, 2014).
Participants were selected from senior management and leadership positions, including; mine
management, safety officers and low level mine employees (miners and general hands). A
total number of 376 participants is sampled.

3.7 Data Collection Techniques

The data collection procedure involved a multi-stage process. Firstly, a list of 3 platinum
mining companies in Zimbabwe was selected using stratified random sampling. Secondly, a
formal letter was sent to the CEOs of the selected companies, explaining the purpose of the
study, objectives and requesting their participation. Once consent is obtained,a survey
questionnaire was administered to the mines employees.The interviews were conducted and
were audio-recorded with the participants' consent. The company documents were requested
and collected which included annual reports and safety meetings minutes to provide additional
context and insights. The data collection process was conducted over a period of two weeks
and all data was stored securely to maintain confidentiality and anonymity.
3.7.1 Interviews
Interviews were be carried out in the field to acquire specific data relevant to the study. In-
depth, semi - structured interviews will be conducted with key informants, including
companies board members, CEOs and senior managers, and safety officers. .

According to Leedy and Ormrod (2005) interviews are used the researcher to gather
information regarding people’s facts, beliefs, motives, present and past behavior. Some of this
information requires use of structured interviews while others needed semi-structured
interviews. The benefit of interviews is that the researcher will be able to obtain information
immediately by hearing the thoughts and information which is being produced by the
respondents.

Knight (1999) argues that an interview is a direct face-to-face attempt to obtain reliable and
valid measures in the form of verbal responses from one or more respondents. A set of clear
and study area population-sensitive questions were drafted down to suit research objectives
and questions prior to conducting the interviews. Data will then be captured by jotting down
notes and tape recording to curb inefficiencies that would have been brought by relying on
memory. Tape recording will be done upon consent by participants for privacy and security
reasons.
3.7.2 Semi-structured Interviews
This study employed semi-structured interviews to gather qualitative data from mine
management and safety officers of platinum mining companies in Zimbabwe. The interview
were guided by an interview protocol that included open-ended questions, which allowed
participants to share their experiences and perspectives, and insights on effectiveness of OHS
and its impact on reducing risks in mining industry. The semi-structured allows the researcher
to explore specific themes and issues while allowing for flexibility and probing to gather more
in-depth information.

3.7.3 Open -ended questions

Open-ended encouraged participants to provide detailed and reflect responses, providing rich
and contextualized data. The semi-structured and open-ended interview approach allowed the
researcher to explore the research questions in a detailed and nuanced manner.

3.7.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews

The advantage of interviews is that it enables the researcher to obtain actual information at
first hand through the dialogue with employees from various departments. Interviews help the
researcher by providing in-depth and detailed information from participants, providing rich
insights into their experiences, perceptions and opinions (Flick, 2018). Interviews also enable
the researcher to gather personal perspectives and stories, establish rapport with participants,
and explore sensitive topics, such as occupational health and safety risks (Bryaman, 2016;
Saunders et al., 2019). Additionally, interviews provide flexibility, allowing the researcher to
probe for more information, clarify responses, and explore new topics that arise during the
conversation (Gilham, 2017).
Moreover, interviews explain more than the questions on paper, in simple terms they give the
researcher to get more information since some of the questions on paper might not be
understandable to the respondents. Interviews has an advantage in that the researcher may also
observe non-verbal actions of the respondents which can be interpreted as meaningful data for
the research (Flick, 2018).
3.8 Reliability and Validity
A pilot study was conducted to test the validity of the research instruments and to refine the
data collection process. The pilot study involved two platinum mining companies in
Zimbabwe, which were selected based on their willingness to participate and their
representation of the target population. The pilot study involved administering the survey
questionnaire to miners and conducting in-depth interviews with mine management and safety
officers. The results of the pilot study were used to refine the survey questionnaire, clarify
ambiguous questions, and identify potential biases in the data collection process, including the
accessibility of participants and availability of required documents. Based on the findings of
the pilot study, minor adjustments were made to the survey questionnaire and the interview
guide to improve their clarity and effectiveness. The pilot study also helped to estimate the
time required for data collection and to identify potential challenges that may arise during the
main study. Overall, the pilot study provided valuable insights that informed the design and
implementation of the main study.

Validity
To ensure the validity of this study, several measures were taken. First, the research design
was carefully crafted to align with the research questions and objectives, ensuring that the data
collected was relevant and appropriate. The use of multiple data sources, including surveys,
interviews, observations and document analysis, also helped to triangulate findings and
enhance validity. Additionally the survey instrument was pilot -tested with a small group of
participants to ensure that the questions were clear and effective in capturing the desired
information. Furthermore, the researcher employed members checking during the data analysis
process, where participants were given the opportunity to review and provide feedback on the
findings to ensure that they accurately reflected their experiences and perspectives. This
helped to increase the study's internal validity and ensured that the findings were accurate and
trustworthy.

Reliability
To ensure the reliability of this study, several measures were taken. First, the survey
instrument was designed to be consistent and reliable, with clear and concise questions that
were free from bias. The instrument was also pilot tested to ensure that it was effective in
capturing the desired information and that the results were consistent across different
administrations. Additionally, the researcher used a systematic and transparent approach to
data analysis, with clear coding procedures and inter-rate reliability checks to ensure that the
findings were consistent and accurate. The researcher also considered the potential for
participant bias and took steps to minimize its impact, such as using anonymous surveys and
ensuring that participants were aware of the study's purpose and procedures. By taking these
measures, the researcher was able to increase the study's reliability and ensure that the findings
were consistent and accurate.

3.9 Ethical Considerations

This study will adhere to the following ethical principles to ensure the protection of
participants' rights and dignity. As postulated by Schindler and Cooper (2003), ethics are
norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about our behavior and relationship
with others. On the same note Shamoo and Resnik (2009), state that ethics involve the
application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving research. The
fundamental principle of this research is respect for persons regardless of their age, sex,
religion, race or status.

With regard to the above referred, the following principles guided the research process
in terms of ethical consideration:

a) Voluntary Informed Consent

This guiding principle ensures that the research is conducted with the approval of the local
authorities and all participants. The research will make them aware of the nature of the
research and clearly stated their role in it. All respondents have to give consent before
participating.

b) Anonymity and Confidentiality

Privacy and confidentiality of the respondents is to be prioritized. This helps encourage
respondents to give out correct information that would later inform the study and play a
significant role in ensuring effectiveness and relevance. The researcher ensures protection of
confidential communications and client records. The researcher also have to assure
participants that their identity in relation to this research would remain anonymous. They are
not to be named in any way in connection with this research and the opinions they would
express is not to be associated with them personally especially without their approval. Only
authorized personnel will have access to the data, and access will be granted on a need-to-
know basis.
c) Human Subjects Protection
The approach to the study guaranteed minimization of harm and risks and maximization of
benefits. In this regard, the research respected human dignity, privacy and autonomy, and took
necessary precautions with vulnerable groups within the population.

d) Transparency
Participants will be clearly furnished with the details of the study, from the objectives down to
the approach. It will bemade transparent that there would be no cash or kind inducement to
participants, and no room for deception hence curbing any possibility of bribes and correction.
These have a potentially negative effect to any research study.

e) Cultural Considerations
Cultural norms, customs, practices and the language of the residents of area of study are given
due respect.

3.10Data PresentationAnalysis
This study will employ both a quantitative and qualitative analysis approach to examine the
data collected from questionnaires and interviews. Data will be presented in the form of
themes, categories and patterns that emerge from the data. Data will be organized and
presented in a logical and coherent manner, using tables,, figures, and charts as necessary. A
qualitative data analysis software (NVivo) will be used to organise, code and analyze the data.
Microsoft excel will be used to analyse and present quantitative data, such as questionnaire
responses. The qualitative data will be presented in form of quotes, tables and figures to
illustrate the findings. The quantitative will be presented in tables, figures and graphs to
facilitate comparison and analysis.

3.14 Chapter Summary

This chapter has outlined the research design and methodology for the study, including the
qualitative approach, case study design, and data collection methods. This study's sampling
strategy, data presentation and analysis plan, and ethical considerations have also been
discussed. By employing a rigours and systematic approach, this study aims to provide a rich
and nuanced understanding of the effectiveness of occupational health and safety protocols in
reducing risks in the platinum mining industry.The next chapter will present the findings of the
study, highlighting the themes and patterns that emerged from the data.

CHAPTER FOUR : DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the findings of the study. The data collected from the survey
questionnaire and interview guide are presented, analyzed and discussed in this chapter. The
results are based on a sample size of 367 participants, representing a response rate of 100% out
of a population of 367 employees. The respondents for quantitative data were 337 while 30
respondents were for qualitative data.The data analysis focuses on identifying trends, patterns,
and correlations between variables, providing insights into the current state of occupational
health and safety practices among miners. The findings of this study will contribute to a better
understanding of the challenges and opportunities for improving occupational health and
safety in the mining industry.
Response Rate: Table 4.1

Distributed Returned Completed Response Rate

Questionnaire 337 337 337 100%

Source: (Primary data 2025)

The 100% response rate underscores the significance of OHS in the platinum mining industry,
where employees recognize the importance of safety and are willing to participate in research
aimed at improving practices. This high level of participation lends credibility to the study's
findings and recommendations, making them more actionable for industry stakeholders. The
research had a strong response rate of 100% that matched the targeted sample size. In keeping
with Bryman and Bell's (2019) suggestions, the data that resulted from the collective response
rate of 92.7% for surveys was deemed to be good, adequate, and useful for concluding the
characteristics of the entire population (2018).
4.2 Quantitative findings
4.2 Safety Practices
The findings indicate that a significant majority of participants 83% (279 out of 337) always
follow established safety procedures when performing tasks. This suggest that the mining
industry is taking steps to ensure that employees are adhering to safety protocols.
However,there is still room for improvement, as 17% (57 out of 337) of participants do not
always follow safety procedures. The data also shows that 42% of participants have reported
an OHS incident or concern, which highlights the importance of having a robust reporting
system in place. Furthermore, 68% (229 out of 337) of participants receive regular OHS
training or updates, which is a positive trend, but there is still a need to ensure that all
employees receive adequate training.

4.3 Risks and Hazards

The findings reveal that 33% (111 out of 337) of participants have experienced an OHS
incident or injury while working, which is a concerning trend. This suggest that there are still
significant risks and hazards present in the workplace that need to be addressed. On a positive
note, 75% (252 out of 337) of participants feel that their work place is safe, which indicates
that the industry is taking steps to mitigate risks. However, the fact that 50% (169 out of 337)
of participants have identified potential OHS hazards in their workplace highlights the need
for ongoing risk assessment and mitigation efforts.

4.3 Occupational Health and Safety Awareness

The data shows that 83% (279 out of 337) of participants are aware of OHS policies and
procedures in place at their mine, which is a positive trend. This suggest that the industry is
taking steps to educate employees on OHS protocols. Additionally, 58% of participants have
attended an OHS meeting, which indicates that there are opportunities for employees to
engage with OHS issues. Furthermore, 67% (225 out of 337) of participants know who to
contact in case of an emergency, which is a critical aspect of OHS awareness. However, there
is still a need to ensure that all employees are aware of OHS policies and procedures, as 16%
(53 out of 337) of participants are not aware.

Demographic data
4.3 Participant Demographics
 The study involved a total of 337 platinum mining employees, which comprises of miners and
general hands.The demographic information collected includes age, gender, education level,
and working experience.
Table 4.2

Aspect Group Number of Valid responses Valid

Measured percentages
Gender Male 269 80%
Female 67 20%
Aggregate 337 100
Respondents’ age < 30 years 67 20%
31 – 40 101 30%
years
41 – 50 101 30%
years
51 – 60 50 15%
years
Above 60 18 5%
years
Aggregate 337 100
Education level Secondary 135 40%
Education
and Below
Certificate 34 10%
Diploma 101 30%
Bachelor’s 57 15%
Degree
Master’s 10 5%
Degree
Other 0 0%
Aggregate 337 100
Work experience 2 years 0 0%
 2 - 5 years 101 30%
6 – 10 169 50%
years
10 years 67 20%
and above
Total 337 100

Source: Primary Data (2025)

4.3.1 Analysis of gender distribution

The demographic data reveals a significant imbalance in the gender distribution of
participants, with 80% of participants ( 269 out of 337) being male and 20% (67 out of 337)
being female. This disparity can be attributed to various factors, including the historically
male-dominated nature of the mining industry and the types of job roles that are more
commonly held by men. To address the gender imbalance, targeted recruitment efforts could
be implemented to actively recruit women participants and increase their representation.
Moreover, analyzing data by gender help could help identify potential differences and biases,
ultimately leading to more comprehensive and inclusive research findings.

4.3.2 Analysis of level of education distribution

The level of education among the participants reveals that 50% ( 169 out 337) have a
secondary level qualification, 30% (101 out of 337) have a diploma, and 20% (67 out of 337)
have a bachelor’s degree or higher.This distribution suggests that the majority of participants
have a foundational level of education, with a significant proportion having received
specialized training in a relevant field. The presence of participants with higher education
qualification, such as degrees, indicate that there is also a subset of individuals with more
advanced backgrounds. This diversity in educational attainment may have implications for the
understanding and implementation of occupational health and safety practices within the
mining industry.

4.3.3 Analysis of working experience distribution

The working experience of the participants reveals that 50% (169 out of 337) have more than 5
years of experience in the mining industry, 30% (101 out of 337) have below 5 years of
experience, and 20% (67 out of 337) have more than 10 years experience. The distribution
suggests that the majority of participants have significance experience working in the mining
industry, with many having spent several years in this field. The presence of participants with
varying levels of experience, from novice to seasoned professionals, may provide a
comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities related to occupational
health and safety in the mining industry. The experience of the participants may also influence
their perceptions and attitudes towards safety practices, highlighting the importance of
considering the role of experience in shaping safety behaviors and outcomes.
4.3.4 Analysis of working hours
The working hours of the participants reveal that many are working extended shifts, with some
reporting hours that exceed the standard 8- hour workday. 60 % (202 out of 337 ) of
respondents exceed standard 8- hour working while 20% (67% out of 337) are working
extended shifts.This is consistent with the demands of the mining industry, where long hours
and shift work are common. The prolonged working hours may have implications for the
physical and mental well-being of the participants, potentially increasing the risk of fatigue,
stress, and other work-related health issues. Furthermore, the impact of extended working
hours on safety practices and behaviors may be significant, as fatigue and decreased alertness
can compromise the ability to follow safety protocols and respond to hazards effectively.
Understanding the working hours the working hours of the participants is essential for
identifying potential risks and developing strategies to mitigate them, ultimately promoting a
safer and healthier work environment.

4.4 Qualitative Findings

The research findings from the qualitative interviews with management and safety officers
from Mimosa, Unki and Zimplats platinum mining companies revealed that all three
companies have comprehensive Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) policies are designed
to ensure a safe working environment, mitigate risks, and comply with relevant regulations.

4.4.1'OHS policies and procedures

According to the respondents, the OHS policies and procedures are communicated to
employees through various channels, including induction training, toolbox talks, and regular
safety meetings. One respondent from Mimosa noted, "We have a robust induction program
that covers all aspects of safety including our policies procedures. All new employees undergo
this training before starting work" ( Respondent M1)
The respondents also emphasized the importance of regular review and update of OHS polices
and procedures. A safety officer from Unki stated, " We review our policies and procedures
annually or whenever there is a significant change in legislation or our operations. This
ensures that we stay compliant and maintain a safe working environment." (Respondent U2).
These findings are consistent with the literature, which emphasizes the importance of having
well - developed OHS policies and procedures in place (ILO, 2011). Regular review and
update of these policies are also crucial to ensure that they remain effective and relevant (HSE,
2013).

Another respondent from Zimplats highlighted the role of employee involvement in the review
process, "We involve employees in the review process through our safety committees. This
ensures that we get feedback from the coalface and make necessary changes to our policies
and procedures." ( Respondent Z3) These quotes from the respondents illustrate the
commitment of the companies to maintaining a safe working environment and complying with
relevant regulations. The findings also highlight the importance of effective communication
and employee involvement in the development and review of OHS policies and procedures.

4.4.2 OHS Risk Management

The research findings revealed that platinum mining companies, Mimosa, Unki and Zimplats,
have established processes for identifying, assessing, and prioritizing Occupational Health and
Safety (OHS) risks. According to the respondents, risks are prioritized based on like hood and
potential impact on employees, the environment, and the organization. A respondent from
Mimosa explained, "We use a risk matrix to assess and prioritize risks. This matrix considers
the likelihood and potential impact of each risk, allowing us to focus on the most crucial
ones." (Respondent M2) This approach is consistent with the literature, which emphasizes the
importance of risk assessment and prioritization in OHS management (ISO 45001, 2018).
Employees are actively involved in OHS risks management processes through various
mechanisms, including safety committees, risks assessments, and hazard reporting. A
respondent from Zimplats stated, "Our employees are empowered to identify and report
hazards, and they participate in risk assessment and safety committee meetings. This ensures
that we get feedback from the coalface and can implement effective controls." (Respondent
Z2) The findings also highlighted the importance of ongoing monitoring and review of OHS
risks. A respondent from Mimosa emphasized, "We continuously monitor and review our risk
assessments to ensure that they remain relevant and effective. This allows us to identify new
risks and update our controls accordingly." ( Respondent M3)
These quotes from the respondents demonstrate the companies' commitment to OHS risk
management and employee involvement in the process. These findings are consistent with the
literature, which emphasizes the importance of employee participation and ongoing
monitoring in effective OHS risk management (Robson et al., 2017).
4.4.3 Safety training awareness
The findings revealed that the platinum mining companies, Mimosa, Unki and Zimplats, have
comprehensive safety training programs in place for employees. These programs cover various
aspects of OHS, including hazard identification, risk assessment, and emergency response.

According to the respondents, Mimosa uses a combination of classroom training, on-the-job

training, and simulation- based to ensure that employees understand OHS procedures. A
respondent from Mimosa explained, "We understand employees understanding of OHS
through regular audits, observations and quizzes. This helps us identify areas where
employees need additional training or support." (Respondent M8)
Unki, on the other hand, uses a competency-based training approach, where employees are
addressed on their ability to demonstrate specific OHS skills and knowledge. A respondent
from Unki noted, " We use a combination of written tests, practical assessments, and
observations to evaluate employee understanding of OHS procedures" (Respondent U6) The
companies also use various methods to raise awareness among employees, including safety
campaigns, toolbox talks, and safety meetings. One of the respondents revealed that they have
monthly safety campaign that focuses on a specific theme or hazard. This helps them to keep
safety top of mind for employees.
The findings highlight the importance of effective training and awareness programs in
promoting a safety culture within the organizations. By providing the employees with
necessary knowledge and skills, the companies can reduce the risk of accidents and injuries,
and ensure a safe working environment. The methods used by the companies to assess
employee understanding of OHS are consistent with the best practices, which emphasizes the
importance of regular evaluation and feedback (ILO, 2011). The use of various training
methods and awareness-raising initiatives also demonstrates the companies' commitment to
promoting a safety culture.

The companies have measures in place to prevent and control OHS hazards, including
engineering controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE). A safety officer from Zimplats
stated, "We implement controls such as ventilation systems, and dust suppression systems, and
PPE to minimize exposure to hazardous substances and conditions." Respondent Z4). A
management representative from Unki emphasized, "We also ensure that our employees are
properly trained and equipped to perform their tasks safely. This includes providing them with
the necessary PPE and training on how to use it correctly" (Respondent U10).

Employees are actively involved in OHS risks management process through various
mechanisms, including safety committees, risk assessments, and hazard reporting. A safety
officer from Mimosa revealed, "Our employees are empowered to identify and report hazards,
and they participate in risk assessments and safety committee meetings. This ensures that we
get feedback from the coalface and can implement effective controls" (Respondent M9). A
management representative from Zimplats stated, "We encourage our employees to report any
hazards or near - misses, and investigate all incidents to identify root causes and implement
corrective actions" (Respondent Z5).

The findings highlight the importance of collaboration between safety officers and
management in ensuring effective OHS risk management. By working together, they can
identify and mitigate risks, prevent accidents, and ensure a safe working environment. These
findings are consistent with the literature, which emphasizes the importance of employee
participation and ongoing monitoring in effective OHS risk management (Wachter and Yorio
(2017).
4.4.4 Incident reporting and investigation
The research findings revealed that the three companies have established procedures for
incident reporting and investigation. According to the respondents, incidents are reported
through a formal process, which involves notifying the supervisor or safety department. A
safety officer from Mimosa echoed, "We have a simple and accessible reporting system that
allows employees to report incidents and near - misses. This information is then used to
investigate and prevent future incidents" (Respondent M8).
The investigation process involves a thorough analysis of the incident, including identifying
the root cause and implementing corrective actions. A management representative from Unki
noted, " We conduct thorough investigations into all incidents including near - misses. This
help us to identify the root cause and implement controls to prevent future incidents"
(Respondent U4). Recent scholars support these findings, emphasizing the importance of
thorough incident investigation in preventing future incidents (Hopkins, 2018).

Employees are actively involved in the reporting process, and are encouraged to report
incidents and near -misses. A safety officer from Zimplats stated, "We encourage our
employees to report any incident or near -misses, and we investigate all reports thoroughly.
This help us to identify potential hazards and prevent future incidents" (Respondent Z7).
Studies by Frick (2017) highlight the importance of employee involvement in incident
reporting, noting that it can help to identify potential hazards and prevent future incidents.

To prevent the recurrence of OHS hazards, each company takes various measures, including
implementing corrective actions, providing training and reviewing and updating procedures. A
management respondent from Mimosa noted, "We implement corrective actions based on the
findings of our investigations and we also review and update our procedures to ensure that
they remain effective" (Respondent M6). This finding is supported by Kines et al., (2017) who
emphasises the importance of implementing corrective action and reviewing and updating
procedures to prevent future incidents.

The measures taken by each company to prevent recurrence of OHS hazards include:
  Mimosa: Implementing corrective actions, providing training, and reviewing and
updating procedures.
 Unki: Conducting thorough investigations, implementing controls, and providing
training.
 Zimplats: Encouraging employee reporting, conducting thorough investigations, and
implementing corrective actions.

Overall, the findings from the respondents are consistent with recent scholarship in the field of
incident reporting and investigation. By having effective procedures in place for reporting
process, companies can identify potential hazards and prevent future incidents.

OHS Performance Monitoring and Evaluation The research findings revealed that the platinum
mining companies, Mimosa, Unki, and Zimplats, have established metrics to measure
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) performance. These metrics include:
Lagging Indicators: Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR), Total Recordable Injury
Frequency Rate (TRIFR), and Fatalities.
Leading Indicators: Safety audits, compliance procedures, and employee training.

4.5 Metrics Used by Each Company

 Mimosa: LTFFR, TRIFR, and safety audit scores. A management respondent from
Mimosa noted, "We track our LTIFR and TRIFR to measure our OHS performance,
and we also conduct regular safety audits to identify areas for improvement"
((Respondent M5)
 Unki: LTIF, TRIFR, and compliance with procedures. A safety officer from Unki
stated, "We monitor our compliance with procedures and track our LTIFR and TRIFR
to ensure that we are meeting our OHS targets" (Respondent U3).
 Zimplats: LTIFR, TRIFR, and employee training. A management respondent from
Zimplats noted, "We track our LTIFR and TRIFR, and we also monitor our employee
training to ensure that our employees have the necessary skills and knowledge to
perform their tasks safely" (Respondent Z9).
4.6 Actions Taken to Address Areas of poor OHS Performance:
Mimosas: Implementing corrective actions, providing additional training, and increasing
supervision. A manager from Mimosa noted, "If we identify areas of poor OHS performance,
we implement corrective actions and provide additional to our employees" ( Respondent M7)
Unki: Conducting root cause analysis, implementing corrective actions, and reviewing and
updating procedures. A safety officer from Unki stated, "We conduct root cause analysis to
identify the underlying causes of poor OHS performance, and we implement corrective actions
to address these causes"( Respondent U4).
Zimplats: Providing feedback to employees, conducting regular safety meetings, and
recognizing and rewarding good OHS performance. A management respondent from Zimplats
noted, " We provide feedback to our employees on their OHS performance, and we recognize
and reward good OHS performance to encourage our employees to maintain high standards"
(Respondent Z3). There are scholars who also support the findings of this study, emphasizing
the importance of using a combination of lagging and leading indicators to measure OHS
performance (Halowell&Gambatese, 2017). Additionally, studies have shown that
implementing corrective actions and providing feedback to employees can help to improve
OHS performance ( Lines et al., 2017).

4.7 Strategies and Suggestions for Improving OHS in Platinum Mining Industry
The platinum mining industry faces several challenges in promoting Occupational Health and
Safety (OHS), including the inherent risks associated with mining operations, the physical and
mental demands of the work, and the need for ongoing training and awareness. A manager
from Mimosa noted, "One of the biggest challenge we face is ensuring that our employees are
aware of the hazards associated with their work and take the necessary precautions to stay
safe" (Respondent M8).

To promote a safety culture several strategies can be effective, including leadership

commitment, employee involvement, and ongoing training and awareness. A safety officer
from Unki stated, " We have found that leadership commitment is critical in promoting a
safety culture. When leaders prioritize safety, employees are more likely to follow suit"
(Respondent U2). Hopkins (2018) also emphasizes the importance of leadership commitment
and employee involvement in promoting a safety culture.
Successful programs that have been implemented in the platinum mining industry include
behavior -based safety program, safety audits and employee training programs. A management
respondent from Zimplats noted," We have implemented a behavior-based program that
encourages employees to identify and report hazards. This program has been successful in
reducing the number of incidents at our mine"( Respondent Z6). Studies by Frick (2017),
highlight the importance of employee involvement in safety programs, noting that it can help
to identify potential hazards and prevent future incidents.

In terms of experiences with OHS in the mining industry, several respondents noted the
importance of ongoing training and awareness. Some strategies that were revealed by
respondents effective in promoting safety culture in the platinum mining industry include:
 Leadership commitment: Demonstrating a commitment to safety from senior
leadership can help to promote a safety culture.
 Employee Involvement: Involving employees in safety programs and decision-
making can help identify potential hazards and prevent future incidents.
 Ongoing training and awareness: Providing ongoing training and awareness to
employees can help to ensure that they are aware of the hazards associated with their
work and know how to stay safe.

Overall, promoting a safety culture in the platinum mining industry requires a multifaceted
approach that includes leadership commitment, employee involvement, and ongoing training
awareness. By implementing effective strategies and programs, mining companies can reduce
the risk of incidents and promote a safe working environment.

4.8 Observations
During the research study, the researcher observed several notable aspects of Occupational
Health and Safety (OHS) practices at the platinum mining sites. These observations provided
valuable insights into the companies' commitment to safety and highlighted areas for
improvement.
4.8.1 Observations of Safety Practices
The researcher observed that the mining companies had implemented various safety measures,
including PPE requirements, safety signage, and regular safety meetings. For example, at
Mimosa, the researcher observed employees wearing PPE, such as hard hats and safety
glasses, while working in hazardous areas. Similarly, at Unki, the researcher noted that safety
signage was prominently displayed throughout the mine, highlighting potential hazards and
providing instructions on safe work practices

Employees wearing PPE

Source: Primary data (2025)

4.8.2 Employee Engagement and Training
The researcher also observed that employees were engaged and trained on safety procedures.
At Zimplats, the researcher observed a safety training session, where employees were taught
how to identify and report hazards. The researcher noted that the training was interactive and
encouraged employee participation, which helped to promote a safety culture.
4.8.3 Areas for Improvement
However, the researcher also observed areas for improvement, including the need for more
effective communication of safety procedures to employees.At one of the mining sites, the
researcher observed some employees were not aware of the procedures for reporting hazards,
which highlighted the need for more effective training and communication.
4.8.4 Commitment to Safety
Overall, the researcher's observations suggested that the platinum mining companies were
committed to safety and had implemented various measures to promote a safety culture.
However, there were also areas for improvement, including the need for more effective
communication and training. By addressing these areas, the companies can further enhance
their safety performance and promote a safe working environment for their employees.

4.9 Conclusion
This chapter has presented the findings of the study on Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
practices in the platinum mining industry. The results highlight the importance of effective
OHS management systems, employee involvement, and ongoing training and awareness in
promoting a safety culture. The study's findings also underscore the need for leadership
commitment, risk management, incident reporting and investigation, and performance
monitoring and evaluation to ensure a safe working environment. The next chapter dwells on
summary of the study and recommendations.

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