Bio Final
Homeostasis
maintenance of constant internal environment
Examples: -
>
body temp
-
>
-
osmotic balance
>
glucose level
-
Deamination & the formation ofurea
1 excess amino acid broken down >
-
ammonia & ketoacid
2- Ammonia + CO2 >
- area >
- area curine) gets removed
forms
PCT
DCT
PCT
&
DCT
-
⑧
>
-
G
&
&
Formation of urine
1- glomerular filtration/ultunfilt. - takes place in bowman's capsule
>
-
due to↑ pressure ,
most useful subs are filtered out from-
glomerular >
- bowman's capsule
2-selective reabsorption
>
-
takes place in PCT ,
DCT , loop of henle
>
-
what's reabs .
- Salts (Net), Vitamins , Hzo ,
PCT
(glucose
M
of
Formation
(again 10)
-
Urine :
1-
glom filt/ultra filt.
-
Bowmans capsule
>
-
PT
>
- filters out >
-
glucose ,
H20 ,
aa , ions ,
urea (by deamination)
>
-
does not filter out- protein because big
2- selective reabsorption
>
-
>
-
PCT
DCT
breabs of salts , huo , glucose , ea , exc
loop of henle of to
>
- - reads
by hormone ADH
Osmo regulation :-
control of the water potential of body fluids
& the Kidney's gland
This process involves the
hypothalamus posterior pituitary
,
gland , pit.
& the kidneys .
Posterior pituitary gland
post .
Pit. gland >
- ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) >
- APH released to the collecting duct
released
& makes the wall of C D permeable
.
to Ho -H20 is reads.
by osmosis
Pancreas (gland) secretes 2 hormones.
Q
--
insulin glucagon
conve
② glucosey in blood
insulin
glycogen
Clivers
③ glycogen Thaagonglucose
Test strip >
- used to measure
glucose present in urine
colored
- brown
if is present in urine O2 conveglaconic acid subs
If glucose
+
glucose
>
- - ·
glucose oxidase
colored Brown
&
Green -
> less all excretes
glucose
Yellow >
- moderate but brown is high risk
Brown >
-
high
pancress
A
mixed
gland
--
cuticle
Endocrine Exocrine X
↓
1- insulin Chormone)
G
maintain glucose level in blood
2-glucagon
-
-
Homeostasis in plants -
:
plants deserts
Xerophytes >
- in
AdaptiveFeatures : - 1-Thick cuticles >
-
impermeable to H20,
Prevent transpiration(loss of water)
Hair or
Identify spikes traps water vapour
2 >
-
3-shrunken stomata less surface less loss of Hzo
diagram
from
>
- area-> vapour
-
Response of guard cells & stomata table
Stomate opens
-temp .
↓
>
- low come of cor
stomate closes
>
- Tempt
>
- low
humidity
>
-
darkness
Adv . disadva
1- prevents transpiration (Hzoloss) 1-
Photosynthesis decreases
.
2 cell will be turgid 2-less coz uptake
3- respiration↓
bending hectic
Opening & closing of stomate
-
despite these
sling despite these
,
arrows
by guard cell
opening ofstomate during the day im
1
. maintains the inward diffusion of CO2 & the outward diff - of O2 .
.
2 Allows the outward diff - of water vapour in transpiration
closing ofstomata at night when photosynthesis don't occur :
1
. Reduces the rate of transpiration
-
2 Conserves water
percentage difference >
-> X100
E
10
originated
(max-min) value
max C S
value
10-5 =
5 5 = 0 5%
.
10
-
-
-
~
light energy ②
HT moves
>
-
>
- outside
Proton pump
transport
guard
Active
③
Oktgoes in makes G C Conc
. .
-
drags H2o from
outside
Ga
Cosmosis)
close a
⑥becomes
copens
⑥
open
Stomata- open >
-
turgid YT
-close >
-
flaccid it
① light energy goes into guard cell
② proton pump transports It of cell
out
by active transport
③ ke goes in and makes g c . more concentrated
④ which drags more H20 from outside Cosmosis)
⑤ cell becomes turgid
⑧ G (opens.
.
Control and Coordination
Endocrine:
the gland which secretes hormones, released via the blood stream to the target organs. they
are often called as ductless glands
hormones:
are the chemical messengers released from the endocrine gland via the blood stream to the
target organs
target organ:
are where hormones executes its function
examples of endocrine examples of exocrine
ovaries. pancreas
testes. liver
the nervous system
1. the central nervous system (CNS) —>
the brain and the spinal cord
2. peripheral nervous system (PNS) —>
all of the nerves in the body (cranial and spinal nerves)
function of CNS
1. coordinates and regulates body function
2. transmits info/ signals with the help of nerve ber (which consists of many neurons) which
are sensory, motor, and relay neurons
neurons:
its the structural and functional unit of the nervous system
—> bundles of neurons are called nerve bre
● a neuron has a long bre known as an axon
● the axon is insulated by a fatty sheath with small, uninsulated sections along its length
(called nodes of Ranvier) the sheath is made of myelin, a substance that is made by
specialized cells
● this means that the electrical impulse doesnt travel down the whole axon, but jumps from
one node to the next (called salutatory conduction), increases the rate of conduction of
nerve impulse
motor neur on
--
nodes
Cs
of
Ranvier
increases rate of
transmission of
myelin
prevents
sheath (fa-
leaking out
into from
nerve impulse-- ,
(saltatory Conduction
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types of neurons
1. motor
2. sensory >
3. relay >
cellbody
at theTop
node of Ranvier->
the trans.
func increases
by
>
of neve impulse
-
jumping from one
node to another
Saltatory conduction)
3
sheath <
myelin Func
↓
helps in insulation Releases neuro
↓ transmitters
Prevents leakage of
infor
1. has one very long axon which conducts impulses over long distances
● the ends of the branches of the axon have large numbers of mitochondria and vesicles
(containing neurotransmitters)
2. nodes of Ranvier may be present to facilitate the conduction of nerve impulses via
saltatory conduction
1. synaptic knobs are present at the end furthest from the cell body
differences between motor and sensory
motor. sensory
it has long axon. it has short axon
short dendrons and many dendrites long dendrons and no dendrites
cell body at the top. cell body in the middle
re ex action:
● its an involuntary action
● it is a sudden, quick and automatic response to the stimulus
● its protective in action
1. stimulus: heat/ hot object
2. receptor: heat receptor
3. coordinator: spinal cord (only when re ex action)
4. effector: muscle of hands (biceps)
5. response: bending of arm
6. re ex arc: the path followed by the re ex action
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synapse:
gap between two neurons
(only 3)
feature. nervous system. endocrine system
types of message: electrical impulse chemical hormone
speed of transmission: very fast slow
methods of transmission: neurons. blood stream
parts of the system: brain, spinal cord, nerves. glands
how is action potential created:
1. stimulus is received by receptor
2. neurotransmitter is released from synaptic neuron
3. neurotransmitter binds to the receptor
4. NA+ channel opens
5. NA+ moves to post synaptic neuron
6. action potential is created
7. more NA+ enters to create A.P
(if Ca+ comes, just replace NA+ with Ca+)
transmission of nerve impulse
action potential occurs in 4 stages:
1. resting potential (-60 mv to -70 mv)
2. action potential (-50mv) and depolarization (+30mv)
3. repolarization
4. hyperpolarization (-80mv)
5. resting state
30t
epolarization
Tenepolarization
nestingfactorhyper
pot
.
- 88
muscle bre= 2 protein lament
● actin—> thin lament
● myosin—> thick lament
A band—> thick l. (myosin)+ overlapping of thin+ thick
I band—> only thin/ actin
H band—> myosin
M line—> joins 2 thick ls.
Z line—> joins 2 actins
sarcomere—> distance between 2 Z lines
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muscular contraction:
by:
1. actin slides over myosin
2. during this time, length of sarcomere will decrease
3. head of myosin will attach to actin binding site
control and coordination in plants
venus ytrap:
insectivorous (traps and eats insects) to get nitrogen from insects.
Receives
>
- stimulus of touch -
if strong- reach threshold
value
↓
Action pot. is created
leaf closes I
fl
auxin (IAA);
plant growth hormone
function:
1. cell division
2. cell elongation
3. cell differentiation
controlling growth by elongation explanation:
1. auxin binds with receptor in the cell membrane
2. ATPase pumps H+ into the cell wall
3. bonds break between micro brils
4. K+ enters cell cytoplasm
5. H2O enters the cytoplasm by osmosis
a Leav tor
a
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