Life Processes
Key Points and Concepts
Function of blood vessels:
S. No. Blood vessels Function
They carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the
1 Arteries
body.
They collect the blood from different organs and bring it back
2 Veins
to the heart
Exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells
3 Capillaries
takes place across the thin walls of capillaries.
Arteries and Veins:
S. No. Arteries Veins
1 They are thick walled. They are thin walled.
2 Arteries have no They have valves.
valves.
Carry oxygenated Carry deoxygenated blood except
3 blood except pulmonary vein.
pulmonary artery.
Glands and their Secretions:
S.No Name of the Glands Name of Secretions
1 Salivary glands Saliva contains enzyme named ptyalin.
2 Gastric glands Secretes gastric juice, HCI, mucus and pepsin.
3 Liver Bile juice.
4 Intestinal glands Instestinal juice.
5 Pancreas Pancreatic juice which contains trypsin, lipase and amylase.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration:
S.No. Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
1 It takes place in the presence of oxygen. It takes place in the absence of oxygen.
Products obtained are ethanol and CO2 or
2 Products obtained are CO2 and H20. lactic acid.
3 More energy is produced. Less energy is produced.
In human air takes the following path:
Important Equations
Photosynthesis Process:
Glucose Breakdown:
Blood Groups:
Blood Antigen present Antibody Can receive
Can donate to
group in RBC present plasma from
A A B A and AB A, O
B B A AB, B B, O
AB A, B None AB B, AB, A, O
O None A and B O, A, B, AB O
Open and Closed Stomatal Pore:
The opening and closing of stomata depend upon the turgid or flaccid state of the guard
cells. When guard cells are in turgid state the stomatal aperture opens and when guard cells are
in flaccid state the stomatal aperture closes. The inner wall of guard cells (towards pore) is thick
and outer wall (towards other epidermal cells) is thin. When the turgor pressure of the guard
cells is increased the outer thinner wall of the guard cell is pushed out (towards the periphery)
due to which a tension is created on the inner thicker wall thus pulling the inner thicker wall
towards the periphery thus leading to the opening of stomatal aperture. On the contrary when
the guard cells are in a flaccid state the outer thinner wall of guard cells returns to original
position (moves towards pore) due to which tension on the inner wall is released which also
returns to its original position and stomatal aperture gets closed again.
Leaf Cross-Section:
Human Heart Cross-Section:
Excretory Unit of Human Kidney:
Human Alimentary Canal:
Structure and Function of Kidney in Human:
A pair of kidney is the main excretory organ in human. There are two bean shaped, dark
red coloured kidney placed just below the stomach, one on each side of the mid dorsal line. The
depression is called hilus from where the ureter originates and the renal artery and renal vein go
in and out here.
Ureter entering through hilus expands. Medula on inner side has cone like structure called
renal pyramids. Each kidney contains about one million nephrons. The functional unit of the
kidney is the nephron.
Adrenal gland
Inferior Renal gland
Vena
cava
Renal vein
Pelvis
Medulla Kidney
Cortex
Dorsal aorta Ureter
Urinary bladder Urethra
Human
Urinary
System
Respiratory System:
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Cut end Pleural
of rib membranes
Alveoli
Lung Pleural fluid
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Figure : HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The mammalian respiratory system consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and alveoli.
Nostril: It is also called external nares.
Nasal Chamber: Nasal septum divides nasal cavity into two nasal chamber by the nasal
septum.
Internal nares: There are posterior opening of nasal chambers that leads into pharynx.
Pharynx: The pharynx provides passage to both air and food.
Laryngopharynx: It is the lower part of pharynx and has a slit like aperature called glottis,
which can be closed by a leaf like bilobed cartilage epiglottis, during swallowing of food bolus.
Larynx: It is also called voice box or adam's apple or pomas adami.
Vocal cord: In larynx, 2 pairs of vocal cord is found outer pair is false vocal cord whereas,
inner pair is true vocal cord when air is forced through the larynx it cause vibration of true vocal
cords and sound is produced.
Trachea (Wind pipe): It is long, tubular structure which runs downward through the neck in
front of oesophagus. It is supported by cartilage to prevent collapse.
Primary bronchi: These are one pair of small thin walled tubular structure formed by the
division of trachea. It further divides and end at alveoli.
Lungs: lungs are present in thoracic cavity on either side of heart covered by pleural
membrane.
Human Excretory System:
Control and Co-ordination
Key Points and Concepts
Control and co-ordination are the functions of the nervous system and hormones in our
bodies.
The responses of the nervous system can be classified as reflex action, voluntary action
and involuntary action.
Hormones produced in one part of an organism move to another part to achieve the
desired effect.
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
(CNS) (PNS)
Brain Spinal Cord Voluntary Nervous System Involuntary or
Autonomic Nervous
System
Cranial Nerves (12 pair) Spinal Nerves (31 pair)
Sympathetic Nervous Parasympathetic
System Nervous System
Human Brain:
BRAIN
Fore brain Mid brain Hind brain
Olfactory Cerebrum Diencephalon Pons Cerebellum Medulla
Lobes (2) (2 Cerebral) Oblongata
hemispheres Cerebral Corpora
Peduncles Quadrigemina
Structure of Neuron:
Neuron or nerve cell is a structural and functional unit of nervous system that is
specialised to receive, conduct and transmit impulses. It is very long, sometimes reaching 90-
100 cm. A neuron has three parts— cell body, dendrites and axon. The term neurites is used for
both dendrites and axon.
Endocrine Glands in Human Beings
Endocrine System:
Glands Secretion Functions
1. Pitutary
Controls growth of somatic cells influences
(A)Adenohypophysis (i) GH or STH
protein, carbohydrate and metabolisms
Regulates the growth of thyroid gland and
(ii) TSH
secretion of thyroxine
Stimulates adrenal contex to grow and
(iii) ACTH
secrete its hormones
Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles in
(iv) FSH ovary of female and controls
spermatogenesis in males
Stimulates ovary to produce estrogen in
(v) ICSH or LH female and testis to produce androgens in
male
Controls development of mammary glands
(vi) Prolactine and stimulates corpus luteium to secrete
progestrone
(vii) MSH Stimilate melanocytes
Controls uterine contraction during
(B) Neuro
(i) Oxytocin parturition, stimulates lactation to increase
hypophysis
milk secretion
(ii) Vasopressin Controls tubular reabsorption of water in
(ADH) kidney, also increases blood pressure
2. Thyroid
(i) Thyroxine Controls metabolism
(ii) Thyrocalcitonin Deposit calcium over bones.
3. Parathyroid PTH Maintain blood calcium.
4. Adrenal
Mineralocorticoid
(A) Cortex Salt retention
(Aldosterone)
(B) Medulla Adrenaline Emergency hormone
5. Gonads
Controls spermatogenesis and
(A) Testis (Cells of Androgens
development of secondary sexual charaters
leydig) (Testosteron)
of males
(B) Ovaries
(a) Graafian follicle (i) Estrogen Development of female sexual organs.
(b) Corpus luteum (i) Progesterone Maintain pregnancy
6. Thymus Thymosin Strenthens immune system
7. Pineal Melatonin Control skin colour.
Table: Summary of digestion enzymes of various glands with their secretions and end
products of digestion in man.
Name of
S.No. Secretion Site of action Enzymes Food acts upon End product
gland
1 Salivary glands Saliva Buccal cavity Salivary amylase Starch Maltose
2 Gastric glands Gastric Juice Stomach Pepsin Proteins Peptones & proteoses
Renin Casein of milk Paracasein
HCl Stomach — Pepsinogen Pepsin
3 Liver Bile Duodenum — Fats Emulsification of fats
4 Pancreas Pancreatic Duodenum Amylase Starch & Glycogen Maltose & Isomaltose
Juice Trypsin Proteins Peptones & peptides
Lipase Emulsified fats Fatty acids & glycerol
5 Intestinal Intestinal Samall Amino acids
Erepsin Peptones & Peptides
glands Juice intestine Glucose
Maltase Maltose
Glucose & fructose
Sucrase Sucrose
Glucose & galactose
Lactase Lactose
Monoglycerides & fatty
Lipase Triglycerides
acid
Lubrication of faecal
Mucous Large intestine — —
matter
