TIMES MEDICO

Question Bank
Pathology 2nd
Edition

As per CBME Curriculum

 Paper – 1

General Pathology

Cell Injury, Adaptations & Death

LAQs –
1. ***** Apoptosis – (AP 22)
a. Definition of Apoptosis
b. Enumerate in Detail about the Pathways of Apoptosis
c. What are the Other Methods of Cell Death?

2. ***** Necrosis – (TS 22)

a. Definition of Necrosis
b. Classification, Etiopathogenesis & Morphology of Types of Necrosis

3. Cellular Adaptations - Definition, Etiopathogenesis & Examples of –

a. Atrophy
b. *** Hypertrophy
c. *** Hyperplasia
d. ***** Metaplasia
e. *** Dysplasia

SAQs –
1. *** Differentiate between Necrosis & Apoptosis
2. *** Differentiate between Dry & Wet Gangrene
3. ***** Differentiate between Metastatic & Dystrophic Calcification
(Each type of Calcification is Again a SAQ)
4. *** Intracellular Accumulations
 5. ***** Fatty Liver – Etiopathogenesis, Morphology – Gross & Microscopy &
Stains
6. *** Free Radicals – Generation & Role in Cell Injury
7. * Various Mechanisms & Effects of Cell Injury

VSAQs –
1. * Exogenous Pigments
2. ***** Psammoma Bodies
3. ***** Lipofuscin
4. ***** Stains for Fat
5. ***** Autophagy
6. * Stress Proteins in Cell Injury
7. * Morphology of Necrotic Cell
8. *** Hyaline Degeneration

Inflammation & Repair

LAQ –
***** Acute Inflammation (AP 19, AP 22, TS 23)
a. Define Acute Inflammation
b. Mention Vascular & Cellular Events of Acute Inflammation
c. Outcomes of Inflammation

SAQs –
1. ***** Arachidonic Acid derived Mediators of Inflammation
2. ***** Phagocytosis
3. ***** Differentiate between Transudate & Exudate
4. *** Define Chronic Inflammation. Mention it’s Causes & Pathways
5. ***** Define Granulomatous Inflammation. Describe the Structure of a
Granuloma
 6. *** Mechanisms of Wound Healing in First Intention
7. ***** Mechanisms of Wound Healing in Secondary Intention
8. * Fracture Healing

VSAQs –
1. ***** Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
2. *** Interleukins
3. **** Acute Phase Reactants
4. *** Different types of Giant Cells
5. **** Differentiate between Keloid & Hypertrophic Scar
6. * Growth Factors involved in Wound Healing
7. ***** Granulation Tissue

Haemodynamic Disorders

LAQs –
1. ***** Embolism –
Define Embolism. Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical
Features of – (Any 1)
a. Pulmonary Embolism
b. Amniotic Fluid Embolism
c. Fat Embolism (API 24)
CASE – Individual to Emergency with Complaints of Shortness of Breath,
History of DVT (PE)/ Pregnancy (AFE)/ Trauma, Femur Shaft # (FE)

2. *** Oedema – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical

Features of –
a. Cardiac Oedema (API 23)
b. Renal Oedema
c. Pulmonary Oedema (TSI 23)
 3. ***** Septic Shock – (AP 15, TS 21, TS 24)
a. Define Shock
b. Classification of Shock
c. Etiopathogenesis of Septic Shock
d. Stages & Clinical Features
CASE – Individual to Emergency with Fever (in Septic Shock only)/ Cold
Skin, Hypotension, Weak Pulse, Unresponsive in Comatose State

SAQs –
1. * Air Embolism
2. *** CVC Liver (Nutmeg Liver)
3. *** Pathogenesis of Thrombus Formation
4. ***** Differentiate between an Arterial & Venous Thrombus
5. ***** Fate of Thrombus
6. ***** Virchow’s Triad & their Inter – Relationship
7. ***** Differentiate between Postmortem & Antimortem Clot
8. ***** Differentiate between Red & White Infarct

VSAQs –
1. ***** Lines of Zahn
2. * Functions of Endothelium
3. *** Paradoxical Embolism
4. * Saddle Embolus
5. *** CVC Spleen
6. * CVC Lung
 Genetics

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology (Gross & Microscopy),

Clinical Features & Complications of –
1. ***** Turner’s Syndrome
2. ***** Down’s Syndrome
3. ***** Klinefelter’s Syndrome
4. ***** Tay Sachs’ Disease
5. ***** Gaucher’s Disease
6. ***** Niemann Pick Disease

VSAQs –
1. *** Barr Body
2. Give 6 Examples of –
a. Autosomal Dominant Disorders
b. Autosomal Recessive Disorders
c. X – linked Recessive Disorders
d. X – linked Dominant Disorders
e. Mitochondrial Inheritance

Immunopathology

LAQs –
1. ***** Amyloidosis – (TS 20)
a. Define Amyloidosis. Describe its Physical & Chemical Nature
b. Etiopathogenesis
c. Classification of Amyloidosis
d. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy) – Liver, Kidney, Spleen & Heart
e. Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis
 CASE – Individual with Enlarged Tongue, Multiple Organomegaly on
Palpation, Urine Proteins +, ECG shows Conduction Anomalies

2. *** Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction – Etiopathogenesis, Mediators,

Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis. Enlist some Examples (AP 22, AP 24)
CASE – Pollen Allergy/Reaction in response to Penicillin Injection 
Shortness of Breath, Hypotension

3. *** Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction – Etiopathogenesis, Mediators,

Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis. Enlist some Examples

4. *** SLE
a. Etiopathogenesis
b. Morphology
c. Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis
CASE – Butterfly Rash over Face, Fever, Oral Ulcers, Photosensitivity,
Joint Pains, Pancytopenia

SAQs –
1. *** Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction
2. *** Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction
3. *** Lupus Nephritis
4. ***** Etiopathogenesis of AIDS & CNS Manifestations of AIDS
5. ***** Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDS

VSAQs –
1. * Name 6 Autoimmune Diseases
2. *** Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
3. *** Graft VS Host Disease
4. ***** Sago Spleen VS Lardaceous Spleen
5. ***** Special Stains for Amyloid
 Neoplasia

NOTE – 2 to 3 SAQs are combined and asked as an LAQ (TS 22, TSI 24)

SAQs –
1. ***** Differentiate between a Benign & Malignant Tumor
2. ***** Define Neoplasia. Describe the Salient Features of Neoplasia
3. ***** Define Metastasis. Mention the Various Routes of Metastasis
4. ***** Describe the Mechanism of Invasion of a Malignant Tumor
5. ***** Tumor Markers & their Clinical Significance
6. ***** Paraneoplastic Syndromes
7. ***** Chemical Carcinogenesis – Etiopathogenesis & Examples
8. *** Radiation Carcinogenesis – Etiopathogenesis & Examples
9. ***** Viral Carcinogenesis – Etiopathogenesis & Examples
10. *** Tumor Suppressor Genes
11. *** RB Gene – Functions & Mechanisms of Oncogenesis
12. *** TP 53 Gene – Functions & Mechanisms of Oncogenesis
13. *** Lab Diagnosis of Cancer

VSAQs –
1. * Hamartoma & Teratoma
2. *** Differentiate between Lymphatic & Vascular Spread of Tumors
3. *** Dysplasia
4. * Carcinoma in situ
5. ***** Philadelphia Chromosome
6. *** Knudson’s 2 Hit Theory
7. *** Diseases due to DNA Repair Gene Defects
8. *** Name the Various Hallmarks of Cancer
9. * Name the Inherited Cancer Syndromes
 Nutrition

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features of –

1. ***** Vitamin A Deficiency
2. ***** Vitamin D Deficiency
3. *** Vitamin C Deficiency
4. *** Lead Poisoning
5. *** Tobacco Addiction
6. *** Chronic Alcoholism
7. ***** Obesity (+ Complications)
8. ***** Differentiate between Kwashiorkar & Marasmus

Infectious Diseases

LAQ –
*** Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Types, Morphology, Complications & Lab
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (AP 18, TSI 22)

SAQs –
1. ***** Differentiate between Tuberculoid & Lepromatous Leprosy
2. *** Actinomycosis
3. ***** Rhinosporidiosis
4. *** Tertiary Syphillis

VSAQs –
1. ***** Ghon Complex
2. *** Miliary Tuberculosis
3. *** Primary Complex
 Diseases of Infants & Childhood

SAQs –
1. *** Neuroblastoma
2. *** Nephroblastoma
3. ***** Retinoblastoma
4. * Hemangiomas
5. * Cystic Fibrosis
 Haematology
Basic Proforma –

Definition –
Risk Factors – GENETICS
Pathogenesis – FLOWCHART
Lab Diagnosis –
 Complete Blood Picture –
 RBC, WBC & Platelet Counts – Increased/Decreased
 RBC Indices (in RBC) – MCV, MCH, MCHC & RDW –
Increased/Decreased
 Special Tests – (if Needed)
 Iron Studies
 Biochemical Assays
 Disease Specific Tests
 Radiological Tests
 Peripheral Smear – DIAGRAM with Findings
(Stains used in Peripheral Smear to be mentioned)
 Bone Marrow Aspirate – DIAGRAM with Findings
 For WBC only –
 Flow Cytometry – CD Marker Positivity
 Bone Marrow Biopsy (if Needed) – DIAGRAM with Findings
 FISH (if Needed) – For Detection of Translocations
 IHC Staining (if Needed) – Mention the Markers
 For Platelets only – BT, PT, aPTT
Clinical Features –
Treatment & Prognosis –
 Red Blood Cells

LAQs –
1. ***** Iron Deficiency Anaemia – (TSI 20, API 23, API 24)
a. Define & Classify Anaemia based on MCV (Macro, Normo &
Microcytic)
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Lab Diagnosis – Peripheral Smear with RBC Indices, Bone Marrow
Findings & Iron Studies
CASE – Female with Pallor, Spoon shaped Nails (Koilonychia), Angular
Stomatitis, Chelitis, Low MCV, MCH & MCHC

2. *** Hereditary Spherocytosis – (TSI 24)

a. Define & Classify Anaemia based on MCV (Macro, Normo &
Microcytic)
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Lab Diagnosis – Peripheral Smear with RBC Indices, Bone Marrow
Findings & Special Investigations
CASE – Person on Repeated Blood Transfusions, Pallor, Splenomegaly,
Jaundice, Family History +, MCHC – Elevated

3. ***** Megaloblastic Anaemia – (API 15, TS 22, TSI 23)

a. Define & Classify Anaemia based on MCV (Macro, Normo &
Microcytic)
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Lab Diagnosis – Peripheral Smear with RBC Indices, Bone Marrow
Findings & Special Tests done
CASE – Vegetarian with Pallor, Beefy Red Shiny Tongue, Sensory Lower
Limb Paraesthesia, Spastic Paraperesis
 4. ***** Beta – Thalassemia – (AP 16)
a. Define & Classify Haemolytic Anaemias
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Classification of Beta – Thalassemia
d. Lab Diagnosis - Peripheral Smear with RBC Indices & Bone Marrow
Findings
CASE – Child on Repeated Blood Transfusions, Hepatosplenomegaly,
Enlarged Bony Prominences, Crew Cut appearance on Skull, Low MCV, MCH

5. ***** Sickle Cell Anaemia – (TS 24)

a. Define & Classify Haemolytic Anaemias
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Lab Diagnosis - Peripheral Smear with RBC Indices, Bone Marrow
Findings & Special Tests
CASE – Child with Pallor, Pain in Hands & Feet, Family History +,
Spleenomegaly, C/F of Shock +

SAQs –
1. *** Sideroblastic Anaemia
2. ***** Aplastic Anaemia
3. *** G6PD Deficiency
4. ***** Coombs Test

VSAQs –
1. * Name the Myeloproliferative Disorders
2. *** Target Cells & its Clinical Importance
3. ***** Describe the Principle, Procedure & Uses of –
a. Schilling Test
b. Sickling Test
c. Osmotic Fragility Test
 4. *** Define the following Terms along with their Normal Values & their
Clinical Significance –
a. PCV
b. ESR
c. Reticulocyte Count
d. Mentzer Index

White Blood Cells

LAQs –
1. ***** Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – (AP 17, AP 24)
a. FAB Classification
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Lab Diagnosis – Peripheral Smear & Bone Marrow Aspiration findings
d. Treatment & Prognosis
CASE – Child with Pallor, Fever, Bleeding Tendencies, CNS & Testis
Involvement, Hepatosplenomegaly, Lymphadenopathy, Pancytopenia, Blasts
on Smear

2. ***** Acute Myeloid Leukemia – (API 19, TS 19)

a. FAB Classification
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Lab Diagnosis – Peripheral Smear & Bone Marrow Aspiration findings
d. Treatment & Prognosis
CASE – Adult with Fever, Pallor, Gum Bleeds, Greenish Swelling
(Chloroma), Pancytopenia, Blasts on Smear

3. ***** Chronic Myeloid Leukemia – (TSI 19, TSI 22, AP 22, TS 23)
a. FAB Classification
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
 c. Lab Diagnosis – Peripheral Smear & Bone Marrow Aspiration findings
d. Treatment & Prognosis
CASE – Adult with Dragging Sensation in Abdomen, Blasts on Smear,
Elevated WBCs & Platelet Count, Basophilia

4. *** Hodgkin’s Lymphoma –

a. Classification
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Morphology in Various Types of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (Reed
Sternberg Cell & it’s Variants)
CASE – Adult with Waxing & Waning type of Fever, Night Sweats,
Weight Loss, Cervical Lymphadenopathy, Pain with Alcohol Intake, Lymph
Node shows RS Cell +

5. *** Multiple Myeloma –

a. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
b. Morphology of Various Organs (Mainly Bone & Kidney)
c. Lab Diagnosis – Peripheral Smear, Bone Marrow Aspiration & Special
Investigations findings
d. Diagnostic Criteria
e. Treatment & Prognosis
CASE – Old Age with Pallor, Bone Pain, Pathological Fractures, Fever,
Renal Failure Signs, Bence Jones Proteins in Urine, Elevated Sr. Calcium

SAQs –
1. *** Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
2. ***** Leukaemoid Reaction & it’s differences with CML
3. *** Burkitt’s Lymphoma
4. *** Hairy Cell Leukemia
5. ***** Myelodysplastic Syndrome
VSAQs –
1. *** Indications of Bone Marrow Aspiration
2. ***** Differentiate between a Myeloblast & a Lymphoblast
3. *** 6 Causes of Spleenomegaly
4. *** Reed Sternberg Cell & it’s Variants
5. * Name 3 Plasma Cell Dyscrasias

Platelets

SAQs –
1. ***** Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
2. ***** Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
3. ***** von Willebrand Disease
4. ***** Haemophilias
5. ***** Transfusion Reactions
6. *** Haemolytic Disease of Newborn
7. * Prothrombin Time

VSAQs –
1. *** Classify Bleeding Disorders
2. *** Mention Various Anticoagulants
3. *** Tests for Haemostatic Function
4. * Anti Phospholipid Syndrome

Miscellaneous

SAQs –
1. *** Exfoliative Cytology
2. *** FNAC
3. *** Trephine Biopsy
4. * Liquid Base Cytology
5. *** Investigations done before a Blood Transfusion
6. * Bombay Blood Group
 Paper – 2
Systemic Pathology

Blood Vessels

LAQ –
*** Atherosclerosis – (API 19)
a. Risk Factors & Etiopathogenesis
b. Development & Morphology of Atherosclerotic Plaque (Atheroma)
c. Clinical Features & Complications

SAQs –
1. *** Define & Classify Aneurysms. Describe Atherosclerotic Aneurysm
2. *** Define Dissection. Describe Aortic Dissection in detail
3. * Takayasu Arteritis

Heart

LAQs –
1. ***** Myocardial Infarction – (AP 16, API 17, TSI 19, TS 22, AP
24)
a. Risk Factors & Etiopathogenesis
b. Classification of Infarcts
c. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy)
d. Clinical Features & Complications
e. Diagnosis of MI
CASE – Dyspnoea & Chest Pain, Excessive Sweating, Pain radiating to Left
Shoulder, Diabetic, Hypertensive, Troponins + in Blood
 2. ***** Rheumatic Heart Disease – (AP 22, TS 23)
a. Etiopathogenesis
b. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy)
c. Clinical Features & Diagnostic Criteria
CASE – Child with Fever, History of Sore Throat, Associated with Joint
Pains (Shifting in Nature), Involuntary Movements, Swellings below Skin

3. *** Infective Endocarditis –

a. Etiopathogenesis
b. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy)
c. Clinical Features & Diagnostic Criteria
CASE – Adult with Fever, Pallor, Crops of Petechiae over Skin, Pain in
Splenic Region, Haemorrhage Signs

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. *** Dialated Cardiomyopathy
2. * Cor Pulmonale

VSAQs –
1. * Causes of Left & Right Heart Failure
2. * Tetralogy of Fallot
3. *** Cardiac Vegetations
 Lung

LAQs –
1. ***** Emphysema – (TSI 22, API 23)
a. Define & Classify Obstructive Lung Disorders
b. Define & Classify Emphysema
c. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
d. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy)
CASE – Male presents with Dyspnoea increasing with Exertion, History of
Chronic Smoking, Pursed lip Breathing, Barrel Shaped Test

2. ***** Pneumonia – (AP 22)

a. Classify Pneumonia
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Morphology (Stage Wise – Gross & Microscopy)
CASE – High Fever with Nasal Discharge & Chills, Dyspnoea, Weight Loss

3. ***** Lung Carcinoma – (AP 15, AP 18)

a. Classify Lung Carcinoma
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy – Briefly about its Types)
d. Complications & Paraneoplastic Syndromes associated with it
CASE – Cough, Dyspnoea, Intermittent Haemoptysis, Loss of Weight,
Malaise, History of Chronic Smoking

4. *** Bronchiectasis – (TSI 24)

a. Define Bronchiectasis
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy)
d. Complications
 CASE – Individual with Cough, Dyspnoea, Productive Cough which can be
Blood Stained, X Ray shows Lesions in Lower Lobes of both Lungs

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. ***** Bronchial Asthma
2. *** Lung Abscess
3. *** Chronic Bronchitis
4. ***** Pancoast Tumor
5. *** Classify Occupational Lung Diseases. Describe Coal Workers’
Pneumoconiosis
6. ***** Asbestosis (LAQ TS 24)
7. *** Lung Abscess & its Complications
8. *** ARDS
9. * Hyaline Membrane Disease
10. *** Mesothelioma
11. * Cystic Fibrosis

VSAQs
***** Reid’s Index

Eye, Head & Neck

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. ***** Pleomorphic Adenoma
2. *** Retinoblastoma
3. *** Warthin’s Tumor

VSAQs –
1. * Classification of Salivary Gland Tumors
2. *** Pre – Malignant Lesions of Oral Cavity (Leucoplakia & Erythroplakia)
 Gastrointestinal Tract

LAQs –
1. *** Peptic Ulcer –
a. Etiopathogenesis
b. Morphology of Lesion
c. Clinical Features & Complications
d. Differences between Gastric & Duodenal Ulcer
CASE – Individual with Dyspepsia, Sour taste in Mouth, Heart burn,
Brown to Black Stool, Diagnosis reveals H. pylori +, Endoscopy shows Ulcer

2. ***** Gastric Carcinoma – (TS 21, API 24)

a. Classification
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy of Types)
CASE – Male with Dyspepsia, Anorexia & Weight Loss, Left
Supraclavicular LN +, Mass palpable in Epigastrium, Smoker/Alcoholic +

3. ***** Colon Carcinoma – (AP 17, AP 22)

a. Classification
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy of its Types)
CASE – Patient with Bleeding in Stools, Tenderness in Abdomen, Family
H/o +, Smear shows Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia, Endoscopy shows
Mass in Colon

4. ***** Inflammatory Bowel Disease –

a. Definition & Classification
b. Etiopathogenesis
 c. Crohn’s Disease – Morphology (Gross & Microscopy) & Clinical
Features
d. Ulcerative Colitis – Morphology (Gross & Microscopy) & Clinical
Features (TSI 24)
e. Differences between Crohn’s Disease & Ulcerative Colitis
CASE – Fever, Abdominal Pain, Diarrhoea, Endoscopy shows (Skip Lesions
& Deep Knife like Ulcers – Crohn’s or No Skip Lesions & Superficial Broad
based Ulcers – UC), Radiology shows String (CD)/Hose pipe Sign (UC)

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. ***** Carcinoid Tumor
2. ***** Barrett’s Oesophagus
3. *** Meckel’s Diverticulum
4. * H. pylori Gastritis

VSAQs –
1. *** Plummer Vinson Syndrome
2. *** Linitis Plastica
3. *** Mallory Weiss Syndrome
4. * Amoebic & Typhoid Ulcer of Intestine
5. * Primary Malabsorption
6. *** Pre Malignant Lesions of Colon
 Liver, Gallbladder & Pancreas

LAQs –
1. ***** Cirrhosis (Alcoholic Liver Disease) – (TSI 20, TSI 23, API 23)
a. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
b. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy)
c. Complications
CASE – Male with History of Alcoholism presents with Breathlessness
due to Ascites, Spider Naevi & Palmar Erythema noted, Gynaecomastia &
Infertile, maybe associated with Splenomegaly & Caput Medusae

2. *** Cholelithiasis – (TS 22)

a. Define & Classify Cholelithiasis
b. Risk Factors
c. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
d. Morphology
CASE – Obese Individual with Right Hypochondrial Pain, Pain radiating to
Right Shoulder, Altered LFT, Raised Sr. Cholesterol

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. *** Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
2. * Primary Biliary Cholangitis
3. * Lab Diagnosis of Viral Hepatitis
4. ***** Etiopathogenesis & Morphology of Viral Hepatitis
5. *** Portal Hypertension
6. *** Haemochromatosis
7. ***** Hepatocellular Carcinoma
8. *** Acute Pancreatitis
9. *** Chronic Pancreatitis
10. * Wilson’s Disease
VSAQs –
1. *** Fibrolamellar Variant of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
2. *** Post Necrotic Cirrhosis

Kidney

LAQs –
1. *** Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis –
a. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
b. Morphology (Gross, Microscopy, Electron Microscopy &
Immunofluorescence Findings)
c. Treatment
CASE – Child with Fever, Haematuria (Cola colored Urine) & Back Pain.
History of Sore Throat, High ASO Titers, Proteins + in Urine, Oedema

2. ***** Nephrotic Syndrome – (MPGN – AP 19, TSI 22)

a. Define & Enlist the Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome
b. Pathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Morphology of 1 Type (Gross, Microscopy, Electron Microscopy &
Immunofluorescence Findings)
d. Differentiate it from Nephritic Syndrome
CASE – Patient complains Swellling of Limbs, Periorbital Oedema, Lipid &
Proteins + in Urine, High Sr. Cholesterol, LFT shows Low Albumin

3. ***** Renal Calculi –

a. Types of Renal Calculi & its Composition
b. Etiopathogenesis
c. Morphology
d. Clinical Features, Investigations & Complications
 CASE – Patient presents with Back Pain, No Mass Palpated, Tenderness
noted at Renal Angle, History reveals Etiology related to Stone
Formation, X Ray reveals the presence of Stones

4. ***** Renal Cell Carcinoma –

a. Etiopathogenesis (Familial Syndromes associated with it)
b. Types & Features
c. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy)
d. Clinical Features
CASE – Old Male presents with Abdominal Mass, Haematuria & Back Pain,
Fullness of Renal Angle, History of Smoking, Obesity +, Elevated RBC
Count & Sr. Calcium

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. *** Crescentric Glomerulonephritis
2. *** Good Pasteur Syndrome
3. ***** Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
4. *** Membranous Glomerulonephritis
5. ***** Chronic Pyelonephritis
6. *** Diabetic Nephropathy
7. ***** Polycystic Kidney Disease
8. ***** Wilm’s Tumor / Nephroblastoma
9. *** Lupus Nephritis
10. * Physical Examination of Urine

VSAQs –
1. ***** Staghorn Calculi
2. * Acute Tubular Necrosis
3. *** Diabetic Microangiopathy
4. *** Morphology of Kidney in Benign & Malignant Nephrosclerosis
5. *** Causes of Flea Bitten Kidney & Leather Grain Kidney
 Male Genital Tract

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. ***** Premalignant Lesions of Penis
2. ***** Seminoma
3. *** Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
4. *** Prostate Cancer
5. * Benign Tumors of Penis

VSAQs –
1. ***** Classify Testicular Tumors
2. *** Cryptorchidism
3. * Corpora Amylacea

Female Genital Tract

LAQ
***** Cervical Cancer – (AP 22, API 24)
a. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
b. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy)
c. Screening Tests & Prevention
CASE – Old Female presents with Bleeding per Vaginum after Menopause,
Colposcopy shows Polypoid Mass which Bleeds spontaneously, Inguinal
Lymphadenopathy +, Pap Smear shows Malignant Cells

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. ***** Endometriosis & Adenomyosis
2. *** Endometrial Hyperplasia
3. ***** Pathogenesis & Morphology of Endometrial Cancer
4. ***** Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
 5. ***** Hydatiform Mole
6. ***** Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)
7. *** Teratoma – Pathogenesis, Morphology & Types
8. *** Condyloma acuminatum
9. *** Dysgerminoma

VSAQs –
1. ***** Classify Ovarian Tumors
2. *** Dermoid Cyst
3. *** Krukenberg Tumor
4. * Name Malignant Tumors of Ovary
5. *** Name the Hormone producing Tumors of Ovary & the Hormone
secreted by them
6. * Schiller Duval Body

Breast

LAQ
***** Breast Carcinoma – (API 15, API 16, TS 19, TS 22)
a. Classification
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy – DCIS & Invasive Carcinoma)
d. Prognosis
CASE – Female presents with Painful growing Breast Lump in Upper Outer
Quadrant with Immobile Breast, Axillary Lymphadenopathy +, OCP
Usage/Smoking +, Biopsy shows Malignant Cells

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. ***** Fibroadenoma
2. *** Phyllodes Tumor
3. *** Paget’s Disease of Nipple
 4. *** Gynaecomastia

VSAQs –
1. * Paget’s Disease of Breast
2. * Nottingham Score
3. * Inflammatory Carcinoma of Breast

Endocrine System

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. ***** Hashimoto Thyroiditis
2. ***** Graves’ Disease
3. ***** Follicular Adenoma of Thyroid
4. ***** Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid
5. ***** Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid
6. ***** Pathogenesis & Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
7. *** Multinodular Goitre
8. * Solitary Adenoma of Thyroid
9. *** Hyperparathyroidism – Classification, Morphology & Clinical Features
10. *** Cushing’s Syndrome
11. * Pheochromocytoma
12. * Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

Skin

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. ***** Malignant Melanoma
2. *** Basal Cell Carcinoma
3. ***** Premalignant Lesions of Skin
4. *** Lichen Planus
 Bones, Joints & Soft Tissue Tumors

LAQ
***** Osteosarcoma – (TS 23, AP 24, TS 24)
a. Classify Bone Tumors
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy)
d. Radiology Findings – Codman’s Triangle
CASE – Child/Old Man with Swelling in near Knee, X Ray shows Sun burst
Appearance, Biopsy shows Lace like New bone formation

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. *** Pyogenic Osteomyelitis
2. ***** Osteochondroma
3. ***** Osteoclastoma (Giant Cell Tumor)
4. *** Ewing’s Sarcoma
5. * Gout – Classification, Pathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features

VSAQ
1. *** Sequestrum & Involucrum
2. * Pannus
 Central Nervous System

LAQ
*** Meningioma – (TSI 23)
a. Classify Brain Tumors
b. Etiopathogenesis & Clinical Features
c. Classification of Meningiomas
d. Morphology (Gross & Microscopy)
CASE – Female with Headache, CNS C/F, Mass detected in Head
attached to the Dura, Biopsy shows Psammoma Bodies +

SAQs – Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Morphology & Clinical Features of –

1. *** Pyogenic & Tuberculous Meningitis
2. ***** Astrocytoma
3. ***** Glioblastoma
4. ***** Schwannoma
5. *** Neuroblastoma
6. * Brain Abscess
7. *** Berry Aneurysm – Site, Size, Appearance & Complications

VSAQs –
1. *** Verucay Bodies (Microscopy of Schwannoma)
2. * Negri Bodies
 TIMES MEDICO

Question Bank
Pharmacology Edition
2nd

As per CBME Curriculum

 Paper wise Pharmacology Syllabus

For AP Students,
Paper – 1 Paper – 2
• General Pharmacology • Anti Microbial Drugs
• ANS Pharmacology • Anti Cancer Drugs
• PNS Pharmacology • Endocrine Pharmacology
• CNS Pharmacology • Drugs acting on Respiratory
• CVS Pharmacology System
• Renal Pharmacology • GIT Pharmacology
• Autocoids • Drugs acting on Blood
• Miscellaneous

For TS Students,
Paper – 1 Paper – 2
• General Pharmacology • Anti Microbial Drugs
• ANS Pharmacology • Anti Cancer Drugs
• PNS Pharmacology • Endocrine Pharmacology
• CNS Pharmacology • CVS Pharmacology
• GIT Pharmacology • Renal Pharmacology
• Drugs acting on Respiratory • Drugs acting on Blood
System • Miscellaneous
• Autocoids

NOTE - AETCOM can be asked in any/both Papers

Basic Proforma –
Name of Drug
Class of Drug
• Mechanism of Action – FLOWCHART
• Pharmacological Actions (if any) – System Wise in Brief
• Adverse Effects – Mention the Drug Specific Side Effects before others
• Contraindications –
• Drug Interactions –
• Therapeutic Uses –
 General Pharmacology

LAQs-

1. ***** Classify the Routes of Drug Administration. Discuss the

Advantages & Disadvantages. Add a note on Special Drug Delivery
Systems

2. *** Define Biotransformation. Explain the various Mechanisms of Drug

Metabolism with Examples (17)

3. ***** Define Bioavailability. Explain the Factors affecting

bioavailability (15I, TS 24)

4. ***** Describe the Factors affecting Drug Action. Mention their

Pharmacological & Clinical Importance (17I, TSI 23)

SAQs –

1. ***** Transdermal Patch – Advantages, Disadvantages & Examples

2. ***** First Pass Metabolism
3. ***** Prodrug - Advantages with Examples
4. *** Microsomal Enzyme Induction & Inhibition and its Significance
5. *** First Order & Zero Order Kinetics with Examples
6. ***** Define Therapeutic Index. Explain Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
with its Indications
7. ***** Fixed Dose Combinations – Advantages, Disadvantages &
Examples
8. *** Methods to prolong the Duration of Drug Action
9. ***** Drug Synergism & Antagonism with Examples
10. * General Guidelines for Management of a Drug Poisoning Case
11. *** Define Tolerance. Explain the Types of Tolerance with Examples
12. ***** Dose Response Relationship
 13. ***** Phases of a Clinical Trial
14. ***** Pharmacovigilance
15. ***** Adverse Drug Reactions
16. ***** Plasma Half Life & its Importance
17. * Define & Classify Receptors. Describe the different types of GPCRs.

VSAQs –

1. ***** Apparent Volume of Distribution

2. ***** Plasma Protein Binding & its Clinical Importance
3. * Anaphylactic Reactions & Idiosyncrasy. Give Examples of Drug
causing it
4. *** Drug Dependence
5. ***** Teratogenicity & Teratogenic Drugs
6. ***** Tachyphylaxis
7. *** Phase III Clinical Trial
8. *** Pharmacogenomics & Pharmacogenetics
9. *** Saturation Kinetics
10. * Hoffman Elimination
11. * Drug Redistribution
12. *** Define Drug, Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics
13. *** OTC Drugs
14. *** Orphan Drugs
15. ***** P Drug
16. * Placebo & its Uses
17. *** Loading and Maintenance Dose
18. *** Classify the Drug Dosage Forms
19. *** Essential Medicines
20. * Schedule H Drugs
21. * Name some drugs that can be used in Pregnancy & Lactation
22. ***** Therapeutic Window
23. *** Drugs given by Sublingual Route & its Advantages
24. * Pharmacological Basis of Drug Addiction & Drug De – addiction
 ANS Pharmacology

LAQs –

1. ***** Classify Sympathomimetics. Write in detail about the MoA,

Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects &
Contraindications of Epinephrine. (TS 19, AP 24)

2. ***** Classify Beta – Blockers. Write in detail about the MoA,

Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects &
Contraindications of Propranolol (18, AP 19, TSI 20, AP 22, TS 22)

3. ***** Classify Anti - Cholinergic Drugs. Write in detail about the

MoA, Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects &
Contraindications of Atropine. Describe the Clinical Features of
Atropine Poisoning & its Treatment (15, TSI 22, API 23, TSI 24)

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects of –

Cholinergic Drugs
1. *** Pilocarpine
2. ***** Physostigmine
3. ***** Differentiate between Neostigmine and Physostigmine
4. *** Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis
5. ***** Treatment for Organophosphorus Compounds Poisoning
6. *** Pralidoxime

Anti - Cholinergic Drugs

1. *** Hyoscine
2. ***** Atropine Substitutes with their Uses
 Adrenergic Drugs
1. ***** Dopamine
2. *** Terbutaline

Anti-Adrenergic Drugs
1. ***** Selective Alpha 1 blockers (Prazosin)
2. *** Therapeutic Uses of Alpha Blockers
3. ***** Cardioselective Beta Blockers & their Advantages over
Propranolol
4. *** Labetolol
5. ***** Drugs used in Glaucoma

VSAQs –

1. *** Mechanism of Action of a Miotic with Examples

2. * 6 Ganglionic Blocking Agents
3. ***** Name Drugs causing Mydriasis without Cycloplegia & Mydriasis
with Cycloplegia. Explain the difference in their Actions
4. ***** Pharmacological Basis of Dale’s Vasomotor Reversal & Dale’s
Vasomotor Re – reversal Phenomenon
5. *** Rationale behind using Dopamine over Adrenaline in Cardiogenic
Shock
6. ***** Rationale behind giving Adrenaline along with Lignocaine
7. *** Nasal Decongestants - MoA, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects
8. *** Ephedrine - MoA, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects
9. *** Phenylephrine - MoA, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects
10. ***** Rationale behind using Adrenaline in Anaphylactic Shock
11. *** Rationale behind using Phentolamine or Phenoxybenzamine in Pre –
Operative Preparation in Patients of Pheochromocytoma
12. *** Drug Therapy for BPH
13. * Treatment of Myasthenic Crisis
 Autocoids

LAQ
***** Classify NSAIDs. Explain the MoA, Pharmacological Actions,
Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects & Contraindications of Aspirin.
Describe the Clinical Features & Management of Acute Salicylate
Poisoning.

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Pharmacological Actions, Adverse Effects &

Therapeutic Uses of –

1. *** Classify H1 Blockers (Anti – Histamines) & Mention MOA,

Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects
2. ***** Advantages of 2nd Generation H1 Blockers
3. *** Classes of Drugs used in Treatment of Migraine
4. ***** Sumatriptan
5. ***** Prophylaxis of Migraine
6. ***** Therapeutic Uses of Prostaglandin Analogues
7. ***** Allopurinol
8. ***** Methotrexate
9. *** Indomethacin
10. ***** Selective COX-2 Inhibitors (Advantages and Disadvantages over
Aspirin)
11. *** Paracetamol

VSAQs –

1. * Name 6 Anti – Serotonin Drugs & Receptors on which they act

2. *** Drug Therapy for Migraine
3. ***** Drug Therapy for Gout (both Acute & Chronic)
4. ***** Classify Anti – Rheumatoid Drugs
5. ***** Paracetamol Poisoning – Mechanism, Symptoms & Management
 Drugs acting on Respiratory System

LAQ

*** Classify the Drugs used for Bronchial Asthma. Describe the MoA,
Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects of
Salbutamol (β2 Agonist). Add a note on the Management of Status
Asthmaticus (AP 22, TS 23)

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects of –

1. ***** Anti-Tussives
2. *** Mucolytics
3. ***** Theophylline (Methylxanthines)
4. ***** Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist (Monteleukast & Zafirleukast)
5. ***** Mast Cell Stabilizers (Sodium Cromoglycate)
6. ***** Explain the Role of Corticosteroids in Bronchial Asthma

VSAQs –

1. *** Describe the Adverse Effects & Safety Measures to be followed

during therapy with Budesonide (Inhalational Corticosteroids) in a
Bronchial Asthma patient.
2. * Name 3 Drugs to be avoided in Bronchial Asthma.
3. *** Classify Drugs used in Dry & Productive Cough
4. *** Expectorants
 PNS Pharmacology

LAQ –

*** Classify Local Anaesthetics. Describe the MoA, Pharmacological

Actions, Adverse Effects, Drug Interactions, Contraindications &
Therapeutic Uses of Lignocaine (Can be asked as SAQ)

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Pharmacological Actions, Adverse Effects &

Therapeutic Uses of –

1. ***** Spinal Anaesthesia – Advantages, Uses & Complications

2. ***** Differentiate between Competitive & Depolarising Block (d-
Tubocurarine and Succinylcholine)
3. ***** Dantrolene
4. ***** Succinylcholine
5. *** d-Tubocurarine
6. *** Techniques of Local Anaesthesia with its Uses

VSAQs –

1. * Name 3 Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

2. * Pancuronium
3. *** Infiltration Anaesthesia
4. ***** EMLA – Composition & Uses
5. ***** Succinylcholine Apnoea & its Management
6. *** Differences between Procaine & Lignocaine
7. * A Term primigravida aged 28 years in labour presents for delivery
and demands relief of pain associated during labour and delivery. O/E
there are no contraindications to normal vaginal delivery. So, which
type of regional anaesthesia is most suitable for her and explain why?
 CNS Pharmacology

LAQs –

1. ***** Classify Anti – Epileptics. Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses,

Adverse Effects, Contraindications & Drug Interactions of Phenytoin.
Describe Management of Status Epilepticus (TS 20, TS 24, API 24)

2. ***** Classify Anti – Epileptics. Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses,

Adverse Effects, Contraindications & Drug Interactions of Sodium
Valproate. Add a Note on Divalproex (TS 22, TSI 24)

3. *** Classify Anti – Parkinsonian Drugs. Describe the MoA,

Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects,
Contraindications & Drug Interactions of Levodopa. Describe On Off
Phenomenon (AP 22)

4. ***** Classify Anti – Psychotics. Describe the MoA, Pharmacological

Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects, Contraindications & Drug
Interactions of Chlorpromazine (TS 23) ; Olanzapine (API 23)

5. ***** Classify Anti – Depressants. Describe the MoA, Pharmacological

Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects, Contraindications & Drug
Interactions of SSRIs (TS 19, AP 22, TSI 22)

6. ***** Classify Opioid Analgesics. Describe the MoA, Pharmacological

Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects, Contraindications & Drug
Interactions of Morphine. Add a Note on Morphine Poisoning & its
Management (TSI 23)

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses &

Adverse Effects of –
 General Anaesthetics
1. * Classify & Mention the Characteristics of General Anaesthetics
2. ***** Thiopentone Sodium
3. ***** Propofol
4. ***** Ketamine
5. ***** Pre - Anaesthetic Medications
6. *** Isoflurane

Alcohols
1. *** Disulfiram

Sedative-Hypnotics
1. ***** Diazepam (Advantages over Phenobarbitone)
2. *** Phenobarbitone
3. ***** Zopiclone (Advantages of Zopiclone over Diazepam)

Anti - Epileptic Drugs

1. ***** Carbamazepine
2. *** Newer Anti Epileptic Drugs

Anti - Parkinsonism Drugs

1. * Dopamine Receptor Agonists
2. *** Selegiline
3. *** Importance of Centrally acting Anti - Cholinergics in Parkinsonism.
4. ***** Drug Induced Parkinsonism and it’s Management

Anti – Psychotics & Anti – Mania Drugs

1. ***** Atypical Antipsychotics
2. ***** Lithium
3. *** Haloperidol

Anti - Depressants and Anti - Anxiety Drugs

1. *** TCAs
2. ***** SNRIs
 3. *****Atypical Anti - Depressants

Opioid Analgesics
1. *** Codeine
2. ***** Opioid Antagonists
3. *** Pethidine
4. *** Tramadol

VSAQs –

1. ***** Dissociative Anaesthesia

2. ***** Second Gas Effect
3. ***** Advantages of Atypical Antipsychotics over Chlorpromazine
4. ***** Rationale the Basis for Combining Halothane and Nitrous Oxide
5. *** Methanol Poisoning
6. *** Management of Benzodiazepine Poisoning
7. *** Management of Acute Barbituate Poisoning
8. ***** Rationale behind combining Carbidopa with Levodopa
9. *** Treatment of Chronic Alcoholism & Acute Alcohol Intoxication
10. * Treatment of Schizophrenia
11. *** Name the Drugs used for Mania
12. * Lysergic Acid Diethyl amide (LSD)
13. *** Monitoring of Lithium Therapy & its Advantages
14. *** MAO – A Inhibitors
15. *** Differentiate between Morphine & Pethidine
16. *** Cheese Reaction & its Management
17. *** CNS Stimulants
18. *** 6 Cognitive Enhancers
19. * Drugs used in Alzheimer’s Disease
20. *** Compare & Contrast the Effects of Halothane & Nitrous Oxide
21. *** Classify Drugs used in Bipolar Disorders
22. *** Rationale behind Morphine being Contraindicated in Head Injury
23. *** Rationale behind Levodopa Therapy Failure in Drug Induced
Parkinsonism
 CVS Pharmacology

LAQs –

1. ***** Classify Drugs used in Hypertension. Describe the MoA,

Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects and Drug
Interactions of Enalapril (ACE Inhibitors). Enlist the Drugs used in
Management of Hypertensive Crisis. (16, TS 21, TSI 23, API 24)

2. ***** Classify Anti - Hypertensive Drugs and Describe MoA,

Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects & Drug Interactios of Telmisartan
(ARBs). Enlist the Drugs used in Hypertensive Emergency. (TSI 19)

3. ***** Classify Anti - Anginal Drugs. Describe the MoA, Therapeutic

Uses, Adverse Effects & Drug Interactions of Glyceryl Trinitrate
(Nitrates). Add a Note on Combination Therapy & Nitrate Tolerance in
Angina (TS 23, AP 24)

4. *** Classify Calcium Channel Blockers. Describe the MoA,

Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects & Drug
Interactions of Verapamil

5. ***** Classify Drugs used for Congestive Heart Failure. Describe the
MoA, Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects &
Drug Interactions of Digoxin. Add a Note on Digoxin Toxicity & its
Management (TSI 22, TSI 24)

6. *** Classify Anti - Arrhythmic Drugs. Describe the MoA,

Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects & Drug
Interactions of Amiodarone
SAQs – Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects of –

Anti – Hypertensives
1. *** Clonidine
2. *** Alpha Methyl Dopa
3. *** Sodium Nitroprusside
4. *** Describe the Role of Sympatholytics in Hypertension
5. * Direct Renin Blocker
6. *** Role of Diuretics in Hypertension

Anti - Anginal Drugs

1. ***** Describe the Drug Therapy in Myocardial Infarction.
2. *** Nicorandil
3. *** Nifedipine

Drugs for Heart Failure

1. *** Describe the Role of Diuretics & Vasodialators in CHF
2. *** Illustrate the Pattern of Clinical Use of Various Classes of Drugs
in Different Stages of Heart Failure
3. *** PDE 3 Inhibitors

Anti - Arrhythmic Drugs

1. ***** Quinidine
2. ***** Lignocaine in Cardiac Arrhythmia
3. *** Adenosine
4. * Procainamide

VSAQs –

1. *** Clonidine Withdrawl Syndrome – Clinical Features & Management

2. ***** Describe the Advantages of ARBs over ACE Inhibitors
3. ***** Combination Therapy of ACEI & ARBs is preferred over
Monotherapy
4. *** 3 Anti – Hypertensives used in Pregnancy
 5. *** Why are ACE Inhibitors contraindicated in Bilateral Renal Artery
Stenosis Patients?
6. *** Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning
7. *** 6 Drugs used in Peripheral Vascular Disease
8. *** Digibind
9. *** Verapamil in Ventricular Arrythmias
10. *** 6 Drugs for Supraventricular Arrythmias
11. *** 3 Drugs used in PSVT & Atrial Fibrillation

Renal Pharmacology

LAQ
***** Classify Diuretics. Describe briefly about the MoA,
Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Drug Interactions &
Adverse Effects of Loop Diuretics (TSI 22)

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses,

Adverse Effects & Drug Interactions of –

1. ***** Thiazides
2. ***** Mannitol
3. ***** Spironolactone
4. ***** Acetazolamide
5. *** Amiloride
6. ***** Vasopression Analogues
7. *** Aldosterone Antagonists

VSAQs –

1. *** Rationale behind the Combination of Furosemide & Spironolactone

2. *** Drugs for Diabetes Insipidus
3. * Treatment for SIADH
 GIT Pharmacology
LAQ –

***** Classify the Drugs used for Peptic Ulcer Disease. Write in detail
about the MoA, Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse
Effects, Contraindications & Drug Interactions of Omeprazole (PPIs)

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects &

Contraindications of –

Drugs for Peptic Ulcer & GERD

1. ***** Rantidine
2. ***** Enumerate the anti-H.pylori regimens.
3. ***** Pantoprazole
4. *** What are Antacids? Explain with examples.
5. *** Colloidal Bismuth Subcitrate

Antiemetics, Prokinetics & Digestant Drugs

1. ***** Metoclopramide
2. ***** Ondansetron
3. *** Domperidone
4. *** Role of Neuroleptics as Antiemetics

Drugs for Constipation & Diarrhoea

1. *** Antimotility & Antisecretory agents.
2. ***** Osmotic Laxatives
3. ***** Liquid Paraffin
4. *** Bisacodyl
5. *** Stool Softeners
VSAQs –

1. *** Differences between Cimetidine & Ranitidine

2. ***** Sucralfate
3. *** 6 Drugs used in GERD
4. *** Drugs used in Dissolution of Gallstones
5. ***** Reasons for Combining Antacids before giving it to a Patient
6. ***** Name 6 Prokinetics
7. *** Name 3 Digestants & their Therapeutic Uses
8. ***** Name 6 Antiemetics
9. *** Define & Classify Laxatives
10. *** Classify Anti Diarrhoeals
11. *** Role of Probiotics in Diarrhoea
12. ***** Role of Zinc in Paediatric Diarrhoea
13. ***** ORS – Composition, Preparation & Therapeutic Uses
14. *** Pharmacotherapy for IBD
15. *** Choice of Laxatives in Elderly
16. *** Non Diarrhoeal Uses of ORS
 Drugs acting on Blood
SAQs – Describe the MoA, Adverse Effects, Therapeutic Uses, Drug
Interactions & Contra-indications of –

1. ***** Unfractionated Heparin

2. ***** Low Molecular Weight Heparins
3. ***** Warfarin
4. ***** Differences between Warfarin & Heparin
5. ***** Fibrinolytic Drugs
6. *** Streptokinase
7. *** Anti Platelet Drugs
8. ***** Classify Preparations of Iron & Mention it’s Therapeutic Uses
9. ***** Parenteral Iron Preparations and it’s Indications
10. *** Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
11. *** Clopidogrel
12. * Vit. B12 Preparations, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects
13. * Vit B9 Preparations, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects
14. ***** Plasma Expanders
15. ***** Statins
16. * Local Haemostatics

VSAQs –

1. ***** Classify Anti – Coagulants

2. *** Classify Anti – Platelet Drugs
3. ***** Management of Heparin Overdose
4. ***** Management of Warfarin Overdose
5. ***** Advantages of Low Molecular Weight Heparins over
Unfractionated Heparins
6. *** 3 Anti - Fibrinolytic Drugs & their Therapeutic Uses
7. ***** 6 Contraindications of Thrombolytic Therapy
8. ***** Management of Acute Iron poisoning
9. * Haematopoietic Growth Factors
10. * Erythropoietin Preparations, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects
 Endocrine Pharmacology

LAQs –

1. ***** Classify Corticosteroids. Describe the MoA, Pharmacological

Actions, Adverse Effects, Therapeutic Uses, Drug Interactions &
Contraindications for Prednisolone (15I, 16I, API 24)

2. ***** Classify Insulin Preparations. Describe the MoA,

Pharmacological Actions, Indications & Complications of Regular Insulin
Therapy. Add a Note on Insulin Regimens & Insulin Resistance.
Describe the Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (AP 22)

3. ***** Classify Oral Hypoglycaemics. Describe the MoA, Adverse

Effects, Therapeutic Uses, Drug Interactions & Contraindications for
Sulfonylureas (API 23, AP 24)

4. *** Classify Oral Contraceptive Pills. Describe the MoA,

Pharmacological Actions, Adverse Effects, Therapeutic Uses, Drug
Interactions & Contraindications for OCPs. Add a Note on Emergency
Contraceptives. (TS 24)

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Pharmacological Actions, Adverse Effects,

Contraindications & Therapeutic Uses of –

Drugs related to Anterior Pituitary

1. *** GnRH Analogues
2. ***** Bromocriptine

Drugs related to Thyroid

1. ***** Levothyroxine
2. ***** Propylthiouracil
3. ***Carbimazole
 4. ***** Radioactive Iodine

Anti-Diabetic Drugs
1. ***** Insulin Analogues
2. *** GLP 1 Agonists (Exenatide, Liraglutide)
3. ***** Sitagliptin
4. ***** Metformin

Drugs related to Androgens

1. *** Anabolic Steroids
2. * Finasteride

Drugs related to Female Hormones & Contraceptives

1. *** Oestrogen Preparations
2. ***** SERMs
3. ***** Clomiphene Citrate
4. * Aromatase Inhibitors
5. ***** Mifeprostone

Drugs acting on Calcium Balance

1. *** Calcitonin
2. ***** Vitamin – D
3. ***** Bisphosphonates

VSAQ –

1. *** Drugs used in Acromegaly

2. ***** Management of Thyrotoxic Crisis/Thyroid Storm
3. *** Management of Myxoedema Coma
4. *** Indications of Insulin in Type 2 DM
5. *** Insulin Delivery Devices
6. * Pramlintide
7. ***** Canagliflozin – SGLT 2 Inhibitors
8. *** Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors – Acarbose
9. * Anti – Androgens
10. ***** Differentiate between Tamoxifen & Raloxifene
11. ***** Ormeloxifene / Centchroman
12. * Synthetic Progestins
13. *** Minipill
14. *** Parenteral Contraceptive Measures
15. *** Rationale behind combining Oestrogen & Progesterone in OCP
16. *** Differences between Oxytocin & Ergometrine
17. ***** Tocolytics
18. * Uterine Stimulants
19. * Finasteride
20. * Teriparatide
 Anti Microbial Drugs

LAQs –

1. ***** Classify Beta Lactam Antibiotics. Describe the MoA,

Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects, Contraindications & Drug
Interactions of Benzyl Penicillin (15, 16, TS 19) ; Amoxicillin (TS
24, TSI 24)

2. *** Classify Cephalosporins. Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses,

Adverse Effects, Contraindications & Drug Interactions of
Ceftriaxone (3rd Generation Cephalosporins) (17, 18, API 23)

3. *** Describe the General Properties of Aminoglycosides. Describe the

MoA, Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects, Contraindications & Drug
Interactions of Gentamicin (TS 20)

4. ***** Classify Anti – Tubercular Drugs. Describe the MoA,

Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects, Contraindications & Drug
Interactions of Isoniazid. Add a Short Note on Drug Regimens in
Treatment of TB (AP 19, TSI 19, AP 22, TSI 22)

5. ***** Classify Anti – Tubercular Drugs. Describe the MoA,

Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects, Contraindications & Drug
Interactions of Rifampicin. Add a Short Note on DOTS (17I, TS 21,
TSI 22, TSI 23, API 24)

6. ***** Classify Anti-Malarial Drugs. Write briefly about the MoA,

Adverse Effects & Therapeutic Uses of Artemisinin. Add a note on
Artemisinin based Combination Therapy (ACT) (AP 22, TS 23)

7. ***** Classify Anti-Malarial Drugs and describe the MoA, Adverse

Effects & Therapeutic Uses of Chloroquine. Add a note on Treatment
for Chloroquine Resistant Malaria (TS 19, AP 24)
SAQs – Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects of –

Anti - Microbials - General Considerations

1. Anti - Microbial Resistance
2. Super Infections & Name the Drugs causing it
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Anti - Microbial Combinations.
4. Prophylaxis of Surgical Site Infections.
5. Chemoprophylaxis

Sulphonamides, Cotrimaoxazole & Quinolones

1. ***** Classify Sulphonamides. Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses &
Adverse Effects of Sulphonamides.
2. ***** Cotrimoxazole (+ Preparation)
3. ***** Ciprofloxacin

Beta Lactam Antibiotics

1. ***** Beta Lactamase Inhibitors
2. ***** Amoxicillin

Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines & Chloramphenicol

1. *** Streptomycin
2. ***** Tetracycline
3. ***** Doxycycline
4. *****Chloramphenicol

Macrolides, Lincosamide, Glycopeptides & Other Anti - Bacterial Drugs

1. ***** Erythromycin
2. ***** Azithromycin
3. ***** Clarithromycin
4. *** Vancomycin

Anti - Tubercular Drugs

1. *** Pyrazinamide
2. ***** RNTCP Guidelines of Treatment for Drug Resistant TB
 3. *** Newer Anti-TB Drugs

Anti - Leprotic Drugs

1. ***** Classify Anti - Leprotic drugs. Describe the MoA, Therapeutic
Uses & Adverse Effects of Dapsone.
2. ***** Clofazimine
3. ***** Lepra reactions & their Management

VSAQs –

1. ***** Drug Therapy for Typhoid

2. *** Ofloxacin
3. ***** Differentiate between Ampicillin & Amoxicillin
4. ***** Management of Anaphylactic Shock by Penicillins
5. ***** Rationale behind combining Amoxicillin with Clavulinic Acid
6. *** Cilastatin
7. *** Uses of Carbapenems
8. *** Advantages of Neomycin & Soframycin over Gentamicin
9. *** Advantages of Doxycycline over Tetracycline
10. *** Name 6 Urinary Antiseptics/Drugs used in UTIs
11. *** Drug Therapy of Syphillis & Gonorrhoea
12. *** Anti – Pseudomonal Drugs
13. *** Nitrofurantoin
14. *** Drugs active against MRSA
15. *** Drugs active against Anaerobic Organisms
16. *** Chemoprophylaxis of TB
17. *** Multidrug Regimens & Schedules for Leprosy
18. *** Rationale behind preferring Azithromycin over Erythromycin
19. *** Sequential Blockade

SAQs – Describe the MOA, Adverse Effects & Therapeutic Uses of –

 Anti - Fungal Drugs
1. ***** Amphotericin B (Drug Interactions are Important)
2. ***** Ketoconazole (Drug Interactions are Important)
3. ***** Itraconazole
4. *** Terbinafine
5. ***** Clotrimazole
6. ***** Topical Anti - Fungal Agents

Anti - Viral Drugs

1. ***** Acyclovir
2. ***** NNRTIs
3. ***** Zidovudine
4. *** Protease inhibitors

Anti - Parasitic Drugs

1. ***** Metronidazole
2. *** Pyrimethamine
3. ***** Primaquine
4. *** Diloxanide furoate
5. ***** Mebendazole
6. ***** Albendazole
7. ***** Diethylcarbamazine citrate
8. ***** Ivermectin
9. *** Praziquantel

VSAQs –

1. ***** Whitefield’s Ointment

2. *** Name 6 Anti Herpes Drugs
3. *** Name 6 Anti Hepatitis B & C Drugs
4. * Treatment of HIV in Pregnancy
5. *** HAART
6. *** Post Exposure Prophylaxis of HIV
7. *** Treatment of Malaria in a Pregnant Female
 8. ***** Advantages of Albendazole over Mebendazole
9. *** Treatment of Amoebic Dysentry & Neurocysicercosis

Anti - Cancer Drugs

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Adverse Effects & Therapeutic Uses of –

1. ***** Alkylating Agents

2. ***** Cisplatin
3. ***** Methotrexate
4. ***** Purine antagonists
5. ***** Vinca alkaloids
6. ***** Drugs used to Ameliorate Toxicities due to Anti-Cancer Drugs

VSAQ – *****MESNA

Miscellaneous

Immunosuppressants

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects of –

1. ***** Cyclosporine
2. *** Azathioprine
3. ***** Cyclophosphamide
4. *** TNF – Alpha Inhibitors

VSAQs –

1. *** Classify Immunosuppresants

2. * Name 3 Immunostimulants
 Chelating Agents

SAQs – Describe the MoA, Therapeutic Uses & Adverse Effects of –

1. ***** Dimercaprol
2. *** Calcium EDTA
3. ***** Penicillamine
4. ***** Drugs used in Iron Poisoning

Drugs acting on Skin, Antiseptics & Disinfectants

VSAQs –

1. *** 6 Antiseptics & Disinfectants

2. *** 6 Drugs used in Psoriasis
3. ***** Medical Management of Psoriasis
4. *** 6 Drugs used in Acne
5. ***** Medical Management of Scabies
6. * Retinoic Acid
7. *** Permethrin

Miscellaneous

VSAQs –
1. * Name 3 Live Vaccines & 3 Inactivated Vaccines
2. * Name 6 Drugs useful in Pregnancy without any Side Effects
3. * Name Drugs used for Criminal Offences
4. * Name Pesticides harmful to man
5. * Food Adulteration
6. *** 6 herbal medicines
7. *** Nutraceuticals
8. * Rationale behind Alkalinization of Urine in Dimercaprol Therapy
9. *** 3 Vaccines given by IM Route
 TIMES MEDICO

Question Bank
Microbiology
2nd
Edition

As per CBME Curriculum

 Paper wise Microbiology Syllabus

For AP Students,

Paper – 1 Paper – 2
• General Microbiology • Respiratory Tract Infections
• Immunology • CNS Infections
• Sterilization & Disinfection • Genitourinary Infections
• Hospital Acquired Infections & • Miscellaneous Infections
their Control including Zoonoses
• Bloodstream & Cardiovascular
Infections
• Gastrointestinal Infections
• Hepatobiliary Infections
• Skin & Soft Tissue Infections

For TS Students,

Paper – 1 Paper – 2
• General Microbiology • Skin & Soft Tissue Infections
• Immunology • Respiratory Tract Infections
• Sterilization & Disinfection • CNS Infections
• Hospital Acquired Infections & • Genitourinary Infections
their Control • Miscellaneous Infections
• Bloodstream & Cardiovascular including Zoonoses
Infections
• Gastrointestinal Infections
• Hepatobiliary Infections

NOTE - AETCOM can be asked in any/both Papers

Basic Proforma –
• Name of Disease –
• Causative Organism –
• Classification (if any) –
• Morphology of Organism (Viruses & Protozoa only) – DIAGRAM
• Pathogenesis –
• Risk Factors
• Mode of Transmission
• Sequence of Events leading to Disease – FLOWCHART
• Clinical Features (Mention Stage wise; if Stages are present) –
• Lab Diagnosis – (Given below)
• Treatment –
• Prophylaxis (Drugs & Vaccines if any) -

Virus – Lab Diagnosis –

• Specimen – (Very Important but commonly Missed)
• Possible Specimens
• Method of Collection
• Method of Transport & Preservation (if any)
• Direct Microscopy – Name of Inclusion Body Present
• Serology – Detection of Antigens & Antibody (Described in a Bit
Detail as it is Important for a Virus)
• Molecular Methods – ___ (Type of PCR) depending on Genetic
Material of Virus
• Virus Isolation –
• Viral Tissue Culture – Name of Media & Findings
• Animal Inoculation (if any)
• Embryonated Egg Inoculation (if any) – Site
Fungi – Lab Diagnosis
• Specimen – (Very Important but commonly Missed)
• Possible Specimens
• Method of Collection
• Method of Transport & Preservation (if any)
• Microscopy –
• KOH Mount – Labeled DIAGRAM of Fungal Morphology
• Special Stains (if any) – Name of Stain & Morphology
• Culture –
• Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar except Cryptococcus
• Special Agar (if any)
• Identification –
• Study of Morphology under Lactophenol Cotton Blue Mount –
Describe same as KOH Mount
• Special Tests (if any)
• Serology – Detection of Antigen/Antibody by ___ (Method) in ___ (Sample)
• Molecular Methods – ELISA

Parasite – Lab Diagnosis

• Specimen – (Very Important but commonly Missed)
• Possible Specimens
• Method of Collection
• Method of Transport & Preservation (if any)
• Specimen Examination –
• Macroscopic Findings (if any) –
• Microscopic Findings – Under Saline Mount – DIAGRAM of Findings
(Egg – Bile Stained / Non Bile Stained Egg)
• If Stool, Concentration Technique used – Saturated Salt Solution Floatation
Technique – Floats/Sinks
• Special Tests (if any) – DIAGRAM with Procedure & Inference
• Culture (if any) – Names of Culture Media
• Serology – Antigen/Antibody Detection by ____ Technique
• Molecular Methods – PCR
• Imaging Techniques & Non Specific Tests (if any)
Bacterial Lab Diagnosis –
• Specimen – (Very Important but commonly Missed)
• Possible Specimens
• Method of Collection
• Method of Transport & Preservation (if any)
• Microscopy – Type of Microscopy
• Gram Smear Findings – DIAGRAM describing Morphology
• Special Stains (if any – Describe its Morphology)
• Type of Motility (if Observed)
• Culture –
• Culture Medias (if any – Names & Specific Findings)
• Enrichment Broth & Enriched Media
• Transport Media
• Selective Media
• Differential Media
• Identification –
• Culture Smear Findings – Same as Microscopy
• Biochemical Tests (if any) – Mention their Results
• Automated Identification – MALDI – TOF/VITEK
• Special Tests (if any) – DIAGRAM with Procedure &
Observation in Detail
• Serology – Antigen/Antibody Detection in ______ (Sample) by
ELISA
• Molecular Methods – PCR
• Non Specific Findings (if any)
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
• Typing Methods (if any)
 General Microbiology

SAQs –

1. ***** Explain Koch Postulates with Examples

2. *** Fluorescent Microscope – Principle & Applications
3. * Electron Microscope – Principle & Applications
4. ***** Dark Field Microscope – Principle & Applications
5. ***** Differentiate between Gram Positive & Gram Negative Cell Wall
with Examples
6. *** Bacterial Flagella
7. ***** Bacterial Capsule – Structure, Function & Demonstration
8. *** Bacterial Spores – Types, Function, Examples & Demonstration
9. ***** Bacterial Growth Curve
10. *** Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections
11. *** Gram Staining – Principle, Procedure & Modifications
12. *****Anaerobic Culture Methods & Media
13. * Methods of Bacterial Culture on Agar Plates
14. *** Biochemical Tests & its Importance
15. ***** Antibiotic Susceptibility Test – Classification & Applications
16. *** Disc Diffusion Method of Antibiotic Susceptibility Test
17. ***** PCR and its Applications
18. ***** Transduction
19. ***** Conjugation
20. ***** Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
21. ***** Differentiate between Exotoxin & Endotoxin with Examples
22. ***** Lab Diagnosis of Viral Infections
23. ***** Tissue Culture – Methods & Applications
24. *** Lab Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections
25. *** Lab Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
VSAQs –

1. ***** 6 Contributions of Louis Pasteur

2. ***** 6 Contributions of Robert Koch
3. *** Contributions of Edward Jenner
4. *** Plasmid / Episome
5. ***** Transformation
6. *** L Forms
7. *** E Test
8. *** Transposons
9. ***** Define & Give Examples for –
a. Enrichment Media
b. Enriched Media
c. Transport Media
d. Selective Media
e. Differential Media
10. *** Name 6 Enveloped & 6 Non Enveloped Viruses
11. ***** Inclusion Bodies – Formation & Examples
12. *** Sites of Egg Inoculations for Culture with Examples
13. *** Bacteriophage
14. ***** Types of Vectors
15. *** Stool Flotation Techniques
16. *** Sabourad’s Dextrose Agar
17. *** Applications of Genetic Engineering
18. *** Slide Culture
19. *** Morphological Classification of Fungi
 Immunology

LAQs –

1. ***** Define Hypersensitivity. Classify Hypersensitivity Reactions.

Describe in Detail about Type I Hypersensitivity with Examples (17,
TS 24, TSI 24)
CASE – Penicillin or any Drug/Pollen Exposure, Breathlessness,
Hypotension, Raised IgE

2. *** Define Hypersensitivity. Classify Hypersensitivity Reactions.

Describe in about Type IV Hypersensitivity with Examples (AP 24)

3. ***** Classify Antigen Antibody Reactions. Enlist their Properties.

Describe in Detail about Types of Agglutination Reactions with
Examples

SAQs –

1. ***** Define Superantigen. Explain its Mechanism of Action. Give few

Examples of Superantigens
2. *** Differentiate between Innate & Acquired Immunity with Examples
3. *** Differentiate between Active & Passive Immunity with Examples
4. ***** Heterophile Antigens and its Applications
5. ***** Describe the Various Classes of Immunoglobulins & its Functions
6. *** What are Monoclonal Antibodies? Mention their Applications
7. ***** ELISA – Principles, Types & Applications
8. *** Immunofluorescence Assay
9. ***** Pathways of Complement Activation
10. *** T-lymphocytes - Types, Development & Functions
11. ***** Major Histocompatibility Complex – Types, Structure &
Importance
12. *** Mechanism of Cell Mediated Immune Response
 13. *** Mechanism of Humoral Immune Response
14. *** Type II Hypersensitivity with Examples
15. *** Type III Hypersensitivity with Examples
16. ***** Define Autoimmunity & Describe its Mechanisms
17. *** Differentiate between Live & Killed Vaccines

VSAQs –

1. ***** Draw the Structure of IgM & IgA Antibody

2. *** Precipitation Reactions
3. *** Coombs Test
4. *** Complement Fixation Test
5. ***** Herd Immunity
6. ***** Hapten
7. ***** Define Adjuvant and Give 3 Examples
8. ***** Complement Deficiency Disorders
9. *** Immunochromatographic Test / Lateral Flow Assay
10. *** Cytokines & their Functions
11. *****Antigen Presenting Cells
12. *** Immune Tolerance Mechanisms
13. *** Name 6 Autoimmune Diseases
14. *** Classify & Name 6 Immunodeficiency Disorders
15. ***** Types of Grafts Rejections
16. *** Tumour Antigens with Examples
17. *** Examples of Live Attenuated Vaccines
18. *** Examples of Inactivated Vaccines
19. * Passive Immunoprophylaxis
20. ***** HLA Typing
21. *** Grafts versus Host Disease
22. ***** Interferons
23. *** Memory Cells & their Importance in Vaccination
 Sterilization & Disinfection

LAQs –

1. ***** Define Sterilisation & Disinfection. Enlist the Various Methods

of Sterilization. Describe the Types, Principle, Procedure, Uses,
Advantages & Disadvantages of Steam Sterilizer/Autoclave. Add a
Note on its Sterilisation Control (TS 23)

2. ***** What are Chemical Sterilants? Describe the Types, Principle,

Procedure, Uses, Advantages & Disadvantages of Gaseous Sterilants
(ETO Sterilizer) (TSI 22)

SAQs –

1. ***** Hot Air Oven

2. *** Membrane Filters
3. ***** High Level Disinfectants – Examples & Clinical Applications
4. ***** Plasma Steriliser
5. *** Alcoholic Disinfectants
6. *** Gaseous Disinfectants
7. *** Indicators – Classification & Applications
8. *** Properties of Ideal Disinfectant

VSAQs –

1. * Components of CSSD
2. * Spaulding’s Classification of Medical Devices
3. *** Classify Disinfectants
4. *** Name 6 Sterilization Methods
5. *** Differentiate between Pasteurisation, Inspissation &
Tyndallization
6. *** Cold Sterilization
 Hospital Acquired Infections & their Control

SAQs –

1. ***** Hand Hygiene - Methods, Indications & Steps

2. ***** Catheter associated Bloodstream Infections
3. ***** Surgical Site Infection
4. ***** Biomedical Waste Management
5. ***** Needle Stick Injury – Definition, Risk Factors, Agents
Transmitted & Prevention
6. *** Catheter associated Urinary Tract Infection
7. *** Ventilator associated Pneumonia
8. *** Rejection of Samples

VSAQs –

1. ***** Define Health Care Associated Infections & Classify

2. *** Blood Spill Management
3. *** Standard Precautions
4. *** Antibiogram
5. * Hospital Infection Control Committee
6. *** Define & Classify Nosocomial Infections
 Bloodstream & Cardiovascular Infections

LAQs –

1. ***** Enumerate the Viruses causing Hemorrhagic Fever. Write in

detail about Different Serotypes, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features
(Stages) & Lab Diagnosis of Dengue Fever. Add a Note on its Vaccine
(AP 24)
CASE – Fever, Rash, Headache, Retro-orbital Pain, Bleeding from
Skin, Nose & Gums, Thrombocytopenia, Weak Pulse, Hypotension

2. *** Define Infective Endocarditis. Describe Etiopathogenesis, Clinical

Features, Lab Diagnosis (Modified Dukes Criteria) & Treatment
CASE – H/o Prosthetic Heart Valves & Vegetations, Fever, Petechiae,
Osler’s Nodes, Janeway Lesions, Blood Culture – Streptococci +

3. ***** Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab Diagnosis &

Treatment (Jones Criteria) of Rheumatic Fever (TS 22)
CASE – H/o Sore Throat, Fever, Joint Pains, Swellings in Skin,
Involuntary Movements, Rashes, Heart Findings of Pancarditis

4. ***** Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis

of Enteric fever. Add a Note on Treatment & its Prophylaxis (15, 19,
21, AP 22, TSI 22)
CASE – Stepladder Fever, Diarrhoea, Coated Tongue, Rash – Rose
Spots, Bradycardia, Hepatosplenomegaly, GI Bleeds, Widal Test +

5. *** Draw the Structure of HIV. Describe the Modes of Transmission,

Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of AIDS. Add a Note
on the NACO Strategies & HAART (17, 21, TSI 23)
CASE – H/o Unprotected Intercourse, H/o Blood Transfusion, High
Grade Fever, Weight Loss, Lymphadenopathy, Diarrhoea, Oral Thrush
 6. ***** Enlist Parasites effecting Blood. Describe the Life Cycle,
Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of Malaria. Add a
Note on its Complications & Treatment (16, 18, 19, API 24)
CASE – 3 – 4 Day Cyclic Pattern of Fever, Anaemia, Splenomegaly,
Hypotension, Dark Urine, CNS C/F

7. *** Describe the Life Cycle, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab
Diagnosis of Filariasis. Add a Note on its Treatment (17, TSI 23)
CASE – Fever, Lymphadenopathy, Pitting Oedema of Limb, Skin
Plaques, Hydrocoele

SAQs – Describe the Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of –

1. *** Systemic Candidiasis

2. ***** Leptospirosis
3. ***** Brucellosis
4. ***** Widal Test
5. *** Post exposure Prophylaxis of HIV
6. ***** Scrub Typhus
7. *** Classify Rickettsial Species. Describe the Various Rickettsiosis.
8. ***** Leishmaniasis (+ Life Cycle)
9. * Q Fever
10. *** Histoplasmosis
11. ***** Opportunistic Infections in HIV AIDS

VSAQs –

1. ***** HACEK Endocarditis

2. ***** Post Kala - Azar Dermal Leshmaniasis
3. *** Kyasanur Forest Disease
4. *** Cat Scratch Disease
5. ***** Name 6 Micro - organisms causing Anaemia
6. *** Epidemic typhus
7. ***** Explain the Procedure for Blood Culture Specimen Collection
8. *** Define Fever of Unknown Origin. Classify Organisms causing FUO
9. ***** Relapsing fever
10. ***** LD bodies
11. *** Kauffman - White Classification
12. *** Carriers of Typhoid
13. *** Lyme’s Disease
14. *** Define Sepsis. Add a note on SOFA score.
15. *** Trench Fever
16. * Chikungunya
17. *** Chagas’ disease
18. *** Differentiate between Bancroftian & Brugian Filariasis
19. * African Sleeping Sickness
20. * Carriers of Salmonella
21. ***** Quantitative Buffy Coat
22. ***** Name 6 Dimorphic Fungi
23. ***** Name 6 Fungi causing Opportunistic Mycoses
24. *** TRI DOT Test
25. ***** Weil Felix Test
26. *** Differences in Microscopic Appearances of Plasmodium
27. *** Vi Antigen
28. *** Lab Diagnosis of Neonatal HIV
29. *** Germ Tube Test
30. * Castaneda’s Medium of Blood Culture
31. * Brill Zinsser Disease
 Gastrointestinal Infections

LAQs –

1. ***** Enlist the Bacteria causing Diarrhoea. Describe the

Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab Diagnosis & Treatment of Cholera
(17, 19, 21)
CASE – Rice Water Stools with Fishy Odour, Sunken Eyes,
Hypotension, Muscle Cramps, Stool Microscopy - Fish in Stream
Appearance

2. ***** Enlist the Organisms causing Dysentry. Describe the

Morphology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features and Complications, Lab
Diagnosis & Treatment of Amoebic Dysentry (TS 22, API 23)
CASE – Bloody Diarrhoea, Abdominal Pain, Fever, Stool Microscopy –
Trophozoites with Cart Wheel Nucleus

3. *** Enlist the Parasites causing Diarrhoea. Describe the Life Cycle,
Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab Diagnosis & Treatment of organism
causing Ascariasis (19)
CASE – Child with Fever, Worms + Diarrhoea, Malnutrition, Growth
Retardation, Stool Microscopy – Mamillated Albuminous Coated Eggs

4. *** Describe the Morphology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab

Diagnosis & Treatment of Giardiasis (15, AP 22)
CASE – Foul Smelling Steatorrhoea, Abdominal Pain, Weight Loss,
Stool Microscopy – Trophozoites with Sucking Discs & Falling Leaf
Motility

5. *** Classify Organisms causing Food Poisoning based on Incubation

Period. Describe the Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab Diagnosis
& Treatment of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
CASE – H/o Consumption of Pastry, Vomiting, Many People getting
Sick at the Same time, Hypotension, Diarrhoea, Signs of Dehydration
 6. ***** Classify Parasites infecting the GIT. Describe the Life Cycle,
Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab Diagnosis & Treatment of
Hookworm Infections (TS 23)
CASE – Fever, Abdominal Pain, Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Rash on Leg,
Diarrhoea with Stool Microscopy – Segmented Ovum

7. *** List Diarrheagenic E.coli. Describe the Virulence Factors,

Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of Diarrheagenic E.coli
CASE – Diarrhoea, Abdominal Pain, Stool Microscopy – Gram Negative
bacilli

SAQs – Describe the Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of –

1. ***** Botulism & its Types

2. *** EPEC
3. *** ETEC
4. ***** Shigellosis
5. *** Non Typhoidal Salmonellae
6. *** Halophilic Vibrio
7. *** Lab diagnosis of H. pylori Infections
8. *** Pseudomembranous Colitis
9. *** Rotavirus Gastroenteritis & it’s Vaccines
10. ***** Lab Diagnosis of Coccidian Parasites
11. * Balantidiasis
12. *** Differentiate between Bacillary Dysentery & Amoebic Dysentery
13. ***** Taeniasis (+ Life Cycle)
14. * Diphyllobothriasis (+ Life Cycle)
15. * Schistosomiasis (+ Life Cycle)
16. * Infections caused by Microsporidia
VSAQs –

1. ***** Classification of Vibrios

2. ***** Differentiate between Classical & El Tor Biotypes of V. Cholera
3. ***** String Test
4. ***** Draw a Neat Labelled Diagram of –
a. ***** Egg of H. Nana
b. *** Trophozoite & Cyst of E. Histolytica
c. ***** Trophozoite & Cyst of G. Lambia
d. *** Egg of T. Trichura & E. Vermicularis
5. ***** Name 6 Viruses causing Diarrhoea
6. ***** NIH Swab & its Applications
7. ***** Mechanism of Action of Cholera Toxin
8. *** B. Cereus Food Poisoning
9. ***** Name Organisms causing Dysentry
10. *** Hyperinfection Syndrome
11. ***** Organisms causing Traveller’s Diarrhoea
12. * O139 Strain of Cholera
13. *** Entero Test
14. *** Larva Currens
15. ***** Auto Infection
16. *** Differentiate between Mycotoxicoses & Mycetism
17. ***** Differentiate between T. Saginata & T. Solium
18. ***** Name 3 –
a. Bile Stained Eggs
b. Non Bile Stained Eggs
c. Eggs which Float in a Saturated Salt Solution
d. Eggs which Sink in a Saturated Salt Solution
e. Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis
 Hepatobiliary Infections
LAQs –

1. ***** Name the Viruses causing Hepatitis. Describe the Morphology,

Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Lab Diagnosis & Prophylaxis of
Hepatitis-B infection (19, TSI 22, TS 24)
CASE – H/o Unprotected Intercourse, H/o Blood Transfusion, Fever,
Right Hypochondrial Pain, Icterus, Serology – HbsAg +

2. ***** Describe the Lifecycle, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab

Diagnosis of organism causing Hydatid Cyst. Add a note on its
Treatment (AP 22)
CASE – Palpable Abdominal Mass, Hepatomegaly, Tenderness in
Abdomen, Ascites, Portal Hypertension, Water Lily Sign on USG

3. *** Describe the Describe the Lifecycle, Pathogenesis, Clinical

Features & Lab Diagnosis of organism causing Amoebic Liver Abscess.
Draw a Neat labelled Diagram of its Morphology. Add a note on its
Treatment. (TSI 24)
CASE – Fever, Tender Hepatomegaly, Palpable Abdominal Mass,
Weight Loss, Jaundice, Anchovy Sauce Pus with Trophozoites

SAQs – Describe the Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of –

1. *** Yellow Fever

2. *** Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of Hepatitis-C

VSAQs –

1. ***** Yellow Fever Vaccine

2. *** Carriers of Hepatitis B
3. *** Hepatitis B Virus Mutants
4. *** Hepatitis B Vaccine
5. ***** Draw a Neat Labelled Diagram of Hydatid Cyst
 Skin & Soft Tissue Infections

LAQs –

1. ***** Define Toxic Shock Syndrome. Describe its Pathogenesis.

Describe the Clinical Spectrum & Lab Diagnosis of the Causative
Organism. Add a Note on MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus) (16, API 23)
CASE – Fever, Hypotension, Vomiting, Diarrhoea, Abdominal Pain,
Rash, Blood Culture – Gram Positive Cocci in Clusters

2. *** Classify Streptococci. Describe the Virulence Factors, Clinical

Manifestations, Lab Diagnosis & Complications of Streptococcus
pyogenes
CASE – Fever, Sore Throat, Hypotension, Pustulovesicular Lesions
showing Gram Positive Cocci in Chains on Swab Microscopy

3. ***** Classify the Herpes Group of Viruses. Describe the Morphology,

Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab Diagnosis & Treatment of HSV
Lesions (19, 21, TS 23)
CASE – High Grade Fever, Painful Vesicular Lesions on Face/Genitals

4. ***** Name the organisms causing Superficial Mycoses. Define

Dermatophytoses. Enlist the Organisms causing it. Describe the
Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab Diagnosis & Treatment of
Dermatophytes. Describe Kerion & Favus (16, TSI 22, TSI 23)
CASE – Annular/Ring shaped Pruritic Scaly Lesion with Central Clearing
& Raised Edges in Groin/Feet

5. *** Classify the Organisms causing Gas Gangrene. Describe the

Virulence Factors, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of
Clostridium perfringens (TS 24)
CASE – H/o Trauma/RTA, Severe Pain, Foul Smelling Discharge from
Wound, Gas bubbles at the Injury Site, Swollen Limb, Hypotension
SAQs – Describe the Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of –
1. ***** Leprosy
2. ***** Anthrax
3. ***** Differentiate between Actinomycosis & Nocardiosis
4. ***** Measles
5. *** Chicken Pox
6. *** Human Papilloma Virus
7. ***** Molluscum Contagiosum
8. ***** MMR Vaccine
9. ***** Dracunculosis (+ Life Cycle)
10. *** Tinea Versicolor
11. *** Madhura Foot
12. ***** Sporotrichosis
13. *** Rhinosporidiosis

VSAQs –
1. *** Tzanck Smear
2. ***** Coagulase Test
3. ***** Non - Suppurative Complications of Streptococcus pyogenes
4. ***** Naeglers Reaction
5. ***** Lepra Reactions
6. ***** Lepromin Test
7. ***** McFayden’s Reaction
8. ***** Id Reaction
9. ***** CAMP Test & Reverse CAMP Test
10. *** Differentiate between Morphological & Bacteriological Index in
Leprosy. Give their Clinical Significance
11. * Erythema migrans & Yaws
12. *** Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
13. * Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
14. *** Loa loa
15. * Onchocerca volvulus
16. *** Trichinella spiralis
17. ***** Cutaneous Larva Migrans
18. *** Organisms causing Subcutaneous Mycoses
 Respiratory Tract Infections

LAQs –

1. ***** Describe about the Virulence Factors, Pathogenicity, Clinical

Manifestations and Lab Diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Add a note on its Post Exposure Prophylaxis. (16)
CASE – Child with Fever, Greyish White Membrane on Tonsil, Neck
Oedema, Bull Neck, Foul Odour Breath, Throat Swab shows Gram
Positive Bacilli

2. ***** Describe about Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis

of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Add a note on NTEP Guidelines on
Treatment of TB and BCG vaccination. (19, TS 22, TSI 22, AP 22,
TSI 23)
CASE – Fever increasing at Night, Productive Cough, Weight Loss,
Haemoptysis, Culture shows Acid Fast Bacilli

3. ***** Name Myxovirus Infections of Respiratory Tract. Describe

about the Morphology, Antigenic Subtypes, Pathogenesis, Clinical
Manifestations & Lab Diagnosis of Influenza Virus. Add a note on
Antigenic Drift & Shift. (API 23)
CASE – High Grade Fever with Chills, Headache, Dry Cough, Myalgia

4. *** Describe the Morphology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab

Diagnosis and Prophylaxis of COVID-19
CASE – High Grade Fever, Productive Cough, Shortness of Breath,
Sore Throat, Loss of Smell or Taste

5. *** Classify Organisms causing Lobar Pneumonia. Describe the

Virulence Factors, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Lab Diagnosis
& Prevention of Streptococcal Pharyngitis (AP 24)
CASE – Fever, Sore Throat, Enlarged Tonsils, Purulent Exudate on
Pharyngeal Wall, Lymphadenopathy
 6. *** List the Fungal Opportunistic Infections. Describe the
Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of Aspergilliosis (TSI
24)

SAQs – Describe the Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of –

1. ***** Pneumococcal Pneumonia

2. *** Lab Diagnosis of Mycoplasma Pneumonia
3. ***** Clinical Manifestations & Lab Diagnosis of Extra Pulmonary TB
4. ***** DPT Vaccine
5. *** Non - Tuberculous Mycobacteria Infections with Examples
6. ***** BCG Vaccine
7. ***** Pertussis
8. *** Lab Diagnosis of K. pneumonia
9. *** Lab Diagnosis of Burkholderia Infections
10. ***** Lab Diagnosis of H. Influenza
11. *** Legionnaires Disease
12. ***** Influenza vaccines
13. ***** Mumps (+ Complications)
14. ***** Infectious Mononucleosis
15. *** Rhinovirus infections
16. ***** Pneumocystis pneumonia
17. ***** Mucormycosis
18. *** Zygomycosis
19. *** Lung Fluke

VSAQs –

1. *** Vincent’s Angina

2. ***** Elek’s Gel Precipitation Test
3. ***** Satellitism
4. ***** Antigenic Shift & Drift
5. *** Name the Organisms causing Atypical Pneumonia
6. *** RNTCP Guidelines for Grading of Sputum Smear
7. ***** Tuberculin Skin Test
8. *** Differentiate between Primary Pulmonary TB & Secondary
Pulmonary TB
9. ***** Ghons complex
10. *** Miliary TB
11. ***** COVID 19 Vaccines
12. *** Name the Parasitic Infestations of Lung
13. ***** Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia Syndrome
14. ***** Loffler’s Syndrome
15. *** Modified Petroff’s Method
16. *** Name 6 Fungal Infection of Respiratory Tract
17. ***** Quellung reaction
18. *** Name 6 Organisms causing URTI
19. *** Name 6 Organisms causing LRTI
20. ***** CBNAAT
21. * Scarlett Fever
22. *** Metachromatic Granules
 CNS Infections

LAQs –

1. ***** Enlist Organisms causing Meningitis. Describe the Pathogenesis,

Clinical Features, Lab Diagnosis & Treatment of Meningococcal
Meningitis (API 23, AP 24, TSI 24)
CASE – Fever, Headache, Altered Consciousness, Stiff Neck, Kernig’s
Sign +, Brudzinski’s Sign +, CSF Smear shows Gram Negative Cocci

2. ***** Describe the Morphology, Types, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features,

Lab Diagnosis of Polio Virus. Add a note on VAPP and VDPV (API 22)
CASE – Child with Fever, Abdominal Pain, Diarrhoea, Sore Throat,
Descending Flaccid Paralysis from Hip to Limbs

3. ***** Describe the Morphology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations,

Lab Diagnosis and Prevention of Rabies (TS 22, AP 22)
CASE – H/o Dog Bite, Fever, Abnormal Sensations at Dog Bite Site,
Hydrophobia, Autonomic dysfunction, Flaccid Paralysis from Bite Site

4. *** Classify Organisms causing Encephalitis. Describe the Morphology,

Lifecycle, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of Toxoplasma Encephalitis
CASE – H/o Cat as Pet, Fever, Headache, Altered Mental Status,
Seizures, Hydrocephalus, Cerebellar & Motor Deficits

5. *** Describe the Virulence Factors, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features,

Lab Diagnosis & Prevention of Tetanus. Add a Note on Neonatal
Tetanus
CASE – Child with Lock Jaw, Difficulty in Feeding, Painful Spasms

SAQs – Describe the Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Lab Diagnosis of –

1. ***** Cryptococcal Meningitis

 2. ***** Neurocysticercosis
3. *** Tubercular Meningitis
4. ***** Cerebral Malaria
5. ***** Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
6. *** Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
7. ***** Post Exposure Prophylaxis of Rabies
8. ***** Japanese Encephalitis
9. ***** Differentiate between IPV & OPV
10. *** Slow Virus Disease & Prions Disease
11. *** Prophylaxis of Tetanus

VSAQs –

1. *** JE Vaccine
2. *** Sabin-Feldman Dye Test
3. *** Free Living Amoeba
4. ***** Negri Body & it’s Detection
5. *** Nipah Virus
6. *** Space occupying Lesions of CNS
7. * Labelled Diagram of Trophozoite of N. Fowleri & Acanthamoeba
8. * Describe the Kernig’s & Brudzinski’s Sign
9. * Describe the Trismus & Opisthotonos
10. * Differentiate between Meningococci & Gonococci with Diagram of
Morphology
 Genitourinary Infections

LAQs –

1. ***** Classify STIs based on Etiology. Describe the Stages and Lab
Diagnosis of Syphilis. Add a Note on its Treatment & Jarisch
Herxheimer Reaction (AP 24)
CASE – Male Road Truck Driver, Painless Hard Indurated Penile Ulcer
with Bilateral Painless Firm Lymphadenopathy

2. *** Classify Organisms causing Urethral Discharge. Describe the Risk

Factors, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab Diagnosis &
Treatment of Gonococcal Urethritis. Draw a Gonococcus with Capsule
(TS 24)
CASE – Purulent Urethral Discharge showing Gram Negative Cocci on
Microscopy

SAQs – Describe the Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Pathogenesis of –

1. ***** Lymphogranuloma Venerum

2. ***** Lab diagnosis of Non - Gonococcal Urethritis
3. ***** Chancroid
4. *** Donovanosis
5. *** Differentiate between Gonococcal & Non - Gonococcal Urethritis
6. *** Life Cycle & Lab Diagnosis of Chlamydia Trachomatis
7. ***** Trichomonas vaginalis (+ Life Cycle)
8. ***** Lab Diagnosis of UTI
9. *** S. haematobium (+ Life Cycle)
VSAQs –

1. *** Frei Test

2. *** Significant Bacteriuria
3. ***** VDRL
4. *** RPR
5. ***** Classify Organisms causing UTI
6. *** Vaginal Candidiasis
7. *** Classify Organisms causing Non Gonococcal Urethritis
8. *** Herpes Genitalis
9. ***** Amsel’s Criteria
10. *** Bacterial Vaginosis

Miscellaneous Infections including Zoonoses

SAQs –

1. *** Describe the Pathogenesis & Clinical Features of Human Plague

2. ***** Lab Diagnosis & Preventive Measures of Human Plague
3. ***** TORCH Infections
4. *** Oncogenic Viruses
5. ***** Congenital Syphillis – Pathogenesis, Clinical Features & Diagnosis
6. * Tularaemia

VSAQs –

1. *** Etiological Classification of Zoonotic Infections

2. * Organisms causing Bite would Infections
3. *** Name 6 Ocular Infections
4. ***** Congenital Rubella Syndrome
5. *** Name 6 Organisms used as Bioterrorism Agents
6. *** Etiological Classification of Organisms associated with
Malignancies
7. *** Classify Micro-organisms based on Risk of Bioterrorism
8. *** Scabies
9. *** Trachoma
10. *** Orbital Mucormycosis
11. * Otomycosis
12. *** Koch Weeks Bacilli
13. ***** Name 6 Parasitic Zoonotic Infections
14. *** Define Emerging Infections & Give Examples
15. *** Name Non Viral Oncogenic Organisms with Cancer they Cause
16. *** 6 Organisms causing Infection in a Burn Wound

AETCOM in Microbiology

1. Confidentiality pertaining to Patient Identity on Lab Results

2. Respect for Patient Samples
3. Pre and Post Test Counseling for HIV diagnosis
4. Counsel a HCW following Needle Stick Injury
5. Instructions to HCW for Blood Spill Management
6. Role of Physician in Health Care System