Name: GOWaLIa,m SaLmaN
DeGree: BS
DepartmeNt: accOuNtING aND fINaNce
BOOk Name: 5411
BOOk cODe: eNGLISh II (5411)
SemeSter: autumN 2024 [SecOND part]
StuDeNt ID: 0000761324
aSSIGNmeNt: 1
uNIverSIty: aLLama IqBaL OpeN uNIverSIty.
cIty : karachI
Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 50
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
(Units 1–4)
Q. 1 Refer to Unit 1 of your book. Academic writing is
of different types, one of which is Argumentative Essay
Writing. Write an argumentative essay of 250 words
about “Social media promote digital addiction and other
social evils”. The essay should consist of a proper
introduction, body paragraphs and a
conclusion. (20)
ANSWER # 1
Social Media Promotes Digital Addiction
and Other Social Evils
In today’s fast-paced world, social
media has become an integral part of our lives,
connecting people globally and providing an endless
stream of information. However, this widespread use of
social media has brought with it serious consequences,
including the promotion of digital addiction and the
emergence of various social evils. Despite the many
benefits that social media offers, it is essential to
acknowledge its negative impact on individuals and
society.
One of the primary concerns regarding social media
is its ability to foster digital addiction. People spend an
increasing amount of time on platforms such as
Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, often scrolling
endlessly without realizing how much time has passed.
This constant need to check notifications, post updates,
and stay connected to online communities has resulted in
individuals becoming obsessed with their digital lives. In
fact, studies show that excessive use of social media is
linked to reduced attention spans, increased stress, and a
lack of meaningful offline relationships. As individuals
become more engrossed in virtual interactions, they
gradually neglect their responsibilities and real-life
connections, further perpetuating the cycle of addiction.
Moreover, social media is a breeding
ground for various social evils. Cyberbullying is one of
the most significant issues, where individuals,
especially young people, face harassment, threats, and
humiliation online. This anonymity provided by social
media allows bullies to target their victims without fear
of repercussions. Additionally, social media often
promotes unrealistic beauty standards, materialism, and
unhealthy lifestyles, leading to feelings of inadequacy
and low self-esteem. These ideals can have a detrimental
impact on mental health, particularly among teenagers
who are vulnerable to external influences.
Furthermore, social media has
been known to contribute to the spread of misinformation
and fake news. With the ease of sharing information,
false narratives can quickly go viral, influencing public
opinion and distorting the truth. This phenomenon not
only impacts individuals’ perceptions but also harms
society by fostering divisions and creating unnecessary
fear or confusion.
In conclusion, while social media has undoubtedly
transformed communication and information sharing, its
negative consequences cannot be overlooked. Digital
addiction and the emergence of social evils such as
cyberbullying, unrealistic beauty standards, and
misinformation have become rampant in today's society.
Therefore, it is crucial for individuals to use social media
responsibly and for society to create mechanisms to
mitigate its harmful effects.
Q. 2 What are salient features of formal writing?
How is different from informal writing in its purpose?
Write a letter to an editor emphasizing the importance of
promoting indigenous social values through media.
(10+10)
ANSWER 2
Salient Features of Formal Writing
1. Professional Tone: Formal writing maintains a
respectful, neutral, and objective tone, avoiding slang,
contractions, and colloquial language. It is typically used
in official, academic, or business contexts.
2. Clear Structure: Formal writing follows a clear
structure, such as an introduction, body paragraphs, and a
conclusion. It is organized and cohesive, with each
paragraph serving a specific purpose.
3. Formal Vocabulary: The language used is more
sophisticated, precise, and technical. It avoids overly
casual words and instead uses academic or professional
terminology.
4. Third-Person Perspective: Formal writing often avoids
the use of first-person pronouns ("I," "we") and prefers a
third-person perspective to maintain objectivity and
authority.
5. Proper Grammar and Syntax: It adheres strictly to
grammatical rules, punctuation, and syntax, ensuring that
the writing is correct and polished.
6. No Emotional Appeal: Unlike informal writing, formal
writing avoids emotional language and seeks to present
information in an unbiased, logical manner.
Difference between Formal and Informal
Writing in Purpose
• Purpose of Formal Writing:
o The purpose of formal writing is to convey
information in a professional, clear, and
unambiguous manner.
o It is often used to communicate ideas, arguments, or
requests in academic, business, legal, or official
settings.
o Formal writing aims to inform, persuade, or request
in a manner that aligns with professional standards.
• Purpose of Informal Writing:
• Informal writing, on the other hand, is generally used for
personal communication.
• It includes letters, emails, or messages that are intended
for friends, family, or casual acquaintances.
• The tone is conversational, relaxed, and personal, and the
focus is on building relationships rather than delivering
formal information or arguments.
Letter to the Editor Emphasizing the
Importance of Promoting Indigenous Social
Values through Media
Muhammad Salman
110-A plot, Garden Town, Jail Road, Lahore
Lahore, Pakistan, 74560
xyxsalman@hotmail.com
0000-1111000
14/03/2025
The Editor,
Dawn News,
121-B plot, Garden Town, Jail Road, Lahore
Lahore, Pakistan, 74390
Subject: The Importance of Promoting Indigenous
Social Values Through Media
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to draw your attention to an
important issue that often goes unnoticed in the fast-
evolving world of modern media: the need to promote
indigenous social values in the media landscape. As our
society progresses technologically and culturally, it
becomes crucial that we do not lose sight of the unique
traditions, cultural heritage, and values of indigenous
communities. The media, as a powerful tool of
communication and influence, plays a pivotal role in
shaping public perception, attitudes, and understanding.
Indigenous social values, which include
respect for nature, community living, oral traditions, and
sustainable practices, are an integral part of the rich
cultural tapestry of our country. However, the
representation of these values in mainstream media is
often minimal or misrepresented. This lack of authentic
portrayal can lead to the erosion of these traditions,
particularly among younger generations who are
increasingly exposed to globalized cultural influences.
It is essential for the media to not only
cover contemporary issues but also to dedicate space for
indigenous cultures, practices, and social norms. This can
be done through documentaries, films, TV programs, and
articles that highlight the importance of preserving
indigenous knowledge and values. Such initiatives would
help bridge the gap between traditional and modern
cultures, fostering mutual respect and understanding.
Furthermore, promoting indigenous values
through media would encourage a more inclusive society
where diversity is celebrated and respected. It would also
play a crucial role in empowering indigenous
communities, allowing them to take pride in their
heritage while engaging with the broader public in a
meaningful way.
I urge the media to take a proactive
stance in incorporating indigenous social values into
their content and providing indigenous communities with
a platform to share their stories, perspectives, and
experiences. In doing so, we can ensure that the wisdom
of our indigenous peoples is passed down through
generations, enriching our collective cultural identity.
Thank you for considering this important matter. I look
forward to seeing more initiatives in this regard.
Yours sincerely,
Muhammad Salman
Q. 3 a. Unit 2 of your book is about process writing.
Write down process of “Creating successful online
businesses” step by step. Use words such as first, after
that, then, later, next, etc. to talk about steps of the
Process
ANSWER # 3a
The Process of Creating a Successful Online
Business
Creating a successful online business requires careful
planning, strategic thinking, and effective execution.
Here is a step-by-step process to guide you through the
essential stages of building an online business:
1. First, identify a niche or market.
The first step in creating a successful online
business is identifying a niche or target market that you
are passionate about and that has enough demand to
sustain a business. This involves researching different
industries, exploring customer needs, and identifying
gaps in the market. It's important to understand your
target audience’s pain points and preferences, as this will
allow you to craft a business that solves a problem or
fulfills a need. Conduct market research to determine
trends, competitors, and customer behaviour in the niche
you are considering.
2. After that, develop a comprehensive business plan.
Once you have identified your niche, the
next step is to create a detailed business plan. A business
plan is crucial as it outlines your goals, strategies,
budget, and financial projections. It serves as a roadmap
for your business and helps you stay on track throughout
the journey. In your plan, define your business mission,
vision, target audience, marketing strategies, and pricing
model. You should also outline your growth objectives
and potential challenges. This plan will be helpful when
seeking investment or partnerships and will keep you
focused on your goals.
3. Then, choose a business model.
The next step is to decide on the business
model that best suits your strengths, skills, and the
market's needs. Online businesses can operate in various
forms, such as e-commerce, subscription services, digital
products (like courses, eBooks, or software), or offering
services (like consulting or freelance work). The business
model you choose should align with your expertise and
interests, while also ensuring there's a demand for your
offering. For example, if you have expertise in graphic
design, you could offer freelance services, while if you
are passionate about creating educational content, you
could sell online courses.
4. Later, create a website or e-commerce platform.
Once you’ve decided on the business
model, it’s time to build your online presence. A website
serves as the foundation for your online business.
Whether you're selling products or offering services,
having a professional and user-friendly website is
essential. If you’re running an e-commerce business,
you’ll need to set up an online store with product pages,
a shopping cart, and secure payment gateways. If you’re
offering services, a portfolio or service page that explains
your offerings will be necessary. Ensure your website is
optimized for mobile devices, loads quickly, and has an
attractive, easy-to-navigate design. Additionally, it’s
important to ensure that your website is optimized for
search engines (SEO) to attract organic traffic from
search engines like Google.
5. Next, set up payment methods and integrate secure
checkout systems.
To run a successful online business, you need
to set up reliable and secure payment methods. Make
sure to integrate payment gateways like PayPal, Stripe,
or bank transfers so that customers can make payments
easily. Security is a top priority, so ensure your website
has an SSL certificate (to encrypt sensitive customer
data) and that the checkout process is smooth and user-
friendly. Customers are more likely to complete a
purchase if they feel confident that their personal and
financial information is safe.
6. After that, develop a strong marketing strategy.
To attract customers to your website, you
need a strong marketing strategy. This can include
various tactics such as content marketing, social media
marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), email
marketing, and paid advertising (e.g., Google Ads,
Facebook Ads). Content marketing involves creating
valuable content, like blogs, videos, and infographics,
that attracts potential customers. Social media marketing
can help you engage with your target audience and
increase brand awareness. Email marketing allows you to
stay connected with potential and existing customers,
while SEO helps your website rank higher in search
engine results. Paid advertising can also give you an
immediate boost in traffic.
7. Then, launch your business and promote it.
After you’ve set everything up, it’s time
to officially launch your online business. Announce the
launch through various channels such as social media,
email newsletters, and press releases. To attract initial
customers, consider offering discounts, free trials, or
special promotions to generate interest and drive traffic.
Creating a buzz around your launch can lead to early
sales and help you establish a customer base.
8. Later, monitor performance and track key metrics.
Once your business is live, you need to
monitor its performance to ensure that your strategies are
effective. Track key metrics such as website traffic,
conversion rates, sales, customer feedback, and social
media engagement. Use tools like Google Analytics to
measure how well your website is performing and
identify areas for improvement. Additionally, track
customer reviews and feedback to gauge satisfaction and
identify any issues or opportunities to improve your
products or services.
9. Next, continually improve and scale your business.
As your business grows, it’s important
to continually improve and adapt. Consider expanding
your product or service offerings, improving your
website design, and refining your marketing strategies.
Stay up-to-date with industry trends and always look for
new ways to innovate and enhance your business.
Scaling your business might involve outsourcing tasks,
hiring employees, or expanding into new markets. You
can also explore partnerships or collaborations to
increase your reach and grow your customer base.
10. Finally, focus on long-term success.
Building a successful online business is a
long-term process. After the initial growth phase, it’s
important to keep building strong relationships with your
customers, stay committed to providing excellent
products and services, and continue innovating. Focus on
customer loyalty by providing exceptional customer
service, engaging with your audience on social media,
and maintaining consistent communication through email
or other channels. Adapt to market changes and be ready
to pivot when necessary. With patience and consistent
effort, your online business can thrive in the long run.
By following these steps, you can create a solid
foundation for a successful online business. The key is to
plan thoroughly, execute strategically, and continuously
adapt to changes in the market.
b. In Pakistan, people cook different dishes every day, to
change their taste. Write down the process of cooking
“chicken Karahi”. Mention the material to be used and
steps in which you are going to cook it, so that it comes
out really
delicious. (10)
ANSWER # 3b
Chicken Karahi Recipe
Materials/Ingredients Needed:
• 1 kg chicken, cut into pieces
• 4 tablespoons cooking oil
• 2 medium-sized onions, finely chopped
• 2 tomatoes, finely chopped
• 2 green chilies, slit
• 1 tablespoon ginger-garlic paste
• 1 tablespoon red chili powder
• 1 teaspoon turmeric powder
• 1 teaspoon garam masala powder
• 1 teaspoon cumin seeds
• Salt, to taste
• Fresh coriander leaves, chopped (for garnishing)
• 1 tablespoon lemon juice
• 1 tablespoon kasuri methi (dried fenugreek leaves)
• 1 cup water
Steps to Cook Chicken Karahi:
1. Heat Oil in Karahi (Wok):
o Begin by heating 4 tablespoons of cooking oil in a
karahi or wok over medium heat.
2. Cook Onions:
o Once the oil is hot, add the finely chopped onions
and sauté until they turn golden brown. This should
take about 5-7 minutes.
3. Add Ginger-Garlic Paste:
o Add 1 tablespoon of ginger-garlic paste to the
onions and fry it for 1-2 minutes until the raw smell
disappears.
4. Cook Chicken Pieces:
o Add the chicken pieces to the karahi and sauté them
until they turn white. Stir occasionally to ensure the
chicken is evenly cooked.
5. Add Tomatoes and Green Chilies:
o Add the chopped tomatoes and slit green chilies to
the karahi. Cook for about 5 minutes until the
tomatoes soften and release their juices.
6. Add Spices:
o Add the red chili powder, turmeric powder, garam
masala powder, and salt to taste. Stir well to coat the
chicken and tomatoes with the spices. Let it cook
for 2-3 minutes.
7. Simmer with Water:
o Add about 1 cup of water to the karahi, cover it with
a lid, and let it simmer on low heat for 15-20
minutes until the chicken is tender and the oil
separates from the gravy.
8. Add Kasuri Methi and Lemon Juice:
o Crush the kasuri methi between your palms and add
it to the karahi. Also, squeeze 1 tablespoon of lemon
juice into the dish. Stir everything together and cook
for another 2-3 minutes.
9. Garnish and Serve:
o Once the chicken is fully cooked and the flavours
are well blended, remove the karahi from the heat.
Garnish with freshly chopped coriander leaves.
10. Serving Suggestion:
o Serve hot with naan, roti, or rice for a delicious and
authentic Chicken Karahi experience!
Enjoy your flavourful Chicken Karahi, rich in taste and
aroma!
Q. 4 Unit 3 is about ‘classification’ which means assigning
different categories to people or things or labelling them as
different ‘types’. During your study, you encounter different
types of students who behave differently in class, making your
experience diverse. Write a classification essay mentioning
the categories of the students such as “intelligent, smart,
funny, lazy, disturbing and so on. Follow the structure of the
essay discussed in Q.1. (20)
ANSWER # 4
Classification of Students in the Classroom
A classroom is often a microcosm of
society, filled with a diverse range of individuals who
bring their own set of qualities and characteristics.
Students are no exception to this diversity, as they come
in many different types, each contributing to the
dynamics of the class in their own unique way. Some
students are naturally gifted academically, others possess
creative talents, and some may find it difficult to stay
focused or engage in their studies. Over time, teachers
and classmates alike begin to recognize certain patterns
in student behaviour, leading to the classification of
students into distinct categories. In this essay, I will
classify students into six distinct groups: intelligent,
smart, funny, lazy, disturbing, and diligent students.
Intelligent Students
Intelligent students are often seen as the
shining stars of the classroom. They grasp concepts
quickly, easily absorb information, and excel
academically without much effort. These students are
often highly capable of understanding difficult topics,
solving complex problems, and making connections
between various pieces of information. Whether it's
math, science, literature, or history, intelligent students
have the ability to comprehend new ideas with relative
ease and can often anticipate the direction of lessons.
They are typically the ones who answer the majority of
questions in class and may even offer insightful
comments or ideas during discussions. However, one
challenge for intelligent students is that they may
sometimes find the material too easy or unchallenging,
which can lead to boredom and disengagement. Teachers
may need to provide additional challenges or advanced
material to keep these students engaged and motivated.
Smart Students
While "intelligent" refers to a natural
aptitude for understanding and solving problems, "smart"
students are those who possess practical knowledge and
problem-solving skills, even if they may not have the
same level of academic brilliance as intelligent students.
Smart students have an intuitive understanding of how
things work, and they often excel in real-world
applications of knowledge. They might not always be the
highest scorers in terms of grades, but they are quick
thinkers and can adapt to changing situations. Smart
students are known for their resourcefulness and
creativity, often coming up with innovative ideas that
others may not think of. In group activities, they often
offer unique perspectives and demonstrate leadership
through practical solutions. Although they may not shine
in every subject, their ability to think on their feet and
approach problems from different angles makes them an
asset in any classroom.
Funny Students
The funny students bring a sense of light-
heartedness and joy to the classroom. These students are
the comedians of the group, always ready with a joke, a
witty remark, or an amusing observation. Their humour
can break the tension of a long lecture or lighten the
mood before a difficult exam. While their main focus
may not always be academics, their ability to make
others laugh makes them popular among their peers.
Funny students are often the ones who can diffuse
conflicts or ease awkward situations with their charm and
humour. However, their light-hearted approach can
sometimes be distracting, as they may joke during
important lessons or prevent others from concentrating.
Despite this, their contribution to the classroom
environment cannot be overstated, as they help make the
classroom a more enjoyable and relaxed place.
Lazy Students
Lazy students are those who struggle with
motivation and often fail to put in the necessary effort to
succeed academically. These students are frequently seen
procrastinating, submitting assignments late, or avoiding
responsibilities altogether. Despite their potential, lazy
students are often unable to live up to their capabilities
due to their lack of enthusiasm and hard work. They may
appear disengaged during lessons, sometimes zoning out
or failing to participate in class discussions. Their lack of
effort may be rooted in a variety of reasons, such as a
lack of interest in the subject, difficulty understanding
the material, or simply a desire to avoid responsibility.
While lazy students may occasionally show flashes of
brilliance, their unwillingness to put in the necessary
work often hinders their academic performance. Teachers
and classmates may find it frustrating to watch these
students squander their talents, but providing them with
motivation and support could help them realize their
potential.
Disturbing Students
Disturbing students can sometimes be a
disruptive presence in the classroom. These students may
exhibit behaviours that interrupt the flow of the lesson,
such as talking loudly, moving around the classroom
frequently, or engaging in inappropriate behaviours.
Their actions can create distractions for other students,
making it difficult for everyone to focus on their work.
Disturbing students may act out for various reasons, such
as a desire for attention, boredom, or even a lack of
understanding of classroom rules. These students can
sometimes challenge the authority of the teacher and
make it difficult for the class to stay on track. While
disturbing students may not always intend to be
disruptive, their behaviour can have a negative impact on
the classroom environment. Teachers must work hard to
manage these students and help them understand the
importance of creating a positive, focused learning
environment.
Diligent Students
Finally, diligent students are those who
consistently put in the effort to succeed. They may not
always be the most naturally gifted or the most popular,
but their work ethic and commitment to their studies set
them apart. Diligent students take their responsibilities
seriously and are always on top of their assignments,
meeting deadlines, and striving to improve. They are
disciplined and methodical in their approach to learning,
and they are willing to go the extra mile to master the
material. These students are often the ones who can be
counted on to complete group tasks reliably and
contribute to discussions in a meaningful way. While
they may not always draw attention to themselves, their
dedication and perseverance make them invaluable to the
classroom. Diligent students show that success is not just
about talent but also about hard work and consistency.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the classroom is filled with a diverse range
of students, each with their own unique qualities and
characteristics. From intelligent and smart students to
funny, lazy, disturbing, and diligent ones, each student
plays a role in shaping the overall classroom
environment. Understanding these different types of
students can help teachers and classmates foster a more
inclusive and dynamic learning experience. By
appreciating the diversity of student behaviors and
attitudes, we can create an atmosphere where everyone
can thrive, learn from each other, and grow both
academically and personally.
Q. 5 Please refer to Unit 4, when you write a Cause-and-
Effect essay, you clearly state whether you are writing causes,
or effects, or both simultaneously. Write causes and effects of
“poverty” in Pakistan. (20)
ANSWER # 5
Cause-and-Effect Essay: Causes and Effects
of Poverty in Pakistan
Introduction
Poverty in Pakistan remains one of the most pressing
issues affecting its social and economic landscape. The
causes of poverty in the country are deeply embedded in
various structural, political, and socio-economic factors.
These causes have resulted in numerous detrimental
effects on the well-being of individuals and the nation as
a whole. In this essay, I will discuss both the causes and
effects of poverty in Pakistan.
Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
1. Economic Instability One of the primary causes of
poverty in Pakistan is the country’s economic instability.
The economic fluctuations, inflation, and growing
national debt create a difficult environment for
sustainable growth. A volatile economy leaves little room
for wealth creation and exacerbates income inequality,
thereby pushing many people into poverty.
2. High Population Growth Pakistan has one of the
highest population growth rates in the world. The
country’s population continues to grow rapidly, placing
immense pressure on existing resources such as
education, healthcare, and employment opportunities.
With limited resources and services, many individuals
and families struggle to meet their basic needs, thereby
increasing the poverty rate.
3. Lack of Education Education is often seen as the key to
breaking the poverty cycle, but in Pakistan, many people,
especially in rural areas, do not have access to quality
education. High illiteracy rates among adults and the
limited availability of educational infrastructure
contribute to poverty. Without education or vocational
skills, individuals find it difficult to secure well-paying
jobs, thus remaining trapped in the poverty cycle.
4. Political Instability and Corruption Political instability
and corruption in Pakistan have led to inefficient
governance and misallocation of resources. The lack of
effective government policies, coupled with widespread
corruption, means that resources meant for poverty
alleviation often do not reach those in need. This
hampers efforts to tackle poverty and improve the living
conditions of the most vulnerable.
5. Unemployment High unemployment rates contribute
directly to the poverty levels in Pakistan. The lack of job
opportunities, particularly for the younger population,
increases the number of individuals who are unable to
earn a stable income. The limited scope of the formal job
market forces many to work in the informal sector, where
wages are often low and unstable.
6. Agricultural Decline Agriculture is a major source of
income for a large portion of Pakistan's population,
particularly in rural areas. However, due to outdated
farming techniques, limited access to resources, and the
impact of climate change, agricultural productivity has
declined. This has left many farmers impoverished,
unable to make ends meet or invest in their future.
Effects of Poverty in Pakistan
1. Health Issues One of the most visible effects of poverty
in Pakistan is poor health. Poverty-stricken individuals
often lack access to adequate healthcare and nutrition,
leading to higher rates of malnutrition, infant mortality,
and chronic diseases. The lack of sanitation facilities,
coupled with inadequate medical services, means that
many people suffer from preventable health conditions,
further exacerbating their economic situation.
2. Social Inequality Poverty in Pakistan contributes to a
widening gap between the rich and the poor. Those living
in poverty face social exclusion and discrimination. They
have limited access to quality education, healthcare, and
other essential services. This inequality also results in
social unrest and can lead to political instability as
disadvantaged groups demand better opportunities and
resources.
3. Crime and Social Unrest As a result of poverty, many
individuals resort to criminal activities to meet their basic
needs. Poverty-driven crime, including theft, robbery,
and even violent crime, becomes more common. The
lack of economic opportunities and the frustration of
being unable to improve one’s circumstances can lead to
social unrest, protests, and violent movements that
destabilize society.
4. Lower Quality of Life Individuals living in poverty in
Pakistan often experience a lower quality of life. Basic
necessities like food, clean water, shelter, and clothing
are inaccessible to many, leaving them in constant
struggle. This leads to mental and emotional stress and
affects the overall well-being of individuals and their
families.
5. Stunted Economic Growth Poverty hampers economic
development at a national level. A large portion of the
population is unable to contribute productively to the
economy due to lack of education, training, or
employment opportunities. This lack of a skilled
workforce prevents the country from achieving its
economic potential and results in stagnation.
6. Intergenerational Poverty One of the most enduring
effects of poverty in Pakistan is intergenerational
poverty. Children born into poverty often have limited
access to education and healthcare, trapping them in the
same cycle of poverty as their parents. As a result, they
are less likely to escape poverty, which perpetuates the
problem across generations.
Conclusion
In conclusion, poverty in Pakistan is caused by a
combination of economic instability, high population
growth, lack of education, political corruption, and
unemployment. The effects of poverty are far-reaching,
impacting the health, social equality, and quality of life
of individuals, and hindering the nation's overall
economic growth. To address this issue, comprehensive
and sustainable policies are required to promote
education, healthcare, job creation, and economic
stability to alleviate poverty and its associated effects.
---------------------THE END -------------------------
