TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgment.................................................................................................
Abstract...............................................................................................................
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF INSTITUTE...........................................................
1.1 Introduction ….....................................................................................................
1.2 Lab unit................................................................................................................

1.3 Designing Tools....................................................................................................

CHAPTER 2: PRODUCTION ,MANUFACTURING AND FABRICATION………………………
2.1 Key difference Fabrication vs Manufacturing………………………………………………….
2.2 What does Manufacturing mean?......................................................................

2.3 What does Fabrication mean?...........................................................................

2.4 Summary Fabrication vs Manufacturing…………………………………………………………
CHAPTER 3: UNIT CONVERSION…………………………………………………………………………
3.1 Unit conversion table……………………………………………………………………………………..

3.1.1 Volume Unit Conversion……………………………………………………………………………..

3.1.2 Length Unit Conversion……………………………………………………………………………….
3.1.3 Mass Unit Conversion………………………………………………………………………………….
3.1.4 Time Unit Conversion………………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 4: MACHINING TOLERANCE……………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 5: WELDING………………………………………………………………………………………
5.1 Arc Welding…………………………………………………………………………………………………...
5.2 Friction Welding…………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.3 Electron Beam Welding………………………………………………………………………………….

5.4 Laser Welding…………………………………………………………………………………………………

5.5 Resistance Welding………………………………………………………………………………………..
5.6 Common Joint Configuration………………………………………………………………………….
5.7 Different Welding Position……………………………………………………………………………..
5.8 Welding Symbols……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5.9 Welding Defects………………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER 6: INDUSTRIAL VISIT-1…………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER 7: GD&T (GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCE)…………………….

7.1 What is GD&T?.....................................................................................................
7.2 GD&T Symbols Overview………………………………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER 8: FASTENER………………………………………………………………………………………..

8.1 What is Fastener?.................................................................................................

8.2 Types of Fasteners…..............................................................................................
8.2.1 Nuts and Bolts……………………………………………………………………………………………….
8.2.2 Types of Bolts……………………………………………………………………………………………….

8.2.3 Fasteners-Washers……………………………………………………………………………………….
8.2.4 Fasteners-screws………………………………………………………………………………………….
8.2.5 Fasteners Materials……………………………………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER 9: HYDRAULICS…………………………………………………………………………………..
9.1 Components of Hydraulic System……………………………………………………………………

9.2 Supporting Components…………………………………………………………………………………

9.3 Applications of Hydraulic Systems…………………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER 10: INDUSTRIAL VISIT-2………………………………………………………………………
 Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to Thank full to my parents for giving me the permission for the
internship. My parents help me financially as well as physically and mentally help me to
finished the internship. Without their blessing and support I can't be able to complete
this internship.

I am glad to get a chance in internship in SOPAN institute of Engineering and Design

under the mentor ship of Mr. Anand Patel sir who is a managing director of SIED Navsari.
I am very thankful to Mr. Anand Patel for providing internship in institute of
engineering & design.
I sincerely thankful to my internship teachers Kamal sir, Viral sir and Krishna sir. Thank
you so much for giving me useful knowledge about industries and boost my confidence
level. They teach me the value of a mechanical engineer. I wish to express my gratitude
to the all teachers of SIED who rendered their help during the period of internship.
Specially thanks to Prof. S.V.DAMANIA sir for becoming my internal guide. Thank you so
much sir to helping me during my internship and providing me institutional support in
my internship.
 Abstract
This report contains information about the short term Industrial readiness program
which is designed by the Gujarat Technological University and SOPAN institute of
Engineering & Design .This internship program covers the basic practical and theoretical
knowledge about industries.
❑ Outcomes of this Report are
• Different Job Profile in an Industries -Unit Conversion, Structure Fabrication
• Detail Drawing Using Solidworks Software -Instrumentation & Part
Measurements
• Sheet metal Fabrication, Fasteners
• Assembly & Industry Visit-1
• Machining, Tolerance, Esprit CAM
• Hydraulic & Pneumatic
• Casting Process, Die & Mold
• Industry Visit 2
• Sales & Marketing, Management

The purpose of this report is to provide detail information on the Manufacturing,

Fabrication, Hydraulic and Pneumatic system, detail information about Fasteners, Detail
Drawing Using Solidworks Software, Machining, Tolerance, Esprit CAM. This report also
contains the good knowledge about sale & marketing.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF INSTITUTE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Mr. Anand Patel is the managing director of SOPAN Institute of Engineering And design,
Navsari. With last five years of experience in designing and manufacturing field. SOPAN
institute of engineering and design is the parent company of SOPAN INFOTEC. SOPAN
infotech is an Authorized value-added reseller for SolidWorks 3D CAD software solution,
ESPIRIT CAM SYSTEM and RADAN CAD/CAM in all over Gujarat region. SOPAN infotech
founded in year 2012 with a vision of “Deliver more than promised”. SOPAN infotech
also provide engineering solution ( CAD /CAM / CAE / Prototyping / Presentation /
corporate training etc.) for all industry vertical.

SOPAN Institute of Engineering & Design

SOPAN institute of engineering and design was founded in 2010. SIED has an aim to
improve the level of computer education in our society. They are also an engineering
solution provider. They are work closely with us even after the training is complete.
Authorization of SOPAN institute of engineering and design:

• Autodesk Authorized Training & certification

• Solidworks Authorized Training & Certification center
• ESPRIT CAD CAM Authorized training center Authorized Distributor for ESPRIT
CAD CAM Software – Gujarat
• Authorized digital Additive Manufacturing Lab (DAM Lab – Gujarat)
• Certi port Authorized Testing center
• AN ISO 9001:2015 certified Computer Training Institute
 ❑ PRODUCTION, MANUFACTURING & FABRICATION
Fabrication and Manufacturing are two industrial terms that roughly refer to the process
of production.

• Manufacturing is the process of making products on a large-scale using machinery.

• Fabrication is the process of making a product assembling various standardized
parts. In the Fabrication semi finished products has been manufactured.

Key Difference – Fabrication vs Manufacturing

The key difference between Fabrication and Manufacturing is that manufacturing
involves building a product from the bottom-up whereas fabrication involves
assembling of standardized parts.

What Does Manufacturing Mean?

Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials into a finished product, by
means of large-scale industrial operations. The verb manufacture, which is the verb from
which manufacturing is derived from, is defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary as
“the process of making wares by hand or by machinery especially when carried on
systematically with division of labor.” Manufacture is defined in the Oxford dictionary as
“make (something) on a large-scale using machinery.” As evident from these definitions,
manufacturing involves large scale production using labor, machines, tools, and/or
chemical or biological processing. Some examples of products that go through the
process of manufacturing are household appliances, automobiles, and aircraft.
The manufacturing process is the steps the raw materials have to undergo before they
are converted into the final product. Manufacturing, in its earliest form, only included a
skilled craftsperson and his assistants. But, after the industrial revolution, manufacturing
became a large-scale industry.

What Does Fabrication Mean?

The noun fabrication is derived from the verb fabricate, which refers to the process of
constructing products by combining diverse, typically standardized parts. The Oxford
Dictionary defines the verb fabricate as “construct or manufacture (an industrial
product), especially from prepared components,” whereas Merriam-Webster defines it
as “to construct from diverse and usually standardized parts.” Thus, the concept of
fabrication always involves the process of assembling. An example of the process of
fabrication is the fabrication of a boat by assembling standard components.

Let’s look at an example of fabrication and manufacturing in order to clarify the

difference between fabrication and manufacturing. Imagine that a certain company is
importing automobile parts for Volkswagen cars and assemble them, creating finished
Volkswagen cars. But the process carried out by this factory is a fabrication because they
don’t actually manufacture the cars from the bottom-up. In contrast, the factories that
construct the automobile parts from raw materials are engaged in a manufacturing
process.
It is also important to note that the term fabrication is used to refer to different
processes; metal fabrication is the process of making metal structures by cutting,
bending and assembling.

Summary – Fabrication vs Manufacturing

Fabrication and manufacturing are two mechanical processes involved in the production
of merchandise. Fabrication is the process of constructing products by combining
diverse, typically standardized parts. Manufacturing is the process of converting raw
materials into a finished product, by means of large-scale industrial operations. This is
the main difference between fabrication and manufacturing.
Production of the finished product, labeling, packaging and, possibly, shipping.

Production can cover the sub-steps of assembly, finishing, labeling and packaging. That
said there is a tendency to use the terms interchangeably. Any type of manufacturing
can be production, but any production is not a manufacturing.
In production, the raw material is not procured from outside, the company owns it and
after processing and make the final product.
the company procures the raw material from outside, and then makes the final product.
Manufacturing is a process of converting raw material in to finished product by using
various processes, machines and energy.
Fabrication is the building of metal structures by cutting, bending, and assembling
processes. It is a value-added process that involves the construction of machines and
structures from various raw materials.
Examples:
1. Steel Industry (Raw material - Billet, Slab) process is called Production. [Ore to Raw
material]
2. Raw material to Simple part / Final component process is called Manufacturing.
[Forging,Casting,Forming&Powdermetallurgy]
3. Simple parts combined operation (Joining, bending, welding & Machining) to produce
the final Product is called Fabrication. [Automobile assembly unit]
❑ UNIT CONVERSATION
There are a few things as the following that we measure in our day-to-day engineering
activities, and they are:
❑ Temperature
❑ Area
❑ Volume
❑ Mass
❑ Pressure
To measure these quantities, units of measurements are required. There are times when
the units used for the measurement do not match the measurement preference and
convenience as well as the standards prescribed for certain processes and applications.
Converting such units to an extent that it can be understood directly and applied
properly is important. To better understand the statement, let us consider the example
of a person who is only familiar with the metric system. The person cannot easily figure
out the height of a tree measuring 25 feet. Converting 25 feet to meters will help the
person better understand the height of the tree.

Unit Conversion Table

Volume Unit Conversion

1 milliliter 0.001 liter

1 centiliter 0.01 liter

1 deciliter 0.1 liter

1 decaliter 10 liters

1 hectoliter 100 liters

1 kiloliter 1000 liters

1 cubic inch 1.639 × 10 – 2 liters

1 gallon 3.785 liters

1 cubic foot 28.316 liters

 Length Unit Conversion

1 millimeter 0.001 meter

1 centimeter 0.01 meter

1 decimeter 0.1 meter
1 decameter 10 meters

1 hectometer 100 meters

1 kilometer 1000 meters

1 inch 2.54 × 10−2 meters

1 foot 0.3048 meters

Mass Conversion

1 milligram 0.001 gram

1 centigram 0.01 gram

1 decigram 0.1 gram

1 decagram 10 grams

1 hectogram 100 grams

1 kilogram 1000 grams

1 stone 6350.29 grams

1 pound 453.592 grams

Time Unit Conversion

1 minute 60 seconds

1 hour 60 minutes / 3600 seconds

❑ Machining Tolerance
Tolerancing issues aiming at controlling geometric variations remain a major
bottleneck in achieving predictive models and realistic simulations.
Machining tolerance, also known as dimensional accuracy, is the amount of acceptable
variance in the dimension of a part.
This is expressed as a maximum and minimum dimensional limit for the part. Parts are
considered to be within the tolerance if their dimensions fall between these limits. If the
part’s dimensions fall outside of these limits, however, these parts are outside the
acceptable tolerance and considered unusable.
For designers, determining the appropriate tolerances for a part is an essential task in
preparing a design for an order. However, it can be difficult to determine appropriate
tolerances for a part, especially parts that are made of non-metallic substances. To
develop appropriate machining tolerances for your designs, understanding standard
manufacturing tolerances and the tolerances that certain materials and machining
processes are capable of will be essential. For this reason, machining tolerance
guidelines are help us to determine machining tolerances for nonmetallic parts.

❑ Welding
• Arc Welding
This category includes a number of common manuals, semi-automatic and automatic
processes. These include metal inert gas (MIG) welding, stick welding, tungsten inert gas
(TIG) welding also known as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas welding, metal active
gas (MAG) welding, flux cored arc welding (FCAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW),
submerged arc welding (SAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and plasma arc
welding.
These techniques usually use a filler material and are primarily used for joining metals
including stainless steel, aluminum, nickel and copper alloys, cobalt and titanium. Arc
welding processes are widely used across industries such as oil and gas, power,
aerospace, automotive, and more.

• Friction Welding
Friction welding techniques join materials using mechanical friction. This can be
performed in a variety of ways on different welding materials including steel, aluminum
or even wood.
The mechanical friction generates heat which softens the materials which mix to create
a bond as they cool. The manner in which the joining occurs is dependent on the exact
process used, for example, friction stir welding (FSW), friction stir spot welding (FSSW),
linear friction welding (LFW) and rotary friction welding (RFW).

Friction welding doesn't require the use of filler metals, flux or shielding gas.
Friction is frequently used in aerospace applications as it is ideal for joining otherwise
'non-weldable' light-weight aluminum alloys.
Friction processes are used across industry and are also being explored as a method to
bond wood without the use of adhesives or nails.

• Electron Beam Welding

This fusion joining process uses a beam of high velocity electrons to join materials. The
kinetic energy of the electrons transforms into heat upon impact with the workpieces
causing the materials to melt together.
Electron beam welding (EBW) is performed in a vacuum (with the use of a vacuum
chamber) to prevent the beam from dissipating.
There are many common applications for EBW, as can be used to join thick sections. This
means it can be applied across a number of industries from aerospace to nuclear power
and automotive to rail.

• Laser Welding
Used to join thermoplastics or pieces of metal, this process uses a laser to provide a
concentrated heat ideal for barrow, deep welds and high joining rates. Being easily
automated, the high welding speed at which this process can be performed makes it
perfect for high volume applications, such as within the automotive industry.
Laser beam welding can be performed in air rather than in a vacuum such as with
electron beam joining.

• Resistance Welding
This is a fast process which is commonly used in the automotive industry. This process
can be split into two types, resistance spot welding and resistance seam welding.
Spot welding uses heat delivered between two electrodes which is applied to a small
area as the workpieces are clamped together.

• Common Joint Configurations

→ Butt Joint

A connection between the ends or edges of two parts making an angle to one another of
135-180° inclusive in the region of the joint.
→ T Joint

A connection between the end or edge of one part and the face of the other part, the
parts making an angle to one another of more than 5 up to and including 90° in the
region of the joint.

→ Corner Joint

A connection between the ends or edges of two parts making an angle to one another of
more than 30 but less than 135° in the region of the joint.

→ Edge Joint

A connection between the edges of two parts making an angle to one another of 0 to
30° inclusive in the region of the joint.

→ Cruciform Joint

A connection in which two flat plates or two bars are welded to another flat plate at
right angles and on the same axis.

→ Lap Joint

A connection between two overlapping parts making an angle to one another of 0-5°
inclusive in the region of the weld or welds.
DIFFERENT WELDING POSITION

1.Groove Welds
- 1G (FLAT)

- 2G (HORIZONTAL)

- 3G (VERTICAL)

- 4G (OVERHEAD)

2. Fillet Welds
- 1F (FLAT)

- 2F (HORIZONTAL)

- 3F (VERTICAL)

- 4F (OVERHEAD)
Welding Symbols
Welding Defects
INDUSTRIAL VISIT- 1
On 27th of JUNE 2022, the students of SOPAN Infotech along with the faculty
visited the industry name SURYA DIE & TOOLS located in UDHNA, SURAT.It was such a valuable
industrial visit. There was a three section of the SURYA DIE & TOOLS.

In the first section of the SURYA DIE & TOOLS , there was a planner machine , Milling machine ,
Drilling machine , Shapping machine etc
In the second section of the SURYA DIE & TOOLS , there was a molding section , the mold was
made by a VMC Machine , it was a fully automatic machine. There was also a grinding machine
and a EDM machine . We saw the working of the VMC machine .We saw that how the job was
manufactured by the VMC Machine with the use of coding system.

In the third section of the SURYA DIE & TOOLS , there was a injection moulding section. There
are two types of injection moulding machine manually operated injection moulding machine
the automatically operated injection moulding machine. There was a horizontal lathe machine.
❑ GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing)
Manufactured items differ in size and dimensions from the original CAD model due to
variations in the manufacturing processes. To optimally control and communicate these
variations, engineers and manufacturers use a symbolic language called GD&T, short for
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing.
GD&T tells manufacturing partners and inspectors the allowable variation within the
product assembly and standardizes how that variation is measured.

• What is GD&T?
GD&T, short for Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing, is a system for defining and
communicating design intent and engineering tolerances that helps engineers and
manufacturers optimally control variations in manufacturing processes.
• GD&T Symbols Overview
❑ Fastner
• What is a Fastener?
A fastener is a broad range of mechanical tools/elements used to hold two or more
objects together as a rigid attachment. Fasteners allow to separate or dismantle the
pieces without suffering any damage. However, they can be used as permanent joints as
well. Screws, nuts, bolts, nails, washers, etc.

• Types of Fasteners
There are different types of fasteners that are used in industrial applications. The most
common types of mechanical fasteners are:

→ Nuts and Bolts

→ Washers
→ Screws
→ Nails
→ Anchors
→ Rivets
→ Pins
→ Retaining Rings
→ Inserts

• Nuts and Bolts

Nuts and bolts are one of the most common types of fasteners available for industrial
use. They work together in tandem and hold two or more components together. The
bolt is inserted through the bolt holes between the components and then the nut is
fastened on the other end. There are various types of nuts and bolts as mentioned
below.Nuts have internal threads and are always used with a mating bolt. The most
popular types of nuts are:
Hex Nuts: The most common variety of nuts, Hex Nuts consist of a hex shape (six-sided)
with internal threads. They can be easily tightened or loosen with a wrench accessing
from any angle.

Coupling Nuts: They are also hex-shaped nuts. This hollow threaded fastener joins two
male threads together and also known as extension nuts. They are widely used for
installing plumbing pipes.
Lock Nuts: Locknuts are specially designed fasteners to prevent loosening due to
vibrations. Also known as prevailing torque nuts, lock nuts find uses in automotive and
washing machines where vibration problems have the tendency to loosen parts.
Square Nuts: Feature a square shape, square nuts are the oldest type of nuts with four
sides. They are the best for the greater surface area making the fastener stronger and
reducing damage from rough edges. Usually, square nuts are used in furniture and metal
channel applications.
 Fig.: Different Types of Nuts
Flange Nuts: Having a wide, serrated flange on one end, flange nuts serve a similar
function as a washer but it does not provide any added movement. They are also known
as Tee nuts.
Wing Nuts: Having two projected pieces, wing nuts can be easily loosened or tightened
using hands without tools. This type of fastener is good for applications requiring
frequent tightening and loosening.
Slotted Nuts: In slotted nuts, sections are cut out to create a locking mechanism with
the help of a cotter ping.
U-Nuts: Reliable and strong, U-nuts are made from one piece of rolled thread. They are
used to hold metal sheet panels together.
Speed Nuts: Speed nuts have two metal pieces that work as one. Also known as sheet
metal nuts, speed nuts do the job of both a nut and a locking washer.
Push Nuts: Push nuts can distribute loads easily that reduces surface stresses. They are
installed with a special nut driver and used to secure unthreaded bolts and other
fasteners.
Jam Nuts: Jam nut is small size nut that is half as tall as hex nuts. They are widely used
where space has limitations to use hex nuts. They can easily be fastened onto a bolt
without applying torque or force.
• Types of Bolts
Many different types of bolts are available in the market. The most common types of
bolts that are used for industrial applications are:
Carriage Bolts: Having domed or countersunk heads, Carriage bolts use a square
component under the head to keep the bolt from moving (pulling through) while
tightening the nut. Carriage bolts are self-locking bolts and are usually used to attach
metals to wood.
Hex Bolts: They have six-sided heads with machine threads extended halfway or up to
the bolt head. Hex bolts find wide construction and machinery applications as they can
be easily tightened using a wrench. Also popular as hex cap screws, hex bolts work with
a tapped hole or a nut.
U-Bolts: U-bolts are shaped like the letter “U” and have screw heads on both ends. The
bent section of the U-bolt is unthreaded. They are extensively used in piping, plumbing,
and HVAC works to secure the position of pipes and tubes without making any holes in
them.

Eye-Bolts: Eye bolts are threaded on one end and a loop at the other.
Lag Bolts: These bolts are used independently without a nut. Extremely sturdy and
tough Lag bolts can handle a lot of weight. They are used for heavy-duty jobs like
installing frames, framing lumber, etc.
Flange Bolts: For even distribution of the loads, Flange Bolts include a circular flange
beneath the head.
Allen Bolts: Also known as Socket head bolts, Allen bolts have a hexagonal socket for use
with Allen wrenches. These types of fasteners need less space.

• Fasteners-Washers
Sometimes washers are added in between nuts and bolts to distribute the fastener’s
load evenly over the material surface. A washer is a flat circular disc with an opening in
the center. Washers can be metallic or can be made from non-metals. Other main
purposes of washers are:

→ Isolation of Components
→ Reduction of leakage
→ Alleviation of friction, and
→ Prevention of loosening during vibration.

Fig. 3: Types of Washers

Some common types of washers are:
❑ Plain Washers: Plain washers are used for load distribution and isolation purposes.
Plain washers can be of various types like:
→ Round and thin Flat Washers for general use.
→ Torque Washers for use in woodworking projects.
→ Fender Washer used in car fenders.
→ Finishing Washers used with countersank screws, and
→ C-washers
❑ Spring Washers: These types of fasteners act like a spring as they develop axial
flexibility to make the joint more elastic. This can avoid unintended loosening during
vibration. The main types of Spring Washers are:
→ Belleville Washer
→ Crescent Washer
→ Dome Spring Washers, and
→ Wave Spring Washers
❑ Lock Washers: This type of washer uses various mechanisms to prevent nuts, screws,
and bolts from loosening. Lock washers are much better than spring washers and can
be of the following types:
→ External tooth lock washer
→ Internal tooth lock washer
→ Split lock washer, and
 → Tab washer
❑ Beveled Washers: These washers add stability when attaching unparallel surfaces.
❑ Structural Washers: Usually thicker, Structural washers are used in heavy-duty
❑ Fasteners-Screws
Screw fasteners are the most versatile types of fasteners. It’s very simple to use. One
needs to drill a pilot hole in a material and then using a screwdriver the screw can be
easily installed in place. They generally have male threads that start from the tip. Screws
are usually self-threading and create the thread during installation.
They come in various types and sizes like:

Self-Drilling Screws: Also, popular as self-tapping screws, self-drilling screws create the
required internal thread while installing it. It contains a fully threaded shaft.
Machine Screws: These types of fasteners are most widely used for machinery
applications. It comes in a variety of tip shapes and heads with a slotted socket on the
head to tighten it. They are of uniform thickness and don’t taper off at the bottom.
Sheet Metal Screws: With an extremely sharp tip, sheet metal screws are used to fasten
two metals together. They have a flat or rounded head.
Other types of Screws are:

❑ Deck screws having a self-tapping design.

❑ Wood screw having coarse thread and tapered head.
❑ Grub Screws without a head used to prevent rotation or movement between two
parts.
❑ Masonry screws having a flat tip and hex-head designs.
❑ Countersunk screw
❑ Hex lag screw
❑ MDF screws
❑ Drywall screws
• Fastener Materials
Fasteners are made of a variety of materials. Proper selection of a fastener material
should be based on the working environment, weight, expected life, reusability,
magnetic properties, and reusability. Common materials that are used for manufacturing
fasteners are:

→ Steel
→ Brass and Bronze
→ Copper
→ Nickel
→ Aluminum
→ Stainless Steel (SS-304, SS-316, Mild Steel)
→ Inconel
→ Monel
→ Titanium
→ Nylon and Plastics
→
❑ Hydraulic
Hydraulic machines use liquid fluid power to perform work. Heavy construction vehicles
are a common example. In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is pumped to various
hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders throughout the machine and becomes
pressurized according to the resistance present. The fluid is controlled directly or
automatically by control valves and distributed through hoses, tubes, or pipes.

Hydraulic System
Transporting liquid through a set of interconnected discrete components, a hydraulic
circuit is a system that can control where fluid flows (such as thermodynamic systems),
as well as control fluid pressure (such as hydraulic amplifiers).
The hydraulic systems consist a number of parts for its proper functioning. These include
storage tank, filter, hydraulic pump, pressure regulator, control valve, hydraulic cylinder,
piston and leak proof fluid flow pipelines. The schematic of a simple hydraulic.

Schematic diagram of hydraulic system

• Components of Hydraulic system
→ Prime mover: convert the available energy into mechanical energy. (I.e., I.C engine
Turbine)
→ Pump: convert mech energy into pressure energy.
→ Control Valves: Regulate the fluid flow, discharge and movement of fluid.
→ Actuator: It is a device used to convert fluid power into mechanical power to do
useful work.
→ Piping System: It is the functional connection for oil flow in the hydraulic system.
→ Fluid: system uses fluid power to perform work.

• Supporting Components
→ Filters: It is used to remove any foreign particles so as keep the fluid system clean
and efficient, as well as avoid damage to the actuator and valves.
→ Strainers
→ Storage Tanks
→ Heat exchanger
→ Pressure gauge
→ Sensors
→ Protective Devices, Control Devices, Accumulators.

• Applications of Hydraulic systems:

• the hydraulic systems are mainly used for precise control of larger forces. The main
applications of hydraulic system can be classified in five categories:

→ Industrial: Plastic processing machineries, steel making and primary metal extraction
applications, automated production lines, machine tool industries, paper industries,
loaders, crushes, textile machineries, R & D equipment and robotic systems etc
→ Mobile hydraulics: Tractors, irrigation system, earthmoving equipment, material
handling equipment, commercial vehicles, tunnel boring equipment, rail equipment,
building and construction machineries and drilling rigs etc.
→ Automobiles: It is used in the systems like breaks, shock absorbers, steering system,
wind shield, lift and cleaning etc.
→ Marine applications: It mostly covers ocean going vessels, fishing boats and navel
equipment.
→ Aerospace equipment: There are equipment and systems used for rudder control,
landing gear, breaks, flight control and transmission etc. which are used in airplanes,
rockets and spaceships.
INDUSTRIAL VISIT- 2
On 29th of JUNE 2022,The student of the SOPAN Infotech again visited the
industry along with the faculty name JD ENGINEERS , GIDC ,NAVSARI. This industry made
the different types of pressure vessel. The owner of the JD ENGINEERS is such a good
person that he allows us to visit his company. One of their engineers gave us the whole
information about the company. There was a different types of pressure vessel available
at the company. The engineer gave u the information about the structure and design of
the vessel.We saw different diffrent component used in the pressure vessel.
There was a several machineries at JD ENGINEERS like lathe machine , drilling machine ,
welding machine , grinding machine , milling machine etc. We saw two types of welding
in the JD ENGINEERS , one is gas arc welding and second is argon welding. We saw the
hydraulic crane system in the JD ENGINEERS. The owner of the JD ENGINEERS gave us
some instructions about our future steps.