Human Papillomavirus

and
Related Diseases Report

WORLD
Version posted at www.hpvcentre.net on 22 October 2021
 - ii -

Copyright and Permissions

©ICO/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre) 2022

All rights reserved. HPV Information Centre publications can be obtained from the HPV Informa-
tion Centre Secretariat, Institut Català d’Oncologia, Avda. Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199-203 08908
L’Hospitalet del Llobregat (Barcelona) Spain. E-mail: hpvcentre@iconcologia.net. Requests for per-
mission to reproduce or translate HPV Information Centre publications - whether for sale or for non-
commercial distribution- should be addressed to the HPV Information Centre Secretariat, at the above
address.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part the HPV Information Centre concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may
not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does
not imply that they are endorsed or recommended the HPV Information Centre in preference to others
of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary
products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the
HPV Information Centre to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published
material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The respon-
sibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the HPV
Information Centre be liable for damages arising from its use.

Recommended citation:

Bruni L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Collado JJ, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S.
ICO/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus
and Related Diseases in the World. Summary Report 22 October 2021. [Date Accessed]

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

 - iii -

Abbreviations

Table 1: Abbreviations
Abbreviation Full term
HPV Human papillomavirus
HPV Information Centre ICO/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer
GW Genital warts
RRP Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
SIL Squamous intraepithelial lesions
LSIL Low-grade cervical lesions
HSIL High-grade cervical lesions
ICC Invasive cervical cancer
CIS Carcinoma in situ
CIN Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
AIN2/3 Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3
VIN 2/3 Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3
VaIN 2/3 Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3
PeIN 2/3 Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3
95% CI 95% confidence interval
N Number of cases tested
HPV Prev HPV prevalence
ASR Age-standardised rate
MSM Men who have sex with men
Non MSM Heterosexual men
SCC Squamous cell carcinomas
STI Sexually transmitted infections
HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
TS Type specific
EIA Enzyme immunoassay
RLBM Reverse line blotting method
RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism
RHA Reverse hybridisation assay
RLH Reverse line hybridisation
LiPA Line probe assay
SBH Southern blot hybridisation
ISH In situ hybridisation
MABA Micro array-based assay
LBA Line blot assay
HC2 Hybrid Capture 2
SAT Suspension array technology
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
SPF Short primer fragment
q-PCR Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
RLBH Reverse line blot hybridisation
RT-PCR Real-time polymerase chain reaction
DBH Dot blot hybridisation
HR High risk
DSA Direct sequence analysis
MAA Microchip array assay

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

 - iv -

Executive summary
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now a well-established cause of cervical cancer and there is
growing evidence of HPV being a relevant factor in other anogenital cancers (anus, vulva, vagina and
penis) as well as head and neck cancers. HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for about 70% of all cer-
vical cancer cases worldwide. HPV vaccines that prevent HPV 16 and 18 infections are now available
and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical and other anogenital cancers.

This report provides key information for the World on: cervical cancer; other anogenital cancers and
head and neck cancers; HPV-related statistics; factors contributing to cervical cancer; cervical cancer
screening practises; HPV vaccine introduction; and other relevant immunization indicators. The report
is intended to strengthen the guidance for health policy implementation of primary and secondary cer-
vical cancer prevention strategies in the region.

The World has a population of 2869.0 million women aged 15 years and older who are at risk of devel-
oping cervical cancer. Current estimates indicate that every year 569,847 women are diagnosed with
cervical cancer and 311,365 die from the disease. Cervical cancer ranks* as the 4th most frequent can-
cer among women in the World.

* Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. Ranking is based on crude
incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

 -v-

Table 2: Key statistics in the World and its regions

Low and middle income

Lower middle income

Upper middle income
High income

Low income
World
Population
Women at risk for cervical cancer (Female population aged 2,869.0 529.2 2,338.7 1,053.1 1,060.2 225.3
>=15 yrs) in millions
Burden of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers
Annual number of new cervical cancer cases 604,127 71,624 532,239 247,840 236,828 47,571
Annual number of cervical cancer deaths 341,831 29,307 312,373 133,105 146,198 33,070
Standardized incidence rates per 100,000 population:
Cervical cancer 13.3 8.40 14.8 12.8 16.9 23.8
Anal cancer
Men 0.49 0.74 0.41 0.30 0.54 0.60
Women 0.58 1.24 0.38 0.35 0.41 0.46
Vulva cancer 0.85 1.56 0.60 0.56 0.62 0.88
Vaginal cancer 0.36 0.33 0.36 0.23 0.57 0.45
Penile cancer 0.80 0.66 0.83 0.65 1.15 0.64
Oropharyngeal cancer
Men 1.79 3.28 1.36 0.97 2.07 0.58
Women 0.40 0.80 0.28 0.22 0.40 0.17
Oral cavity cancer
Men 5.96 6.28 5.80 2.73 10.5 2.24
Women 2.28 2.51 2.19 1.30 3.61 1.44
Laryngeal cancer
Men 3.59 3.70 3.55 3.20 4.25 1.99
Women 0.49 0.63 0.46 0.38 0.59 0.32
Burden of cervical HPV infection
Prevalence (%) of HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 among women
with:
Normal cytology 3.9 - - - - -
Low-grade cervical lesions (LSIL/CIN-1) 51.9 - - - - -
High-grade cervical lesions (HSIL/ CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS) 25.8 - - - - -
Cervical cancer 69.4 - - - - -

Please see the specific sections for more information.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

CONTENTS - vi -

Contents
Abbreviations iii

Executive summary iv

1 Introduction 2

2 Demographic and socioeconomic factors 4

3 Burden of HPV related cancers 9

3.1 HPV related cancers incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 HPV related cancers mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 Cervical cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.1 Cervical cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.2 Cervical cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.4 Anogenital cancers other than the cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.1 Anal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.1.1 Anal cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.1.2 Anal cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.4.2 Vulvar cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4.2.1 Vulvar cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4.2.2 Vulvar cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.4.3 Vaginal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4.3.1 Vaginal cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4.3.2 Vaginal cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4.4 Penile cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.4.1 Penile cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.4.2 Penile cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.5 Head and neck cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5.1 Oropharyngeal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5.1.1 Oropharyngeal cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5.1.2 Oropharyngeal cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.5.2 Oral cavity cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.5.2.1 Oral cavity cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.5.2.2 Oral cavity cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.5.3 Laryngeal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.5.3.1 Laryngeal cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.5.3.2 Laryngeal cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

4 HPV related statistics 82

4.1 HPV burden in women with normal cervical cytology, cervical precancerous lesions or
invasive cervical cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.1.1 HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.1.2 HPV type distribution among women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous
cervical lesions and cervical cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.1.3 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.2 HPV burden in anogenital cancers other than cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.2.1 Anal cancer and precancerous anal lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.2.2 Vulvar cancer and precancerous vulvar lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.2.3 Vaginal cancer and precancerous vaginal lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.2.4 Penile cancer and precancerous penlie lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
4.3 HPV burden in men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.4 HPV burden in the head and neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

LIST OF CONTENTS - vii -

4.4.1 Burden of oral HPV infection in healthy population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

4.4.2 HPV burden in head and neck cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

5 Factors contributing to cervical cancer 236

6 Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators 240

7 HPV preventive strategies 241

7.1 Cervical cancer screening practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.2 HPV vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.2.1 HPV vaccine licensure and introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

8 Protective factors for cervical cancer 261

9 References 263

10 Glossary 302

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

LIST OF FIGURES - viii -

List of Figures
1 World geographical regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Population pyramid in the World for 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Population pyramid in the World for 2019 (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Population trends in four selected age groups in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Population trends in four selected age groups in the World (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5 Comparison of HPV related cancers incidence to other cancers in men and women of all ages in the World
(estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6 Comparison of HPV related cancers incidence to other cancers among men and women 15-44 years of age in the
World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7 Comparison of HPV related cancers mortality to other cancers in men and women of all ages in the World
(estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8 Comparison of HPV related cancers mortality to other cancers among men and women 15-44 years of age in the
World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9 Age-standardised incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
10 Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Africa (estimates for
2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11 Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas (esti-
mates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
12 Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for
2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
13 Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Europe (estimates
for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
14 Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Oceania (estimates
for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
15 Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . 21
15 Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020) (Continued) . . 22
16 Age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World and continents (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . 23
17 Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women, according to incidence rates in the World
(estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
18 Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among women aged 15-44 years, according to incidence rates in
the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
19 Age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
20 Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Africa (estimates for
2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
21 Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas (esti-
mates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
22 Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for
2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
23 Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Europe (estimates
for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
24 Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Oceania (estimates
for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
25 Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
25 Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020) (Continued) . . . . 34
26 Age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
27 Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women, according to mortality rates in the World
(estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
28 Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among women aged 15-44 years, according to mortality rates in
the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
29 Age-standardised incidence rates of anal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . 39
30 Age-standardised incidence rates of anal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . 41
31 Age-standardised mortality rates of anal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . 43
32 Age-standardised mortality rates of anal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . 45
33 Age-standardised incidence rates of vulvar cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . 47
34 Age-standardised mortality rates of vulvar cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . 49
35 Age-standardised incidence rates of vaginal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . 51
36 Age-standardised mortality rates of vaginal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . 53
37 Age-standardised incidence rates of penile cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . 55
38 Age-standardised mortality rates of penile cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . 57
39 Age-standardised incidence rates of oropharyngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . 59
40 Age-standardised incidence rates of oropharyngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . 61
41 Age-standardised mortality rates of oropharyngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . 63
42 Age-standardised mortality rates of oropharyngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . 65

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

LIST OF FIGURES - ix -

43 Age-standardised incidence rates of oral cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . 67
44 Age-standardised incidence rates of oral cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . 69
45 Age-standardised mortality rates of oral cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . 71
46 Age-standardised mortality rates of oral cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . 73
47 Age-standardised incidence rates of laryngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . 75
48 Age-standardised incidence rates of laryngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . 77
49 Age-standardised mortality rates of laryngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . 79
50 Age-standardised mortality rates of laryngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . 81
51 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
52 Crude age-specific HPV prevalence (%) and 95% confidence interval in women with normal cervical cytology in
the World and its regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
53 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . . . . 85
53 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and study (continued) . . . 86
54 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study . . . . . . 87
54 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) 88
54 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) 89
54 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) 90
55 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . . . . 91
55 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 92
55 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 93
55 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 94
55 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 95
55 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 96
56 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . . . 97
56 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 98
56 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 99
56 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 100
56 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 101
57 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . . . . 102
58 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . . 104
59 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study . . . . 105
59 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (con-
tinued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
60 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . . 107
60 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 108
60 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 109
61 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . . 110
61 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) 111
61 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) 112
62 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . . 113
63 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . 114
64 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study . . . 115
64 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study
(continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
64 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study
(continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
65 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . 118
65 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) . 119
66 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . 120
66 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study (continued) 121
66 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study (continued) 122
67 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . 123
68 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . 124
69 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study . . 125
69 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study
(continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
70 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . 127
70 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) 128
70 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) 129
71 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study . . . . . . 130
71 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study (continued) 131
71 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study (continued) 132
72 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . 133
73 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . . . 134
73 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Africa by country and study (continued) . 135

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

LIST OF FIGURES -x-

74 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country and study . . . . 136
74 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country and study (con-
tinued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
74 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country and study (con-
tinued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
75 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . . . 139
75 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 140
75 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 141
75 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 142
75 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 143
76 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . . 144
76 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study (continued) . 145
76 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study (continued) . 146
76 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study (continued) . 147
77 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . . 148
78 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in the World among women with and without cervical
lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
79 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in less developed regions among women with and
without cervical lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
80 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in more developed regions among women with
and without cervical lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
81 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in the World among women with invasive cervical
cancer by histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
82 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in less developed regions among women with
invasive cervical cancer by histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
83 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in more developed regions among women with
invasive cervical cancer by histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
84 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . 165
85 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . 165
86 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
87 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . 166
88 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . 167
89 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
90 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . . 168
91 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
92 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
93 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
94 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . 181
95 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in the Americas and the World . . . 181
96 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . 182
97 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Europe and the World . . . . . . . 182
98 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . 183
99 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
100 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . . 184
101 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
102 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
103 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
104 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . 191
105 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in the Americas and the World . . . 191
106 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . 192
107 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Europe and the World . . . . . . . 192
108 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Oceania and the World . . . . . . 193
109 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
110 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . . 194
111 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
112 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
113 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . . 195
114 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . 200
115 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in the Americas and the World . . . . 200
116 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . 201
117 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . 201
118 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . 202
119 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
120 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . . 203
121 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

LIST OF FIGURES - xi -

122 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
123 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . . 204
124 Female smoking prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
125 Total fertility rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
126 Oral contraceptive use (%) among women who are married or in union in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
127 World HIV prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
128 Percentage of 15-year-old girls who report sexual intercourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
129 Worldwide status of cervical cancer screening programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
130 Countries with HPV vaccine in the national immunization programme in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
131 World prevalence of male circumcision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
132 Worldwide prevalence of condom use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

LIST OF TABLES -1-

List of Tables
1 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
2 Key statistics in the World and its regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
3 World population estimates (in millions), 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4 Incidence of cervical cancer by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5 Mortality of cervical cancer by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6 Incidence of anal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7 Incidence of anal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
8 Mortality of anal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
9 Mortality of anal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
10 Incidence of vulvar cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
11 Mortality of vulvar cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
12 Incidence of vaginal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
13 Mortality of vaginal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
14 Incidence of penile cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
15 Mortality of penile cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
16 Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . 58
17 Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . 60
18 Mortality of oropharyngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . 62
19 Mortality of oropharyngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . 64
20 Incidence of oral cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
21 Incidence of oral cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
22 Mortality of oral cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
23 Mortality of oral cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
24 Incidence of laryngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . 74
25 Incidence of laryngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
26 Mortality of laryngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . 78
27 Mortality of laryngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
28 Prevalence of HPV 16/18 in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive
cervical cancer in the World and sub-regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
29 Type-specific HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive
cervical cancer in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
30 Type-specific HPV prevalence among invasive cervical cancer cases in the World by histology . . . . . . . . . . . 156
31 Studies on HPV prevalence among anal cancer cases in the World (male and female) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
32 Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of AIN2/3 in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
33 Studies on HPV prevalence among vulvar cancer cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
34 Studies on HPV prevalence among VIN 2/3 cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
35 Studies on HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
36 Studies on HPV prevalence among VaIN 2/3 cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
37 Studies on HPV prevalence among penile cancer cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
38 Studies on HPV prevalence among PeIN 2/3 cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
39 Studies on HPV prevalence among men in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
40 Studies on HPV prevalence among men from special subgroups in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
41 Studies on oral HPV prevalence among healthy in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
42 Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oral cavity cancer in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
43 Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oropharyngeal cancer in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
44 Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal cancer in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
45 Cervical cancer screening policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
46 HPV vaccination policies for the female population in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
47 References of studies included . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
48 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

1 INTRODUCTION -2-

1 Introduction

Figure 1: World geographical regions

Northern Europe

Eastern Europe

Northern America Central Asia

Western Europe

Southern Europe Eastern Asia

Northern Africa

Western Asia Southern Asia

Caribbean

Central America

Western Africa South−Eastern Asia Micronesia

Eastern Africa
Middle Africa

Melanesia
Polynesia

South America Australia and New Zealand

Southern Africa

The HPV Information Centre aims to compile and centralize updated data and statistics on HPV and
HPV-related cancers. This report aims to summarize the data available to fully evaluate the burden of
disease in the World and to facilitate stakeholders and relevant bodies of decision makers to formulate
recommendations on the prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Data include rel-
evant cancer statistic estimates, epidemiological determinants of cervical cancer such as demographics,
socioeconomic factors, risk factors, burden of HPV infection in women and men, and cervical screening
and immunization practices. The report is structured into the following sections:

Section 2, Demographic and socioeconomic factors. This section summarizes the sociodemo-
graphic profile of the World. For analytical purposes, the World is divided into five regions: Africa,
the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania (Figure 1).

Section 3, Burden of HPV related cancers. This section describes the current burden of inva-
sive cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers in the World with estimates of prevalence, incidence
and mortality rates. Information in other HPV-related cancers includes other anogenital cancers (anus,
vulva, vagina, and penis) and head and neck cancers (oral cavity, oropharyngeal, and larynx).

Section 4, HPV related statistics. This section reports on prevalence of HPV and HPV type-specific
distribution in the World, in women with normal cytology, precancerous lesions and invasive cervical
cancer. In addition, the burden of HPV in other anogenital cancers (anus, vulva, vagina, and penis),
head and neck cancers (oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx) and men are presented.

Section 5, Factors contributing to cervical cancer. This section describes factors that can modify

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

1 INTRODUCTION -3-

the natural history of HPV and cervical carcinogenesis such as smoking, parity, oral contraceptive use
and co-infection with HIV.

Section 6, Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators. This section presents sexual
and reproductive behaviour indicators that may be used as proxy measures of risk for HPV infection
and anogenital cancers, such as age at first sexual intercourse, average number of sexual partners, and
anal intercourse among others.

Section 7, HPV preventive strategies. This section presents preventive strategies that include ba-
sic characteristics and performance of cervical cancer screening status, status of HPV vaccine licensure
introduction, and recommendations for national immunization programmes.

Section 8, Protective factors for cervical cancer. This section presents the prevalence of male
circumcision and condom use.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS -4-

2 Demographic and socioeconomic factors

Figure 2: Population pyramid in the World for 2019

World
80+ 55,184,271 87,919,983
75-79 53,073,892 66,973,204
70-74 82,793,264 96,515,000
65-69 124,471,224 136,004,176
60-64 153,758,688 161,570,704
55-59 187,135,104 190,624,992
50-54 218,832,992 219,504,640
45-49 239,897,312 237,022,336
40-44 247,594,384 242,696,592
35-39 270,507,552 262,936,496
30-34 305,762,272 293,702,432
25-29 307,548,384 290,783,744
20-24 307,809,024 288,834,400
15-19 314,806,144 293,932,000
10-14 328,942,112 307,203,264
5-9 341,670,624 320,090,528
Under 5 349,247,328 328,119,072

High income
80+ 23,326,543 38,701,616
75-79 18,254,126 22,977,126
70-74 26,401,608 30,387,014
65-69 31,757,068 34,820,760
60-64 36,839,888 38,483,732
55-59 41,390,220 41,588,016
50-54 42,968,496 42,155,668
45-49 44,144,128 42,565,108
40-44 44,173,324 42,100,308
35-39 44,704,688 42,187,352
30-34 44,758,680 41,366,112
25-29 43,669,920 40,126,716
20-24 39,595,508 37,131,004
15-19 36,377,008 34,587,676
10-14 36,571,124 34,773,344
5-9 36,307,808 34,541,532
Under 5 34,987,444 33,322,816

Low and middle income

80+ 31,828,801 49,170,696
75-79 34,795,473 43,965,447
70-74 56,354,658 66,086,301
65-69 92,661,598 101,125,173
60-64 116,851,007 123,015,262
55-59 145,663,204 148,950,225
50-54 175,774,338 177,252,543
45-49 195,663,087 194,359,294
40-44 203,332,603 200,499,198
35-39 225,717,444 220,653,688
30-34 260,918,342 252,241,666
25-29 263,785,382 250,563,074
20-24 268,103,040 251,596,240
15-19 278,309,188 259,227,336
10-14 292,248,812 272,311,636
5-9 305,242,564 285,432,932
Under 5 314,138,360 294,678,460

Males Females

Data accessed on 15 Jul 2019

Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Year of estimate: 2019
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, Online Edition. Rev. 1. [Accessed on July 15, 2019].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS -5-

Figure 3: Population pyramid in the World for 2019 (continued)

Upper middle income
80+ 19,077,876 30,811,703
75-79 19,504,580 24,852,230
70-74 31,649,990 37,278,296
65-69 53,447,412 58,988,708
60-64 62,627,672 66,599,092
55-59 76,922,632 79,044,800
50-54 93,598,456 94,960,328
45-49 99,310,120 98,870,856
40-44 91,870,720 90,825,264
35-39 95,220,176 93,301,216
30-34 114,835,520 110,891,400
25-29 103,032,024 97,285,800
20-24 93,246,264 86,712,880
15-19 90,137,824 82,709,400
10-14 92,147,288 83,762,984
5-9 95,622,488 87,266,080
Under 5 95,031,696 87,514,640

Lower middle income

80+ 11,505,355 16,343,388
75-79 13,422,220 16,497,639
70-74 21,595,714 24,743,568
65-69 34,683,320 36,707,760
60-64 47,736,532 48,978,796
55-59 60,407,976 60,640,912
50-54 71,505,104 70,719,056
45-49 82,986,624 81,395,376
40-44 95,372,112 92,737,240
35-39 110,672,712 106,387,864
30-34 121,887,992 116,265,312
25-29 131,257,816 123,333,480
20-24 139,465,296 129,593,600
15-19 146,905,616 135,893,120
10-14 152,901,760 142,285,888
5-9 156,627,472 146,386,816
Under 5 160,126,320 149,739,168

Low income
80+ 1,245,570 2,015,605
75-79 1,868,673 2,615,578
70-74 3,108,954 4,064,437
65-69 4,530,866 5,428,705
60-64 6,486,803 7,437,374
55-59 8,332,596 9,264,513
50-54 10,670,778 11,573,159
45-49 13,366,343 14,093,062
40-44 16,089,771 16,936,694
35-39 19,824,556 20,964,608
30-34 24,194,830 25,084,954
25-29 29,495,542 29,943,794
20-24 35,391,480 35,289,760
15-19 41,265,748 40,624,816
10-14 47,199,764 46,262,764
5-9 52,992,604 51,780,036
Under 5 58,980,344 57,424,652

Males Females

Data accessed on 15 Jul 2019

Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Year of estimate: 2019
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, Online Edition. Rev. 1. [Accessed on July 15, 2019].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS -6-

Figure 4: Population trends in four selected age groups in the World

World
Projections Projections
Number of women (in millions)

Number of women (in millions)

Girls 10-14 yrs All Women
600 Women 15 24 yrs 5000 Women 25 64 yrs
500 4000
400 3000
300 2000
200 1000
100
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
Female population trends in the World
Number of women by year and age group

High income
Projections Projections
Number of women (in millions)

Number of women (in millions)

80 Girls 10-14 yrs All Women
70 Women 15 24 yrs 600 Women 25 64 yrs
60 500
50 400
40 300
30 200
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
Female population trends in the High income
Number of women by year and age group

Low and middle income

Projections Projections
Number of women (in millions)

600
Number of women (in millions)

Girls 10-14 yrs All Women

Women 15 24 yrs
4000 Women 25 64 yrs
400 3000
2000
200 1000
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

Female population trends in the Low and middle income

Number of women by year and age group

Data accessed on 15 Jul 2019

Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Year of estimate: 2019
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, Online Edition. Rev. 1. [Accessed on July 15, 2019].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS -7-

Figure 4: Population trends in four selected age groups in the World (continued)

Upper middle income

Projections Projections
Number of women (in millions)

Number of women (in millions)

Girls 10-14 yrs All Women
200 Women 15 24 yrs Women 25 64 yrs
150 1000
100
500
50
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
Female population trends in the Upper middle income
Number of women by year and age group

Lower middle income

Projections Projections
Number of women (in millions)

Number of women (in millions)

300 Girls 10-14 yrs All Women
Women 15 24 yrs
2000 Women 25 64 yrs
200 1500
1000
100 500
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
Female population trends in the Lower middle income
Number of women by year and age group

Low income
Projections Projections
Number of women (in millions)

Number of women (in millions)

Girls 10-14 yrs

1250 All Women
150 Women 15 24 yrs Women 25 64 yrs
1000
100 750
500
50
250
0 0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

Female population trends in the Low income

Number of women by year and age group

Data accessed on 15 Jul 2019

Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Year of estimate: 2019
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, Online Edition. Rev. 1. [Accessed on July 15, 2019].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS -8-

Table 3: World population estimates (in millions), 2019

Males Females
Region Country 10-14 years 15+ years Total 10-14 years 15+ years Total
World 328.94 2869.17 3889.03 307.2 2869.02 3824.43
High income 36.57 518.36 626.23 34.77 529.18 631.82
Low and middle income 292.25 2349.76 3261.39 272.31 2338.71 3191.13
Upper middle income 92.15 1044.48 1327.28 83.76 1053.13 1311.68
Lower middle income 152.9 1089.4 1559.06 142.29 1060.24 1498.65
Low income 47.2 215.87 375.05 46.26 225.34 380.8
Africa 78.63 384.52 653.51 76.71 393.05 654.55
Eastern Africa 27.69 122.9 215.28 27.28 127.96 218.62
Middle Africa 11.24 47.23 86.97 11.15 48.17 87.34
Northern Africa 11.66 81.0 121.48 11.11 81.74 120.3
Southern Africa 3.15 22.8 32.79 3.1 24.05 33.84
Western Africa 24.88 110.6 196.99 24.07 111.13 194.45
Americas 50.47 533.15 681.71 48.45 557.29 699.62
Caribbean 1.79 16.06 21.4 1.72 16.81 21.93
Central America 8.22 62.29 87.02 7.88 66.9 90.56
Northern America 11.82 147.21 181.45 11.31 152.4 185.15
South America 16.83 160.39 210.38 16.24 168.78 216.82
Asia 189.6 1783.65 2353.47 172.46 1726.75 2247.91
Central Asia 3.25 24.84 36.25 3.1 26.14 36.96
Eastern Asia 50.78 699.66 852.92 44.07 685.02 819.69
South-Eastern Asia 28.32 244.21 330.67 26.78 249.48 331.34
Southern Asia 94.73 710.78 989.49 86.61 672.96 928.72
Western Asia 12.52 104.14 144.14 11.91 93.14 131.19
Europe 20.41 299.11 360.71 19.33 328.14 386.47
Eastern Europe 8.02 112.63 138.02 7.62 131.34 155.42
Northern Europe 3.13 42.7 52.22 2.99 44.49 53.55
Southern Europe 3.98 63.42 74.45 3.74 67.63 78.0
Western Europe 5.29 80.36 96.02 4.98 84.68 99.5
Oceania 1.65 15.95 21.09 1.56 16.19 21.04
Australia & New Zealand 0.97 11.93 14.9 0.92 12.26 15.08
Melanesia 0.62 3.59 5.57 0.58 3.5 5.35
Micronesia 0.03 0.19 0.27 0.03 0.19 0.27
Polynesia 0.03 0.24 0.34 0.03 0.24 0.34
Data accessed on 15 Jul 2019
Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Year of estimate: 2019
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, Online Edition. Rev. 1. [Accessed on July 15, 2019].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS -9-

3 Burden of HPV related cancers

3.1 HPV related cancers incidence

Figure 5: Comparison of HPV related cancers incidence to other cancers in men and women of all ages
in the World (estimates for 2020)

Males Females

Breast - 58.5
Colon and rectum cancer 26.6 21.6
Lung 36.5 19.9
Cervix uteri* - 15.6
Thyroid 3.49 11.6
Corpus uteri - 10.8
Stomach 18.3 9.56
Ovary - 8.12
Liver 16.1 7.07
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 7.74 6.22
Pancreas 6.69 6.03
Leukaemia 6.86 5.30
Oesophagus 10.6 4.81
Kidney 6.90 4.14
Melanoma of skin 4.42 3.90
Brain, nervous system 4.28 3.62
Bladder 11.2 3.43
Lip, oral cavity* 6.72 2.94
Multiple myeloma 2.51 2.01
Gallbladder 1.04 1.94
Vulva* - 1.17
Nasopharynx 2.45 0.96
Hodgkin lymphoma 1.25 0.88
Anus* 0.55 0.75
Larynx* 4.08 0.63
Salivary glands 0.76 0.62
Oropharynx* 2.01 0.50
Vagina* - 0.46
Hypopharynx 1.79 0.36
Kaposi sarcoma 0.60 0.28
Mesothelioma 0.55 0.24
Penis* 0.92 -
Prostate 36.0 -
Testis 1.89 -
40.0 0.0 40.0
Annual crude incidence rate per 100,000
World: Male and female (All ages)
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 10 -

Figure 6: Comparison of HPV related cancers incidence to other cancers among men and women 15-44
years of age in the World (estimates for 2020)

Males Females

Breast - 25.4
Cervix uteri* - 10.6
Thyroid 2.48 9.81
Ovary - 3.50
Colon and rectum cancer 2.70 2.77
Leukaemia 2.76 2.25
Corpus uteri - 2.13
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2.51 1.94
Melanoma of skin 0.99 1.66
Brain, nervous system 2.06 1.64
Stomach 1.49 1.45
Lung 1.77 1.32
Hodgkin lymphoma 1.22 0.99
Liver 3.05 0.91
Lip, oral cavity* 2.77 0.78
Kidney 1.14 0.72
Nasopharynx 1.30 0.60
Oesophagus 0.86 0.47
Kaposi sarcoma 0.74 0.40
Bladder 0.56 0.32
Salivary glands 0.27 0.29
Gallbladder 0.11 0.28
Vulva* - 0.28
Pancreas 0.42 0.28
Multiple myeloma 0.23 0.17
Anus* 0.16 0.15
Hypopharynx 0.27 0.13
Vagina* - 0.12
Larynx* 0.39 0.11
Oropharynx* 0.34 0.08
Mesothelioma 0.04 0.04
Penis* 0.22 -
Prostate 0.27 -
Testis 2.98 -
40.0 0.0 40.0
Annual crude incidence rate per 100,000
World: Male and female (All ages)
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 11 -

3.2 HPV related cancers mortality

Figure 7: Comparison of HPV related cancers mortality to other cancers in men and women of all ages
in the World (estimates for 2020)

Males Females

Colon and rectum cancer 26.6 21.6

Breast - 17.7
Lung 30.2 15.7
Cervix uteri* - 8.84
Stomach 12.8 6.88
Liver 14.7 6.54
Pancreas 6.28 5.67
Ovary - 5.36
Oesophagus 9.52 4.39
Leukaemia 4.52 3.46
Brain, nervous system 3.52 2.93
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 3.75 2.91
Corpus uteri - 2.52
Kidney 2.94 1.65
Gallbladder 0.77 1.41
Bladder 4.04 1.39
Lip, oral cavity* 3.18 1.36
Multiple myeloma 1.66 1.34
Thyroid 0.40 0.72
Melanoma of skin 0.82 0.64
Nasopharynx 1.48 0.57
Vulva* - 0.45
Larynx* 2.17 0.37
Anus* 0.24 0.26
Salivary glands 0.34 0.24
Hodgkin lymphoma 0.36 0.24
Oropharynx* 1.01 0.22
Vagina* - 0.21
Mesothelioma 0.48 0.20
Hypopharynx 0.82 0.16
Kaposi sarcoma 0.25 0.13
Penis* 0.34 -
Prostate 9.55 -
Testis 0.24 -
20.0 0.0 20.0
Annual crude mortality rate per 100,000
World: Male and female (All ages)
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 12 -

Figure 8: Comparison of HPV related cancers mortality to other cancers among men and women 15-44
years of age in the World (estimates for 2020)

Males Females

Breast - 4.68
Cervix uteri* - 3.39
Colon and rectum cancer 2.70 2.77
Leukaemia 1.79 1.45
Ovary - 1.03
Brain, nervous system 1.31 1.02
Stomach 0.90 0.90
Lung 1.27 0.79
Liver 2.61 0.76
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 0.94 0.70
Oesophagus 0.67 0.39
Lip, oral cavity* 1.25 0.30
Nasopharynx 0.47 0.20
Kaposi sarcoma 0.34 0.20
Pancreas 0.35 0.20
Corpus uteri - 0.20
Gallbladder 0.08 0.20
Kidney 0.21 0.15
Hodgkin lymphoma 0.21 0.14
Melanoma of skin 0.13 0.12
Thyroid 0.05 0.11
Multiple myeloma 0.11 0.08
Vulva* - 0.07
Hypopharynx 0.12 0.07
Bladder 0.11 0.07
Larynx* 0.14 0.05
Salivary glands 0.05 0.05
Vagina* - 0.04
Anus* 0.05 0.04
Oropharynx* 0.12 0.03
Mesothelioma 0.02 0.02
Penis* 0.04 -
Prostate 0.07 -
Testis 0.27 -
20.0 0.0 20.0
Annual crude mortality rate per 100,000
World: Female (15-44 years)
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 13 -

3.3 Cervical cancer

Cancer of the cervix uteri is the 4 th most common cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated
604,127 new cases and 341,831 deaths in 2020. Worldwide, mortality rates of cervical cancer are sub-
stantially lower than incidence with a ratio of mortality to incidence to 57% (GLOBOCAN 2020). The
majority of cases are squamous cell carcinoma followed by adenocarcinomas. (Vaccine 2006, Vol. 24,
Suppl 3; Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl 10; Vaccine 2012, Vol. 30, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 2007, Vol.
90)

This section describes the current burden of invasive cervical cancer in the World and in comparison
to geographic region, including estimates of the annual number of new cases, deaths, incidence, and
mortality rates.

3.3.1 Cervical cancer incidence

Key Stats.

About 604,127 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed annually in the
World (estimations for 2020).

Cervical cancer ranks* as the 4th leading cause of female cancer in the
World.

Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common female cancer in women aged 15
to 44 years in the World.

* Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. Ranking is based on crude

incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 14 -

Figure 9: Age-standardised incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available

<07.56
<11.58
<17.10
<26.26
>=26.26

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 15 -

Figure 10: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Africa (estimates for 2020)

Eswatini 84.5
Malawi 67.9
Zambia 65.5
Tanzania 62.5
Zimbabwe 61.7
Lesotho 56.8
Uganda 56.2
Comoros 56.0
Mozambique 50.2
Guinea 50.1
Burundi 49.3
Gambia 42.9
Madagascar 41.2
Liberia 40.8
Guinea-Bissau 39.6
Angola 37.6
Namibia 37.4
Mali 36.4
Senegal 36.3
South Africa 35.3
Botswana 34.4
Cameroon 33.7
Equatorial Guinea 32.8
DR Congo 31.9
Kenya 31.3
Côte d'Ivoire 31.2
Gabon 30.8
Mauritania 28.9
Rwanda 28.2
Ghana 27.4
Somalia 25.1
Congo 22.4
Central African Republic 21.8
Ethiopia 21.5
Sierra Leone 21.2
South Sudan 20.5
Chad 20.2
Togo 19.1
Nigeria 18.4
Burkina Faso 18.2
Cabo Verde 17.0
Sao Tome and Principe 16.0
Djibouti 15.3
Eritrea 15.3
Benin 15.1
Mauritius 12.6
Morocco 10.4
Niger 10.4
Sudan 8.7
Algeria 7.9
Libya 7.7
Tunisia 4.6
Egypt 2.9
Seychelles *
Western Sahara *
0 25 50 75
Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women
World Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 16 -

Figure 11: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
the Americas (estimates for 2020)

Bolivia 36.6
Paraguay 34.1
Guyana 29.5
Suriname 23.7
Venezuela 22.2
Peru 22.2
Jamaica 21.6
Nicaragua 21.3
Guatemala 20.3
Trinidad and Tobago 19.8
Honduras 19.5
Belize 19.1
Dominican Republic 17.9
Argentina 16.7
St Lucia 16.6
Ecuador 16.0
Barbados 15.2
Bahamas 14.9
Colombia 14.9
Panama 14.0
Cuba 13.9
El Salvador 13.1
Brazil 12.7
Mexico 12.6
Uruguay 11.7
Costa Rica 11.7
Haiti 11.6
Chile 11.1
United States of America 6.2
Canada 5.5
St Kitts and Nevis *
St Vincent and The Grenadines *
Dominica *
Grenada *
Antigua and Barbuda *
0 10 20 30
Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women
World Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 17 -

Figure 12: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Asia (estimates for 2020)

Maldives 24.5
Indonesia 24.4
Myanmar 22.6
Brunei 20.8
Mongolia 19.7
India 18.0
Thailand 16.4
Nepal 16.4
Kazakhstan 15.7
Kyrgyzstan 15.4
Philippines 15.2
Japan 15.2
Turkmenistan 14.9
Bhutan 14.2
Cambodia 14.0
Timor-Leste 14.0
Laos 12.0
DPR Korea 11.2
Uzbekistan 11.0
China 10.7
Bangladesh 10.6
Georgia 10.6
Afghanistan 10.4
Malaysia 10.2
Sri Lanka 9.2
Tajikistan 8.2
Republic of Korea 8.1
Armenia 7.8
Singapore 6.9
Azerbaijan 6.7
Viet Nam 6.6
Oman 6.5
United Arab Emirates 6.2
Pakistan 6.1
Israel 4.9
Turkey 4.8
Qatar 4.1
Bahrain 3.9
Lebanon 3.4
Jordan 2.9
Syria 2.8
Saudi Arabia 2.8
Kuwait 2.8
Yemen 2.5
Iran 2.3
Iraq 2.2
Palestine *
Taiwan *
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women
World Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 18 -

Figure 13: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Europe (estimates for 2020)

Montenegro 26.2
Romania 22.6
Serbia 18.7
Lithuania 18.7
Estonia 18.5
Latvia 18.4
Bulgaria 18.0
Hungary 17.2
Slovakia 16.6
Republic of Moldova 16.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina 14.3
Ukraine 14.3
Russian Federation 14.1
Poland 12.3
Norway 12.0
Belarus 11.4
Portugal 10.7
Ireland 10.7
Sweden 10.4
Denmark 10.2
Croatia 10.1
United Kingdom 9.9
Czechia 9.3
Iceland 8.3
Greece 8.0
Belgium 7.7
Germany 7.6
North Macedonia 7.5
France 7.0
Netherlands 6.9
Italy 6.9
Slovenia 6.7
Albania 6.6
Cyprus 5.6
Spain 5.4
Austria 5.3
Finland 5.2
Luxembourg 5.2
Malta 3.7
Switzerland 3.4
Liechtenstein *
San Marino *
Monaco *
Channel Islands *
Andorra *
0 10 20
Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women
World Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 19 -

Figure 14: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Oceania (estimates for 2020)

Fiji 29.8

Papua New Guinea 29.2

Solomon Islands 25.4

Vanuatu 17.1

Samoa 12.4

New Zealand 5.6

Australia 5.6

FS Micronesia *

Palau *

Nauru *

Marshall Islands *

Tuvalu *

Tonga *

Kiribati *

0 10 20 30
Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women
World Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 20 -

Table 4: Incidence of cervical cancer by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 604,127 [582,030.8-627,062.1] 15.6 13.3 1.39 4 2
High income 71,624 [69,708.5-73,592.1] 11.6 8.40 0.80 14 3
Low and middle income 532,239 [240,358.8-255,554.1] 16.4 14.8 1.57 2 2
Upper middle income 247,840 [240,358.8-255,554.1] 17.1 12.8 1.31 5 3
Lower middle income 236,828 [224,446-249,893] 15.9 16.9 1.87 2 2
Low income 47,571 [42,451.1-53,308.4] 15.8 23.8 2.59 2 2
Africa 117,316 [105,998.6-129,841.8] 17.5 25.6 2.82 2 2
Eastern Africa 54,560 [48,276.6-61,661.3] 24.3 40.1 4.46 1 1
Middle Africa 15,646 [13,437.4-18,217.6] 17.4 31.6 3.56 2 2
Northern Africa 6,971 [6,061.2-8,017.3] 5.69 6.25 0.72 4 5
Southern Africa 12,333 [11,952-12,726.2] 36.0 36.4 3.70 2 1
Western Africa 27,806 [23,307.1-33,173.3] 13.9 22.9 2.48 2 2
Americas 74,410 [56,232-62,828.9] 14.3 11.3 1.13 6 3
Caribbean 3,857 [3,427-4,341] 17.5 13.7 1.37 5 2
Central America 13,848 [13,283.5-14,436.5] 15.1 13.8 1.39 2 2
Northern America 14,971 [14,703.2-15,243.7] 8.04 6.15 0.59 14 4
South America 41,734 [38,925.2-44,745.5] 19.1 15.4 1.59 3 3
Asia 351,720 [339,675-364,192.1] 15.5 12.7 1.35 4 3
Central Asia 4,945 [1,677-1,882.9] 13.2 12.7 1.32 2 2
Eastern Asia 129,567 [126,381.1-132,833.1] 15.8 10.8 1.08 7 3
South-Eastern Asia 68,623 [64,656.6-72,832.8] 20.5 17.8 1.91 2 2
Southern Asia 143,183 [883-1,630.8] 15.2 15.4 1.72 2 2
Western Asia 5,402 [4,559-6,400.8] 4.07 4.14 0.45 12 6
Europe 58,169 [56,344.7-60,052.4] 15.0 10.7 1.03 9 3
Eastern Europe 32,348 [31,583.5-33,131] 20.8 14.5 1.42 5 2
Northern Europe 6,666 [6,414.5-6,927.3] 12.4 10.4 0.90 12 2
Southern Europe 9,053 [8,181.3-10,017.5] 11.5 7.72 0.76 14 4
Western Europe 10,102 [9,650.9-10,574.2] 10.1 7.03 0.67 14 4
Oceania 2,512 [2,299.4-2,744.2] 11.8 10.1 0.94 8 3
Australia & New Zealand 1,094 [1,021.2-1,172] 7.17 5.63 0.52 13 5
Melanesia 1,330 [975.5-1,813.4] 24.4 28.3 2.64 2 2
Micronesia 53 [33.3-84.4] 19.5 18.7 1.97 3 2
Polynesia 35 [20.2-60.7] 10.4 9.70 1.06 6 3
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 21 -

Figure 15: Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for
2020)

World Africa
359277* 69546*

60000
300000

Annual number of new cases

Annual number of new cases

of cervical cancer
of cervical cancer

40000
200000

132471 25094*
112287* 22643
100000 20000

0 0
15-39 40-64 65+ 15-39 40-64 65+

Europe Oceania
30966* 1341*
30000
Annual number of new cases
Annual number of new cases

1000
824*
of cervical cancer
of cervical cancer

20000

13367* 13832
500
10000 347

0 0
15-39 40-64 65+ 15-39 40-64 65+

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
∗ World: 15-19 yrs: 616 cases. 20-24 yrs: 4819 cases. 25-29 yrs: 17357 cases. 30-34 yrs: 37106 cases. 35-39 yrs: 52389 cases. 40-44 yrs: 65657 cases. 45-49 yrs: 78299 cases. 50-54 yrs:
80544 cases. 55-59 yrs: 73053 cases. 60-64 yrs: 61724 cases.
∗ Africa: 15-19 yrs: 180 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1483 cases. 25-29 yrs: 4444 cases. 30-34 yrs: 7873 cases. 35-39 yrs: 11114 cases. 40-44 yrs: 13428 cases. 45-49 yrs: 14640 cases. 50-54 yrs: 14771
cases. 55-59 yrs: 14178 cases. 60-64 yrs: 12529 cases.
∗ Europe: 15-19 yrs: 265 cases. 20-24 yrs: 873 cases. 25-29 yrs: 2365 cases. 30-34 yrs: 4295 cases. 35-39 yrs: 5569 cases. 40-44 yrs: 6469 cases. 45-49 yrs: 6677 cases. 50-54 yrs: 6287 cases.
55-59 yrs: 6105 cases. 60-64 yrs: 5428 cases.
∗ Oceania: 15-19 yrs: 2 cases. 20-24 yrs: 49 cases. 25-29 yrs: 170 cases. 30-34 yrs: 267 cases. 35-39 yrs: 336 cases. 40-44 yrs: 335 cases. 45-49 yrs: 330 cases. 50-54 yrs: 281 cases. 55-59
yrs: 226 cases. 60-64 yrs: 169 cases.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 22 -

Figure 15: Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for
2020) (Continued)
America Asia
40000 38447* 218977*

200000

30000
Annual number of new cases

Annual number of new cases

150000
of cervical cancer

of cervical cancer
20000 18709
17246*
100000
76940

55756*
10000
50000

0 0

15-39 40-64 65+ 15-39 40-64 65+

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
* America: 15-19 yrs: 73 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1374 cases. 25-29 yrs: 3532 cases. 30-34 yrs: 5337 cases. 35-39 yrs: 6930 cases. 40-44 yrs: 7924 cases. 45-49 yrs: 8092 cases. 50-54 yrs: 8004
cases. 55-59 yrs: 7659 cases. 60-64 yrs: 6768 cases.
* Asia: 15-19 yrs: 96 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1040 cases. 25-29 yrs: 6846 cases. 30-34 yrs: 19334 cases. 35-39 yrs: 28440 cases. 40-44 yrs: 37501 cases. 45-49 yrs: 48560 cases. 50-54 yrs: 51201
cases. 55-59 yrs: 44885 cases. 60-64 yrs: 36830 cases.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 23 -

Figure 16: Age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World and continents (estimates for
2020)

Africa
Americas
Age-specific rates of cervical cancer per 100,000 Asia
Europe
75 Oceania
World

50

25

85+
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
Age group (years)
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 24 -

Figure 17: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women, according to incidence
rates in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available

1st
2nd o 3rd
4th or 5th
6th or higher

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 25 -

Figure 18: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among women aged 15-44 years, according
to incidence rates in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available

1st
2nd o 3rd
4th or 5th
6th or higher

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

3.3.2 Cervical cancer mortality

Key Stats.

About 341,831 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed annually in the
World (estimations for 2020).

Cervical cancer ranks* as the 4th leading cause of female cancer in the
World.

Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common female cancer in women aged 15
to 44 years in the World.

* Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. Ranking is based on crude

incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 26 -

Figure 19: Age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available

<07.56
<11.58
<17.10
<26.26
>=26.26

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 27 -

Figure 20: Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Africa (estimates for 2020)

Eswatini 55.7
Malawi 51.5
Zambia 43.4
Zimbabwe 43.0
Tanzania 42.7
Uganda 41.4
Comoros 39.8
Lesotho 38.7
Mozambique 38.7
Burundi 38.5
Guinea 37.2
Gambia 33.9
Liberia 30.8
Guinea-Bissau 30.3
Madagascar 29.0
Mali 28.3
Senegal 26.0
Angola 25.0
DR Congo 23.7
Cameroon 23.4
Côte d'Ivoire 22.8
Namibia 22.5
Equatorial Guinea 21.3
Kenya 20.6
Mauritania 20.3
Somalia 20.2
Botswana 20.1
Rwanda 20.1
South Africa 19.6
Ghana 17.8
Central African Republic 17.1
Gabon 16.4
Sierra Leone 16.4
Chad 16.0
South Sudan 16.0
Ethiopia 16.0
Burkina Faso 14.3
Congo 14.2
Togo 13.8
Nigeria 13.2
Sao Tome and Principe 13.1
Eritrea 11.4
Djibouti 11.2
Cabo Verde 10.5
Benin 10.4
Niger 8.4
Sudan 6.2
Morocco 5.8
Mauritius 5.2
Libya 4.9
Algeria 4.5
Tunisia 2.4
Egypt 1.7
Western Sahara *
Seychelles *
0 20 40 60
Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women
World Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 28 -

Figure 21: Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
the Americas (estimates for 2020)

Paraguay 19.0
Bolivia 18.0
Guyana 15.1
Belize 14.8
Suriname 14.1
Jamaica 13.6
Nicaragua 12.6
Honduras 12.5
Venezuela 12.5
Guatemala 11.9
Trinidad and Tobago 11.9
Dominican Republic 11.7
Peru 11.5
St Lucia 11.0
Bahamas 10.6
Haiti 9.0
Barbados 9.0
Argentina 8.7
Ecuador 8.2
Panama 7.5
El Salvador 7.4
Colombia 7.4
Cuba 6.9
Brazil 6.3
Mexico 5.7
Uruguay 5.6
Costa Rica 5.4
Chile 5.2
United States of America 2.1
Canada 1.9
St Vincent and The Grenadines *
Dominica *
Grenada *
St Kitts and Nevis *
Antigua and Barbuda *
0 5 10 15 20
Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women
World Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 29 -

Figure 22: Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Asia (estimates for 2020)

Myanmar 14.4
Indonesia 14.4
Maldives 14.1
Mongolia 11.6
India 11.4
Nepal 11.1
Kyrgyzstan 9.1
Turkmenistan 8.9
Timor-Leste 8.8
Bhutan 8.4
Cambodia 8.3
Philippines 7.9
Afghanistan 7.6
Thailand 7.4
Kazakhstan 7.2
Laos 6.7
Uzbekistan 6.7
Bangladesh 6.7
DPR Korea 6.5
Georgia 5.9
Malaysia 5.8
Brunei 5.7
China 5.3
Tajikistan 5.2
Sri Lanka 4.9
Armenia 4.6
Oman 4.2
Azerbaijan 4.0
Pakistan 4.0
United Arab Emirates 3.9
Viet Nam 3.4
Singapore 3.3
Japan 2.9
Qatar 2.9
Bahrain 2.4
Turkey 2.2
Lebanon 2.0
Israel 2.0
Jordan 1.9
Syria 1.9
Republic of Korea 1.8
Yemen 1.8
Kuwait 1.8
Saudi Arabia 1.6
Iraq 1.5
Iran 1.5
Taiwan *
Palestine *
0 5 10 15
Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women
World Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 30 -

Figure 23: Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Europe (estimates for 2020)

Montenegro 10.5
Romania 9.6
Serbia 7.9
Republic of Moldova 7.4
Bulgaria 7.1
Latvia 6.8
Lithuania 6.7
Russian Federation 6.1
Poland 5.9
Ukraine 5.6
Slovakia 5.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.2
Hungary 4.9
Estonia 4.3
Belarus 4.2
North Macedonia 3.6
Czechia 3.6
Albania 3.3
Portugal 3.2
Croatia 3.2
Cyprus 2.9
Ireland 2.8
Slovenia 2.4
Greece 2.2
France 2.2
Denmark 2.2
Germany 2.2
Belgium 2.0
Iceland 1.9
United Kingdom 1.9
Austria 1.8
Sweden 1.8
Luxembourg 1.8
Norway 1.7
Spain 1.6
Italy 1.6
Netherlands 1.4
Finland 1.1
Malta 1.1
Switzerland 1.0
Channel Islands *
San Marino *
Andorra *
Liechtenstein *
Monaco *
0 3 6 9
Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women
World Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 31 -

Figure 24: Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Oceania (estimates for 2020)

Fiji 20.7

Papua New Guinea 19.1

Solomon Islands 16.4

Vanuatu 14.9

Samoa 7.5

New Zealand 2.0

Australia 1.5

Palau *

Tonga *

FS Micronesia *

Nauru *

Kiribati *

Tuvalu *

Marshall Islands *

0 5 10 15 20
Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 women
World Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 32 -

Table 5: Mortality of cervical cancer by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 341,831 [324,231.2-360,386.2] 8.84 7.25 0.82 4 2
High income 29,307 [28,102.9-30,562.6] 4.75 2.53 0.27 12 3
Low and middle income 312,373 [127,424.7-139,038.5] 9.62 8.62 0.98 4 2
Upper middle income 133,105 [127,424.7-139,038.5] 9.16 6.49 0.73 6 3
Lower middle income 146,198 [136,048.9-157,104.2] 9.81 10.6 1.22 2 2
Low income 33,070 [29,116.6-37,560.2] 11.0 17.4 2.00 2 2
Africa 76,745 [68,380.2-86,133.1] 11.4 17.7 2.05 2 2
Eastern Africa 36,497 [31,705.6-42,012.5] 16.3 28.6 3.36 1 1
Middle Africa 10,572 [9,081-12,307.8] 11.8 22.7 2.66 1 2
Northern Africa 4,033 [3,453-4,710.4] 3.29 3.71 0.46 5 8
Southern Africa 6,867 [6,638.4-7,103.5] 20.0 20.6 2.21 1 1
Western Africa 18,776 [15,429-22,849.1] 9.41 16.6 1.88 2 2
Americas 37,925 [30,601.2-32,594.3] 7.31 5.27 0.55 5 3
Caribbean 2,495 [2,237.7-2,781.9] 11.3 8.22 0.89 4 2
Central America 6,866 [6,620.6-7,120.5] 7.49 6.80 0.74 3 2
Northern America 6,343 [6,162.8-6,528.4] 3.40 2.10 0.22 12 3
South America 22,221 [21,594.3-22,865.9] 10.2 7.81 0.82 4 2
Asia 199,902 [188,272.7-212,249.6] 8.82 7.05 0.81 4 2
Central Asia 2,678 [769-904.4] 7.14 7.00 0.77 3 2
Eastern Asia 66,436 [63,239.9-69,793.7] 8.08 4.95 0.57 8 3
South-Eastern Asia 38,530 [36,257.7-40,944.7] 11.5 9.98 1.16 3 2
Southern Asia 89,307 [618.6-1,094.9] 9.50 9.75 1.12 2 2
Western Asia 2,951 [2,640.3-3,298.3] 2.23 2.30 0.27 12 8
Europe 25,989 [24,919.5-27,104.4] 6.71 3.76 0.40 10 3
Eastern Europe 15,854 [15,372.7-16,350.4] 10.2 6.06 0.65 7 2
Northern Europe 2,134 [1,983.5-2,295.9] 3.97 2.18 0.22 16 3
Southern Europe 3,705 [3,430.7-4,001.2] 4.72 2.31 0.25 14 3
Western Europe 4,296 [4,063.9-4,541.4] 4.31 2.05 0.22 15 4
Oceania 1,270 [1,088.5-1,481.8] 5.96 4.62 0.46 6 3
Australia & New Zealand 409 [362.2-461.9] 2.68 1.57 0.16 16 4
Melanesia 818 [601.5-1,112.5] 15.0 18.6 1.84 2 1
Micronesia 24 [8.90-64.8] 8.83 8.16 0.97 4 20
Polynesia 19 [5.10-71.2] 5.64 5.32 0.58 6 2
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 33 -

Figure 25: Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020)

World Africa
50000
196776* 46404*
200000

40000

150000

Annual number of deaths

Annual number of deaths

of cervical cancer
of cervical cancer

30000
113271
100000 19976
20000

50000 10346*
31743* 10000

0 0
15-39 40-64 65+ 15-39 40-64 65+

Europe Oceania
657*
12502*
11157 600

10000
Annual number of deaths
Annual number of deaths

of cervical cancer
of cervical cancer

400 366

247*
5000
200
2330*

0 0
15-39 40-64 65+ 15-39 40-64 65+

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
∗ World: 15-19 yrs: 144 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1055 cases. 25-29 yrs: 4057 cases. 30-34 yrs: 9506 cases. 35-39 yrs: 16981 cases. 40-44 yrs: 25334 cases. 45-49 yrs: 35535 cases. 50-54 yrs: 44540
cases. 55-59 yrs: 46997 cases. 60-64 yrs: 44370 cases.
∗ Africa: 15-19 yrs: 86 cases. 20-24 yrs: 636 cases. 25-29 yrs: 1599 cases. 30-34 yrs: 3049 cases. 35-39 yrs: 4976 cases. 40-44 yrs: 6975 cases. 45-49 yrs: 8752 cases. 50-54 yrs: 10074 cases.
55-59 yrs: 10603 cases. 60-64 yrs: 10000 cases.
∗ Europe: 15-19 yrs: 6 cases. 20-24 yrs: 35 cases. 25-29 yrs: 256 cases. 30-34 yrs: 766 cases. 35-39 yrs: 1267 cases. 40-44 yrs: 1767 cases. 45-49 yrs: 2239 cases. 50-54 yrs: 2550 cases. 55-59
yrs: 2930 cases. 60-64 yrs: 3016 cases.
∗ Oceania: 15-19 yrs: 1 cases. 20-24 yrs: 21 cases. 25-29 yrs: 50 cases. 30-34 yrs: 75 cases. 35-39 yrs: 100 cases. 40-44 yrs: 119 cases. 45-49 yrs: 137 cases. 50-54 yrs: 145 cases. 55-59 yrs:
135 cases. 60-64 yrs: 121 cases.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 34 -

Figure 25: Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020)
(Continued)
America Asia
20000
18719* 118494*
120000

15000 14396
Annual number of deaths

Annual number of deaths

80000
of cervical cancer

of cervical cancer
67376
10000

40000
4805*
5000

14015*

0 0

15-39 40-64 65+ 15-39 40-64 65+

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
* America: 15-19 yrs: 15 cases. 20-24 yrs: 118 cases. 25-29 yrs: 723 cases. 30-34 yrs: 1563 cases. 35-39 yrs: 2386 cases. 40-44 yrs: 3070 cases. 45-49 yrs: 3614 cases. 50-54 yrs: 3987 cases.
55-59 yrs: 4125 cases. 60-64 yrs: 3923 cases.
* Asia: 15-19 yrs: 36 cases. 20-24 yrs: 245 cases. 25-29 yrs: 1429 cases. 30-34 yrs: 4053 cases. 35-39 yrs: 8252 cases. 40-44 yrs: 13403 cases. 45-49 yrs: 20793 cases. 50-54 yrs: 27784 cases.
55-59 yrs: 29204 cases. 60-64 yrs: 27310 cases.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 35 -

Figure 26: Age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020)

Africa
Americas
80 Asia
Age-specific rates of cervical cancer per 100,000 Europe
Oceania
60 World

40

20

85+
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
Age group (years)
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 36 -

Figure 27: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women, according to mortality
rates in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available

1st
2nd o 3rd
4th or 5th
6th or higher

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 37 -

Figure 28: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among women aged 15-44 years, according
to mortality rates in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available

1st
2nd o 3rd
4th or 5th
6th or higher

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 38 -

3.4 Anogenital cancers other than the cervix

3.4.1 Anal cancer

3.4.1.1 Anal cancer incidence

Table 6: Incidence of anal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 29,159 [25,656.5-33,139.6] 0.75 0.58 0.07 24 26
High income 15,133 [14,378.1-15,927.5] 2.45 1.24 0.15 22 22
Low and middle income 14,015 [6,144.7-9,212.9] 0.43 0.38 0.04 26 27
Upper middle income 7,524 [6,144.7-9,212.9] 0.52 0.35 0.04 26 26
Lower middle income 5,592 [3,922.2-7,972.7] 0.38 0.41 0.05 28 29
Low income 899 [486.9-1,659.9] 0.30 0.46 0.05 26 22
Africa 2,959 [1,554.6-5,632.2] 0.44 0.68 0.08 25 22
Eastern Africa 1,162 [503.5-2,681.4] 0.52 0.91 0.10 22 21
Middle Africa 440 [150.6-1,285.4] 0.49 1.01 0.13 21 26
Northern Africa 367 [197.2-683.1] 0.30 0.33 0.04 26 27
Southern Africa 294 [237-364.7] 0.86 0.85 0.09 23 13
Western Africa 696 [244.3-1,982.9] 0.35 0.60 0.07 23 20
Americas 9,664 [2,906.3-4,292.4] 1.86 1.25 0.15 21 22
Caribbean 214 [104.1-439.7] 0.97 0.69 0.08 22 27
Central America 280 [179.1-437.7] 0.31 0.27 0.03 25 24
Northern America 6,132 [5,963.5-6,305.2] 3.29 1.83 0.22 20 22
South America 3,038 [2,372.4-3,890.3] 1.39 1.01 0.12 21 21
Asia 7,601 [5,951.7-9,707.3] 0.34 0.26 0.03 28 28
Central Asia 221 [29.5-74.8] 0.59 0.60 0.07 22 20
Eastern Asia 3,241 [2,727-3,851.9] 0.39 0.22 0.02 25 25
South-Eastern Asia 1,054 [486.4-2,284.1] 0.31 0.26 0.03 26 25
Southern Asia 2,801 [8.40-209.2] 0.30 0.31 0.04 27 29
Western Asia 284 [126.2-639.1] 0.21 0.22 0.03 28 30
Europe 8,449 [7,571.8-9,427.8] 2.18 1.05 0.12 23 21
Eastern Europe 1,558 [1,227.7-1,977.1] 1.00 0.50 0.06 24 26
Northern Europe 1,557 [1,449.8-1,672.1] 2.90 1.57 0.19 21 19
Southern Europe 1,385 [1,081.9-1,773.1] 1.77 0.70 0.08 23 25
Western Europe 3,949 [3,658.6-4,262.4] 3.96 1.95 0.22 21 18
Oceania 486 [420.6-561.6] 2.28 1.55 0.19 21 21
Australia & New Zealand 421 [376.2-471.1] 2.76 1.60 0.19 21 21
Melanesia 65 [19.3-218.7] 1.19 1.72 0.21 15 19
Micronesia 0 [0-15.6] 0 0 0 29 9
Polynesia 0 [0-12.8] 0 0 0 25 21
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 39 -

Figure 29: Age-standardised incidence rates of anal cancer among women in the World (estimates for
2020)

Women

No data available

<0.97
<1.93
>=1.93

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 40 -

Table 7: Incidence of anal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Men
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb men
yearsa years
UI]
World 21,706 [18,432.1-25,561.4] 0.55 0.49 0.06 27 26
High income 8,026 [7,461.8-8,632.9] 1.31 0.74 0.09 26 25
Low and middle income 13,675 [4,728.3-7,077.8] 0.41 0.41 0.05 27 26
Upper middle income 5,785 [4,728.3-7,077.8] 0.39 0.30 0.03 27 25
Lower middle income 6,958 [5,161.7-9,379.5] 0.45 0.54 0.06 25 24
Low income 932 [476.9-1,821.2] 0.31 0.60 0.07 24 23
Africa 3,161 [1,598.8-6,249.5] 0.47 0.84 0.10 21 20
Eastern Africa 907 [321.2-2,561.5] 0.41 0.93 0.11 21 23
Middle Africa 490 [153.9-1,560.3] 0.55 1.23 0.15 18 20
Northern Africa 476 [261.5-866.4] 0.38 0.46 0.05 23 22
Southern Africa 208 [163.5-264.6] 0.63 0.78 0.09 23 21
Western Africa 1,080 [443.4-2,630.6] 0.53 0.98 0.11 19 12
Americas 4,860 [1,372.9-2,399.5] 0.96 0.74 0.09 23 24
Caribbean 174 [80.3-377.3] 0.81 0.58 0.06 25 25
Central America 157 [91.7-268.7] 0.18 0.18 0.02 27 25
Northern America 3,045 [2,928.5-3,166.1] 1.67 1.04 0.12 23 23
South America 1,484 [1,014.6-2,170.7] 0.70 0.61 0.07 26 24
Asia 9,044 [7,266.5-11,256.4] 0.38 0.33 0.04 26 26
Central Asia 241 [12.6-49.7] 0.65 0.78 0.09 19 15
Eastern Asia 3,151 [2,680.5-3,704] 0.37 0.24 0.03 27 26
South-Eastern Asia 1,227 [592.1-2,542.8] 0.37 0.37 0.04 26 24
Southern Asia 4,068 [12.3-398.8] 0.41 0.45 0.05 25 24
Western Asia 357 [167.4-761.5] 0.24 0.29 0.03 25 26
Europe 4,327 [3,714.5-5,040.4] 1.20 0.66 0.08 25 26
Eastern Europe 900 [648-1,250.1] 0.65 0.41 0.05 27 27
Northern Europe 750 [675.8-832.3] 1.43 0.79 0.09 25 25
Southern Europe 966 [704.1-1,325.3] 1.29 0.62 0.07 28 26
Western Europe 1,711 [1,532.8-1,909.9] 1.78 0.96 0.11 24 22
Oceania 314 [261.4-377.2] 1.47 1.01 0.12 22 25
Australia & New Zealand 266 [230.9-306.4] 1.77 1.03 0.13 22 24
Melanesia 48 [13.2-175] 0.85 1.72 0.18 20 25
Micronesia 0 [0-15.6] 0 0 0 19 18
Polynesia 0 [0-12.8] 0 0 0 24 18
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 41 -

Figure 30: Age-standardised incidence rates of anal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020)

Men

No data available

<1.09
<2.18
>=2.18

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 42 -

3.4.1.2 Anal cancer mortality

Table 8: Mortality of anal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 9,877 [7,794.6-12,515.7] 0.26 0.19 0.02 24 29
High income 3,486 [3,111.6-3,905.5] 0.56 0.22 0.02 23 23
Low and middle income 6,391 [2,029.7-3,441.6] 0.20 0.17 0.02 26 29
Upper middle income 2,643 [2,029.7-3,441.6] 0.18 0.12 0.01 25 28
Lower middle income 3,101 [2,099.8-4,579.5] 0.21 0.23 0.03 29 29
Low income 647 [325.9-1,284.3] 0.21 0.34 0.04 24 21
Africa 1,937 [931.6-4,027.6] 0.29 0.46 0.05 23 20
Eastern Africa 846 [323.3-2,213.6] 0.38 0.68 0.08 21 18
Middle Africa 327 [110.7-965.6] 0.36 0.76 0.10 19 24
Northern Africa 179 [89.8-356.8] 0.15 0.16 0.02 26 24
Southern Africa 80 [55.3-115.6] 0.23 0.23 0.02 25 17
Western Africa 505 [191.2-1,334] 0.25 0.45 0.05 22 17
Americas 1,843 [731.5-1,032.4] 0.36 0.22 0.03 23 22
Caribbean 55 [26.3-114.8] 0.25 0.17 0.02 26 28
Central America 82 [55.4-121.3] 0.09 0.08 0.01 28 24
Northern America 974 [905.6-1,047.6] 0.52 0.26 0.03 22 19
South America 732 [635.8-842.7] 0.33 0.23 0.03 24 24
Asia 3,570 [2,573.9-4,951.6] 0.16 0.12 0.01 29 30
Central Asia 119 [17.5-41.8] 0.32 0.33 0.04 22 20
Eastern Asia 1,454 [1,117-1,892.6] 0.18 0.09 0.01 25 28
South-Eastern Asia 443 [199-986] 0.13 0.11 0.01 27 29
Southern Asia 1,440 [5.40-106.9] 0.15 0.16 0.02 28 28
Western Asia 114 [42.6-305.1] 0.09 0.09 0.01 28 31
Europe 2,427 [2,042.4-2,884] 0.63 0.24 0.03 23 24
Eastern Europe 715 [514.6-993.4] 0.46 0.20 0.02 25 29
Northern Europe 452 [394.7-517.6] 0.84 0.33 0.04 23 18
Southern Europe 376 [307.3-460.1] 0.48 0.16 0.02 26 23
Western Europe 884 [781.9-999.4] 0.89 0.31 0.03 23 18
Oceania 100 [69.1-144.7] 0.47 0.27 0.03 23 24
Australia & New Zealand 79 [59.3-105.2] 0.52 0.23 0.03 23 26
Melanesia 21 [10.5-42.2] 0.39 0.60 0.07 18 22
Micronesia 0 [0-9.20] 0 0 0 28 11
Polynesia 0 [0-11.3] 0 0 0 22 14
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 43 -

Figure 31: Age-standardised mortality rates of anal cancer among women in the World (estimates for
2020)

Women

No data available

<0.53
<1.06
>=1.06

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 44 -

Table 9: Mortality of anal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Men
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb men
yearsa years
UI]
World 9,416 [7,282.2-12,175] 0.24 0.21 0.02 27 25
High income 2,321 [1,998.9-2,695] 0.38 0.19 0.02 25 24
Low and middle income 7,095 [1,991-3,330.3] 0.21 0.21 0.02 27 25
Upper middle income 2,575 [1,991-3,330.3] 0.18 0.13 0.02 27 28
Lower middle income 3,869 [2,550.2-5,869.8] 0.25 0.31 0.04 24 23
Low income 651 [307.8-1,376.7] 0.22 0.43 0.05 22 20
Africa 2,124 [978.3-4,611.5] 0.32 0.59 0.07 19 17
Eastern Africa 657 [201.7-2,139.7] 0.30 0.70 0.08 19 20
Middle Africa 359 [111.3-1,157.8] 0.40 0.95 0.12 18 19
Northern Africa 235 [120.9-456.9] 0.19 0.24 0.02 21 26
Southern Africa 73 [49.8-107] 0.22 0.30 0.03 24 21
Western Africa 800 [303-2,112.3] 0.40 0.77 0.09 16 11
Americas 1,055 [404.5-635.4] 0.21 0.15 0.02 27 24
Caribbean 53 [23.2-121.3] 0.25 0.17 0.01 26 27
Central America 46 [28.7-73.8] 0.05 0.05 0.01 28 27
Northern America 548 [497.9-603.2] 0.30 0.17 0.02 25 19
South America 408 [338.9-491.3] 0.19 0.16 0.02 27 25
Asia 4,550 [3,348.7-6,182.3] 0.19 0.17 0.02 26 25
Central Asia 133 [9.70-29.7] 0.36 0.44 0.05 19 18
Eastern Asia 1,642 [1,297.5-2,077.9] 0.19 0.12 0.01 26 27
South-Eastern Asia 612 [287.8-1,301.5] 0.18 0.19 0.02 26 27
Southern Asia 2,003 [8.10-206.9] 0.20 0.22 0.03 24 23
Western Asia 160 [73.2-349.8] 0.11 0.14 0.02 25 26
Europe 1,600 [1,287.9-1,987.7] 0.44 0.22 0.02 26 22
Eastern Europe 523 [355.7-769.1] 0.38 0.23 0.03 27 23
Northern Europe 301 [254.7-355.7] 0.57 0.27 0.03 21 19
Southern Europe 266 [206.9-342] 0.35 0.15 0.02 27 26
Western Europe 510 [433-600.7] 0.53 0.24 0.03 23 18
Oceania 87 [56.4-134.3] 0.41 0.25 0.03 23 27
Australia & New Zealand 60 [42.8-84.1] 0.40 0.20 0.02 25 27
Melanesia 27 [12.6-58] 0.48 0.98 0.10 19 25
Micronesia 0 [0-9.20] 0 0 0 25 10
Polynesia 0 [0-11.3] 0 0 0 27 23
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 45 -

Figure 32: Age-standardised mortality rates of anal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020)

Men

No data available

<0.82
<1.64
>=1.64

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 46 -

3.4.2 Vulvar cancer

3.4.2.1 Vulvar cancer incidence

Table 10: Incidence of vulvar cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 45,240 [40,655.5-50,341.5] 1.17 0.85 0.09 21 23
High income 22,666 [21,685.4-23,690.9] 3.67 1.56 0.17 19 17
Low and middle income 22,560 [10,668.7-14,065.6] 0.70 0.60 0.07 22 23
Upper middle income 12,250 [10,668.7-14,065.6] 0.84 0.56 0.06 22 23
Lower middle income 8,504 [6,311.1-11,458.8] 0.57 0.62 0.07 23 23
Low income 1,806 [1,148.4-2,840.2] 0.60 0.88 0.09 19 15
Africa 5,144 [3,330-7,946.2] 0.77 1.11 0.12 19 13
Eastern Africa 2,025 [1,113.9-3,681.4] 0.90 1.39 0.14 17 11
Middle Africa 612 [300.5-1,246.6] 0.68 1.31 0.15 14 11
Northern Africa 747 [469.5-1,188.4] 0.61 0.66 0.08 22 26
Southern Africa 487 [427.5-554.7] 1.42 1.39 0.14 20 8
Western Africa 1,273 [497.5-3,257.4] 0.64 0.99 0.11 17 11
Americas 10,870 [3,141.7-4,654.5] 2.10 1.30 0.14 19 18
Caribbean 211 [107.3-414.9] 0.96 0.68 0.08 23 23
Central America 667 [539.1-825.3] 0.73 0.62 0.07 21 19
Northern America 7,046 [6,861.7-7,235.2] 3.78 1.91 0.21 19 17
South America 2,946 [2,286-3,796.5] 1.35 0.93 0.10 22 19
Asia 12,181 [10,152-14,615.5] 0.54 0.41 0.05 23 27
Central Asia 258 [98.9-155.5] 0.69 0.70 0.08 20 22
Eastern Asia 4,999 [4,421.3-5,652.2] 0.61 0.33 0.03 23 24
South-Eastern Asia 2,205 [1,392.3-3,491.9] 0.66 0.57 0.07 21 19
Southern Asia 4,111 [9.70-156.7] 0.44 0.46 0.06 26 28
Western Asia 608 [344.2-1,074] 0.46 0.47 0.06 25 27
Europe 16,506 [15,463.8-17,618.4] 4.26 1.68 0.19 19 18
Eastern Europe 5,012 [4,689.4-5,356.8] 3.23 1.30 0.15 19 19
Northern Europe 2,227 [2,091.7-2,371.1] 4.14 1.85 0.20 20 16
Southern Europe 3,048 [2,591.8-3,584.4] 3.89 1.35 0.15 19 18
Western Europe 6,219 [5,899.9-6,555.4] 6.23 2.43 0.26 19 15
Oceania 539 [473-614.2] 2.53 1.55 0.17 20 19
Australia & New Zealand 521 [470.7-576.7] 3.42 1.75 0.20 20 19
Melanesia 18 [6.60-48.8] 0.33 0.40 0.04 26 20
Micronesia 0 [0-15.6] 0 0 0 24 6
Polynesia 0 [0-12.8] 0 0 0 29 24
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 47 -

Figure 33: Age-standardised incidence rates of vulvar cancer among women in the World (estimates for
2020)

No data available

<1.42
<2.84
>=2.84

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 48 -

3.4.2.2 Vulvar cancer mortality

Table 11: Mortality of vulvar cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 17,427 [14,496.7-20,949.6] 0.45 0.30 0.03 22 23
High income 7,116 [6,539.7-7,743] 1.15 0.35 0.03 20 24
Low and middle income 10,310 [3,930.1-6,114.2] 0.32 0.27 0.03 23 23
Upper middle income 4,902 [3,930.1-6,114.2] 0.34 0.21 0.02 23 23
Lower middle income 4,337 [3,316.1-5,672.3] 0.29 0.32 0.04 23 24
Low income 1,071 [645.6-1,776.8] 0.35 0.56 0.06 20 15
Africa 2,858 [1,742.9-4,686.6] 0.43 0.66 0.07 20 12
Eastern Africa 1,176 [591.7-2,337.4] 0.52 0.89 0.09 18 12
Middle Africa 367 [182.8-736.7] 0.41 0.85 0.09 14 15
Northern Africa 357 [213.2-597.8] 0.29 0.32 0.03 22 23
Southern Africa 221 [177.5-275.1] 0.64 0.62 0.06 20 9
Western Africa 737 [334.1-1,625.6] 0.37 0.64 0.07 17 12
Americas 3,127 [1,204.7-1,585.4] 0.60 0.31 0.03 21 23
Caribbean 57 [29.2-111.3] 0.26 0.15 0.01 25 27
Central America 226 [187.6-272.3] 0.25 0.20 0.02 22 27
Northern America 1,745 [1,651.1-1,844.2] 0.94 0.36 0.04 19 20
South America 1,099 [976-1,237.5] 0.50 0.31 0.03 21 25
Asia 4,826 [3,694-6,304.9] 0.21 0.16 0.02 24 28
Central Asia 127 [47.3-83.9] 0.34 0.35 0.04 20 26
Eastern Asia 1,662 [1,304.2-2,117.9] 0.20 0.10 0.01 23 25
South-Eastern Asia 763 [477.4-1,219.5] 0.23 0.19 0.02 23 19
Southern Asia 2,019 [6.60-87.5] 0.21 0.23 0.03 25 29
Western Asia 255 [169.6-383.4] 0.19 0.19 0.02 25 30
Europe 6,503 [5,811.5-7,276.8] 1.68 0.51 0.05 19 19
Eastern Europe 2,561 [2,144.3-3,058.7] 1.65 0.59 0.06 20 18
Northern Europe 795 [712.9-886.5] 1.48 0.45 0.04 19 23
Southern Europe 1,293 [1,155.8-1,446.5] 1.65 0.40 0.04 18 27
Western Europe 1,854 [1,704.8-2,016.2] 1.86 0.49 0.05 18 16
Oceania 113 [83.5-153] 0.53 0.26 0.02 22 19
Australia & New Zealand 107 [84.8-135.1] 0.70 0.27 0.02 21 19
Melanesia 6 [3.40-10.7] 0.11 0.15 0.02 26 20
Micronesia 0 [0-9.20] 0 0 0 20 2
Polynesia 0 [0-11.3] 0 0 0 26 22
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 49 -

Figure 34: Age-standardised mortality rates of vulvar cancer among women in the World (estimates for
2020)

No data available

<0.6
<1.21
>=1.21

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 50 -

3.4.3 Vaginal cancer

3.4.3.1 Vaginal cancer incidence

Table 12: Incidence of vaginal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 17,908 [14,678.3-21,848.4] 0.46 0.36 0.04 28 28
High income 4,622 [4,185.7-5,103.8] 0.75 0.33 0.04 27 26
Low and middle income 13,283 [3,740.8-5,882.6] 0.41 0.36 0.04 27 28
Upper middle income 4,691 [3,740.8-5,882.6] 0.32 0.23 0.03 27 27
Lower middle income 7,714 [5,780.3-10,294.5] 0.52 0.57 0.07 25 26
Low income 878 [443.4-1,738.6] 0.29 0.45 0.05 27 24
Africa 2,001 [1,031-3,883.5] 0.30 0.45 0.05 27 25
Eastern Africa 790 [299.4-2,084.6] 0.35 0.59 0.07 25 23
Middle Africa 278 [91.6-844.1] 0.31 0.55 0.06 24 22
Northern Africa 275 [128.3-589.5] 0.22 0.25 0.03 28 28
Southern Africa 218 [180.2-263.8] 0.64 0.66 0.07 25 22
Western Africa 440 [104.6-1,850.7] 0.22 0.37 0.04 26 22
Americas 3,061 [1,047-1,964] 0.59 0.38 0.04 27 25
Caribbean 143 [77.1-265.4] 0.65 0.47 0.06 27 25
Central America 320 [223.2-458.9] 0.35 0.32 0.04 24 23
Northern America 1,627 [1,540.6-1,718.2] 0.87 0.44 0.05 27 24
South America 971 [632.7-1,490.2] 0.44 0.32 0.04 27 25
Asia 9,762 [7,601.9-12,535.9] 0.43 0.34 0.04 27 25
Central Asia 104 [35.1-71.2] 0.28 0.29 0.04 29 29
Eastern Asia 2,226 [1,804-2,746.7] 0.27 0.17 0.02 27 26
South-Eastern Asia 954 [470.9-1,932.7] 0.29 0.25 0.03 28 28
Southern Asia 6,216 [3.90-103.7] 0.66 0.69 0.08 22 22
Western Asia 262 [114.7-598.5] 0.20 0.21 0.02 29 28
Europe 2,947 [2,536.3-3,424.3] 0.76 0.33 0.04 28 27
Eastern Europe 1,005 [876.9-1,151.8] 0.65 0.31 0.04 27 29
Northern Europe 450 [389.9-519.4] 0.84 0.38 0.04 28 26
Southern Europe 553 [384.9-794.5] 0.70 0.29 0.03 28 24
Western Europe 939 [813-1,084.5] 0.94 0.36 0.04 29 30
Oceania 137 [103.2-181.9] 0.64 0.43 0.05 27 27
Australia & New Zealand 113 [90.6-140.9] 0.74 0.39 0.04 27 25
Melanesia 24 [4.40-132.3] 0.44 0.55 0.05 23 31
Micronesia 0 [0-15.6] 0 0 0 20 16
Polynesia 0 [0-12.8] 0 0 0 28 29
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 51 -

Figure 35: Age-standardised incidence rates of vaginal cancer among women in the World (estimates
for 2020)

No data available

<0.54
<1.08
>=1.08

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 52 -

3.4.3.2 Vaginal cancer mortality

Table 13: Mortality of vaginal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 7,995 [5,982.6-10,684.2] 0.21 0.16 0.02 28 28
High income 1,701 [1,441.9-2,006.7] 0.28 0.09 0.01 28 28
Low and middle income 6,294 [1,305.9-2,706.4] 0.19 0.17 0.02 27 28
Upper middle income 1,880 [1,305.9-2,706.4] 0.13 0.09 0.01 29 29
Lower middle income 3,883 [2,578-5,848.7] 0.26 0.29 0.03 25 25
Low income 531 [247.4-1,139.8] 0.18 0.28 0.03 27 23
Africa 1,102 [518.4-2,342.6] 0.16 0.26 0.03 27 23
Eastern Africa 473 [154.9-1,444] 0.21 0.38 0.05 27 22
Middle Africa 162 [51.9-505.4] 0.18 0.34 0.04 24 22
Northern Africa 125 [53.6-291.5] 0.10 0.11 0.01 29 27
Southern Africa 74 [45.7-119.7] 0.22 0.22 0.02 26 22
Western Africa 268 [60-1,196.7] 0.13 0.24 0.03 27 24
Americas 965 [376.9-647.5] 0.19 0.10 0.01 27 29
Caribbean 59 [32.9-105.9] 0.27 0.18 0.02 24 25
Central America 107 [77.9-146.9] 0.12 0.10 0.01 25 29
Northern America 471 [423.8-523.5] 0.25 0.10 0.01 26 28
South America 328 [257.5-417.8] 0.15 0.10 0.01 27 28
Asia 4,607 [3,083.4-6,883.5] 0.20 0.16 0.02 25 25
Central Asia 46 [13.5-35.8] 0.12 0.13 0.02 29 31
Eastern Asia 923 [657-1,296.5] 0.11 0.06 0.01 28 26
South-Eastern Asia 463 [223.3-959.9] 0.14 0.12 0.01 26 28
Southern Asia 3,060 [3.20-69.3] 0.33 0.34 0.04 23 22
Western Asia 115 [52.2-253.3] 0.09 0.09 0.01 27 29
Europe 1,267 [978.5-1,640.6] 0.33 0.11 0.01 28 30
Eastern Europe 485 [322.4-729.7] 0.31 0.13 0.01 28 30
Northern Europe 185 [147.6-231.9] 0.34 0.13 0.01 27 22
Southern Europe 247 [189.5-322] 0.31 0.09 0.01 28 22
Western Europe 350 [287.4-426.2] 0.35 0.10 0.01 27 29
Oceania 54 [31.1-93.7] 0.25 0.17 0.02 25 30
Australia & New Zealand 37 [23.7-57.7] 0.24 0.11 0.01 26 27
Melanesia 17 [7.70-37.4] 0.31 0.39 0.04 21 29
Micronesia 0 [0-9.20] 0 0 0 21 19
Polynesia 0 [0-11.3] 0 0 0 25 23
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 53 -

Figure 36: Age-standardised mortality rates of vaginal cancer among women in the World (estimates
for 2020)

No data available

<0.34
<0.67
>=0.67

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 54 -

3.4.4 Penile cancer

3.4.4.1 Penile cancer incidence

Table 14: Incidence of penile cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Men
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb men
yearsa years
UI]
World 36,068 [30,962.6-42,015.2] 0.92 0.80 0.09 24 25
High income 8,293 [7,573-9,081.5] 1.35 0.66 0.08 25 26
Low and middle income 27,762 [10,593.4-14,114.9] 0.84 0.83 0.09 24 24
Upper middle income 12,228 [10,593.4-14,114.9] 0.83 0.65 0.07 24 24
Lower middle income 14,499 [11,772-17,857.7] 0.94 1.15 0.14 19 21
Low income 1,035 [512.8-2,088.8] 0.34 0.64 0.06 22 22
Africa 2,060 [1,012.6-4,190.6] 0.31 0.53 0.05 25 22
Eastern Africa 1,271 [564.8-2,860.2] 0.58 1.18 0.12 18 18
Middle Africa 341 [100.6-1,155.5] 0.38 0.75 0.08 23 16
Northern Africa 51 [8.30-315.1] 0.04 0.05 0.01 28 28
Southern Africa 311 [257.5-375.6] 0.94 1.12 0.12 21 13
Western Africa 86 [7.70-955.9] 0.04 0.10 0.01 28 27
Americas 6,729 [4,039.3-6,159.5] 1.33 0.97 0.10 21 21
Caribbean 392 [248.7-617.9] 1.82 1.43 0.16 18 17
Central America 908 [751.7-1,096.8] 1.03 1.03 0.10 19 15
Northern America 1,741 [1,651.8-1,835.1] 0.95 0.51 0.05 26 25
South America 3,688 [2,830.3-4,805.6] 1.74 1.46 0.14 21 17
Asia 20,315 [17,288.8-23,870.9] 0.86 0.74 0.09 22 21
Central Asia 54 [23.3-52.5] 0.15 0.19 0.02 28 28
Eastern Asia 5,369 [4,726.9-6,098.2] 0.63 0.40 0.04 25 23
South-Eastern Asia 2,791 [2,154.7-3,615.2] 0.84 0.83 0.10 22 21
Southern Asia 12,011 [1.70-71.1] 1.20 1.35 0.16 17 20
Western Asia 90 [16.6-486.8] 0.06 0.08 0.01 28 28
Europe 6,762 [6,053.1-7,553.9] 1.87 0.94 0.11 23 25
Eastern Europe 2,038 [1,828.1-2,272] 1.48 0.91 0.11 23 23
Northern Europe 1,155 [1,055.5-1,263.9] 2.20 1.11 0.13 22 23
Southern Europe 1,471 [1,127.2-1,919.6] 1.96 0.86 0.10 23 25
Western Europe 2,098 [1,892.5-2,325.9] 2.18 0.95 0.11 23 26
Oceania 202 [158.1-258.1] 0.95 0.64 0.07 25 22
Australia & New Zealand 152 [125.7-183.8] 1.01 0.54 0.06 25 23
Melanesia 50 [15.1-165.9] 0.88 1.45 0.12 19 17
Micronesia 0 [0-15.6] 0 0 0 24 24
Polynesia 0 [0-12.8] 0 0 0 27 22
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 55 -

Figure 37: Age-standardised incidence rates of penile cancer among men in the World (estimates for
2020)

No data available

<2.34
<4.68
>=4.68

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 56 -

3.4.4.2 Penile cancer mortality

Table 15: Mortality of penile cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Men
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb men
yearsa years
UI]
World 13,211 [10,686.7-16,331.5] 0.34 0.29 0.03 25 27
High income 2,204 [1,876.4-2,588.8] 0.36 0.16 0.02 26 26
Low and middle income 11,006 [3,361.1-5,240.7] 0.33 0.33 0.03 23 27
Upper middle income 4,197 [3,361.1-5,240.7] 0.29 0.22 0.02 25 22
Lower middle income 6,305 [4,009.8-9,914] 0.41 0.51 0.05 20 27
Low income 504 [229.9-1,105] 0.17 0.32 0.03 24 21
Africa 942 [420-2,112.7] 0.14 0.25 0.02 27 21
Eastern Africa 606 [241-1,523.7] 0.27 0.58 0.06 20 16
Middle Africa 156 [92.6-262.9] 0.17 0.36 0.04 24 17
Northern Africa 29 [6.20-134.8] 0.02 0.03 0.00 28 28
Southern Africa 111 [78.7-156.5] 0.33 0.43 0.05 20 18
Western Africa 40 [21.3-75] 0.02 0.04 0.00 28 28
Americas 2,104 [1,420.3-1,863.8] 0.42 0.30 0.03 23 19
Caribbean 129 [84.1-197.9] 0.60 0.45 0.05 19 17
Central America 300 [254.4-353.8] 0.34 0.35 0.04 20 17
Northern America 477 [429.6-529.6] 0.26 0.13 0.01 27 24
South America 1,198 [1,062.3-1,351.1] 0.56 0.47 0.05 20 19
Asia 8,189 [5,922.4-11,323] 0.35 0.30 0.03 21 26
Central Asia 19 [6-23.9] 0.05 0.06 0.01 28 28
Eastern Asia 1,788 [1,395.5-2,291] 0.21 0.13 0.01 25 24
South-Eastern Asia 1,034 [788.9-1,355.3] 0.31 0.32 0.03 22 21
Southern Asia 5,311 [0.90-28.4] 0.53 0.60 0.07 19 27
Western Asia 37 [8.70-157.9] 0.03 0.03 0.00 28 28
Europe 1,938 [1,569.7-2,392.7] 0.54 0.25 0.03 24 26
Eastern Europe 762 [550.6-1,054.6] 0.55 0.33 0.04 26 26
Northern Europe 252 [204.2-311] 0.48 0.21 0.02 25 20
Southern Europe 414 [336-510.1] 0.55 0.21 0.02 25 25
Western Europe 510 [434.2-599.1] 0.53 0.20 0.02 24 25
Oceania 38 [18.8-76.7] 0.18 0.12 0.01 27 26
Australia & New Zealand 25 [14.7-42.6] 0.17 0.08 0.01 27 23
Melanesia 13 [2.40-70.5] 0.23 0.36 0.05 25 22
Micronesia 0 [0-9.20] 0 0 0 20 22
Polynesia 0 [0-11.3] 0 0 0 24 17
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 57 -

Figure 38: Age-standardised mortality rates of penile cancer among men in the World (estimates for
2020)

No data available

<1.17
<2.34
>=2.34

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 58 -

3.5 Head and neck cancers

3.5.1 Oropharyngeal cancer

3.5.1.1 Oropharyngeal cancer incidence

Table 16: Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for
2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 19,367 [16,278.9-23,040.9] 0.50 0.40 0.05 27 30
High income 9,005 [8,332.2-9,732.1] 1.46 0.80 0.10 24 25
Low and middle income 10,356 [3,636.3-5,733.4] 0.32 0.28 0.03 29 30
Upper middle income 4,566 [3,636.3-5,733.4] 0.31 0.22 0.02 28 29
Lower middle income 5,464 [4,059.3-7,354.8] 0.37 0.40 0.05 29 30
Low income 326 [131.2-809.9] 0.11 0.17 0.02 29 29
Africa 749 [228.8-2,451.9] 0.11 0.17 0.02 29 29
Eastern Africa 143 [17-1,206.1] 0.06 0.11 0.01 30 29
Middle Africa 76 [10.3-561.7] 0.08 0.16 0.02 29 27
Northern Africa 169 [44.1-647.4] 0.14 0.16 0.02 30 29
Southern Africa 120 [85.5-168.5] 0.35 0.39 0.05 27 29
Western Africa 241 [31.9-1,819.8] 0.12 0.20 0.02 29 28
Americas 4,139 [1,225.2-2,171.2] 0.80 0.54 0.06 26 28
Caribbean 165 [83.7-325.4] 0.75 0.46 0.05 26 29
Central America 145 [96.8-217.1] 0.16 0.13 0.01 27 30
Northern America 2,508 [2,400.8-2,619.9] 1.35 0.79 0.10 25 25
South America 1,321 [930.9-1,874.7] 0.60 0.44 0.05 25 27
Asia 7,579 [5,782.4-9,933.9] 0.33 0.26 0.03 29 29
Central Asia 176 [30.4-66.6] 0.47 0.47 0.05 23 21
Eastern Asia 1,812 [1,424-2,305.7] 0.22 0.13 0.01 29 28
South-Eastern Asia 1,012 [521.2-1,965] 0.30 0.27 0.03 27 23
Southern Asia 4,430 [9.40-234.1] 0.47 0.49 0.06 25 27
Western Asia 149 [40.2-552.3] 0.11 0.12 0.01 31 31
Europe 6,717 [6,016.9-7,498.6] 1.73 0.92 0.11 24 23
Eastern Europe 1,891 [1,696.2-2,108.2] 1.22 0.68 0.08 23 22
Northern Europe 1,090 [990.5-1,199.5] 2.03 1.21 0.15 24 22
Southern Europe 770 [546.9-1,084.1] 0.98 0.45 0.06 27 29
Western Europe 2,966 [2,699.3-3,259.1] 2.97 1.53 0.19 22 25
Oceania 183 [145.8-229.7] 0.86 0.63 0.08 26 23
Australia & New Zealand 173 [145-206.5] 1.13 0.73 0.09 26 23
Melanesia 10 [1.80-56.3] 0.18 0.23 0.04 27 25
Micronesia 0 [0-15.6] 0 0 0 31 30
Polynesia 0 [0-12.8] 0 0 0 22 14
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 59 -

Figure 39: Age-standardised incidence rates of oropharyngeal cancer among women in the World (esti-
mates for 2020)

Women

No data available

<0.86
<1.72
>=1.72

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 60 -

Table 17: Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for
2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Men
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb men
yearsa years
UI]
World 79,045 [72,769-85,862.3] 2.01 1.79 0.22 19 20
High income 33,310 [32,131.3-34,531.9] 5.43 3.28 0.41 19 15
Low and middle income 45,685 [16,448-20,724.8] 1.38 1.36 0.16 18 20
Upper middle income 18,463 [16,448-20,724.8] 1.26 0.97 0.11 20 22
Lower middle income 26,280 [23,140.8-29,845] 1.70 2.07 0.25 15 18
Low income 942 [575.4-1,542.1] 0.31 0.58 0.07 23 25
Africa 2,164 [1,093.9-4,280.9] 0.32 0.57 0.07 24 25
Eastern Africa 736 [216.3-2,504.5] 0.33 0.69 0.08 23 25
Middle Africa 351 [117.8-1,046.2] 0.39 0.80 0.09 22 21
Northern Africa 312 [134.4-724.1] 0.25 0.31 0.04 25 26
Southern Africa 408 [340.2-489.3] 1.23 1.59 0.19 19 23
Western Africa 357 [70.2-1,816.8] 0.18 0.34 0.04 23 23
Americas 18,771 [6,266.7-8,394.5] 3.72 2.93 0.36 19 18
Caribbean 912 [703.8-1,181.8] 4.24 3.42 0.41 14 20
Central America 370 [295.7-463] 0.42 0.43 0.05 24 24
Northern America 11,518 [11,287.3-11,753.4] 6.31 4.01 0.50 17 16
South America 5,971 [5,016.6-7,107.1] 2.82 2.48 0.29 19 16
Asia 34,597 [30,752.9-38,921.6] 1.46 1.27 0.15 19 19
Central Asia 323 [72.6-124.4] 0.88 1.11 0.14 17 22
Eastern Asia 8,377 [7,528-9,321.7] 0.98 0.63 0.07 20 20
South-Eastern Asia 3,620 [2,885.2-4,541.8] 1.08 1.05 0.13 19 20
Southern Asia 21,941 [39.7-272.6] 2.19 2.44 0.29 14 15
Western Asia 336 [151.6-744.6] 0.23 0.29 0.04 26 27
Europe 22,522 [21,230.9-23,891.7] 6.23 3.74 0.46 18 14
Eastern Europe 9,200 [8,757.3-9,665] 6.67 4.36 0.54 16 13
Northern Europe 3,342 [3,163-3,531.1] 6.37 4.00 0.48 17 12
Southern Europe 2,941 [2,483.5-3,482.8] 3.92 2.11 0.27 19 21
Western Europe 7,039 [6,609-7,497] 7.30 4.06 0.51 17 15
Oceania 991 [895.6-1,096.6] 4.64 3.63 0.45 18 15
Australia & New Zealand 868 [802.9-938.4] 5.76 3.95 0.47 18 14
Melanesia 114 [44.7-290.7] 2.01 3.50 0.55 12 24
Micronesia 3 [0.80-11.9] 1.08 1.14 0.19 15 15
Polynesia 6 [1.70-21.5] 1.73 1.71 0.25 20 13
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 61 -

Figure 40: Age-standardised incidence rates of oropharyngeal cancer among men in the World (esti-
mates for 2020)

Men

No data available

<2.67
<5.33
>=5.33

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 62 -

3.5.1.2 Oropharyngeal cancer mortality

Table 18: Mortality of oropharyngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for
2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 8,553 [6,683.7-10,945.2] 0.22 0.17 0.02 27 30
High income 3,092 [2,730.3-3,501.6] 0.50 0.22 0.03 24 27
Low and middle income 5,458 [1,474.9-2,772.1] 0.17 0.15 0.02 28 30
Upper middle income 2,022 [1,474.9-2,772.1] 0.14 0.09 0.01 28 30
Lower middle income 3,222 [2,162.1-4,801.4] 0.22 0.24 0.03 27 30
Low income 214 [77.4-592] 0.07 0.12 0.01 29 29
Africa 436 [113.2-1,679.5] 0.07 0.10 0.01 30 29
Eastern Africa 93 [40.4-213.9] 0.04 0.07 0.01 30 30
Middle Africa 51 [12-216] 0.06 0.12 0.02 29 28
Northern Africa 72 [20.4-254.6] 0.06 0.07 0.01 30 29
Southern Africa 57 [39-83.4] 0.17 0.19 0.02 28 30
Western Africa 163 [51.6-515.1] 0.08 0.14 0.02 29 27
Americas 1,613 [683-965.3] 0.31 0.18 0.02 24 27
Caribbean 97 [51.3-183.5] 0.44 0.25 0.02 21 31
Central America 83 [58.3-118.2] 0.09 0.08 0.01 27 30
Northern America 801 [738.4-868.9] 0.43 0.20 0.02 24 27
South America 632 [548-728.8] 0.29 0.20 0.02 25 26
Asia 4,094 [2,701.7-6,203.7] 0.18 0.14 0.02 27 27
Central Asia 117 [19.5-46.1] 0.31 0.31 0.04 23 22
Eastern Asia 777 [539.6-1,118.7] 0.09 0.05 0.01 29 29
South-Eastern Asia 441 [224.3-866.8] 0.13 0.11 0.01 28 26
Southern Asia 2,665 [6.10-120.3] 0.28 0.30 0.04 24 27
Western Asia 94 [38.3-230.4] 0.07 0.08 0.01 29 28
Europe 2,352 [1,973.5-2,803.1] 0.61 0.28 0.03 24 27
Eastern Europe 710 [506.4-995.5] 0.46 0.23 0.03 26 26
Northern Europe 328 [279.1-385.5] 0.61 0.30 0.04 24 21
Southern Europe 393 [323.5-477.5] 0.50 0.19 0.02 25 30
Western Europe 921 [817-1,038.3] 0.92 0.40 0.05 22 22
Oceania 58 [36.8-91.3] 0.27 0.16 0.02 24 23
Australia & New Zealand 54 [38.2-76.3] 0.35 0.17 0.02 24 21
Melanesia 4 [1.30-12.3] 0.07 0.10 0.02 28 26
Micronesia 0 [0-9.20] 0 0 0 26 16
Polynesia 0 [0-11.3] 0 0 0 24 17
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 63 -

Figure 41: Age-standardised mortality rates of oropharyngeal cancer among women in the World (esti-
mates for 2020)

Women

No data available

<0.19
<0.37
>=0.37

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 64 -

Table 19: Mortality of oropharyngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for
2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Men
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb men
yearsa years
UI]
World 39,590 [35,255.1-44,457.9] 1.01 0.89 0.11 17 19
High income 12,793 [11,985-13,655.4] 2.09 1.14 0.14 18 16
Low and middle income 26,780 [8,867.8-11,624.4] 0.81 0.80 0.10 17 18
Upper middle income 10,153 [8,867.8-11,624.4] 0.69 0.53 0.06 18 20
Lower middle income 15,991 [12,881.5-19,851.2] 1.03 1.27 0.16 14 17
Low income 636 [366.6-1,103.5] 0.21 0.41 0.05 23 23
Africa 1,346 [619.5-2,924.4] 0.20 0.37 0.05 22 23
Eastern Africa 493 [241.1-1,008.2] 0.22 0.49 0.06 21 23
Middle Africa 232 [109.8-490.1] 0.26 0.57 0.07 22 20
Northern Africa 147 [57.7-374.3] 0.12 0.15 0.02 26 25
Southern Africa 235 [197.5-279.6] 0.71 0.98 0.12 18 20
Western Africa 239 [127.7-447.4] 0.12 0.24 0.03 22 22
Americas 6,963 [3,826.3-4,399.7] 1.38 1.03 0.13 17 17
Caribbean 425 [334.4-540.2] 1.98 1.53 0.19 16 22
Central America 263 [216.2-319.9] 0.30 0.31 0.04 22 23
Northern America 2,860 [2,741.4-2,983.8] 1.57 0.87 0.11 17 21
South America 3,415 [3,225.6-3,615.5] 1.61 1.40 0.17 16 15
Asia 20,197 [16,384.4-24,896.7] 0.85 0.74 0.09 19 17
Central Asia 248 [69.6-113.9] 0.67 0.85 0.11 15 20
Eastern Asia 4,208 [3,566.5-4,964.9] 0.49 0.31 0.03 20 20
South-Eastern Asia 2,092 [1,657.6-2,640.3] 0.63 0.62 0.08 18 17
Southern Asia 13,474 [27.7-166.7] 1.35 1.51 0.19 13 14
Western Asia 175 [99.6-307.5] 0.12 0.15 0.02 24 27
Europe 10,793 [9,874-11,797.5] 2.98 1.70 0.21 17 15
Eastern Europe 4,925 [4,330.6-5,601] 3.57 2.31 0.29 15 15
Northern Europe 1,154 [1,055.9-1,261.2] 2.20 1.16 0.15 18 15
Southern Europe 1,605 [1,446-1,781.5] 2.14 1.07 0.13 18 16
Western Europe 3,109 [2,911.8-3,319.6] 3.23 1.64 0.21 17 15
Oceania 291 [237.2-357] 1.36 0.94 0.12 17 19
Australia & New Zealand 224 [192.3-260.9] 1.49 0.86 0.11 17 19
Melanesia 65 [37.5-112.6] 1.15 2.04 0.30 13 28
Micronesia 0 [0-9.20] 0 0 0 27 5
Polynesia 2 [0.20-22.5] 0.58 0.54 0.08 19 26
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 65 -

Figure 42: Age-standardised mortality rates of oropharyngeal cancer among men in the World (esti-
mates for 2020)

Men

No data available

<1.68
<3.35
>=3.35

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 66 -

3.5.2 Oral cavity cancer

3.5.2.1 Oral cavity cancer incidence

Table 20: Incidence of oral cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 113,502 [105,598.7-121,996.8] 2.94 2.28 0.26 18 15
High income 33,170 [31,945.4-34,441.5] 5.37 2.51 0.29 18 15
Low and middle income 80,305 [25,796.4-30,598.4] 2.47 2.19 0.25 15 13
Upper middle income 28,095 [25,796.4-30,598.4] 1.93 1.30 0.15 17 17
Lower middle income 49,473 [45,377.1-53,938.7] 3.32 3.61 0.42 8 9
Low income 2,737 [1,871.4-4,003] 0.91 1.44 0.17 18 20
Africa 6,112 [4,125.2-9,055.7] 0.91 1.43 0.16 18 19
Eastern Africa 1,963 [1,063.1-3,624.5] 0.87 1.53 0.18 18 19
Middle Africa 552 [294.9-1,033.3] 0.61 1.14 0.13 15 14
Northern Africa 1,489 [1,042.3-2,127.2] 1.22 1.31 0.14 19 17
Southern Africa 827 [731.5-935] 2.41 2.59 0.28 15 14
Western Africa 1,281 [593.6-2,764.2] 0.64 1.15 0.14 16 19
Americas 15,129 [5,350.7-7,121.6] 2.92 1.86 0.21 18 15
Caribbean 486 [330.2-715.4] 2.21 1.43 0.16 17 17
Central America 1,132 [961.4-1,332.9] 1.24 1.09 0.12 20 16
Northern America 8,956 [8,750.9-9,165.9] 4.81 2.56 0.29 18 15
South America 4,555 [3,813.8-5,440.2] 2.08 1.44 0.14 19 16
Asia 69,964 [64,840-75,493] 3.09 2.44 0.28 15 13
Central Asia 575 [138.8-203.3] 1.53 1.55 0.17 15 15
Eastern Asia 17,500 [16,363.1-18,715.8] 2.13 1.19 0.13 19 15
South-Eastern Asia 7,084 [6,265.3-8,009.6] 2.12 1.82 0.21 14 14
Southern Asia 43,148 [147.2-591.3] 4.59 4.73 0.55 4 6
Western Asia 1,657 [1,212.8-2,263.9] 1.25 1.27 0.14 20 18
Europe 20,760 [19,532.1-22,065.1] 5.36 2.38 0.27 18 15
Eastern Europe 6,199 [5,864-6,553.2] 3.99 1.87 0.21 17 15
Northern Europe 3,457 [3,283.5-3,639.7] 6.43 3.10 0.36 19 15
Southern Europe 4,461 [3,852.4-5,165.7] 5.69 2.08 0.23 18 17
Western Europe 6,643 [6,249.6-7,061.2] 6.66 3.06 0.36 18 17
Oceania 1,537 [1,404.3-1,682.3] 7.21 4.97 0.55 13 11
Australia & New Zealand 1,026 [957-1,100] 6.73 3.64 0.41 14 14
Melanesia 503 [319-793.2] 9.23 11.9 1.35 4 5
Micronesia 4 [1-15.8] 1.47 1.27 0.12 14 29
Polynesia 4 [1-15.2] 1.19 1.05 0.12 18 16
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 67 -

Figure 43: Age-standardised incidence rates of oral cancer among women in the World (estimates for
2020)

Women

No data available

<4.93
<9.86
>=9.86

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 68 -

Table 21: Incidence of oral cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Men
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb men
yearsa years
UI]
World 264,211 [251,152.9-277,948.1] 6.72 5.96 0.68 11 3
High income 66,860 [65,089.5-68,678.6] 10.9 6.28 0.75 13 10
Low and middle income 197,263 [48,758.8-55,275.4] 5.95 5.80 0.65 7 2
Upper middle income 51,915 [48,758.8-55,275.4] 3.54 2.73 0.32 16 13
Lower middle income 141,593 [133,948.7-149,673.6] 9.15 10.5 1.17 2 1
Low income 3,755 [2,796.5-5,042.1] 1.25 2.24 0.26 13 12
Africa 8,174 [5,994.3-11,146.2] 1.22 2.13 0.25 15 14
Eastern Africa 2,690 [1,569.5-4,610.5] 1.22 2.36 0.28 12 11
Middle Africa 879 [507.6-1,522.2] 0.98 2.02 0.23 10 10
Northern Africa 1,727 [1,267.6-2,352.8] 1.40 1.68 0.19 16 15
Southern Africa 1,305 [1,196.8-1,423] 3.93 5.30 0.66 9 12
Western Africa 1,573 [743.8-3,326.7] 0.78 1.55 0.17 13 13
Americas 30,228 [10,613.4-12,931] 6.00 4.57 0.55 13 11
Caribbean 1,193 [937.8-1,517.6] 5.55 4.53 0.53 12 11
Central America 886 [752.8-1,042.7] 1.01 1.04 0.12 20 17
Northern America 18,513 [18,218.9-18,811.9] 10.1 6.01 0.73 12 11
South America 9,636 [8,569.7-10,835] 4.54 3.95 0.46 14 11
Asia 178,396 [168,926.8-188,396] 7.52 6.51 0.72 7 2
Central Asia 1,258 [357.3-459.1] 3.42 4.52 0.53 11 13
Eastern Asia 33,658 [31,886-35,528.5] 3.93 2.55 0.29 15 13
South-Eastern Asia 11,297 [10,121.5-12,609.1] 3.38 3.32 0.38 11 10
Southern Asia 129,467 [336.8-1,133.9] 12.9 13.6 1.51 1 1
Western Asia 2,716 [2,056.9-3,586.2] 1.86 2.23 0.26 17 14
Europe 44,519 [42,859.3-46,243] 12.3 7.03 0.85 12 11
Eastern Europe 19,884 [19,288.1-20,498.3] 14.4 9.22 1.12 8 11
Northern Europe 5,582 [5,371.5-5,800.8] 10.6 6.01 0.72 13 11
Southern Europe 7,926 [7,158.6-8,775.6] 10.6 5.18 0.61 14 11
Western Europe 11,127 [10,646.6-11,629.1] 11.5 6.20 0.76 13 12
Oceania 2,894 [2,714.7-3,085.1] 13.5 10.0 1.22 10 11
Australia & New Zealand 2,070 [1,971.3-2,173.7] 13.7 8.52 1.01 11 10
Melanesia 796 [577.1-1,097.8] 14.0 22.2 2.82 2 4
Micronesia 12 [5.80-25] 4.33 4.74 0.64 10 17
Polynesia 16 [6.80-37.5] 4.61 4.36 0.52 13 15
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 69 -

Figure 44: Age-standardised incidence rates of oral cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020)

Men

No data available

<18.94
<9.47
>=18.94

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 70 -

3.5.2.2 Oral cavity cancer mortality

Table 22: Mortality of oral cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 52,735 [47,690.5-58,313] 1.36 1.04 0.12 17 12
High income 9,644 [8,954.5-10,386.6] 1.56 0.55 0.06 19 15
Low and middle income 43,084 [12,416.6-12,849.1] 1.33 1.17 0.13 14 12
Upper middle income 12,631 [12,416.6-12,849.1] 0.87 0.56 0.06 20 19
Lower middle income 28,629 [28,119.9-29,147.3] 1.92 2.11 0.25 10 11
Low income 1,824 [1,192.4-2,790.2] 0.60 0.99 0.12 16 18
Africa 3,482 [2,226.6-5,445.3] 0.52 0.85 0.09 17 19
Eastern Africa 1,264 [624.1-2,560.1] 0.56 1.03 0.12 17 19
Middle Africa 352 [185.6-667.5] 0.39 0.77 0.09 17 16
Northern Africa 727 [489.3-1,080.3] 0.59 0.64 0.06 19 17
Southern Africa 318 [273.3-370] 0.93 1.00 0.10 16 16
Western Africa 821 [364.1-1,851.5] 0.41 0.78 0.10 16 18
Americas 4,129 [2,132.2-2,629.9] 0.80 0.44 0.04 20 16
Caribbean 186 [128.9-268.4] 0.84 0.48 0.04 19 20
Central America 407 [352.7-469.7] 0.44 0.38 0.04 19 19
Northern America 1,761 [1,666.9-1,860.3] 0.95 0.39 0.04 18 17
South America 1,775 [1,622.6-1,941.7] 0.81 0.53 0.05 20 16
Asia 37,849 [34,843.5-41,113.8] 1.67 1.30 0.15 15 12
Central Asia 405 [102.7-154.5] 1.08 1.08 0.12 13 13
Eastern Asia 7,850 [7,009.5-8,791.4] 0.95 0.47 0.05 19 18
South-Eastern Asia 3,516 [3,094.7-3,994.7] 1.05 0.88 0.09 14 15
Southern Asia 25,299 [112.6-410.6] 2.69 2.79 0.33 8 9
Western Asia 779 [619-980.3] 0.59 0.59 0.06 18 17
Europe 6,930 [6,194.8-7,752.4] 1.79 0.70 0.08 18 16
Eastern Europe 2,729 [2,286.3-3,257.5] 1.76 0.82 0.09 18 15
Northern Europe 1,004 [910.7-1,106.9] 1.87 0.72 0.08 18 14
Southern Europe 1,483 [1,340.4-1,640.8] 1.89 0.56 0.06 17 16
Western Europe 1,714 [1,563.2-1,879.3] 1.72 0.59 0.07 19 19
Oceania 345 [273.9-434.6] 1.62 0.99 0.11 18 14
Australia & New Zealand 188 [157.6-224.3] 1.23 0.50 0.05 18 15
Melanesia 155 [96.1-249.9] 2.84 3.96 0.48 8 10
Micronesia 1 [0.20-4.80] 0.37 0.34 0 18 18
Polynesia 1 [0.10-11.3] 0.30 0.18 0 19 19
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 71 -

Figure 45: Age-standardised mortality rates of oral cancer among women in the World (estimates for
2020)

Women

No data available

<1.68
<3.37
>=3.37

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 72 -

Table 23: Mortality of oral cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Men
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb men
yearsa years
UI]
World 125,022 [116,572.6-134,083.9] 3.18 2.82 0.32 12 6
High income 19,247 [18,157.7-20,401.7] 3.14 1.70 0.20 14 10
Low and middle income 105,751 [22,883.2-27,439.5] 3.19 3.12 0.35 9 4
Upper middle income 25,058 [22,883.2-27,439.5] 1.71 1.31 0.15 15 13
Lower middle income 78,273 [68,299.6-89,702.8] 5.06 5.84 0.67 5 1
Low income 2,420 [1,740.7-3,364.4] 0.81 1.51 0.18 14 12
Africa 4,606 [3,236.8-6,554.3] 0.69 1.26 0.15 15 15
Eastern Africa 1,716 [928.6-3,171.1] 0.78 1.61 0.20 13 12
Middle Africa 552 [311.8-977.2] 0.62 1.36 0.16 12 13
Northern Africa 739 [524.2-1,041.7] 0.60 0.74 0.08 17 15
Southern Africa 596 [532.6-666.9] 1.79 2.56 0.33 11 22
Western Africa 1,003 [438.7-2,293.3] 0.50 1.07 0.12 13 16
Americas 8,404 [4,859.8-5,521.2] 1.67 1.23 0.15 16 14
Caribbean 482 [385.2-603.1] 2.24 1.72 0.20 14 13
Central America 446 [386.8-514.3] 0.51 0.52 0.06 18 16
Northern America 3,224 [3,097.1-3,356.1] 1.77 0.96 0.11 16 13
South America 4,252 [4,036.4-4,479.1] 2.00 1.74 0.21 15 13
Asia 93,761 [83,519.8-105,258] 3.95 3.43 0.38 9 4
Central Asia 679 [206.4-279] 1.84 2.40 0.29 12 15
Eastern Asia 14,083 [12,818.4-15,472.4] 1.65 1.04 0.11 15 11
South-Eastern Asia 6,409 [5,717.3-7,184.4] 1.92 1.92 0.21 13 10
Southern Asia 71,632 [246.2-761.6] 7.16 7.58 0.86 2 1
Western Asia 958 [772.6-1,187.8] 0.66 0.81 0.09 16 17
Europe 17,645 [16,366.6-19,023.3] 4.88 2.73 0.33 13 10
Eastern Europe 9,761 [8,900.6-10,704.5] 7.08 4.54 0.56 11 7
Northern Europe 1,714 [1,590.6-1,846.9] 3.27 1.67 0.20 16 12
Southern Europe 2,751 [2,537.1-2,982.9] 3.67 1.67 0.20 16 13
Western Europe 3,419 [3,207.7-3,644.2] 3.55 1.71 0.21 15 14
Oceania 606 [501.8-731.9] 2.84 1.99 0.26 16 11
Australia & New Zealand 281 [243.3-324.5] 1.86 1.03 0.13 16 15
Melanesia 313 [214.9-455.8] 5.52 9.27 1.19 5 5
Micronesia 5 [1-24] 1.80 1.94 0.34 13 7
Polynesia 7 [1.10-43.9] 2.02 1.94 0.22 16 28
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 73 -

Figure 46: Age-standardised mortality rates of oral cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020)

Men

No data available

<3.98
<7.95
>=7.95

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 74 -

3.5.3 Laryngeal cancer

3.5.3.1 Laryngeal cancer incidence

Table 24: Incidence of laryngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 24,350 [20,845.2-28,444.1] 0.63 0.49 0.06 25 29
High income 7,443 [6,899.6-8,029.2] 1.21 0.63 0.08 25 28
Low and middle income 16,896 [6,923.5-9,771.2] 0.52 0.46 0.05 25 29
Upper middle income 8,225 [6,923.5-9,771.2] 0.57 0.38 0.05 25 28
Lower middle income 8,052 [6,239.2-10,391.5] 0.54 0.59 0.07 24 27
Low income 619 [330.4-1,159.5] 0.20 0.32 0.04 28 27
Africa 1,422 [608.2-3,324.9] 0.21 0.33 0.04 28 28
Eastern Africa 413 [98.9-1,723.8] 0.18 0.31 0.04 28 27
Middle Africa 102 [19.7-529.5] 0.11 0.22 0.03 28 28
Northern Africa 438 [201.2-953.3] 0.36 0.39 0.05 24 25
Southern Africa 169 [131.4-217.3] 0.49 0.54 0.07 26 27
Western Africa 300 [49.4-1,822.7] 0.15 0.28 0.04 28 29
Americas 5,363 [2,078.4-3,282.6] 1.03 0.69 0.09 24 27
Caribbean 355 [246.6-511] 1.61 1.11 0.13 19 21
Central America 278 [209-369.7] 0.30 0.26 0.03 26 27
Northern America 2,751 [2,640.2-2,866.5] 1.48 0.83 0.10 24 27
South America 1,979 [1,486.1-2,635.5] 0.90 0.66 0.08 24 26
Asia 12,536 [10,300.5-15,256.7] 0.55 0.43 0.05 22 26
Central Asia 130 [34.4-69.8] 0.35 0.35 0.04 26 27
Eastern Asia 3,831 [3,280.6-4,473.7] 0.47 0.26 0.03 24 29
South-Eastern Asia 1,215 [630-2,343.1] 0.36 0.31 0.03 24 26
Southern Asia 6,681 [12.5-177] 0.71 0.74 0.09 20 21
Western Asia 679 [425-1,084.9] 0.51 0.54 0.06 22 23
Europe 4,912 [4,313.9-5,593] 1.27 0.64 0.08 25 26
Eastern Europe 1,550 [1,367.4-1,756.9] 1.00 0.53 0.07 25 24
Northern Europe 666 [593.5-747.3] 1.24 0.62 0.08 27 27
Southern Europe 1,101 [848.5-1,428.6] 1.40 0.64 0.08 24 27
Western Europe 1,595 [1,413.2-1,800.2] 1.60 0.80 0.10 25 26
Oceania 117 [83.1-164.8] 0.55 0.37 0.04 28 24
Australia & New Zealand 80 [61.2-104.5] 0.52 0.28 0.03 28 29
Melanesia 36 [5.60-230.5] 0.66 0.81 0.07 21 17
Micronesia 0 [0-15.6] 0 0 0 28 14
Polynesia 1 [0.10-12.8] 0.30 0.20 0 21 22
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 75 -

Figure 47: Age-standardised incidence rates of laryngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates
for 2020)

Women

No data available

<0.65
<1.29
>=1.29

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 76 -

Table 25: Incidence of laryngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Men
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb men
yearsa years
UI]
World 160,265 [150,633.1-170,512.8] 4.08 3.59 0.45 15 19
High income 42,375 [40,944.5-43,855.4] 6.91 3.70 0.47 17 23
Low and middle income 117,797 [57,986.7-65,372.6] 3.55 3.55 0.44 13 17
Upper middle income 61,569 [57,986.7-65,372.6] 4.19 3.20 0.40 15 19
Lower middle income 53,246 [48,824.9-58,067.4] 3.44 4.25 0.53 10 15
Low income 2,982 [2,291.5-3,880.6] 0.99 1.99 0.24 15 19
Africa 8,486 [6,079.3-11,845.5] 1.27 2.43 0.30 14 23
Eastern Africa 1,860 [1,013.1-3,414.9] 0.84 1.89 0.23 15 22
Middle Africa 537 [267.5-1,077.9] 0.60 1.38 0.18 16 26
Northern Africa 4,042 [3,181.6-5,135.2] 3.27 4.05 0.50 10 17
Southern Africa 786 [705-876.3] 2.37 3.28 0.41 15 25
Western Africa 1,261 [574-2,770.1] 0.62 1.37 0.17 16 21
Americas 24,322 [12,223.7-14,971.4] 4.82 3.56 0.45 17 23
Caribbean 1,966 [1,679.2-2,301.8] 9.15 7.26 0.90 5 15
Central America 1,332 [1,184-1,498.5] 1.51 1.57 0.19 16 22
Northern America 10,794 [10,573.1-11,019.5] 5.91 3.34 0.42 18 24
South America 10,230 [9,033.3-11,585.2] 4.82 4.18 0.52 13 22
Asia 91,794 [85,968.1-98,014.7] 3.87 3.36 0.41 14 16
Central Asia 734 [403.7-512.9] 1.99 2.51 0.32 14 19
Eastern Asia 33,020 [31,412-34,710.3] 3.86 2.41 0.30 16 18
South-Eastern Asia 10,178 [9,071.8-11,419.1] 3.05 3.07 0.36 12 16
Southern Asia 41,582 [80.7-515.5] 4.15 4.67 0.58 7 12
Western Asia 6,280 [5,187.5-7,602.6] 4.31 5.29 0.66 12 13
Europe 34,951 [33,406.8-36,566.6] 9.66 5.36 0.68 15 17
Eastern Europe 16,580 [15,999.7-17,181.3] 12.0 7.58 0.97 9 16
Northern Europe 3,160 [2,995.5-3,333.5] 6.02 3.16 0.39 19 22
Southern Europe 8,174 [7,470.6-8,943.7] 10.9 5.38 0.67 13 18
Western Europe 7,037 [6,639.6-7,458.2] 7.30 3.55 0.46 18 24
Oceania 712 [628.8-806.2] 3.33 2.31 0.29 20 23
Australia & New Zealand 582 [529.4-639.8] 3.86 2.17 0.27 20 25
Melanesia 114 [53.5-243] 2.01 3.40 0.42 11 14
Micronesia 5 [1.50-17.1] 1.80 1.93 0.39 14 28
Polynesia 11 [3.70-32.9] 3.17 3.08 0.34 16 19
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 77 -

Figure 48: Age-standardised incidence rates of laryngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for
2020)

Men

No data available

<4.73
<9.46
>=9.46

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 78 -

3.5.3.2 Laryngeal cancer mortality

Table 26: Mortality of laryngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Women
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb women
yearsa years
UI]
World 14,489 [11,901.8-17,638.6] 0.37 0.28 0.03 23 26
High income 2,635 [2,321.4-2,991] 0.43 0.18 0.02 25 29
Low and middle income 11,847 [4,383.6-6,230.3] 0.36 0.32 0.04 21 26
Upper middle income 5,226 [4,383.6-6,230.3] 0.36 0.23 0.03 22 25
Lower middle income 6,170 [4,630.9-8,220.6] 0.41 0.46 0.06 20 23
Low income 451 [223.6-909.8] 0.15 0.24 0.03 28 26
Africa 961 [365.8-2,524.9] 0.14 0.23 0.03 28 28
Eastern Africa 283 [112.4-712.8] 0.13 0.22 0.03 28 25
Middle Africa 70 [54.2-90.4] 0.08 0.16 0.02 28 30
Northern Africa 295 [124.4-699.6] 0.24 0.27 0.03 23 22
Southern Africa 108 [83.9-139.1] 0.31 0.34 0.04 23 25
Western Africa 205 [102.6-409.6] 0.10 0.20 0.03 28 29
Americas 2,270 [1,238.6-1,611.9] 0.44 0.27 0.03 22 25
Caribbean 200 [143.5-278.7] 0.91 0.58 0.06 17 16
Central America 152 [118.4-195.1] 0.17 0.14 0.02 23 23
Northern America 857 [794.1-924.9] 0.46 0.21 0.03 23 29
South America 1,061 [950.3-1,184.6] 0.49 0.34 0.04 22 22
Asia 9,228 [7,235.8-11,768.6] 0.41 0.31 0.04 21 22
Central Asia 91 [18.4-45.7] 0.24 0.24 0.03 25 23
Eastern Asia 2,537 [2,066.8-3,114.2] 0.31 0.16 0.02 21 27
South-Eastern Asia 863 [443.3-1,680.2] 0.26 0.21 0.02 21 24
Southern Asia 5,311 [10.8-127.1] 0.57 0.59 0.07 17 17
Western Asia 426 [319-568.9] 0.32 0.33 0.04 22 25
Europe 1,986 [1,675.4-2,354.2] 0.51 0.22 0.03 25 26
Eastern Europe 741 [632.8-867.8] 0.48 0.24 0.03 24 24
Northern Europe 251 [208.1-302.7] 0.47 0.19 0.02 25 27
Southern Europe 475 [391.2-576.8] 0.61 0.22 0.03 23 24
Western Europe 519 [440.8-611.1] 0.52 0.22 0.03 25 30
Oceania 44 [24.4-79.5] 0.21 0.13 0.01 28 27
Australia & New Zealand 33 [20.9-52.1] 0.22 0.10 0.01 27 29
Melanesia 10 [3-33.3] 0.18 0.24 0.03 24 21
Micronesia 0 [0-9.20] 0 0 0 29 7
Polynesia 1 [0.10-11.3] 0.30 0.20 0 18 11
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 79 -

Figure 49: Age-standardised mortality rates of laryngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates
for 2020)

Women

No data available

<0.32
<0.65
>=0.65

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 80 -

Table 27: Mortality of laryngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Uncertainty
Cumulative risk Men
intervals of new Crude All
Area N Cases ASRb (%) ages 0-74 15-44
cancer cases [95% rateb men
yearsa years
UI]
World 85,351 [78,895.2-92,335] 2.17 1.89 0.23 14 16
High income 16,400 [15,449.7-17,408.7] 2.67 1.30 0.16 16 20
Low and middle income 68,905 [32,166.9-36,925.1] 2.08 2.09 0.26 14 16
Upper middle income 34,464 [32,166.9-36,925.1] 2.35 1.78 0.21 14 16
Lower middle income 32,243 [28,707.9-36,213.4] 2.08 2.61 0.33 10 15
Low income 2,198 [1,637.3-2,950.6] 0.73 1.52 0.19 15 17
Africa 5,675 [3,883.4-8,293.2] 0.85 1.71 0.20 14 19
Eastern Africa 1,279 [640-2,556.1] 0.58 1.36 0.16 16 19
Middle Africa 369 [282-482.9] 0.41 0.99 0.13 16 24
Northern Africa 2,696 [2,066.8-3,516.7] 2.18 2.77 0.32 11 16
Southern Africa 462 [407.3-524.1] 1.39 1.98 0.25 14 23
Western Africa 869 [364.4-2,072] 0.43 0.99 0.12 14 19
Americas 12,164 [8,367.8-9,275.6] 2.41 1.73 0.21 14 18
Caribbean 1,092 [945.7-1,261] 5.08 3.87 0.47 9 14
Central America 906 [817.5-1,004.1] 1.03 1.05 0.12 14 18
Northern America 3,354 [3,227.2-3,485.8] 1.84 0.94 0.11 15 23
South America 6,812 [6,529.6-7,106.6] 3.21 2.75 0.34 13 16
Asia 49,621 [44,998.4-54,718.4] 2.09 1.82 0.22 15 14
Central Asia 442 [223.7-299.8] 1.20 1.54 0.20 14 19
Eastern Asia 15,261 [14,048.8-16,577.8] 1.78 1.09 0.13 14 17
South-Eastern Asia 5,905 [5,239.3-6,655.4] 1.77 1.82 0.20 14 13
Southern Asia 25,077 [65.4-367.3] 2.51 2.86 0.37 9 13
Western Asia 2,936 [2,612-3,300.2] 2.01 2.62 0.32 11 15
Europe 17,618 [16,676.2-18,613] 4.87 2.54 0.32 14 16
Eastern Europe 9,518 [9,129.8-9,922.7] 6.91 4.26 0.55 13 16
Northern Europe 1,223 [1,116.1-1,340.1] 2.33 1.07 0.13 17 18
Southern Europe 4,054 [3,789.5-4,337] 5.41 2.31 0.28 14 17
Western Europe 2,823 [2,632.6-3,027.2] 2.93 1.26 0.15 18 24
Oceania 273 [219.3-339.8] 1.28 0.81 0.10 18 21
Australia & New Zealand 193 [163.2-228.2] 1.28 0.61 0.07 18 24
Melanesia 70 [46.2-106.1] 1.23 2.19 0.29 12 16
Micronesia 3 [0.30-27.6] 1.08 0.86 0.11 14 26
Polynesia 7 [1.10-43.9] 2.02 1.88 0.20 15 21
Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021
For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 81 -

Figure 50: Age-standardised mortality rates of laryngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for
2020)

Men

No data available

<2.41
<4.82
>=4.82

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 82 -

4 HPV related statistics

HPV infection is commonly found in the anogenital tract of men and women with and without clinical
lesions. The aetiological role of HPV infection among women with cervical cancer is well-established,
and there is growing evidence of its central role in other anogenital sites. HPV is also responsible for
other diseases such as recurrent juvenile respiratory papillomatosis and genital warts, both mainly
caused by HPV types 6 and 11(Lacey CJ, Vaccine 2006; 24(S3):35). For this section, the methodologies
used to compile the information on HPV burden are derived from systematic reviews and meta-analyses
of the literature. Due to the limitations of HPV DNA detection methods and study designs used, these
data should be interpreted with caution and used only as a guide to assess the burden of HPV infection
in the population. (Vaccine 2006, Vol. 24, Suppl 3; Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl 10; Vaccine 2012, Vol.
30, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 2007, Vol. 90).

4.1 HPV burden in women with normal cervical cytology, cervical precancerous
lesions or invasive cervical cancer
The statistics shown in this section focus on HPV infection in the cervix uteri. HPV cervical infec-
tion results in cervical morphological lesions ranging from normalcy (cytologically normal women) to
different stages of precancerous lesions (CIN-1, CIN-2, CIN-3/CIS) and invasive cervical cancer. HPV
infection is measured by means of HPV DNA detection in cervical cells (fresh tissue, paraffin embedded
or exfoliated cells).
The prevalence of HPV increases with severity of the lesion. HPV causes virtually 100cervical cancer,
and an underestimation of HPV prevalence in cervical cancer is most likely due to the limitations of
study methodologies. Worldwide, HPV-16 and 18, the two vaccine-preventable types. contribute to
over 7016-32% of low-grade cervical lesions. After HPV-16/18, the six most common HPV types are the
same in all world regions, namely 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58; these account for an additional 20cancers
worldwide (Clifford G et al. Vaccine 2006;24(S3):26-34).
Methods: Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in cervical carcinoma,
low-grade cervical lesions, high-grade cervical lesions and normal cytology: systematic re-
view and meta-analysis
A systematic review of the literature was conducted regarding the worldwide HPV-prevalence and type
distribution for cervical carcinoma, low-grade cervical lesions, high-grade cervical lesions and normal
cytology from 1990 to ’data as of ’ indicated in each section. The search terms for the review were
’HPV’ AND cerv* using Pubmed. There were no limits in publication language. References cited in
selected articles were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV DNA detection by means of PCR
or HC2, a minimum of 20 cases for cervical carcinoma, 20 cases for low-grade cervical lesions, 20 cases
for highgrade cervical lesions and 100 cases for normal cytology and a detailed description of HPV DNA
detection and genotyping techniques used. The number of cases tested and HPV positive extracted
for each study were pooled to estimate the prevalence of HPV DNA and the HPV type distribution
globally and by geographical region. Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each HPV
prevalence. For more details refer to the methods document.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 83 -

4.1.1 HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology

Figure 51: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the World

No data available

<16.93
<33.87
>=33.87

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 84 -

Figure 52: Crude age-specific HPV prevalence (%) and 95% confidence interval in women with normal
cervical cytology in the World and its regions
World Oceania
50.0 50.0

40.0 40.0
HPV prevalence (\%)

HPV prevalence (\%)

30.0 30.0

20.0 20.0

10.0 10.0

0.0 0.0
<25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ <25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
Age group (years) Age group (years)

Asia Africa
50.0 50.0

40.0 40.0
HPV prevalence (\%)

HPV prevalence (\%)

30.0 30.0

20.0 20.0

10.0 10.0

0.0 0.0
<25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ <25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
Age group (years) Age group (years)

Europe Americas
50.0 50.0

40.0 40.0
HPV prevalence (\%)

HPV prevalence (\%)

30.0 30.0

20.0 20.0

10.0 10.0

0.0 0.0
<25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ <25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
Age group (years) Age group (years)

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 85 -

Figure 53: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and
study

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Algeria Hammouda 2011 (Zeralda (Algiers)) 15−65 732 5.3 (3.9−7.2)

Hammouda 2005 (Algiers) 31−80 133 10.5 (6.4−16.9)

Benin Piras 2011 15−70 258 26.7 (21.7−32.5)

Cameroon Untiet 2014 (Yaoundé) 20−89 694 16.7 (14.1−19.7)

Congo Sangwa−Lugoma 2011 (Mbuku, Kinshasa) >=30 1138 8.7 (7.2−10.5)

Hovland 2010 (Bukavu) − 287 13.9 (10.4−18.4)

Côte d'Ivoire La Ruche 1998 (Abidjan) 20−50 194 16.5 (11.9−22.4)

La Ruche 1998 (Abidjan) 20−50 120 27.5 (20.3−36.1)

Adjorlolo−Johnson 2010 (Abidjan) 23−69 110 29.1 (21.4−38.2)

Egypt Abdel Aziz 2006 (Cairo) 20−60 156 10.3 (6.4−16.0)

Ethiopia Leyh−Bannurah 2014 (Gurage) 15−64 537 17.5 (14.5−20.9)

Ruland 2006 (Gurage) 18−65 189 15.9 (11.4−21.8)

Gabon Si−Mohamed 2005 (Libreville) 18−44 195 41.5 (34.9−48.6)

Gambia Wall 2005 (Farafenni) 15−54 576 11.5 (9.1−14.3)

Guinea Keita 2009 (Conakry) 15−64 752 47.9 (44.3−51.4)

Kenya Temmerman 1999 (Nairobi) 19−54 513 17.0 (14.0−20.4)

De Vuyst 2010 (Mombasa) >=15 454 40.3 (35.9−44.9)

De Vuyst 2003 (Nairobi) 25−55 369 38.8 (33.9−43.8)

Yamada 2008 (Nairobi) 16−61 333 16.8 (13.2−21.2)

Maranga 2013 (Nairobi) 21−50 101 41.6 (32.5−51.3)

Mali Schluterman 2013 (Naréna) 15−65 212 23.1 (17.9−29.2)

Tracy 2011 (Bamako) 15−65 202 11.9 (8.1−17.1)

Morocco Alhamany 2010 (Rabat) 17−80 785 15.8 (13.4−18.5)

Bennani 2012 (Fez) 17−81 751 42.5 (39.0−46.0)

Amrani 2003 (Rabat) 25−54 306 4.2 (2.5−7.1)

Chaouki 1998 (Rabat) 18−70 172 21.5 (16.0−28.2)

Mozambique Naucler 2011 (Maputo) >=25 203 41.4 (34.8−48.3)

Castellsagué 2001 (Manhiça) 14−61 196 32.1 (26.0−39.0)

Nigeria Gage 2012 (Irun) >=15 1075 10.5 (8.8−12.5)

Thomas 2004 (Idikan (Ibadan)) 15−98 844 24.8 (22.0−27.8)

Pimentel 2013 (Okene, Abuja and Katari) 19−85 374 12.3 (9.3−16.0)

Akarolo−Anthony 2013 (Abuja) − 108 10.2 (5.8−17.3)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 86 -

Figure 53: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and
study (continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Rwanda Singh 2009 >=25 188 14.4 (10.1−20.1)

Veldhuijzen 2012 (Kigali) − 144 16.7 (11.5−23.6)

Senegal Hawes 2003 (Dakar) >=15 3633 25.3 (23.9−26.7)

Hanisch 2013 (Dakar) 15−84 2139 27.1 (25.2−29.0)

Xi 2003 (Dakar) 35−80 1639 12.5 (11.0−14.2)

Mbaye 2014 (Dakar) 18−80 498 20.9 (17.5−24.7)

Mbaye 2014 (Thiès) 18−80 185 30.3 (24.1−37.2)

Astori 1999 (Dakar) 20−75 158 13.9 (9.4−20.2)

Mbaye 2014 (Saint−Louis) 18−80 145 20.0 (14.3−27.2)

Mbaye 2014 (Louga) 18−80 108 23.1 (16.2−31.9)

South Africa McDonald 2012 (Khayelitsha) 17−65 7569 16.9 (16.1−17.8)

Denny 2005 (Khayelitsha) 35−65 6555 21.4 (20.4−22.4)

Richter 2013 16−83 1445 74.6 (72.3−76.8)

Wright 2000 (Cape Town) 35−65 1269 15.5 (13.6−17.6)

Allan 2008 (Cape Town) 21−59 848 20.4 (17.8−23.2)

Jones 2007 (Cape Town) >=18 368 41.0 (36.1−46.1)

Mbulawa 2010 (Gugulethu (Cape Town)) − 155 45.8 (38.2−53.7)

Tanzania Dartell 2014 (Dar es Salaam, Pwani, Mwanza) 15−82 2737 12.8 (11.6−14.1)

Vidal 2011 (Kilimanjaro) >=18 148 13.5 (8.9−20.0)

Watson−Jones 2013 (Mwanza) 10−25 117 73.5 (64.9−80.7)

Tunisia Hassen 2003 (Sousse) 20−45 96 14.6 (8.9−23.0)

Uganda Jeronimo 2014 (Kampala) 25−60 2676 15.2 (13.9−16.7)

Banura 2008 (Kampala) 12−24 868 73.2 (70.1−76.0)

Safaeian 2007 (Rakai) 15−49 505 15.6 (12.7−19.1)

Asiimwe 2008 (Bushenyi District) 25−37 305 15.7 (12.1−20.2)

Odida 2011 (Kampala) 18−74 251 26.3 (21.2−32.1)

Taube 2010 (Kampala) 18−30 157 56.7 (48.9−64.2)

Zimbabwe Fukuchi 2009 (Chitungwiza, Epworth (Harare)) 18−49 1987 24.5 (22.6−26.4)

Nowak 2011 (Chitungwiza and Harare) 18−35 478 47.5 (43.1−52.0)

Womack 2000 (Chitungwiza and Harare) 25−55 186 24.7 (19.1−31.4)

Baay 2004 (Mupfure) 15−49 174 27.0 (21.0−34.1)

0% 10% 30% 50% 70% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 87 -

Figure 54: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country
and study

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Argentina Matos 2003 (Entre Ríos) 13−78 843 15.4 (13.1−18.0)

Chouhy 2013b 14−77 403 37.5 (32.9−42.3)

Chouhy 2013 (Buenos Aires) 15−69 371 49.9 (44.8−54.9)

Abba 2003 (La Plata) 15−70 152 46.1 (38.3−54.0)

Badano 2011 (Posadas City) 18−62 139 33.1 (25.8−41.3)

Belize Cathro 2009 (Belize City) − 426 10.1 (7.6−13.3)

Bolivia Cervantes 2003 (Amazonian lowland) 16−71 135 5.9 (3.0−11.3)

c
Brazil Trottier 2006 (Sao Paulo) 18−59 1988 15.1 (13.6−16.7)

Lorenzi 2013 (Barretos (Sao Paulo)) 18−76 1921 10.5 (9.2−11.9)

Girianelli 2010 25−59 1800 12.3 (10.9−13.9)

Roteli−Martins 2011 15−25 1509 29.7 (27.4−32.0)

Carestiato 2006 (Rio de Janeiro) 11−70 672 12.6 (10.3−15.4)

Oliveira 2007 (Pacoti, Ceara) 13−49 579 11.7 (9.4−14.6)

Franco 1995 (Paraiba) 15−65 525 18.3 (15.2−21.8)

Noronha 2005 (Para) 30−45 433 6.9 (4.9−9.7)

d
Figueiredo Alves 2013 (Goiana) 15−19 432 28.0 (24.0−32.4)

da Silva 2012 (Paiçandú (Paraná)) 15−83 418 6.7 (4.7−9.5)

Miranda 2012 18−65 399 11.0 (8.3−14.5)

de Abreu 2012 15−83 370 7.6 (5.3−10.7)

Augusto 2014 (Niterói City) 14−79 338 8.0 (5.5−11.4)

Coser 2013 (Cruz Alta) − 327 32.7 (27.9−38.0)

Rocha 2013 (Coari (Amazonas State)) 18−78 314 29.9 (25.1−35.2)

Pinto 2011 (Pará) >=13 233 15.0 (11.0−20.2)

Oliveira 2010 (Niterói City (Rio de Janeiro)) 14−24 225 28.0 (22.5−34.2)

Lorenzato 2000 (Recife)e 13−84 215 19.5 (14.8−25.3)

Pinto 2011 (Tucuruí) >=13 211 14.2 (10.1−19.6)

Lippman 2010 (Sao Pulo) 18−40 209 34.9 (28.8−41.6)

Muñoz 1996 (Sao Paulo) 26−77 194 17.0 (12.4−22.9)

f
de Oliveira 2013 (Rio Grande) >=14 162 13.6 (9.1−19.7)

Cassel 2014 (Porto Alegre) − 158 12.7 (8.3−18.7)

Entiauspe 2014 (Pelotas) 18−45 136 27.9 (21.1−36.0)

Silva 2009 (Maricá) 14−79 130 2.3 (0.8−6.6)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Granadero Baigorria City (Santa Fe Province)
c Maringá, Paiçandú and Uniao da Vitoria (Paraná State)
d Duque de Caxias and Nova Iguaçu (State of Rio de Janeiro)
e Ouro Preto city (Minas Gerais)
f Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Labrador, Yukon.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 88 -

Figure 54: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country
and study (continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Brazil Silva 2009 (Itaboraí) 14−79 128 21.9 (15.6−29.8)

Tamegão−Lopes 2014 (Juruti (Pará)) − 120 35.0 (27.1−43.9)

Fernandes 2009 (Natal) 15−65 110 24.5 (17.5−33.4)

Canada Louvanto 2014 (Montreal) 30−65 23739 6.9 (6.6−7.3)

Jiang 2013 14−69 13379 21.6 (20.9−22.3)

Mayrand 2006 (Montreal and Newfoundland) 30−69 9245 5.2 (4.7−5.6)

Ogilvie 2013 (British Columbia) − 4330 12.2 (11.3−13.3)

Moore 2009 (British Columbia) >=15 4003 12.3 (11.3−13.3)

Young 1997 (Winnipeg) − 1132 30.6 (28.0−33.3)

Sellors 2000 (Ontario) 15−49 878 10.3 (8.4−12.4)

Richardson 2003 (Montreal) 17−42 568 27.1 (23.6−30.9)

Demers 2012 (Manitoba) >=18 517 17.2 (14.2−20.7)

Kapala 2007 (Ontario) − 222 15.8 (11.6−21.1)

Roteli−Martins 2011 15−25 185 23.2 (17.7−29.8)

Chile Ferreccio 2013 (Santiago) 16−78 8127 9.8 (9.1−10.4)

Ferreccio 2008 16−97 1100 28.0 (25.4−30.7)

Ferreccio 2004 (Santiago) 15−86 913 11.2 (9.3−13.4)

Montalvo 2011 (Arica) 18−25 195 2.6 (1.1−5.9)

Colombia Molano 2002 (Bogota) 13−85 1831 14.6 (13.1−16.3)

Soto−De Leon 2011 14−77 1564 49.7 (47.2−52.2)

b
Leon 2009 (Girardot) 14−80 744 19.9 (17.2−22.9)

Muñoz 1996 (Cali) 19−74 307 13.4 (10.0−17.6)

Costa Rica Herrero 2005 (Guanacaste) 18−94 7459 22.4 (21.4−23.3)

Safaeian 2007 (Guanacaste) 18−25 4857 42.2 (40.9−43.6)

Cuba Soto 2014 (La Havana) 30−69 111 41.4 (32.7−50.7)

Ecuador Brown 2009 (Guayas) 18−78 285 20.7 (16.4−25.8)

Guatemala Vallès 2009 (Escuintla) 18−49 274 33.2 (27.9−39.0)

Guyana Kightlinger 2010 13−80 1168 11.5 (9.8−13.4)

Honduras Tábora 2009 (Tegucigalpa) 18−65 562 51.4 (47.3−55.5)

Ferrera 1999 (Tegucigalpa) 15−65 438 38.8 (34.4−43.5)

Tábora 2005 (Tegucigalpa) 18−35 100 28.0 (20.1−37.5)

Jamaica Lewis−Bell 2013 16−49 765 50.8 (47.3−54.4)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Bogotá, Leticia, Chaparral, Giradot and Tumaco
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 89 -

Figure 54: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country
and study (continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Jamaica Watt 2009 (Western Jamaica)b − 99 83.8 (75.3−89.8)

Mexico Lazcano−Ponce 2010 20−70 49053 8.0 (7.8−8.3)

Salmerón 2003 (Morelos) 15−85 7545 7.8 (7.2−8.4)

Illades−Aguiar 2010 15−97 3117 40.9 (39.2−42.6)

Lazcano−Ponce 2001 (Morelos) 18−82 1340 12.5 (10.9−14.4)

Hernández−Girón 2005 (Cuernavaca) 17−39 1060 14.2 (12.3−16.5)

Giuliano 2001 (Sonora) 15−79 995 8.8 (7.2−10.8)

López Rivera 2012 (Mexico City) 18−76 916 7.9 (6.3−9.8)

Carrillo−García 2014 − 518 37.8 (33.8−42.1)

Sánchez−Anguiano 2006 (Durango City) 20−69 487 4.1 (2.7−6.3)

Monroy 2010 (Mexico City) 17−51 272 12.9 (9.4−17.4)

Giuliano 2005 (Sonora) 40−82 258 7.0 (4.5−10.8)

Illades−Aguiar 2009 (Acapulco) − 256 35.5 (29.9−41.6)

Hernández−Avila 1997 (Mexico City) 25−75 204 13.2 (9.3−18.6)

Rojo Contreras 2008 (Guadalajara) 18−55 189 33.9 (27.5−40.9)

Piña−Sánchez 2006 (Mexico City) 19−64 159 11.9 (7.8−17.9)

Velázquez−Márquez 2010 (Tlaxcala) 18−74 100 22.0 (15.0−31.1)

Nicaragua Jeronimo 2014 (Masaya Province) 30−49 4340 9.8 (8.9−10.7)

Paraguay Mendoza 2011 (Asunción) 16−77 207 20.8 (15.8−26.8)

Torres 2009 (Asunción) 17−65 159 25.2 (19.1−32.4)

c
Rolón 2000 (Asunción) 25−73 91 19.8 (12.9−29.1)

Peru Almonte 2007 (San Martin) 25−49 4218 7.5 (6.8−8.4)

García 2004 18−65 501 3.8 (2.4−5.8)

Silva−Caso 2014 (Cajamarca) 18−65 241 17.8 (13.5−23.2)

Martorell 2012 (Iquitos and Loretos) − 203 36.0 (29.7−42.8)

Santos 2001 (Lima) 21−82 175 17.7 (12.8−24.0)

Trinidad and Tobago Ragin 2007 (Tobago) 18−65 212 35.4 (29.3−42.0)

United States of America Castle 2009 (Northern California) 30−90 580289 4.0 (3.9−4.0)

Castle 2011 (23 US States) 25−42 38403 15.1 (14.8−15.5)

Wheeler 2013 (New Mexico) − 33614 24.3 (23.8−24.8)

Sherman 2003 (Portland) 16−94 20156 12.7 (12.3−13.2)

Castle 2012 (Portland) 16−94 19512 14.2 (13.7−14.7)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Acapulco, Chilpancingo and Iguala (State of Guerrero)
c Boston, Baltimore, New Orleans, Denver, Seattle, Los Angeles
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 90 -

Figure 54: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country
and study (continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

United States of America Schiffman 2011 (Portland) 16−94 18450 9.1 (8.7−9.6)

Dunne 2013 11−29 9231 30.2 (29.3−31.2)

Zhao 2007 (Pittsburgh) 11−90 8070 2.9 (2.5−3.2)

Datta 2008 18−65 8055 16.6 (15.8−17.4)

Goodman 2008 (Hawaii) 18−85 2356 25.6 (23.9−27.4)

Dunne 2007 14−59 1921 26.8 (24.8−28.8)

Insinga 2007 16−23 1203 12.1 (10.4−14.1)

Cibas 2007 (Boston) 30−45 1000 3.9 (2.9−5.3)

Giuliano 1999 (Tucson) 18−47 911 10.1 (8.3−12.2)

Giuliano 2001 (Arizona) 15−79 881 12.8 (10.8−15.2)

Winer 2003 (Seattle) 18−20 553 19.7 (16.6−23.2)

Moscicki 2001 (San Francisco) 13−24 547 80.8 (77.3−83.9)

Khanna 2007 (Baltimore) 18−69 418 10.8 (8.1−14.1)

Kahn 2008 (Cincinnati) 13−26 409 68.2 (63.6−72.5)

Kotloff 1998 (Maryland) 17−44 390 29.2 (24.9−33.9)

Evans 2006 (Vermont) 16−69 300 27.3 (22.6−32.6)

Swan 1999 (Texas) 18−45 270 20.0 (15.7−25.2)

Smith 2003 (Iowa) 42−85 223 11.7 (8.1−16.5)

Tarkowski 2004 (Atlanta) 12−20 189 52.4 (45.3−59.4)

Hernandez 2004 (Hawaii) >=18 183 9.8 (6.3−15.0)

Chaturvedi 2005 (New Orleans) 18−70 173 19.1 (13.9−25.6)

Smith 2004 (Iowa) 45−64 105 17.1 (11.1−25.5)

Uruguay Berois 2014 (Montevideo) <=69 883 20.0 (17.5−22.8)

Ramas 2013 18−62 236 19.1 (14.6−24.6)

Venezuela Michelli 2011 (Mérida State) 15−69 90 8.9 (4.6−16.6)

0% 10% 30% 50% 70% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 91 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Bahrain Hajjaj 2006 20−60 91 12.1 (6.9−20.4)
b
Bangladesh Nahar 2014 (Dhaka and Mirzapur) 13−64 1902 7.6 (6.5−8.9)

Bhutan Tshomo 2014 (Thimphu) 18−69 2272 23.0 (21.3−24.7)

c
China Wei 2014 (Shenyang (Liaoning Province)) 18−81 118096 18.3 (18.1−18.5)
d
Wei 2014 (Shenyang (Liaoning Province)) 18−81 67172 1.7 (1.6−1.8)

Chen 2012 (Chaozhou) 35−60 48559 7.9 (7.7−8.1)

Wang 2012 (Shenyang (Liaoning Province)) 18−60 24041 45.6 (45.0−46.2)

Mai 2014 >=18 22114 19.0 (18.5−19.5)

DU 2012 (Shenzhen) 20−59 10017 16.3 (15.6−17.0)

Zhang 2013 (Shangai) 17−89 10000 12.6 (11.9−13.2)

Belinson 2011 (Guangdong Province) 25−59 7525 7.9 (7.3−8.5)

Moy 2010 30−54 7367 9.5 (8.9−10.2)

Zhao 2013 (Yangcheng, Xinmi and Tonggu) 25−65 7089 10.9 (10.2−11.7)

Belinson 2003 27−56 6643 14.4 (13.6−15.3)

Zhang 2008 (Shangai) 18−78 6405 29.1 (28.0−30.2)

Sun 2012 (Qujing (Yunnan Province)) 18−65 5936 8.3 (7.6−9.1)

e
Li 2010 (Beijing) 25−54 5530 6.6 (6.0−7.3)

Zhao 2014 (Jiangsi Province) 18−25 5416 13.3 (12.5−14.3)

Ye 2010 (Zhejiang Province) 20−79 4987 13.3 (12.4−14.3)

Wang 2013 (Shenzhen) >=15 4413 13.8 (12.8−14.8)

f
Wu 2013 17−54 3737 8.9 (8.0−9.9)

Li 2013 (Hunan Province) 17−74 3115 14.5 (13.3−15.8)

Yuan 2011 (Shandong Province) 20−61 3112 9.6 (8.6−10.7)

g
Jin 2010 (Tibetan Autonomous Region) 19−65 2847 7.4 (6.5−8.4)

Chan 2009 (Hong Kong) 19−83 2604 6.7 (5.8−7.7)

Chen 2013 (Urumqi) 18−69 2269 20.3 (18.7−22.0)

Wu 2010 (Shenzhen (Guangdong Province)) 25−59 2000 16.5 (14.9−18.2)

Chan 2002 (Hong Kong) 19−83 1962 5.6 (4.6−6.7)

Belinson 2001 35−45 1784 14.2 (12.6−15.9)

Lin 2008 (Guandong) 20−68 1705 9.0 (7.8−10.5)

Yip 2010 (Macao) 20−60 1600 8.8 (7.5−10.2)

h
Yeoh 2006 (Hong Kong) − 1090 25.7 (23.2−28.4)

Zhang 2012 20−64 1032 11.1 (9.4−13.2)

Wu 2007 (Shenzhen) 15−59 942 11.9 (10.0−14.1)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Yangcheng and Xiangyuan (Shanxi)
c Beijing, Shanghai, Shanxi, Henan, Xinjiang
d Lishui County (Zhejiang Province)
e Uyghur (Yutian County, Xingjian Province)
f Shiquan County (Shaanxi Province)
g Shantou City (Guandong Province)
h Wufeng County (Hubei Province)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 92 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study
(continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

China Sui 2013 16−59 883 8.8 (7.1−10.9)

Ye 2010 25−65 734 20.2 (17.4−23.2)

b
Li 2006 (Shenyang) 17−59 663 13.7 (11.3−16.6)

Dai 2006 (Shanxi) 19−59 601 10.6 (8.4−13.4)

He 2008 (Hangzhou) − 480 15.2 (12.3−18.7)

Chui 2012 (Macau) 20−66 402 29.9 (25.6−34.5)

Bian 2013 (Beijing) 20−55 379 20.8 (17.1−25.2)

Yu 2013 20−60 373 12.6 (9.6−16.4)

Wu 2010 (Fujian Province) 20−70 314 19.4 (15.4−24.2)

Wang 2013 (Huzhou) 20−35 292 19.2 (15.1−24.1)

Hu 2011 (Jaingsu Province) 18−25 257 10.5 (7.3−14.9)

Ding 2014 (Beijing) 18−68 165 9.7 (6.1−15.2)

Sun 2010 (Liaoning Province) − 165 21.8 (16.2−28.7)

Georgia Alibegashvili 2011 (Tbilisi) 15−59 1247 11.5 (9.8−13.4)

India Basu 2013 (West Bengal)c 30−65 28039 5.8 (5.5−6.1)

Sankaranarayanan 2005 (Osnamabad) 30−59 27301 10.3 (9.9−10.7)

Mittal 2014 (Kolkata) 30−60 9630 4.6 (4.2−5.0)

Sankaranarayanan 2004 (Kolkata (2)) 25−65 6278 5.2 (4.6−5.7)

Jeronimo 2014 (Rural Uttar Pradesh) 30−59 4547 2.3 (1.9−2.8)

Jeronimo 2014 (Hyderabad) 30−49 4385 4.4 (3.9−5.1)

Sankaranarayanan 2004 (Trivandrum) 25−65 4332 4.8 (4.2−5.5)

Sankaranarayanan 2004 (Kolkata (1)) 25−65 3390 7.8 (6.9−8.7)

Sankaranarayanan 2004 (Mumbai) 25−65 3365 6.3 (5.5−7.1)

Srivastava 2012 (Varanasi) 17−80 2480 9.7 (8.6−10.9)

Gravitt 2010 >=25 2331 10.3 (9.1−11.6)

Dutta 2012 (Eastern India) 25−65 2313 9.2 (8.1−10.4)

Franceschi 2005 (Tamil Nadu) 17−59 1799 14.0 (12.5−15.7)

Datta 2010 (Govindpuri (New Delhi)) 16−24 1300 11.2 (9.6−13.0)

Sarkar 2011 (West Bengal) >=15 1106 9.1 (7.6−11.0)

Laikangbam 2007 (West Bengal) 14−80 1007 11.6 (9.8−13.7)

Pandey 2012 (Lucknow) 20−70 890 11.7 (9.7−14.0)

Gupta 2009 (New Delhi) 18−45 769 16.6 (14.2−19.4)

Laikangbam 2007 (Manipur) 20−80 672 6.7 (5.0−8.8)

Aggarwal 2006 (Chandigarh) 19−75 472 36.9 (32.6−41.3)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Shanxi, Jiangxi and Gansu Provinces
c Medchal Mandal (Andhra Pradesh)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 93 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study
(continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

India Kerkar 2011 (Mumbai) − 470 8.1 (5.9−10.9)

Bhatla 2008 (New Delhi) 30−65 458 7.6 (5.5−10.4)

Laikangbam 2007 (Sikkim) 19−75 359 11.1 (8.3−14.8)

Vinodhini 2012 (Tamil Nadu) − 257 30.4 (25.1−36.2)

Kashyap 2013 46−58 207 5.8 (3.3−9.9)

Arora 2005 (New Delhi) 20−60 160 10.0 (6.2−15.6)

Singh 2009 (North India) − 109 10.1 (5.7−17.2)

Indonesia Vet 2008 (Tasikmalaya) 12−70 919 8.8 (7.1−10.8)

Vet 2008 (Bali) 12−70 887 11.5 (9.6−13.8)

Vet 2008 (Jakarta) 12−70 880 13.9 (11.7−16.3)

de Boer 2006 (Jakarta) 21−75 200 31.0 (25.0−37.7)

Rachmadi 2012 (Jakarta, Tasikmalaya and Bali) 18−60 101 16.8 (10.8−25.3)

Iran Eghbali 2012 (Bushehr Port) 17−50 799 0.6 (0.3−1.5)

Khodakarami 2012 (Tehran) 18−59 791 6.6 (5.0−8.5)

b
Zavarei 2008 (Tehran) 15−55 600 5.7 (4.1−7.8)

Safaei 2010 (Shiraz) 20−72 400 5.5 (3.7−8.2)

Shahramian 2011 (Zabol) − 265 32.5 (27.1−38.3)

Moradi 2011 (Gorgan) 15−75 226 18.1 (13.7−23.7)

Zandi 2010 (Bushehr) − 200 5.5 (3.1−9.6)

Japan Inoue 2006 (Ishikawa) 14−94 7564 6.6 (6.0−7.2)

Maehama 2005 (Okinawa) 20−89 4078 10.6 (9.7−11.6)

Asato 2004 (Okinawa) 18−85 3249 10.2 (9.3−11.3)

Takehara 2011 15−98 2068 9.4 (8.2−10.7)

Sasagawa 2001 16−72 1562 9.7 (8.3−11.2)

Onuki 2009 (Ibaraki) 15−78 1517 22.5 (20.5−24.7)

Chen 2013 (Nagasaki) − 1111 18.2 (16.0−20.6)

Konno 2011 20−25 908 26.1 (23.3−29.1)

Saito 1995 (Osaka) 18−72 800 6.6 (5.1−8.6)

Sasagawa 1997 (Ishikawa and Toyama) 16−82 778 4.5 (3.3−6.2)

Sasagawa 2005 (Hokuriku) 15−59 637 16.8 (14.1−19.9)

c
Ishi 2004 (Chiba) 17−73 420 12.1 (9.4−15.6)

Masumoto 2004 (Tokyo) 20−89 414 16.9 (13.6−20.8)

Nishiwaki 2008 19−70 292 14.7 (11.1−19.2)

Yoshikawa 1999 <=55 130 14.6 (9.6−21.7)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Aomori, Tokyo, Fukui, Osaka, Hiroshima, Miyazaki and Kagoshima
c Hokuriku(Fukui, Ishikawa and Toyama)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 94 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study
(continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Japan Satoh 2013 (Tsukuba, Tokyo) 19−88 109 23.9 (16.8−32.7)

Kazakhstan Buleshov 2011 (South) 35−60 17000 11.0 (10.5−11.5)

Kuwait Al−Awadhi 2011 18−81 3011 2.4 (1.9−3.0)

Laos Phongsavan 2012 25−48 1922 11.1 (9.8−12.6)

Lebanon Mroueh 2002 18−70 1026 4.9 (3.7−6.4)

Karam 2005 20−67 246 10.2 (7.0−14.6)

b
Malaysia Tay 2009 (Johor and Singapore) 18−77 745 22.0 (19.2−25.1)

Othman 2014 − 588 3.1 (1.9−4.8)

Chong 2010 (Southern Selangor) 19−69 180 46.7 (39.5−53.9)

Mongolia Dondog 2008 (Ulaanbaatar) 15−59 842 30.5 (27.5−33.7)

Chimeddorj 2008 − 100 1.0 (0.2−5.4)

Nepal Sherpa 2010 (Bharatpur (Chitawan Province)) 15−59 898 8.1 (6.5−10.1)

Johnson 2014 16−60 211 2.8 (1.3−6.1)

Pakistan Raza 2010 (Karachi) 15−59 877 2.2 (1.4−3.4)

Philippines Ngelangel 1998 (Manila) 21−72 377 9.3 (6.8−12.6)

c
Republic of Korea Lee 2012 18−79 60775 34.2 (33.8−34.6)

Lee 2012 (Suwon) − 26980 20.3 (19.9−20.8)

Kim 2012 (Seoul) − 11800 6.2 (5.8−6.6)

Kim 2013 (Seoul) − 6681 17.3 (16.4−18.2)

Kim 2014 (Cheonan) 19−78 5494 14.4 (13.5−15.3)

Oh 2009 (Busan and Suwon) 20−69 4467 7.0 (6.3−7.8)

Bae 2009 (Gyeonggi, Seoul) 30−84 4111 6.5 (5.8−7.3)

Kim 2013 (Seoul) 21−76 2146 18.1 (16.6−19.8)

Park 2014 43−57 1938 14.1 (12.7−15.8)

Bae 2009 15−75 1750 27.0 (25.0−29.2)

Hwang 2004 18−62 1609 37.4 (35.0−39.7)

Kim 2012 − 1214 14.6 (12.7−16.7)

Oh 2001 (Seoul) 23−72 1144 0.7 (0.4−1.4)

An 2003 (Kyonggi−do) − 1143 35.1 (32.4−37.9)

Lee 2014 (Seoul, Busan, Cheonan) 25−79 912 7.9 (6.3−9.8)

Kim 2010 20−59 902 12.6 (10.6−15.0)

Kim 2012 20−59 902 4.9 (3.7−6.5)

d
Shin 2003 (Busan) 20−74 821 8.5 (6.8−10.6)

Kim 2014 (Gangnam (Seoul)) 25−81 799 12.1 (10.1−14.6)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen, Bangkok, Songkla and Hat Yai
c Luang Prabang, Champassack and Vientiane
d North-Eastern region os West Malaysia
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 95 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study
(continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Republic of Korea Lee 2003 (Seoul) − 746 7.2 (5.6−9.3)

Shin 2004 (Busan) 16−29 672 15.2 (12.7−18.1)

Cho 2011 − 624 47.3 (43.4−51.2)

Bae 2014 (Seoul) 18−85 471 21.0 (17.6−24.9)

Cho 2003 (Kyonggi−do) 22−70 414 31.9 (27.6−36.5)

Kim 2014 (Busan) 22−83 315 70.2 (64.9−74.9)

Shim 2010 (Seoul) 21−48 235 22.6 (17.7−28.3)

Kim 2013 (Gwangju) − 206 8.3 (5.2−12.8)

Hwang 2012 21−77 177 54.8 (47.4−62.0)

Um 2011b − 122 23.0 (16.4−31.2)

Lee 2011 − 101 20.8 (14.0−29.7)

Saudi Arabia Al−Ahdal 2014 (Riyadh) 20−74 455 28.6 (24.6−32.9)

Taiwan Lai 2012 (Taoyuan) 30−94 14724 11.0 (10.6−11.6)

Wang 2010 14−87 10543 15.0 (14.3−15.7)

Chen 2011 30−65 10190 13.8 (13.2−14.5)

Lin 2006 (South Taiwan) 16−78 4383 19.4 (18.2−20.6)

Huang 2008 23−80 1310 8.2 (6.9−9.9)

Jeng 2005 (Taipei) 21−65 1279 17.9 (15.9−20.1)

Liaw 1995 30−64 260 9.2 (6.3−13.4)

Tsai 2005 (Kaohsiung County) >=20 175 16.6 (11.8−22.8)

Lin 2005 (Kaohsiung) − 127 15.0 (9.8−22.2)

Thailand Swangvaree 2010 (Bangkok) 20−77 14205 6.2 (5.8−6.6)

Laowahutanont 2014 (Bangkok) >=20 2735 6.7 (5.8−7.7)

Siriaunkgul 2014 (Chiang Mai) 30−60 2633 4.3 (3.5−5.1)

Paengchit 2014 (Lampang Province) 30−70 1961 4.0 (3.2−5.0)

Chansaenroj 2010 (Bangkok) − 1622 7.8 (6.6−9.2)

Marks 2011 20−37 1070 19.8 (17.5−22.3)

Sukvirach 2003 (Lampang)c 15−76 972 5.9 (4.6−7.5)

Sukvirach 2003 (Songkla) 15−85 687 3.3 (2.2−5.0)

Wongworapat 2008 (Chiang−Mai) 20−65 531 11.5 (9.0−14.5)

Chandeying 2006 (Hat Yai (South Thailand)) 15−47 430 4.7 (3.0−7.1)

Thomas 2001 (Bangkok) 24−60 291 6.9 (4.5−10.4)

Chichareon 1998 (Songkla) 19−78 261 15.7 (11.8−20.6)

Suwannarurk 2009 (Pathumthani) − 225 28.9 (23.4−35.1)

0% 10% 30% 50% 70%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Sanphebagar Village (Achham District)
c Sanchi, Chutung, Potzu,Kaoshu, Makung, Paihsa and Huhsi
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 96 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study
(continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Thailand Natphopsuk 2013 (Khon Kaen) 26−81 198 14.1 (10.0−19.7)
b
Chopjitt 2009 (Khon Kaen) − 160 33.8 (26.9−41.4)

Ekalaksananan 2010 (Khon Kaen) 18−54 155 40.6 (33.2−48.5)

Chaiwongkot 2007 (Khon Kaen) − 140 38.6 (30.9−46.8)

Sriamporn 2006 (Khon Kaen) >=35 113 10.6 (6.2−17.6)

Siritantikorn 1997 (Bangkok) 16−77 102 4.9 (2.1−11.0)

Settheetham−Ishida 2005 (Khon Kaen) 25−70 100 13.0 (7.8−21.0)

Turkey Inal 2007 (Izmir) 15−45 1344 1.5 (1.0−2.3)

Yuce 2012 (Ankara) 30−70 640 21.4 (18.4−24.7)

Ozalp 2012 (Eskisehir region) − 564 3.4 (2.2−5.2)

Kasap 2011 (Izmir) 15−65 546 32.1 (28.3−36.1)

Demir 2012 15−68 530 17.9 (14.9−21.4)

Bayram 2011 (Gaziantep) 18−56 502 15.1 (12.3−18.5)

Özcan 2011 16−64 480 3.5 (2.2−5.6)

Eren 2010 (Istanbul) 19−85 469 13.6 (10.8−17.0)

Altun 2011 (Adana) 20−68 460 5.2 (3.5−7.6)

c
Akcali 2013 (Manisa) − 410 8.5 (6.2−11.6)

Tezcan 2014 (Mersin Province) 18−76 380 18.9 (15.3−23.2)

Sahiner 2014 (Ankara) 17−74 315 19.7 (15.7−24.4)

Dursun 2009 20−67 310 19.7 (15.6−24.5)

Oztürk 2004 18−62 206 4.9 (2.7−8.7)

Uzbekistan Inamova 2009 (Tashkent) 18−40 2295 37.9 (35.9−39.9)

Viet Nam Vu 2012 (Thai Nguyen) 18−69 1000 9.2 (7.6−11.2)

Vu 2012 (Can Tho) 18−65 1000 10.2 (8.5−12.2)

Vu 2012 (Hue) 18−69 1000 8.6 (7.0−10.5)

Pham 2003 (Hanoi) 15−69 983 1.5 (0.9−2.5)

Pham 2003 (Ho Chi Minh City) 15−69 914 9.6 (7.9−11.7)

Vu 2011 (Ho Chi Minh) 18−69 750 8.3 (6.5−10.5)

Vu 2011 (Hanoi) 18−69 750 6.1 (4.6−8.1)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, Nigde and Elazig
c Taipei, Taoyuan, Chungli, Hsinchu, Keelung)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 97 -

Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and
study

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Belarus Rogovskaya 2013 (Minsk) 15−63 322 23.6 (19.3−28.5)

Belgium Depuydt 2010 (Flanders) 14−97 57876 14.8 (14.5−15.1)

Arbyn 2009 (Antwerp) 15−85 8729 11.9 (11.3−12.6)

Merckx 2014 (Flanders and Brussels) 4−18 4180 15.7 (14.6−16.8)

Baay 2005 (Antwerp) 20−50 2293 6.9 (5.9−8.0)

Depuydt 2012 30−65 1139 8.2 (6.7−9.9)

b
Schmitt 2013 (Flanders) 15−86 913 33.3 (30.3−36.4)

Weyn 2013 (Brussels) >=20 906 10.8 (9.0−13.0)

Depuydt 2003 (Flanders) 17−85 287 24.0 (19.5−29.3)

Baay 2001 (Antwerp) 17−78 286 10.8 (7.7−15.0)

Croatia Kaliterna 2007 (Split and Dalmatian County) 18−62 570 35.1 (31.3−39.1)

Grahovac 2007 (Zagreb,Rijeka) − 205 35.6 (29.4−42.4)

Czechia Tachezy 2013 14−79 1302 25.6 (23.3−28.0)

Denmark Kjær 2014 (Copenhagen) 14−95 37958 17.0 (16.6−17.4)

Nielsen 2012 (Copenhagen) 14−95 37958 6.3 (6.1−6.5)

Nielsen 2008 (Copenhagen) 20−29 10220 15.9 (15.2−16.6)

Bonde 2014 (Copenhagen and Frederiksberg) 16−89 4671 33.4 (32.1−34.8)

Nielsen 2008 (Copenhagen) 40−50 1443 4.4 (3.4−5.5)

c
Svare 1998 20−39 119 21.8 (15.4−30.1)

Estonia Uusküla 2010 (Tartu) 18−35 326 36.8 (31.8−42.2)

Finland Leinonen 2008 (Uusimaa) 25−65 16895 7.5 (7.2−7.9)

Auvinen 2005 (Helsinki) 19−47 1469 33.0 (30.7−35.5)

France Clavel 2001 (Reims) 15−76 7339 10.5 (9.9−11.3)

Monsonego 2011 (Paris) 20−65 4004 12.6 (11.6−13.7)

Boulanger 2004 (Amiens) 20−62 3617 12.6 (11.6−13.7)

Heard 2013 − 3023 13.7 (12.5−15.0)

Vaucel 2011 (Nantes) 17−86 980 13.1 (11.1−15.3)

d
Baudu 2014 (Franche−Comté) 15−23 948 24.1 (21.4−26.9)

Dalstein 2003 (Besançon) 16−76 652 27.0 (23.7−30.5)

Beby−Defaux 2004 (Poitiers) 17−77 613 5.2 (3.7−7.3)

Riethmuller 1999 (Besançon, Belfort) 16−76 426 25.1 (21.2−29.4)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Geneve, Vaud, Neuchatel, Fribourg, Valais and Tessin
c Alava, Girona, Guipuzcoa, Murcia, Navarra, Salamanca, Sevilla, Vizcaya, Zaragoza
d Alsace, Auvergne, Centre - Pays de Loire, Ile-de-France and Vaucluse
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 98 -

Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and
study (continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

France Casalegno 2011 (Lyon) 15−88 302 48.3 (42.8−54.0)
b
Pannier−Stockman 2008 (Amiens) 18−78 289 28.7 (23.8−34.2)

Monsonego 2005 (Paris) 19−79 221 28.5 (23.0−34.8)

Germany Luyten 2009 (Wolfsburg) >=30 16386 4.8 (4.5−5.1)

Petry 2003 (Hannover and Tuebingen) 30−85 7832 5.9 (5.4−6.4)

Schneider 2000 (East Thuringia) 18−70 4604 7.1 (6.4−7.9)

Iftner 2010 10−30 1692 22.3 (20.4−24.3)

de Jonge 2013 >=20 1463 29.8 (27.5−32.2)

Greece Agorastos 2009 − 4139 5.9 (5.2−6.7)

Argyri 2013 (Athens) 14−70 2218 15.7 (14.2−17.3)

Tsiodras 2011 − 1348 39.5 (36.9−42.1)

Agorastos 2004 17−69 1272 2.0 (1.4−3.0)

Tsiodras 2010 (Athens) 21−45 1029 10.2 (8.5−12.2)

Paraskevaidis 2001 (Ioannina) 17−79 738 6.4 (4.8−8.4)

Panotopoulou 2007 (Athens) 18−48 639 26.4 (23.2−30.0)

Hungary Nyári 2006 20−60 491 5.5 (3.8−7.9)

Ireland Anderson 2013 (Northern Ireland) 20−64 5068 13.2 (12.3−14.2)

Keegan 2007 (Dublin) 16−72 886 11.4 (9.5−13.7)

Italy Ronco 2006 35−60 15361 5.5 (5.2−5.9)

c
Agarossi 2009 15−73 9148 11.3 (10.7−12.0)

Ronco 2006 25−34 5334 9.6 (8.8−10.4)

Giorgi Rossi 2011 25−64 3151 9.7 (8.8−10.8)

Tenti 1997 (Pavia) 16−47 1064 12.3 (10.5−14.4)

Ronco 2005 (Turin) 25−70 997 7.8 (6.3−9.7)

d
Giambi 2013 18−26 907 13.6 (11.5−15.9)

Ammatuna 2008 (Sicily) 18−24 894 22.4 (19.8−25.2)

d
Del Prete 2008 (Apulia) >=20 871 23.2 (20.5−26.1)

Verteramo 2009 (Rome) 17−57 737 21.7 (18.9−24.8)

Panatto 2013 (Turin, Milan and Genoa) 16−26 566 18.2 (15.2−21.6)

Centurioni 2005 (Genova) 20−81 500 15.4 (12.5−18.8)

Sammarco 2013 (Molise) 18−63 398 32.4 (28.0−37.2)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Birmingham, Edinburg, London, Manchester and Mansfield
c Abruzzo, Campania, Lazio, Sardinia and Sicily
d Turin, Trento, Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Florence and Lazio
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 99 -

Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and
study (continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Italy Carozzi 2000 (Florence) 25−64 332 5.1 (3.2−8.0)

Masia 2009 (Sardinia) 18−46 309 17.8 (13.9−22.5)

Piana 2011 (North Sardinia) 15−54 242 32.2 (26.7−38.4)

Zappacosta 2009 (Molise) 21−64 220 6.4 (3.8−10.4)

Astori 1997 (Udine) 18−67 197 20.3 (15.3−26.5)

Tornesello 2006 (Milan, Naples) 18−63 183 19.7 (14.6−26.0)

Tornesello 2008 (Naples) − 107 11.2 (6.5−18.6)

Latvia Silins 2004 18−89 237 8.0 (5.2−12.2)

Lithuania Kliucinskas 2006 18−50 1001 25.1 (22.5−27.9)

b
Gudleviciene 2005 (Vilnius) 16−64 332 24.1 (19.8−29.0)

Simanaviciene 2014 (Vilnius) 18−81 277 24.2 (19.5−29.6)

Netherlands Rijkaart 2012 (Utrecht) 29−61 25196 4.1 (3.8−4.3)

Bulkmans 2004 (Amsterdam)c 30−60 21245 3.6 (3.3−3.9)

Rijkaart 2012 30−56 19373 4.0 (3.7−4.2)

Jacobs 2000 (Amsterdam) 16−68 3299 4.4 (3.8−5.2)

Rozendaal 2000 (Amsterdam) 34−54 2250 5.4 (4.5−6.4)

Lenselink 2008 18−29 2065 19.0 (17.4−20.8)

Boers 2014 30−60 900 3.8 (2.7−5.2)

Hesselink 2013 (Utrecht region) 31−60 858 8.2 (6.5−10.2)

Zielinski 2001 (Zeeland) 34−54 114 6.1 (3.0−12.1)

Norway Molden 2005 (Oslo) 30−69 3970 9.3 (8.4−10.2)

Skjeldestad 2008 (Oslo, Trondheim, and Levanger) 16−24 896 25.9 (23.1−28.9)

Molden 2006 (Oslo) <=30 275 30.9 (25.7−36.6)

Gjøoen 1996 (Oslo) 20−44 222 15.3 (11.2−20.6)

Poland Bardin 2008 (Warsaw) 18−59 799 14.4 (12.1−17.0)

Portugal Pista 2011 18−64 2172 16.5 (15.0−18.1)

d
Vieira 2013 18−76 464 17.0 (13.9−20.7)

Pista 2011 18−67 425 25.4 (21.5−29.8)

Dutra 2008 (Açores) 16−81 286 10.5 (7.4−14.6)

Romania Moga 2014 (Brasov County) 17−57 801 34.3 (31.1−37.7)

d
Ursu 2011 (Northeast) − 164 25.6 (19.5−32.8)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Arnhem, Nijmegen, and Den Bosch
c Lisbon area and southern region
d Gothenburg, Malmö, Uppsala, Umeå, and Stockholm
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 100 -

Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and
study (continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Russian Federation Bdaizieva 2010 (Moscow) 15−69 33112 25.7 (25.2−26.1)

Kubanov 2005 (Moscow) − 8533 15.0 (14.3−15.8)

Goncharevskaya 2011 (Moscow) 15−77 5182 13.4 (12.5−14.4)

Rogovskaya 2013 (Moscow and Novgorod) 16−76 833 25.9 (23.1−29.0)

Shipitsyna 2011 (St Petersburg) 30−65 741 9.9 (7.9−12.2)

Komarova 2010 (Moscow) 16−76 352 48.3 (43.1−53.5)

Alexandrova 1999 (St. Petersburg) 15−45 309 29.1 (24.3−34.4)

Shargorodskaya 2011 (Moscow) 18−30 266 28.2 (23.1−33.9)

Shipulina 2011 (Moscow) 13−19 177 40.1 (33.2−47.5)

Slovenia Ucakar 2012 20−64 4199 10.7 (9.8−11.7)

Ucakar 2014 20−64 944 8.8 (7.1−10.8)

Spain Castellsagué 2012 18−65 3059 13.0 (11.9−14.2)

Martorell 2010 (Valencia) 18−64 1956 13.0 (11.6−14.5)

Bernal 2008 (Zaragoza) − 1200 17.5 (15.5−19.8)

Dillner 2008 (Maresme) 14−82 939 7.3 (5.8−9.2)

de Sanjose 2003 (Barcelona) 14−75 847 1.3 (0.7−2.3)

Ortiz 2006 (Madrid and Alicante) 14−67 818 10.8 (8.8−13.1)

González 2006 (Alicante) − 703 7.8 (6.1−10.0)

Muñoz 1996 18−75 329 5.2 (3.3−8.1)

Sweden Naucler 2007 29−46 5877 5.5 (4.9−6.1)

Elfström 2014 32−38 5772 9.7 (9.0−10.5)

Ylitalo 2000 (Uppsala) 15−49 617 5.8 (4.2−8.0)

Kjellberg 1998 (Västerbotten County) 20−63 295 4.1 (2.3−7.0)

Stenvall 2007 (Uppsala) 35−50 117 25.6 (18.6−34.2)

Switzerland Bigras 2005 17−93 13349 6.3 (5.9−6.7)

United Kingdom Kitchener 2006 (Manchester) 20−64 21380 10.4 (10.0−10.8)

Hibbitts 2014 (Wales) 20−22 10890 20.6 (19.9−21.4)

Cuzick 2003 30−60 9709 5.5 (5.1−6.0)

Hibbitts 2008 (South Wales) 20−65 8434 7.0 (6.5−7.6)

Peto 2004 (Manchester) 15−64 6128 7.2 (6.6−7.9)

Cuschieri 2004 (Edinburgh) 16−78 3089 12.7 (11.6−13.9)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 101 -

Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and
study (continued)

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

United Kingdom Cuzick 1999 (London)b 34−70 2855 3.3 (2.7−4.0)
Howell−Jones 2010 25−64 2404 10.2 (9.0−11.5)
Cuzick 1995 (London) 17−59 1818 3.5 (2.8−4.5)
Herbert 2007 (London)c 20−49 813 12.9 (10.8−15.4)
Grainge 2005 (Nottingham) 21−51 656 13.6 (11.2−16.4)

0% 10% 20%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b Gateshead, Birmingham, London, Gloucestershire and Norfolk
c Thessaloniki, Thermi, Mihaniona, Corfu, Veria and Serres
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 102 -

Figure 57: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country and
study

Country Study Age N % (95% CI)

Australia Tabrizi 2014 15−66 2271 33.0 (31.1−34.9)
Tabrizi 2012 (Sydney, Melbourne and Perth) 18−24 338 46.4 (41.2−51.8)
Bowden 2005 (Australian Capital Territory) 16−19 161 11.2 (7.2−17.0)
Fiji Foliaki 2014 (Suva) 16−63 1244 24.0 (21.7−26.4)
Vanuatu Aruhuri 2012 18−64 726 22.7 (19.8−25.9)
McAdam 2010 (Port Vila (Efate Island)) 30−50 379 5.3 (3.4−8.0)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 103 -

4.1.2 HPV type distribution among women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cer-
vical lesions and cervical cancer

Table 28: Prevalence of HPV 16/18 in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical le-
sions and invasive cervical cancer in the World and sub-regions
Normal cytology Low-grade lesions High-grade lesions Cervical cancer
Country /Region No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev
testeda (95% CI)b testeda (95% CI)b testeda (95% CI)b testeda (95% CI)b
World 453,184 3.9 (3.8-4.0) 38,191 25.8 (25.4-26.2) 50,202 51.9 (51.5-52.3) 453,184 69.4 (69.0-69.8)
Less developed regions 282,155 3.8 (3.7-3.9) 28,495 25.9 (25.4-26.4) 33,652 54.1 (53.6-54.6) 282,155 71.8 (71.2-72.4)
More developed regions 168,376 3.8 (3.7-3.9) 9,696 25.1 (24.2-26.0) 13,447 46.7 (45.9-47.5) 168,376 69.5 (68.9-70.1)
Africa 19,726 3.8 (3.5-4.1) 465 24.9 (21.2-29.1) 399 38.6 (34.0-43.5) 19,726 67.2 (65.7-68.7)
Eastern Africa 4,115 4.7 (4.1-5.4) 150 30.0 (23.2-37.8) 138 45.7 (37.6-54.0) 4,115 67.9 (65.3-70.3)
Middle Africa - -- 24 12.5 (4.3-31.0) - -- - --
Northern Africa 2,224 3.0 (2.4-3.8) 24 20.8 (9.2-40.5) - -- 2,224 78.9 (75.6-81.8)
Southern Africa 8,661 3.2 (2.8-3.6) 57 21.1 (12.5-33.3) 98 33.7 (25.1-43.5) 8,661 62.5 (59.0-65.8)
Western Africa 4,726 4.3 (3.8-4.9) 210 24.3 (19.0-30.5) 163 35.6 (28.6-43.2) 4,726 55.6 (52.4-58.8)
Americas 105,042 4.5 (4.4-4.6) 9,893 26.7 (25.8-27.6) 13,590 56.9 (56.1-57.7) 105,042 68.2 (67.3-69.1)
Caribbean 323 15.8 (12.2-20.2) 263 7.6 (5.0-11.5) 285 32.6 (27.5-38.3) 323 60.2 (51.7-68.1)
Central America 16,786 4.1 (3.8-4.4) 1,424 15.0 (13.3-17.0) 559 40.8 (36.8-44.9) 16,786 63.1 (61.3-64.8)
Northern America 77,952 4.4 (4.3-4.5) 6,015 27.1 (26.0-28.2) 10,230 58.6 (57.6-59.6) 77,952 71.4 (69.9-72.8)
South America 10,180 5.8 (5.4-6.3) 2,191 35.6 (33.6-37.6) 2,516 56.3 (54.4-58.2) 10,180 62.6 (61.4-63.8)
Asia 142,676 3.4 (3.3-3.5) 7,959 21.2 (20.3-22.1) 13,444 42.1 (41.3-42.9) 142,676 68.9 (68.3-69.5)
Central Asia - -- - -- - -- - --
Eastern Asia 111,548 3.4 (3.3-3.5) 6,981 20.3 (19.4-21.3) 10,551 41.0 (40.1-41.9) 111,548 65.0 (64.2-65.8)
South-Eastern Asia 8,755 3.0 (2.7-3.4) 474 27.4 (23.6-31.6) 1,044 33.4 (30.6-36.3) 8,755 70.4 (68.8-71.9)
Southern Asia 14,520 4.4 (4.1-4.7) 225 30.2 (24.6-36.5) 287 63.4 (57.7-68.8) 14,520 80.3 (78.8-81.7)
Western Asia 7,853 2.5 (2.2-2.9) 279 24.0 (19.4-29.4) 1,562 52.3 (49.8-54.8) 7,853 72.4 (69.5-75.2)
Europe 180,090 3.8 (3.7-3.9) 19,401 27.1 (26.5-27.7) 21,140 54.5 (53.8-55.2) 180,090 74.0 (73.4-74.6)
Eastern Europe 7,818 9.7 (9.1-10.4) 1,058 31.8 (29.0-34.6) 661 60.5 (56.7-64.2) 7,818 84.7 (82.9-86.3)
Northern Europe 86,821 4.2 (4.1-4.3) 4,949 30.6 (29.3-31.9) 8,448 54.9 (53.8-56.0) 86,821 77.0 (75.9-78.1)
Southern Europe 31,831 3.8 (3.6-4.0) 10,519 25.4 (24.6-26.2) 5,866 53.2 (51.9-54.5) 31,831 68.0 (66.5-69.4)
Western Europe 56,074 2.6 (2.5-2.7) 2,875 25.2 (23.7-26.8) 3,062 59.4 (57.7-61.1) 56,074 78.7 (77.2-80.1)
Oceania 2,997 8.3 (7.4-9.4) 473 27.1 (23.3-31.2) 1,629 59.1 (56.7-61.5) 2,997 76.6 (73.7-79.3)
Australia & New Zealand 2,271 8.5 (7.4-9.7) 473 27.1 (23.3-31.2) 1,517 58.4 (55.9-60.9) 2,271 76.1 (72.9-78.9)
Melanesia 726 7.7 (6.0-9.9) - -- 112 68.8 (59.7-76.6) 726 82.9 (72.4-89.9)
Micronesia - -- - -- - -- - --
Polynesia - -- - -- - -- - --
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015 / 30 Nov 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 104 -

Figure 58: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and
study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Algeria Hammouda 2011 732 0.5 (0.2−1.4)

Hammouda 2005 133 6.8 (3.6−12.4)

Benin Piras 2011 258 4.3 (2.4−7.5)

Guinea Keita 2009 752 6.6 (5.1−8.7)

Kenya De Vuyst 2010 454 7.5 (5.4−10.3)

De Vuyst 2003 369 3.5 (2.1−5.9)

Morocco Alhamany 2010 785 2.2 (1.4−3.4)

Amrani 2003 306 1.3 (0.5−3.3)

Chaouki 1998 172 4.1 (2.0−8.2)

Mozambique Castellsagué 2001 187 4.8 (2.6−8.9)

Nigeria Gage 2012 1075 1.5 (0.9−2.4)

Thomas 2004 844 3.0 (2.0−4.3)

Senegal Xi 2003 1639 1.0 (0.6−1.7)

Astori 1999 158 5.7 (3.0−10.5)

South Africa McDonald 2012 7445 2.0 (1.7−2.3)

Allan 2008 848 2.0 (1.3−3.2)

Jones 2007 368 1.6 (0.7−3.5)

Tanzania Dartell 2014 2737 1.8 (1.3−2.3)

Watson−Jones 2013 117 12.8 (7.9−20.1)

Tunisia Hassen 2003 96 5.2 (2.2−11.6)

Uganda Odida 2011 251 2.8 (1.4−5.6)

0% 10% 20% 30%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 105 -

Figure 59: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by
country and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Argentina Matos 2003 843 3.2 (2.2−4.6)

Chouhy 2013 774 8.3 (6.5−10.4)

Abba 2003 152 15.1 (10.3−21.7)

Badano 2011 139 6.5 (3.4−11.8)

Belize Cathro 2009 426 1.2 (0.5−2.7)

Brazil Noronha 2005 433 0.5 (0.1−1.7)

da Silva 2012 418 1.2 (0.5−2.8)

Miranda 2012 399 5.0 (3.3−7.6)

de Abreu 2012 370 1.4 (0.6−3.1)

Rocha 2013 314 9.6 (6.8−13.3)

Lorenzato 2000 215 7.0 (4.3−11.2)

Muñoz 1996 194 5.2 (2.8−9.2)

Cassel 2014 158 8.9 (5.4−14.3)

Tamegão−Lopes 2014 120 9.2 (5.2−15.7)

Fernandes 2013 110 14.5 (9.2−22.3)

Canada Jiang 2013 13379 3.6 (3.3−4.0)

Moore 2009 4003 8.7 (7.9−9.6)

Demers 2012 517 1.9 (1.1−3.5)

Chile Ferreccio 2004 913 2.1 (1.3−3.2)

Colombia Molano 2002 1831 3.3 (2.6−4.3)

Muñoz 1996 307 5.5 (3.5−8.7)

Costa Rica Herrero 2005 7459 2.2 (1.9−2.6)

Cuba Soto 2014 111 35.1 (26.9−44.4)

Guatemala Vallès 2009 274 3.3 (1.7−6.1)

Honduras Ferrera 1999 438 11.0 (8.4−14.2)

Tábora 2005 100 6.0 (2.8−12.5)

Mexico Illades−Aguiar 2010 3117 2.3 (1.9−2.9)

Lazcano−Ponce 2001 1340 1.7 (1.1−2.6)

Giuliano 2001 995 1.2 (0.7−2.1)

López Rivera 2012 916 1.0 (0.5−1.9)

Sánchez−Anguiano 2006 487 2.9 (1.7−4.8)

Monroy 2010 272 1.1 (0.4−3.2)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 106 -

Figure 59: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by
country and study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Mexico Giuliano 2005 258 0.8 (0.2−2.8)

Illades−Aguiar 2009 256 11.3 (8.0−15.8)

Rojo Contreras 2008 189 9.0 (5.7−13.9)

Piña−Sánchez 2006 159 3.8 (1.7−8.0)

Velázquez−Márquez 2010 100 9.0 (4.8−16.2)

Paraguay Mendoza 2011 202 4.5 (2.4−8.2)

Rolón 2000 91 5.5 (2.4−12.2)

Peru García 2004 501 2.4 (1.4−4.1)

Martorell 2012 203 12.3 (8.5−17.5)

Santos 2001 175 4.0 (2.0−8.0)

Trinidad and Tobago Ragin 2007 212 2.4 (1.0−5.4)

United States of America Wheeler 2013 33614 2.6 (2.4−2.8)

Schiffman 2011 18450 2.2 (2.0−2.4)

Goodman 2008 2356 4.7 (3.9−5.6)

Insinga 2007 1203 6.8 (5.5−8.4)

Cibas 2007 1000 0.5 (0.2−1.2)

Wideroff 1998 958 2.7 (1.9−3.9)

Giuliano 2001 881 2.6 (1.7−3.9)

Moscicki 2001 547 26.7 (23.2−30.6)

Evans 2006 300 9.7 (6.8−13.5)

Swan 1999 270 3.0 (1.5−5.7)

Hernandez 2004 183 1.6 (0.6−4.7)

Chaturvedi 2005 173 1.2 (0.3−4.1)

Uruguay Berois 2014 883 3.4 (2.4−4.8)

Ramas 2013 236 2.1 (0.9−4.9)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 107 -

Figure 60: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and
study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Bahrain Hajjaj 2006 91 1.1 (0.2−6.0)

Bhutan Tshomo 2014 2272 3.4 (2.8−4.3)

China Mai 2014 22114 3.6 (3.4−3.9)

Zhao 2014 5416 2.1 (1.7−2.5)

Zhao 2009 5284 1.7 (1.4−2.0)

Wu 2013 3737 1.0 (0.7−1.4)

Li 2013 3115 2.9 (2.3−3.5)

Yuan 2011 3112 2.3 (1.8−2.9)

Jin 2010 2847 1.0 (0.7−1.4)

Wu 2007 942 1.9 (1.2−3.0)

Li 2006 663 2.1 (1.3−3.5)

Dai 2006 601 3.5 (2.3−5.3)

Bian 2013 379 4.7 (3.0−7.4)

Wu 2010 314 3.5 (2.0−6.2)

Sun 2010 165 10.9 (7.0−16.6)

Georgia Alibegashvili 2011 1247 0.5 (0.2−1.0)

India Dutta 2012 2313 0.5 (0.3−0.9)

Laikangbam 2007 2038 4.7 (3.9−5.7)

Franceschi 2005 1799 2.8 (2.2−3.7)

Gupta 2009 769 10.1 (8.2−12.5)

Aggarwal 2006 472 3.6 (2.3−5.7)

Kerkar 2011 470 1.5 (0.7−3.0)

Bhatla 2008 458 2.2 (1.2−4.0)

Vinodhini 2012 257 8.9 (6.0−13.1)

Arora 2005 160 9.4 (5.8−14.9)

Singh 2009 109 8.3 (4.4−15.0)

Indonesia de Boer 2006 200 2.0 (0.8−5.0)

Iran Khodakarami 2012 791 1.8 (1.1−2.9)

Safaei 2010 400 2.0 (1.0−3.9)

Moradi 2011 226 4.0 (2.1−7.4)

Japan Inoue 2006 7260 1.2 (1.0−1.5)

Maehama 2005 4078 0.3 (0.2−0.5)

0% 10% 20%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 108 -

Figure 60: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Japan Asato 2004 3249 0.5 (0.3−0.8)

Takehara 2011 2068 1.5 (1.0−2.1)

Sasagawa 2001 1562 1.3 (0.8−2.0)

Onuki 2009 1517 2.6 (1.9−3.6)

Konno 2011 908 4.1 (3.0−5.6)

Sasagawa 1997 778 1.0 (0.5−2.0)

Nishiwaki 2008 292 4.5 (2.6−7.5)

Yoshikawa 1999 130 0.8 (0.1−4.2)

Kuwait Al−Awadhi 2011 3011 0.2 (0.1−0.5)

Lebanon Mroueh 2002 1026 3.0 (2.1−4.3)

Malaysia Othman 2014 588 0.9 (0.4−2.0)

Mongolia Dondog 2008 842 4.8 (3.5−6.4)

Nepal Sherpa 2010 898 1.4 (0.8−2.5)

Johnson 2014 211 0.9 (0.3−3.4)

Pakistan Raza 2010 877 0.5 (0.2−1.2)

Philippines Ngelangel 1998 377 1.3 (0.6−3.1)

Republic of Korea Kim 2013 6681 1.6 (1.3−1.9)

Hwang 2004 1609 6.3 (5.2−7.6)

Kim 2012 1214 9.9 (8.3−11.7)

Oh 2001 1144 0.6 (0.3−1.3)

An 2003 1143 22.4 (20.1−24.9)

Shin 2003 821 0.7 (0.3−1.6)

Lee 2003 746 4.3 (3.1−6.0)

Cho 2003 414 22.9 (19.2−27.2)

Taiwan Lai 2012 14724 0.2 (0.2−0.3)

Chen 2011 10067 1.4 (1.2−1.6)

Huang 2008 1310 1.1 (0.6−1.8)

Tsai 2005 175 2.9 (1.2−6.5)

Lin 2005 127 3.1 (1.2−7.8)

Thailand Laowahutanont 2014 2735 1.2 (0.9−1.7)

Sukvirach 2003 1659 0.7 (0.4−1.3)

Chichareon 1998 261 4.6 (2.6−7.9)

0% 10% 20% 30%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 109 -

Figure 60: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Thailand Suwannarurk 2009 225 4.0 (2.1−7.4)

Natphopsuk 2013 198 5.6 (3.1−9.7)

Chopjitt 2009 160 5.6 (3.0−10.3)

Chaiwongkot 2007 140 12.9 (8.3−19.4)

Sriamporn 2006 113 7.1 (3.6−13.4)

Siritantikorn 1997 102 1.0 (0.2−5.3)

Settheetham−Ishida 2005 100 8.0 (4.1−15.0)

Turkey Ozalp 2012 564 1.4 (0.7−2.8)

Demir 2012 530 3.6 (2.3−5.5)

Altun 2011 460 1.7 (0.9−3.4)

Tezcan 2014 380 4.2 (2.6−6.7)

Dursun 2009 310 7.1 (4.7−10.5)

Bayram 2011 234 2.6 (1.2−5.5)

Viet Nam Pham 2003 1897 1.5 (1.0−2.1)

0% 10% 20%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 110 -

Figure 61: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and
study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Belarus Rogovskaya 2013 322 7.1 (4.8−10.5)

Belgium Arbyn 2009 8729 2.3 (2.1−2.7)

Baay 2005 2293 2.1 (1.6−2.8)

Schmitt 2013 913 5.6 (4.3−7.3)

Weyn 2013 906 2.1 (1.3−3.3)

Depuydt 2003 287 4.2 (2.4−7.2)

Baay 2001 286 2.8 (1.4−5.4)

Croatia Grahovac 2007 205 15.6 (11.3−21.2)

Czechia Tachezy 2013 1302 4.8 (3.8−6.1)

Denmark Nielsen 2008 11663 4.0 (3.6−4.3)

Kjaer 2008 10918 4.8 (4.4−5.2)

Bonde 2014 4435 5.3 (4.7−6.0)

Svare 1998 119 8.4 (4.6−14.8)

France Heard 2013 3023 3.0 (2.5−3.7)

Vaucel 2011 980 3.6 (2.6−4.9)

Casalegno 2011 302 10.6 (7.6−14.6)

Pannier−Stockman 2008 289 9.3 (6.5−13.3)

Beby−Defaux 2004 170 1.8 (0.6−5.1)

Germany Klug 2007 7833 1.1 (0.9−1.4)

Iftner 2010 1692 6.6 (5.5−7.8)

de Jonge 2013 1463 4.9 (3.9−6.2)

Greece Argyri 2013 2218 2.6 (2.0−3.4)

Tsiodras 2011 1348 4.0 (3.1−5.2)

Agorastos 2004 1272 0.4 (0.2−0.9)

Tsiodras 2010 1029 0.0 (0.0−0.4)

Panotopoulou 2007 639 0.5 (0.2−1.4)

Ireland Anderson 2013 5068 3.2 (2.7−3.7)

Keegan 2007 579 1.7 (0.9−3.1)

Italy Agarossi 2009 9148 3.0 (2.7−3.4)

Giorgi Rossi 2011 3151 2.1 (1.7−2.7)

Ronco 2005 997 2.7 (1.9−3.9)

Panatto 2013 566 2.8 (1.7−4.5)

0% 10% 20% 30%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 111 -

Figure 61: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Italy Centurioni 2005 500 8.8 (6.6−11.6)

Sammarco 2013 244 6.6 (4.1−10.4)

Astori 1997 197 5.1 (2.8−9.1)

Tornesello 2006 183 8.7 (5.5−13.7)

Tornesello 2008 107 2.8 (1.0−7.9)

Lithuania Gudleviciene 2005 332 6.9 (4.7−10.2)

Simanaviciene 2014 277 4.3 (2.5−7.4)

Netherlands Bulkmans 2007 21245 1.0 (0.9−1.1)

Jacobs 2000 3299 0.9 (0.7−1.3)

Rozendaal 2000 2250 2.7 (2.1−3.4)

Zielinski 2001 114 1.8 (0.5−6.2)

Norway Molden 2005 3970 1.3 (1.0−1.7)

Gjøoen 1996 222 6.3 (3.8−10.3)

Poland Bardin 2008 799 2.8 (1.8−4.1)

Portugal Pista 2011 425 5.2 (3.4−7.7)

Romania Moga 2014 801 7.5 (5.9−9.5)

Russian Federation Rogovskaya 2013 833 7.1 (5.5−9.0)

Shipitsyna 2011 741 2.7 (1.8−4.1)

Alexandrova 1999 309 7.4 (5.0−10.9)

Komarova 2010 257 24.1 (19.3−29.7)

Slovenia Ucakar 2012 4199 3.7 (3.2−4.3)

Spain Castellsagué 2012 3059 2.5 (2.0−3.1)

de Sanjose 2003 847 0.4 (0.1−1.0)

Dillner 2008 721 3.1 (2.0−4.6)

González 2006 447 1.3 (0.6−2.9)

Muñoz 1996 329 1.8 (0.8−3.9)

Sweden Naucler 2007 5877 1.7 (1.4−2.0)

Ylitalo 2000 617 5.8 (4.2−8.0)

Kjellberg 1998 295 1.0 (0.3−2.9)

United Kingdom Sargent 2008 21364 1.5 (1.3−1.7)

Hibbitts 2014 10890 4.3 (3.9−4.7)

Cuschieri 2004 3089 4.4 (3.7−5.2)

0% 10% 20% 30%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 112 -

Figure 61: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

United Kingdom Cuzick 1999 2855 0.1 (0.0−0.3)
Cuzick 1995 1818 1.3 (0.9−2.0)
Hibbitts 2006 1777 1.4 (0.9−2.0)
Grainge 2005 656 1.4 (0.7−2.6)

0% 10%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 113 -

Figure 62: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country
and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Australia Tabrizi 2014 2271 5.8 (4.9−6.8)

Vanuatu Aruhuri 2012 726 6.5 (4.9−8.5)

0% 10%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 114 -

Figure 63: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country and
study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

DR Congo Hovland 2010 10 0.0 (0.0−27.8)

Ethiopia Abate 2013 11 100.0 (74.1−100.0)

Guinea Keita 2009 16 18.8 (6.6−43.0)

Kenya De Vuyst 2003 30 13.3 (5.3−29.7)

De Vuyst 2010 12 8.3 (1.5−35.4)

Morocco Alhamany 2010 24 16.7 (6.7−35.9)

Nigeria Thomas 2004 34 5.9 (1.6−19.1)

Gage 2012 32 6.3 (1.7−20.1)

Senegal Xi 2003 86 8.1 (4.0−15.9)

Chabaud 1996 42 40.5 (27.0−55.5)

South Africa Allan 2008 57 12.3 (6.1−23.2)

Zimbabwe Sawaya 2008 97 19.6 (12.9−28.6)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 115 -

Figure 64: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by
country and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Argentina Abba 2003 279 26.5 (21.7−32.0)

Venezuela 2012 120 14.2 (9.0−21.5)

Tonon 1999 55 74.5 (61.7−84.2)

Eiguchi 2008 37 18.9 (9.5−34.2)

Deluca 2004 36 8.3 (2.9−21.8)

Chouhy 2006 22 18.2 (7.3−38.5)

Belize Cathro 2009 10 10.0 (1.8−40.4)

Brazil Tomita 2010 143 28.7 (21.9−36.6)

Fernandes 2009 82 18.3 (11.4−28.0)

Resende 2014 82 23.2 (15.4−33.4)

Ribeiro 2011 66 27.3 (18.0−39.0)

Lorenzato 2000 62 19.4 (11.4−30.9)

Carestiato 2006 55 29.1 (18.8−42.1)

Franco 1999 27 25.9 (13.2−44.7)

Pitta 2010 22 0.0 (0.0−14.9)

Freitas 2007 15 20.0 (7.0−45.2)

Canada Coutlée 2011 508 27.6 (23.9−31.6)

Moore 2009 505 35.2 (31.2−39.5)

Antonishyn 2008 344 14.2 (10.9−18.3)

Jiang 2011 108 19.4 (13.1−27.9)

Tran−Thanh 2003 80 15.0 (8.8−24.4)

Koushik 2005 53 26.4 (16.4−39.6)

Richardson 2003 44 18.2 (9.5−32.0)

Sellors 2000 24 37.5 (21.2−57.3)

Sellors 2000 22 50.0 (30.7−69.3)

Chile López M 2010 116 22.4 (15.8−30.8)

Ili 2011 90 55.6 (45.3−65.4)

Colombia Molano 2002 70 10.0 (4.9−19.2)

García 2011 56 80.4 (68.2−88.7)

Cuba Soto 2007 15 6.7 (1.2−29.8)

Ecuador Tornesello 2008 29 34.5 (19.9−52.7)

Honduras Ferreira 2008 44 11.4 (5.0−24.0)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 116 -

Figure 64: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by
country and study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Jamaica Strickler 1999 186 4.3 (2.2−8.3)

Rattray 1996 62 6.5 (2.5−15.4)

Mexico Illades−Aguiar 2010 784 10.6 (8.6−12.9)

Velázquez−Márquez 2009 233 12.9 (9.2−17.8)

González−Losa 2004 104 5.8 (2.7−12.0)

Piña−Sánchez 2006 95 25.3 (17.6−34.8)

Giuliano 2001 33 15.2 (6.7−30.9)

Carrillo 2004 21 19.0 (7.7−40.0)

Torroella−Kouri 1998 21 4.8 (0.8−22.7)

Nicaragua Hindryckx 2006 79 7.6 (3.5−15.6)

Paraguay Mendoza 2011 164 19.5 (14.2−26.2)

Tonon 1999 55 74.5 (61.7−84.2)

Peru Martorell 2012 22 22.7 (10.1−43.4)

United States of America Wheeler 2006 1273 21.3 (19.1−23.6)

Wentzensen 2009 431 22.5 (18.8−26.7)

Vidal 2014 239 10.0 (6.8−14.5)

Einstein 2007 207 6.3 (3.7−10.4)

Evans 2006 200 15.5 (11.1−21.2)

Schiff 2000 190 5.8 (3.3−10.1)

Tortolero−Luna 1998 175 12.6 (8.5−18.3)

Liaw 1999 173 7.5 (4.4−12.4)

Kulasingam 2002 166 15.7 (10.9−22.0)

Adam 2000 161 45.3 (37.8−53.1)

Stoler 2011 158 10.8 (6.8−16.6)

Moscicki 2008 157 19.7 (14.3−26.7)

Swan 1999 149 10.1 (6.2−15.9)

Castle 2011 106 8.5 (4.5−15.4)

Jarboe 2004 95 7.4 (3.6−14.4)

Lee 2009 76 3.9 (1.4−11.0)

Wheeler 2009 67 26.9 (17.7−38.5)

Zuna 2007 67 14.9 (8.3−25.3)

Voss 2009 59 18.6 (10.7−30.4)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 117 -

Figure 64: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by
country and study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

United States of America Hu 2005 45 8.9 (3.5−20.7)

Park 2007 30 16.7 (7.3−33.6)

Evans 2002 28 7.1 (2.0−22.6)

Guo 2007 27 0.0 (0.0−12.5)

Brown 2002 25 40.0 (23.4−59.3)

Bell 2007 12 8.3 (1.5−35.4)

Kong 2007 11 27.3 (9.7−56.6)

Uruguay Ramas 2013 227 23.8 (18.7−29.7)

Venezuela Correnti 2011 200 21.0 (15.9−27.2)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 118 -

Figure 65: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and
study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Bangladesh Banik 2013 13 15.4 (4.3−42.2)

China Chan 2006 769 14.0 (11.8−16.7)

Chan 2012 769 14.0 (11.8−16.7)

Yuan 2011 302 15.9 (12.2−20.4)

Zhao 2014 207 20.8 (15.8−26.8)

Guo 2010 201 20.4 (15.4−26.5)

Liu 2010 180 34.4 (27.9−41.6)

Li 2013 165 12.7 (8.5−18.7)

Ding 2014 152 7.9 (4.6−13.3)

Li 2012 143 16.1 (11.0−23.0)

Wu 2010 129 11.6 (7.2−18.3)

Hong 2008 105 13.3 (8.1−21.1)

Tao 2006 101 21.8 (14.8−30.8)

Zhang 2013 94 17.0 (10.8−25.9)

Liu 2008 90 5.6 (2.4−12.4)

Sun 2014 81 21.0 (13.5−31.1)

Wu 2013 77 18.2 (11.2−28.2)

Zhao 2008 56 12.5 (6.2−23.6)

Chan 1999 51 21.6 (12.5−34.6)

Jin 2010 44 9.1 (3.6−21.2)

India Singh 2009 80 23.8 (15.8−34.1)

Nair 1999 37 18.9 (9.5−34.2)

Franceschi 2005 26 30.8 (16.5−50.0)

Berlin Grace 2009 20 0.0 (0.0−16.1)

Nagpal 2002 14 35.7 (16.3−61.2)

Iran Esmaeili 2008 23 39.1 (22.2−59.2)

Ghaffari 2006 12 41.7 (19.3−68.0)

Japan Matsumoto 2011 479 9.2 (6.9−12.1)

Takehara 2011 447 11.4 (8.8−14.7)

Onuki 2009 318 8.5 (5.9−12.1)

Saito 2001 151 2.6 (1.0−6.6)

Sasagawa 2001 145 9.0 (5.3−14.7)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 119 -

Figure 65: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Japan Inoue 2006 128 17.2 (11.6−24.7)

Yamasaki 2011 125 19.2 (13.3−27.0)

Nishiwaki 2008 120 13.3 (8.4−20.6)

Konno 2011 75 20.0 (12.5−30.4)

Yoshida 2004 12 8.3 (1.5−35.4)

Kuwait Al−Awadhi 2011 71 18.3 (11.0−28.8)

Al−Awadhi 2013 71 18.3 (11.0−28.8)

Malaysia Sharifah 2009 23 26.1 (12.5−46.5)

Myanmar Mu−Mu−Shwe 2014 15 60.0 (35.7−80.2)

Republic of Korea An 2003 200 36.5 (30.1−43.4)

Lee 2007 167 19.2 (13.9−25.8)

Cho 2003 150 26.7 (20.2−34.3)

Kang 2009 90 17.8 (11.2−26.9)

Oh 2001 28 17.9 (7.9−35.6)

Hwang 2003 24 16.7 (6.7−35.9)

Taiwan Ding 2008 542 6.1 (4.4−8.4)

Chao 2008 51 3.9 (1.1−13.2)

Huang 2008 13 0.0 (0.0−22.8)

Thailand Chansaenroj 2014 200 27.0 (21.3−33.5)

Chaiwongkot 2007 140 14.3 (9.4−21.0)

Ekalaksananan 2001 45 4.4 (1.2−14.8)

Bhattarakosol 2002 27 0.0 (0.0−12.5)

Chansaenroj 2010 12 0.0 (0.0−24.2)

Suwannarurk 2009 12 25.0 (8.9−53.2)

Turkey Yuce 2012 51 19.6 (11.0−32.5)

Sahiner 2012 45 22.2 (12.5−36.3)

Ergünay 2008 14 28.6 (11.7−54.6)

Tezcan 2014 14 7.1 (1.3−31.5)

Ozgul 2008 13 15.4 (4.3−42.2)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 120 -

Figure 66: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Belarus Kulmala 2007 94 35.1 (26.2−45.2)

Belgium Depuydt 2003 369 20.3 (16.5−24.7)

Beerens 2005 324 18.5 (14.7−23.1)

Arbyn 2009 243 23.5 (18.6−29.2)

Weyn 2013 211 10.0 (6.6−14.7)

Baay 2001 58 24.1 (15.0−36.5)

Croatia Grce 2001 1028 11.6 (9.8−13.7)

Grce 1997 183 6.0 (3.4−10.4)

Grce 2004 60 8.3 (3.6−18.1)

Czechia Tachezy 2011 676 28.4 (25.1−31.9)

Denmark Kjær 2014 287 17.1 (13.2−21.9)

Kjaer 2008 86 12.8 (7.3−21.5)

Hording 1995 41 31.7 (19.6−47.0)

France Prétet 2008 397 21.4 (17.7−25.7)

Vaucel 2011 117 14.5 (9.3−22.0)

Bergeron 1992 48 20.8 (11.7−34.3)

Humbey 2002 40 30.0 (18.1−45.4)

Monsonego 2008 37 5.4 (1.5−17.7)

Germany de Jonge 2013 441 17.5 (14.2−21.3)

Meyer 2001 130 13.1 (8.3−19.9)

Klug 2007 52 11.5 (5.4−23.0)

Nindl 1999 49 12.2 (5.7−24.2)

Merkelbach−Bruse 1999 16 68.8 (44.4−85.8)

Greece Argyri 2013 821 14.5 (12.3−17.1)

Panotopoulou 2007 516 6.8 (4.9−9.3)

Tsiodras 2011 314 17.8 (14.0−22.4)

Kroupis 2007 235 23.4 (18.4−29.2)

Labropoulou 1997 51 11.8 (5.5−23.4)

Mammas 2008 46 21.7 (12.3−35.6)

Ireland Keegan 2014 49 40.8 (28.2−54.8)

Murphy 2003 29 72.4 (54.3−85.3)

Butler 2000 26 0.0 (0.0−12.9)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 121 -

Figure 66: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Italy Voglino 2000 1499 24.7 (22.6−27.0)

Spinillo 2014 1240 25.6 (23.2−28.1)

Chironna 2010 385 13.0 (10.0−16.7)

Agarossi 2009 383 19.8 (16.2−24.1)

Spinillo 2009 343 36.7 (31.8−42.0)

Capra 2008 149 11.4 (7.2−17.5)

Astori 1997 111 24.3 (17.3−33.1)

Tornesello 2006 101 36.6 (27.9−46.4)

Agodi 2009 96 32.3 (23.8−42.2)

Gargiulo 2007 83 15.7 (9.4−25.0)

Giorgi Rossi 2010 76 21.1 (13.4−31.5)

Sandri 2009 47 21.3 (12.0−34.9)

Zerbini 2001 43 14.0 (6.6−27.3)

Venturoli 2002 40 7.5 (2.6−19.9)

Laconi 2000 20 30.0 (14.5−51.9)

Menegazzi 2009 12 16.7 (4.7−44.8)

Venturoli 2008 10 20.0 (5.7−51.0)

Latvia Kulmala 2007 94 35.1 (26.2−45.2)

Lithuania Gudleviciene 2005 15 6.7 (1.2−29.8)

Netherlands Bollen 1997 134 12.7 (8.1−19.4)

Prinsen 2007 38 7.9 (2.7−20.8)

Reesink−Peters 2001 35 28.6 (16.3−45.1)

Norway Roberts 2006 40 5.0 (1.4−16.5)

Molden 2005 20 25.0 (11.2−46.9)

Portugal Medeiros 2005 416 44.2 (39.5−49.0)

Nobre 2010 28 10.7 (3.7−27.2)

Romania Ursu 2011 107 5.6 (2.6−11.7)

Anton 2011 87 11.5 (6.4−19.9)

Russian Federation Kulmala 2007 94 35.1 (26.2−45.2)

Spain de Oña 2010 1356 12.2 (10.6−14.1)

Martín 2011 387 24.8 (20.8−29.3)

Herraez−Hernandez 2013 236 39.8 (33.8−46.2)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 122 -

Figure 66: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Spain García−Sierra 2009 108 17.6 (11.6−25.8)

Conesa−Zamora 2009 75 29.3 (20.2−40.4)

Doménech−Peris 2010 21 23.8 (10.6−45.1)

Sweden Söderlund−Strand 2011 1035 24.2 (21.6−26.9)

Brismar−Wendel 2009 223 20.6 (15.8−26.4)

Kalantari 1997 141 17.7 (12.3−24.9)

Andersson 2005 50 20.0 (11.2−33.0)

Zehbe 1996 45 40.0 (27.0−54.5)

Switzerland Dobec 2011 136 25.0 (18.5−32.9)

United Kingdom Sargent 2008 878 17.3 (15.0−20.0)

Howell−Jones 2010 697 20.5 (17.7−23.7)

Anderson 2013 417 24.0 (20.1−28.3)

Cuschieri 2004 243 28.0 (22.7−33.9)

Hibbitts 2008 126 27.8 (20.7−36.2)

Giannoudis 1999 118 12.7 (7.9−19.9)

Jamison 2009 97 27.8 (19.9−37.5)

Woo 2010 60 41.7 (30.1−54.3)

Cuzick 1999 50 12.0 (5.6−23.8)

Southern 2001 49 10.2 (4.4−21.8)

Arends 1993 20 15.0 (5.2−36.0)

Cuzick 1994 13 23.1 (8.2−50.3)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 123 -

Figure 67: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by country
and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Australia Garland 2011 239 24.3 (19.3−30.1)
Stevens 2009 196 13.3 (9.2−18.7)
Brestovac 2005 38 28.9 (17.0−44.8)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 124 -

Figure 68: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country
and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Ethiopia Abate 2013 11 54.5 (28.0−78.7)

Guinea Keita 2009 15 20.0 (7.0−45.2)

Kenya De Vuyst 2003 20 45.0 (25.8−65.8)

Nigeria Haghshenas 2013 32 21.9 (11.0−38.8)

Gage 2012 27 22.2 (10.6−40.8)

Senegal Xi 2003 66 19.7 (11.9−30.8)

Chabaud 1996 23 43.5 (25.6−63.2)

South Africa Allan 2008 53 18.9 (10.6−31.4)

van Aardt Unpublished 45 31.1 (19.5−45.7)

Tanzania Dartell 2014 96 30.2 (21.9−40.0)

Zimbabwe Sawaya 2008 11 9.1 (1.6−37.7)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 125 -

Figure 69: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by
country and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Argentina Abba 2003 82 48.8 (38.3−59.4)

Alonio 2003 50 54.0 (40.4−67.0)

Venezuela 2012 42 21.4 (11.7−35.9)

Chouhy 2006 12 58.3 (32.0−80.7)

Belize Cathro 2009 15 46.7 (24.8−69.9)

Brazil Resende 2014 443 49.2 (44.6−53.9)

Tomita 2010 367 59.9 (54.9−64.8)

Chagas 2015 113 35.4 (27.2−44.6)

Fernandes 2010 102 61.8 (52.1−70.6)

Camara 2003 95 30.5 (22.2−40.4)

Pitta 2010 85 51.8 (41.3−62.1)

Ribeiro 2011 83 48.2 (37.8−58.8)

Lorenzato 2000 60 56.7 (44.1−68.4)

Fernandes 2009 56 53.6 (40.7−66.0)

Terra 2007 33 69.7 (52.7−82.6)

Krambeck 2008 16 25.0 (10.2−49.5)

Freitas 2007 10 40.0 (16.8−68.7)

Canada Coutlée 2011 365 65.5 (60.5−70.2)

Antonishyn 2008 305 46.9 (41.4−52.5)

Moore 2009 63 52.4 (40.3−64.2)

Jiang 2011 21 38.1 (20.8−59.1)

Chile Ili 2011 110 55.5 (46.1−64.4)

Colombia Muñoz 1992 135 34.8 (27.3−43.2)

Bosch 1993 125 32.8 (25.2−41.4)

García 2011 49 91.8 (80.8−96.8)

Costa Rica Herrero 2005 108 45.4 (36.3−54.8)

Cuba Soto 2007 36 27.8 (15.8−44.0)

Ecuador Mejía 2016 109 33.9 (25.7−43.2)

Honduras Ferreira 2008 81 35.8 (26.2−46.7)

Jamaica Strickler 1999 183 23.5 (17.9−30.1)

Rattray 1996 66 24.2 (15.5−35.8)

Mexico Illades−Aguiar 2010 91 27.5 (19.4−37.4)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 126 -

Figure 69: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by
country and study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Mexico Piña−Sánchez 2006 59 42.4 (30.6−55.1)

Velázquez−Márquez 2009 51 13.7 (6.8−25.7)

Torroella−Kouri 1998 24 58.3 (38.8−75.5)

Giuliano 2001 22 27.3 (13.2−48.2)

Nicaragua Hindryckx 2006 108 26.9 (19.4−35.9)

Paraguay Mendoza 2011 74 41.9 (31.3−53.3)

Peru Martorell 2012 32 50.0 (33.6−66.4)

United States of America Hariri 2012 3058 47.2 (45.4−49.0)

Joste 2015 1880 54.1 (51.8−56.3)

Wheeler 2009 1230 56.3 (53.5−59.0)

Wentzensen 2009 626 58.8 (54.9−62.6)

Castle 2010 608 59.9 (55.9−63.7)

Castle 2011 367 44.4 (39.4−49.5)

Wheeler 2006 331 47.7 (42.4−53.1)

Adam 1998 257 51.0 (44.9−57.0)

Evans 2006 199 49.2 (42.4−56.1)

Hariri 2012 180 48.9 (41.7−56.1)

Moscicki 2008 122 47.5 (38.9−56.3)

Zuna 2007 122 43.4 (35.0−52.3)

Einstein 2007 97 41.2 (32.0−51.2)

Hu 2005 97 40.2 (31.0−50.2)

Vidal 2014 88 29.5 (21.0−39.8)

Stoler 2011 80 51.2 (40.5−61.9)

Guo 2007 61 36.1 (25.2−48.6)

Voss 2009 26 61.5 (42.5−77.6)

Kong 2007 14 50.0 (26.8−73.2)

Evans 2003 13 92.3 (66.7−98.6)

Bell 2007 10 40.0 (16.8−68.7)

Lee 2009 10 60.0 (31.3−83.2)

Venezuela Sánchez−Lander 2012 233 53.6 (47.2−59.9)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 127 -

Figure 70: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and
study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

China Chan 2006 1577 35.7 (33.4−38.1)

Chan 2012 1577 35.8 (33.4−38.2)

Yuan 2011 518 47.5 (43.2−51.8)

Li 2012 457 44.6 (40.1−49.2)

Singh 2015 399 10.5 (7.9−13.9)

Ding 2014 256 49.2 (43.2−55.3)

Guo 2010 156 35.3 (28.2−43.0)

Tao 2006 153 39.9 (32.5−47.8)

Li 2013 147 42.9 (35.1−50.9)

Zhao 2008 140 32.1 (25.0−40.3)

Liu 2008 99 36.4 (27.6−46.2)

Chan 1999 89 25.8 (17.9−35.8)

Wu 2013 72 59.7 (48.2−70.3)

Zhang 2013 68 64.7 (52.8−75.0)

Li 2011 63 34.9 (24.3−47.2)

Sun 2014 50 44.0 (31.2−57.7)

Zhao 2014 46 63.0 (48.6−75.5)

Chan 1996 45 24.4 (14.2−38.7)

Wu 1994 34 35.3 (21.5−52.1)

Jin 2010 33 15.2 (6.7−30.9)

India Deodhar 2012 146 65.1 (57.0−72.3)

Singh 2009 62 45.2 (33.4−57.5)

Nagpal 2002 25 48.0 (30.0−66.5)

Franceschi 2005 20 35.0 (18.1−56.7)

Iran Esmaeili 2008 34 64.7 (47.9−78.5)

Israel Bassal 2015 886 65.9 (62.7−69.0)

Laskov 2013 32 71.9 (54.6−84.4)

Japan Azuma 2014 832 41.8 (38.5−45.2)

Takehara 2011 449 28.1 (24.1−32.4)

Onuki 2009 307 22.8 (18.5−27.8)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 128 -

Figure 70: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Japan Sasagawa 2001 137 35.8 (28.2−44.1)

Yamasaki 2011 128 43.8 (35.5−52.4)

Okadome 2014 122 27.0 (20.0−35.5)

Nakamura 2015 99 38.4 (29.4−48.2)

Matsumoto 2011 91 15.4 (9.4−24.2)

Inoue 2006 83 33.7 (24.5−44.4)

Nishiwaki 2008 73 28.8 (19.7−40.0)

Nagai 2000 58 37.9 (26.6−50.8)

Yoshida 2004 33 33.3 (19.8−50.4)

Ichimura 2003 29 41.4 (25.5−59.3)

Tsuda 2003 26 11.5 (4.0−29.0)

Niwa 2003 18 38.9 (20.3−61.4)

Kuwait Al−Awadhi 2011 12 33.3 (13.8−60.9)

Al−Awadhi 2013 12 33.3 (13.8−60.9)

Malaysia Quek 2013 73 41.1 (30.5−52.6)

Republic of Korea Kang 2009 317 39.7 (34.5−45.2)

Kahng 2014 100 45.0 (35.6−54.8)

Quek 2013 100 36.0 (27.3−45.8)

Hwang 2003 73 24.7 (16.2−35.6)

Cho 2003 72 51.4 (40.1−62.6)

Oh 2001 42 40.5 (27.0−55.5)

Singapore Quek 2013 106 39.6 (30.8−49.1)

Taiwan Chao 2010 1086 24.1 (21.7−26.8)

Lai 2003 131 27.5 (20.6−35.7)

Ho 2005 97 18.6 (12.1−27.4)

Chao 2008 57 17.5 (9.8−29.4)

Lin 2005 12 33.3 (13.8−60.9)

Thailand Swangvaree 2013 355 12.4 (9.4−16.2)

Chansaenroj 2014 200 36.5 (30.1−43.4)

Sukasem 2011 166 33.7 (27.0−41.2)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 129 -

Figure 70: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Thailand Limpaiboon 2000 21 33.3 (17.2−54.6)
Turkey Baser 2014 584 25.3 (22.0−29.0)
Sahiner 2012 20 60.0 (38.7−78.1)
Yuce 2012 16 25.0 (10.2−49.5)
Viet Nam Quek 2013 123 34.1 (26.4−42.9)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 130 -

Figure 71: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Austria Rössler 2013 204 55.9 (49.0−62.5)

Belarus Kulmala 2007 91 56.0 (45.8−65.8)

Belgium Depuydt 2003 134 50.0 (41.7−58.3)

Beerens 2005 123 43.1 (34.7−51.9)

Arbyn 2009 109 34.9 (26.6−44.2)

Baay 2001 97 56.7 (46.8−66.1)

Croatia Grce 2001 783 17.1 (14.6−19.9)

Grce 2004 158 20.3 (14.7−27.2)

Czechia Tachezy 2011 311 58.2 (52.7−63.5)

Denmark Kjær 2014 1156 52.1 (49.2−54.9)

Thomsen 2015 732 35.8 (32.4−39.3)

Kirschner 2013 225 46.2 (39.8−52.7)

Kjaer 2008 177 48.0 (40.8−55.3)

Bonde 2014 106 34.9 (26.5−44.4)

Sebbelov 1994 34 85.3 (69.9−93.6)

Hording 1995 30 50.0 (33.2−66.8)

France Prétet 2008 493 62.3 (57.9−66.4)

Vaucel 2011 141 42.6 (34.7−50.8)

Monsonego 2008 54 33.3 (22.2−46.6)

Germany Meyer 2001 288 46.2 (40.5−52.0)

de Jonge 2013 247 34.4 (28.8−40.5)

Merkelbach−Bruse 1999 88 61.4 (50.9−70.9)

Nindl 1997 85 36.5 (27.0−47.1)

Nindl 1999 65 56.9 (44.8−68.2)

Klug 2007 46 54.3 (40.2−67.8)

Greece Argyri 2013 78 37.2 (27.3−48.3)

Panotopoulou 2007 60 36.7 (25.6−49.3)

Tsiodras 2011 54 50.0 (37.1−62.9)

Labropoulou 1997 50 36.0 (24.1−49.9)

Agorastos 2005 43 58.1 (43.3−71.6)

Daponte 2006 29 51.7 (34.4−68.6)

Paraskevaidis 2001 28 35.7 (20.7−54.2)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 131 -

Figure 71: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Greece Kroupis 2007 26 50.0 (32.1−67.9)

Hungary Szoke 2003 75 57.3 (46.1−67.9)

Iceland Sigurdsson 2007 441 51.2 (46.6−55.9)

Ireland Keegan 2014 242 69.4 (63.4−74.9)

Murphy 2003 64 78.1 (66.6−86.5)

Butler 2000 27 70.4 (51.5−84.1)

O'Leary 1998 20 95.0 (76.4−99.1)

Italy Spinillo 2014 1344 48.4 (45.8−51.1)

Carozzi 2010 529 62.9 (58.8−67.0)

Carozzi 2014 204 53.9 (47.1−60.6)

Zerbini 2001 89 50.6 (40.4−60.7)

Sandri 2009 76 73.7 (62.8−82.3)

Agarossi 2009 73 53.4 (42.1−64.4)

Gargiulo 2007 67 38.8 (28.0−50.8)

Tornesello 2006 65 47.7 (36.0−59.6)

Venturoli 2008 56 60.7 (47.6−72.4)

Laconi 2000 36 50.0 (34.5−65.5)

Capra 2008 14 42.9 (21.4−67.4)

Latvia Kulmala 2007 91 56.0 (45.8−65.8)

Lithuania Simanaviciene 2014 157 51.6 (43.8−59.3)

Gudleviciene 2005 29 48.3 (31.4−65.6)

Netherlands Tang 2009 253 70.8 (64.9−76.0)

Bulkmans 2005 236 60.6 (54.2−66.6)

Reesink−Peters 2001 216 56.9 (50.3−63.4)

Cornelissen 1992 89 52.8 (42.5−62.8)

Prinsen 2007 41 51.2 (36.5−65.7)

van Duin 2003 20 65.0 (43.3−81.9)

Norway Roberts 2006 885 44.1 (40.8−47.4)

Sjoeborg 2010 630 20.6 (17.7−24.0)

Kraus 2004 67 49.3 (37.7−60.9)

Molden 2005 25 28.0 (14.3−47.6)

Portugal Pista 2013 518 55.6 (51.3−59.8)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 132 -

Figure 71: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Portugal Pista 2011 191 27.7 (21.9−34.5)

Medeiros 2005 132 74.2 (66.2−80.9)

Nobre 2010 34 32.4 (19.1−49.2)

Romania Anton 2011 52 48.1 (35.1−61.3)

Ursu 2011 41 31.7 (19.6−47.0)

Russian Federation Kulmala 2007 91 56.0 (45.8−65.8)

Slovenia Kovanda 2009 261 62.5 (56.4−68.1)

Spain de Oña 2010 306 28.8 (24.0−34.1)

Bosch 1993 157 49.0 (41.3−56.8)

Muñoz 1992 157 51.0 (43.2−58.7)

Martín 2011 82 48.8 (38.3−59.4)

Herraez−Hernandez 2013 68 69.1 (57.4−78.8)

Conesa−Zamora 2009 39 33.3 (20.6−49.0)

Darwich 2011 34 61.8 (45.0−76.1)

García−Sierra 2009 25 36.0 (20.2−55.5)

Sweden Kalantari 1997 164 35.4 (28.5−42.9)

Andersson 2005 116 37.1 (28.8−46.1)

Zehbe 1996 103 50.5 (41.0−59.9)

Switzerland Dobec 2011 33 57.6 (40.8−72.8)

United Kingdom Howell−Jones 2010 1425 54.1 (51.5−56.7)

Sargent 2008 562 46.8 (42.7−50.9)

Cuzick 2014 354 31.1 (26.5−36.1)

Geraets 2014 99 43.4 (34.1−53.3)

Cuschieri 2004 94 48.9 (39.1−58.9)

Hibbitts 2008 93 40.9 (31.4−51.0)

Cuzick 1994 73 63.0 (51.5−73.2)

Anderson 2013 72 56.9 (45.4−67.7)

Jamison 2009 51 49.0 (35.9−62.3)

Arends 1993 40 50.0 (35.2−64.8)

Herrington 1995 38 57.9 (42.2−72.1)

Southern 1998 26 61.5 (42.5−77.6)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 133 -

Figure 72: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by country
and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Australia Stevens 2009 533 51.4 (47.2−55.6)
Stevens 2006 302 37.1 (31.8−42.7)
Callegari 2014 169 56.2 (48.7−63.5)
Brestovac 2005 48 33.3 (21.7−47.5)
Garland 2011 47 51.1 (37.2−64.7)
Fiji Tabrizi 2011 112 64.3 (55.1−72.6)
New Zealand Kang 2015 418 54.3 (49.5−59.0)

20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 134 -

Figure 73: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Africa by country and
study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Algeria Hammouda 2005 171 61.4 (53.9−68.4)

Bosch 1995 10 40.0 (16.8−68.7)

Botswana Ermel 2014 117 32.5 (24.7−41.4)

Ethiopia Fanta 2005 163 71.8 (64.4−78.1)

Abate 2013 128 86.7 (79.8−91.5)

Ghana Awua 2016 227 7.5 (4.7−11.7)

Denny 2014 121 55.4 (46.5−63.9)

Guinea Keita 2009 60 45.0 (33.1−57.5)

Bosch 1995 17 41.2 (21.6−64.0)

Kenya De Vuyst 2008 153 43.8 (36.2−51.7)

De Vuyst 2012 80 56.3 (45.3−66.6)

Mali Bayo 2002 65 47.7 (36.0−59.6)

Bosch 1995 57 35.1 (24.0−48.1)

Ndiaye 2012 35 34.3 (20.8−50.8)

Morocco Chaouki 1998 152 58.6 (50.6−66.1)

El khair 2010 101 58.4 (48.7−67.5)

Mozambique Castellsagué 2008 220 27.7 (22.2−34.0)

Naucler 2004 72 55.6 (44.1−66.5)

Nigeria Denny 2014 145 52.4 (44.3−60.4)

Senegal Ndiaye 2012 128 35.9 (28.1−44.5)

Lin 2001 51 37.3 (25.3−51.0)

Xi 2003 20 35.0 (18.1−56.7)

South Africa Pegoraro 2002 190 46.8 (39.9−53.9)

Denny 2014 181 47.5 (40.4−54.8)

van Aardt 2015 145 51.0 (43.0−59.0)

Williamson 1994 59 44.1 (32.2−56.7)

Kay 2003 50 82.0 (69.2−90.2)

De Vuyst 2012 49 53.1 (39.4−66.3)

Sudan Abate 2013 78 79.5 (69.2−87.0)

Tanzania ter Meulen 1992 53 37.7 (25.9−51.2)

Bosch 1995 44 47.7 (33.8−62.1)

Tunisia KrennHrubec 2011 141 61.0 (52.8−68.7)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 135 -

Figure 73: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Africa by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Uganda Odida 2010 169 27.2 (21.1−34.4)
Odida 2008 112 48.2 (39.2−57.4)
Bosch 1995 40 55.0 (39.8−69.3)
Zimbabwe Stanczuk 2003 95 62.1 (52.1−71.2)

20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 136 -

Figure 74: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country
and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Argentina Turazza 1997 139 61.9 (53.6−69.5)

Bosch 1995 54 59.3 (46.0−71.3)

Alonio 2003 39 56.4 (41.0−70.7)

Golijow 2005 35 68.6 (52.0−81.4)

Bolivia Bosch 1995 45 35.6 (23.2−50.2)

Brazil Serrano 2014 526 51.7 (47.4−56.0)

Cambruzzi 2005 229 27.1 (21.7−33.2)

Eluf−Neto 1994 186 58.6 (51.4−65.4)

de Oliveira 2013 172 76.7 (69.9−82.4)

Tomita 2010 100 60.0 (50.2−69.1)

Lorenzato 2000 59 59.3 (46.6−70.9)

Rabelo−Santos 2003 48 56.3 (42.3−69.3)

Bosch 1995 44 52.3 (37.9−66.2)

Canada Duggan 1995 76 35.5 (25.7−46.7)

Tran−Thanh 2003 50 54.0 (40.4−67.0)

Bosch 1995 43 62.8 (47.9−75.6)

Chile Roa 2009 293 76.8 (71.6−81.3)

Valdivia L 2010 90 61.1 (50.8−70.5)

Bosch 1995 74 47.3 (36.3−58.5)

Colombia Murillo 2009 217 51.2 (44.5−57.7)

Muñoz 1992 111 54.1 (44.8−63.0)

Moreno−Acosta 2008 59 57.6 (44.9−69.4)

Bosch 1995 38 52.6 (37.3−67.5)

Costa Rica Herrero 2005 35 45.7 (30.5−61.8)

Cuba Bosch 1995 41 56.1 (41.0−70.1)

Ecuador Mejía 2016 58 37.9 (26.6−50.8)

Honduras Ferreira 2008 99 43.4 (34.1−53.3)

Jamaica Strickler 1999 14 21.4 (7.6−47.6)

Mexico Guardado−Estrada 2014 924 51.3 (48.1−54.5)

Serrano 2014 545 47.9 (43.7−52.1)

Carrillo−García 2014 287 56.4 (50.7−62.1)

Illades−Aguiar 2009 133 66.9 (58.5−74.3)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 137 -

Figure 74: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country
and study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Mexico Aguilar−Lemarroy 2015 121 62.8 (53.9−70.9)

Piña−Sánchez 2006 108 72.2 (63.1−79.8)

Flores−Miramontes 2015 87 48.3 (38.1−58.6)

Torroella−Kouri 1998 66 43.9 (32.6−55.9)

Meyer 1998 60 43.3 (31.6−55.9)

Alarcón−Romero 2009 15 66.7 (41.7−84.8)

González−Losa 2004 15 26.7 (10.9−52.0)

Nicaragua Hindryckx 2006 19 52.6 (31.7−72.7)

Panama Bosch 1995 68 48.5 (37.1−60.2)

Paraguay Kasamatsu 2012 417 48.0 (43.2−52.8)

Rolón 2000 106 60.4 (50.9−69.2)

Peru Santos 2001 196 56.1 (49.1−62.9)

Martorell 2012 53 50.9 (37.9−63.9)

Suriname De Boer 2005 116 35.3 (27.2−44.4)

Trinidad and Tobago Hosein 2013 78 47.4 (36.7−58.4)

United States of America Wheeler 2009 808 53.2 (49.8−56.6)

Hopenhayn 2014 777 50.8 (47.3−54.3)

Schwartz 2001 452 59.1 (54.5−63.5)

Burger 1996 393 51.4 (46.5−56.3)

de Sanjose 2010 173 65.3 (58.0−72.0)

Joste 2015 163 49.1 (41.5−56.7)

Wentzensen 2009 107 55.1 (45.7−64.2)

Zuna 2007 93 55.9 (45.8−65.6)

Hariri 2012 86 57.0 (46.4−66.9)

Pirog 2000 82 36.6 (27.0−47.4)

Patel 2009 77 59.7 (48.6−70.0)

Sebbelov 2000 53 77.4 (64.5−86.5)

Paquette 1993 45 48.9 (35.0−63.0)

Quint 2009 40 60.0 (44.6−73.7)

Guo 2007 29 69.0 (50.8−82.7)

Resnick 1990 29 75.9 (57.9−87.8)

Ferguson 1998 27 25.9 (13.2−44.7)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 138 -

Figure 74: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country
and study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

United States of America Bryan 2006 24 58.3 (38.8−75.5)
Wistuba 1997 20 60.0 (38.7−78.1)
Burnett 1992 18 66.7 (43.7−83.7)
Bosch 1995 10 60.0 (31.3−83.2)
Venezuela Sánchez−Lander 2012 96 67.7 (57.8−76.2)

30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 139 -

Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and
study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

China Wang 2015 1336 38.3 (35.8−41.0)

Lo 2002 809 66.9 (63.6−70.0)

Chen 2009 630 76.7 (73.2−79.8)

Chan 2012 444 59.0 (54.4−63.5)

Chan 2009 435 56.1 (51.4−60.7)

Wu 2008 300 68.7 (63.2−73.7)

Yuan 2011 198 65.2 (58.3−71.4)

Serrano 2014 191 78.0 (71.6−83.3)

Wu 2008 190 73.7 (67.0−79.4)

Hong 2008 181 65.2 (58.0−71.8)

Qiu 2007 145 78.6 (71.3−84.5)

Liu 2010 134 73.1 (65.1−79.9)

Lo 2001 121 48.8 (40.0−57.6)

Ding 2014 116 56.9 (47.8−65.5)

Cai 2009 112 81.3 (73.0−87.4)

Cai 2008 110 81.8 (73.6−87.9)

Shah 2009 108 66.7 (57.3−74.8)

Liu 2004 106 50.0 (40.6−59.4)

Zhao 2008 100 52.0 (42.3−61.5)

Liu 2008 96 45.8 (36.2−55.8)

Peng 1991 92 34.8 (25.8−44.9)

Li 2013 78 53.8 (42.9−64.5)

Lin 1998 77 48.1 (37.3−59.0)

Wu 2009 77 83.1 (73.2−89.9)

Gao 2003 65 40.0 (29.0−52.1)

Liu 2005 50 66.0 (52.2−77.6)

Yu 2003 50 70.0 (56.2−80.9)

Huang 1997 35 25.7 (14.2−42.1)

Tao 2006 27 55.6 (37.3−72.4)

Stephen 2000 22 72.7 (51.8−86.8)

Georgia Alibegashvili 2011 91 58.2 (48.0−67.8)

India Basu 2009 273 65.9 (60.1−71.3)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 140 -

Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

India Munjal 2014 270 73.7 (68.1−78.6)

Serrano 2014 237 67.9 (61.7−73.5)

Franceschi 2003 191 62.8 (55.8−69.4)

Gheit 2009 180 81.7 (75.4−86.6)

Nambaru 2009 121 72.7 (64.2−79.9)

Peedicayil 2006 119 60.5 (51.5−68.8)

Deodhar 2012 113 76.1 (67.5−83.0)

Nair 1999 110 69.1 (59.9−77.0)

Bhatla 2006 106 73.6 (64.5−81.0)

Nagpal 2002 71 60.6 (48.9−71.1)

Neyaz 2008 60 86.7 (75.8−93.1)

Munagala 2009 43 65.1 (50.2−77.6)

Munirajan 1998 43 53.5 (38.9−67.5)

Sowjanya 2005 41 58.5 (43.4−72.2)

Peedicayil 2009 28 78.6 (60.5−89.8)

Indonesia De Boer 2005 74 33.8 (24.0−45.1)

Schellekens 2004 74 43.2 (32.6−54.6)

Bosch 1995 42 35.7 (23.0−50.8)

Tobing 2014 40 90.0 (76.9−96.0)

Iran Salehi−Vaziri 2015 112 27.7 (20.2−36.6)

Mortazavi 2002 69 73.9 (62.5−82.8)

Esmaeili 2008 65 55.4 (43.3−66.8)

Khodakarami 2012 45 60.0 (45.5−73.0)

Hamkar 2002 42 28.6 (17.2−43.6)

Israel Bassal 2015 84 66.7 (56.1−75.8)

Laskov 2013 38 60.5 (44.7−74.4)

Japan Maehama 2005 383 29.0 (24.7−33.7)

Asato 2004 356 37.1 (32.2−42.2)

Azuma 2014 296 48.0 (42.3−53.7)

Nakagawa 1996 146 37.7 (30.2−45.8)

Onuki 2009 140 37.9 (30.2−46.1)

Takehara 2011 105 41.9 (32.9−51.5)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 141 -

Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Japan Kashiwabara 1992 91 42.9 (33.2−53.1)

Harima 2002 84 26.2 (18.0−36.5)

Sasagawa 2001 84 42.9 (32.8−53.5)

Yamasaki 2011 71 42.3 (31.5−53.8)

Saito 2000 66 34.8 (24.5−46.9)

Imajoh 2012 64 12.5 (6.5−22.8)

Yamakawa 1994 64 32.8 (22.6−45.0)

Watari 2011 60 83.3 (72.0−90.7)

Tsuda 2003 53 28.3 (18.0−41.6)

Ishikawa 2001 52 53.8 (40.5−66.7)

Fujinaga 1991 39 48.7 (33.9−63.8)

Maki 1991 29 44.8 (28.4−62.5)

Kanao 2004 25 32.0 (17.2−51.6)

Nawa 1995 23 73.9 (53.5−87.5)

Yoshida 2009 20 35.0 (18.1−56.7)

Nakagawa 2002 19 57.9 (36.3−76.9)

Inoue 2006 12 33.3 (13.8−60.9)

Yoshida 2004 12 41.7 (19.3−68.0)

Jordan Sughayer 2010 41 68.3 (53.0−80.4)

Malaysia Hamzi Abdul Raub 2014 280 57.5 (51.6−63.2)

Quek 2013 101 36.6 (27.9−46.4)

Yadav 1995 23 73.9 (53.5−87.5)

Cheah 2008 11 72.7 (43.4−90.3)

Sharifah 2009 11 18.2 (5.1−47.7)

Mongolia Chimeddorj 2008 147 48.3 (40.4−56.3)

Nepal Sherpa 2010 61 60.7 (48.1−71.9)

Pakistan Raza 2010 91 75.8 (66.1−83.5)

Khan 2007 60 95.0 (86.3−98.3)

Philippines Ngelangel 1998 356 38.8 (33.8−43.9)

de Sanjose 2010 230 33.5 (27.7−39.8)

Quek 2013 103 31.1 (22.9−40.5)

Bosch 1995 23 43.5 (25.6−63.2)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 142 -

Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Republic of Korea Oh 2010 735 57.6 (53.9−61.1)

Kim 2009 169 65.7 (58.2−72.4)

Lee 2007 160 51.9 (44.2−59.5)

An 2005 135 44.4 (36.3−52.9)

Quek 2013 97 58.8 (48.8−68.0)

Tong 2007 97 51.5 (41.7−61.2)

Hwang 2003 72 52.8 (41.4−63.9)

Cho 2003 45 64.4 (49.8−76.8)

An 2003 44 63.6 (48.9−76.2)

Hwang 1999 38 39.5 (25.6−55.3)

Kim 1995 30 53.3 (36.1−69.8)

Song 2007 29 65.5 (47.3−80.1)

Saudi Arabia Alsbeih 2011 100 67.0 (57.3−75.4)

Singapore Quek 2013 65 36.9 (26.2−49.1)

Sri Lanka Samarawickrema 2011 108 77.8 (69.1−84.6)

Karunaratne 2014 98 67.3 (57.6−75.8)

Syria Darnel 2010 44 47.7 (33.8−62.1)

Taiwan Lai 2007 2106 50.3 (48.2−52.4)

Chen 1994 430 46.0 (41.4−50.8)

Ding 2008 263 43.7 (37.9−49.8)

Huang 2004 152 65.8 (57.9−72.9)

Huang 2004 149 98.7 (95.2−99.6)

Su 2007 137 58.4 (50.0−66.3)

Yang 1997 134 64.2 (55.8−71.8)

Lai 1999 86 53.5 (43.0−63.7)

Ho 2005 81 30.9 (21.9−41.6)

Chen 1993 40 50.0 (35.2−64.8)

Lin 2005 28 53.6 (35.8−70.5)

Chao 2009 25 72.0 (52.4−85.7)

Yang 2004 25 36.0 (20.2−55.5)

Thailand Chansaenroj 2014 832 51.0 (47.6−54.3)

Chichareon 1998 377 54.6 (49.6−59.6)

20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 143 -

Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Thailand Natphopsuk 2013 198 48.0 (41.1−54.9)

Bhattarakosol 1996 100 35.0 (26.4−44.7)

Siriaunkgul 2008 99 77.8 (68.6−84.8)

Settheetham−Ishida 2005 90 61.1 (50.8−70.5)

Chopjitt 2009 40 75.0 (59.8−85.8)

Bosch 1995 26 61.5 (42.5−77.6)

Siritantikorn 1997 21 61.9 (40.9−79.2)

Turkey Usubütün 2009 508 58.7 (54.3−62.9)

Ozgul 2008 23 52.2 (33.0−70.8)

Viet Nam Quek 2013 134 48.5 (40.2−56.9)

20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 144 -

Figure 76: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and
study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Austria Bachtiary 2002 106 65.1 (55.6−73.5)

Widschwendter 2003 94 75.5 (66.0−83.1)

Belarus Kulmala 2007 26 65.4 (46.2−80.6)

Belgium Baay 2001 111 68.5 (59.3−76.4)

Bosnia and Herzegovina Iljazovic 2014 297 59.3 (53.6−64.7)

Bulgaria Todorova 2010 127 70.9 (62.4−78.1)

Croatia Hadzisejdic 2006 66 30.3 (20.6−42.2)

Dabic 2008 51 62.7 (49.0−74.7)

Czechia Tachezy 2011 172 73.3 (66.2−79.3)

Slama 2009 49 61.2 (47.2−73.6)

Tachezy 1999 49 59.2 (45.2−71.8)

Denmark Kirschner 2013 245 60.8 (54.6−66.7)

Hording 1997 50 18.0 (9.8−30.8)

Sebbelov 2000 34 70.6 (53.8−83.2)

Kjær 2014 19 57.9 (36.3−76.9)

Finland Iwasawa 1996 460 63.5 (59.0−67.7)

France Prétet 2008 516 72.9 (68.9−76.5)

de Cremoux 2009 515 55.5 (51.2−59.8)

Lombard 1998 297 50.5 (44.8−56.1)

Riou 1990 106 54.7 (45.2−63.9)

Germany Milde−Langosch 1995 51 51.0 (37.7−64.1)

Bosch 1995 17 76.5 (52.7−90.4)

Greece Panotopoulou 2007 165 24.2 (18.3−31.3)

Dokianakis 1999 75 2.7 (0.7−9.2)

Koffa 1994 39 35.9 (22.7−51.6)

Labropoulou 1997 35 54.3 (38.2−69.5)

Adamopoulou 2009 17 47.1 (26.2−69.0)

Hungary Kónya 1995 38 63.2 (47.3−76.6)

Iceland Sigurdsson 2007 140 57.1 (48.9−65.0)

Ireland Skyldberg 1999 38 23.7 (13.0−39.2)

Butler 2000 29 93.1 (78.0−98.1)

O'Leary 1998 20 80.0 (58.4−91.9)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 145 -

Figure 76: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Ireland Fay 2009 10 80.0 (49.0−94.3)

Italy Sideri 2009 268 63.4 (57.5−69.0)

Carozzi 2010 193 67.9 (61.0−74.1)

Spinillo 2014 176 54.5 (47.2−61.7)

Tornesello 2011 171 58.5 (51.0−65.6)

Voglino 2000 145 71.0 (63.2−77.8)

Mariani 2010 131 51.9 (43.4−60.3)

Ciotti 2006 102 57.8 (48.1−67.0)

Tornesello 2006 65 60.0 (47.9−71.0)

Del Mistro 2006 40 75.0 (59.8−85.8)

Garzetti 1998 32 50.0 (33.6−66.4)

Gargiulo 2007 31 61.3 (43.8−76.3)

Rolla 2009 18 66.7 (43.7−83.7)

Latvia Silins 2004 221 60.6 (54.1−66.8)

Kulmala 2007 26 65.4 (46.2−80.6)

Lithuania Gudleviciene 2005 191 56.5 (49.5−63.4)

Simanaviciene 2014 75 50.7 (39.6−61.7)

Luxembourg Ressler 2007 58 79.3 (67.2−87.7)

Netherlands Tang 2009 340 63.5 (58.3−68.5)

Baay 1996 162 61.7 (54.1−68.9)

Bulk 2006 153 54.2 (46.3−61.9)

Krul 1999 128 58.6 (49.9−66.8)

Baalbergen 2013 113 32.7 (24.8−41.8)

De Boer 2005 105 43.8 (34.7−53.4)

Zielinski 2003 77 32.5 (23.1−43.5)

Van Den Brule 1991 50 84.0 (71.5−91.7)

Resnick 1990 29 75.9 (57.9−87.8)

Norway Karlsen 1996 361 68.4 (63.5−73.0)

Bertelsen 2006 89 52.8 (42.5−62.8)

Poland Kwasniewska 2009 570 58.4 (54.3−62.4)

Baay 2009 113 85.8 (78.2−91.1)

Biesaga 2012 85 80.0 (70.3−87.1)

20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 146 -

Figure 76: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Poland Bardin 2008 84 75.0 (64.8−83.0)

Pirog 2000 82 36.6 (27.0−47.4)

Dybikowska 2002 53 47.2 (34.4−60.3)

Bosch 1995 23 78.3 (58.1−90.3)

Portugal Pista 2013 64 70.3 (58.2−80.1)

Medeiros 2005 60 80.0 (68.2−88.2)

Nobre 2010 44 61.4 (46.6−74.3)

Russian Federation Kleter 1999 180 64.4 (57.2−71.1)

Kulmala 2007 26 65.4 (46.2−80.6)

Slovenia Jancar 2009 264 65.2 (59.2−70.6)

Spain Alemany 2012 1012 58.2 (55.1−61.2)

Muñoz 1992 159 54.1 (46.3−61.6)

Martró 2012 73 47.9 (36.9−59.2)

Darwich 2011 72 79.2 (68.4−86.9)

Rodriguez 1998 54 61.1 (47.8−73.0)

Bosch 1995 46 54.3 (40.2−67.8)

Mazarico 2012 37 43.2 (28.7−59.1)

González−Bosquet 2008 21 52.4 (32.4−71.7)

Herraez−Hernandez 2013 14 78.6 (52.4−92.4)

Sweden Du 2011 154 58.4 (50.5−65.9)

Andersson 2001 131 23.7 (17.2−31.6)

Graflund 2004 110 79.1 (70.6−85.6)

Wallin 1999 104 47.1 (37.8−56.6)

Andersson 2003 82 34.1 (24.8−44.9)

Hagmar 1992 71 38.0 (27.6−49.7)

Andersson 2005 45 66.7 (52.1−78.6)

Skyldberg 1999 38 23.7 (13.0−39.2)

Zehbe 1997 38 63.2 (47.3−76.6)

United Kingdom Mesher 2015 1235 63.0 (60.3−65.6)

Howell−Jones 2010 555 62.5 (58.4−66.5)

Cuschieri 2014 370 55.9 (50.9−60.9)

Cuschieri 2010 363 56.5 (51.3−61.5)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 147 -

Figure 76: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and
study (continued)

Country Study N % (95% CI)

United Kingdom Powell 2009 269 67.7 (61.9−73.0)
Tawfik El−Mansi 2006 119 46.2 (37.5−55.2)
Cuzick 2000 116 65.5 (56.5−73.5)
Arends 1993 47 53.2 (39.2−66.7)
Giannoudis 1999 43 81.4 (67.4−90.3)
Crook 1992 23 73.9 (53.5−87.5)

30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 148 -

Figure 77: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Oceania by country
and study

Country Study N % (95% CI)

Australia Stevens 2006 191 52.9 (45.8−59.8)
Chen 1999 170 55.9 (48.4−63.1)
de Sanjose 2010 160 60.0 (52.3−67.3)
Thompson 1994 103 65.0 (55.5−73.6)
Liu 2004 79 64.6 (53.6−74.2)
Plunkett 2003 50 28.0 (17.5−41.7)
Brestovac 2005 32 68.8 (51.4−82.0)
Papua New Guinea Tabone 2012 70 57.1 (45.5−68.1)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 149 -

Figure 78: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in the World among women with
and without cervical lesions

16 2.8
52 1.5
53 1.2

Normal cytology
31 1.2
51 1.1
18 1.1
58 1
66 0.9
39 0.9
56 0.8

16 19.3
52 8.9

Low−grade lesions
51 8.8
31 7.7
53 7.3
66 6.9
58 6.7
56 6.6
18 6.5
HPV types

39 5.3

16 45.1
52 11

High−grade lesions
31 10.4
58 8.1
33 7.3
18 6.8
51 5.7
53 3.5
39 3.3
35 3.3

16 55.2
18 14.2
45 5
Cervical cancer

33 4.2
58 3.9
52 3.5
31 3.5
35 1.7
39 1.5
59 1.4
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Prevalence
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 150 -

Figure 79: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in less developed regions
among women with and without cervical lesions

16 2.6
52 1.8
58 1.4

Normal cytology
18 1.2
53 1
33 0.9
31 0.8
70 0.7
68 0.7
51 0.7

16 18.9
52 10.2

Low−grade lesions
58 9.2
18 6.2
33 6
51 4.9
66 4.5
53 4.4
31 4.1
HPV types

56 4

16 40.2
52 12.7

High−grade lesions
58 12.2
18 6.5
33 6.3
31 6.3
51 4
53 3.1
45 2.4
66 2.3

16 55.8
18 13.7
45 5.9
Cervical cancer

58 5
52 4
33 3.8
31 3.4
59 2
35 2
39 1.6
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Prevalence
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 151 -

Figure 80: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in more developed regions
among women with and without cervical lesions

16 2.8
53 1.4
52 1.3

Normal cytology
51 1.3
31 1.3
66 1
39 1
18 1
58 0.8
56 0.8

16 19.4
51 10.2

Low−grade lesions
31 8.8
53 8.6
52 8.4
66 7.8
56 7.4
18 6.5
39 5.9
HPV types

58 5.7

16 46.8
31 12.4

High−grade lesions
52 11.2
33 7.6
18 7.3
58 7
51 6.9
39 4.1
35 4
53 3.7

16 55.7
18 16.1
33 4.7
Cervical cancer

45 3.9
58 3.7
31 3.7
52 3.2
39 1.4
35 1.4
51 1
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Prevalence
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 152 -

Figure 81: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in the World among women with
invasive cervical cancer by histology

16 55.2
18 14.2
45 5

Cervical cancer
33 4.2
58 3.9
52 3.5
31 3.5
35 1.7
39 1.5
59 1.4

16 56.8

Squamous cell carcinoma

18 11.6
45 4.8
33 4.3
58 3.9
52 3.7
31 3.6
35 1.7
35 1.6
HPV types

39 1.5

16 36.1
18 34.9

Adenocarcinoma
45 5.7
33 1.8
31 1.6
52 1.3
58 1.1
39 1
51 0.8
59 0.6

16 58.9
18 13.9
45 5.4
Unespecified

33 5.1
58 4.9
31 4
52 3.6
35 2.5
35 2.4
59 1.7
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Prevalence
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
∗ No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 153 -

Figure 82: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in less developed regions
among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology

16 55.8
18 13.7
45 5.9

Cervical cancer
58 5
52 4
33 3.8
31 3.4
59 2
35 2
39 1.6

16 56.1

Squamous cell carcinoma

18 12.4
45 5.8
58 4.7
52 4.1
33 3.8
31 3.4
59 2
35 2
HPV types

39 1.6

18 36.2
16 36.1

Adenocarcinoma
45 5.8
33 2.4
52 1.9
59 1.5
31 1.4
58 1.2
56 1.2
39 1

16 60.5
18 13.3
58 6.4
Unespecified

45 6.1
33 4.7
52 4.1
31 3.7
35 2.7
59 2
51 1.4
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Prevalence
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
∗ No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 154 -

Figure 83: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in more developed regions
among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology

16 55.7
18 16.1
33 4.7

Cervical cancer
45 3.9
58 3.7
31 3.7
52 3.2
39 1.4
35 1.4
51 1

16 58.9

Squamous cell carcinoma

18 12.3
33 5.1
58 4.2
31 3.8
45 3.7
52 3.6
39 1.5
35 1.4
HPV types

56 1.1

18 37.3
16 37.2

Adenocarcinoma
45 5.1
31 2
33 1.9
58 1.5
52 1.5
39 1.2
51 1.1
35 0.7

16 57.2
18 14.5
33 5.4
Unespecified

45 4.4
31 4.3
58 3
52 2.9
35 2.2
39 1.7
59 1.4
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Prevalence
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
∗ No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 155 -

Table 29: Type-specific HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical
lesions and invasive cervical cancer in the World
Normal cytology Low-grade lesions High-grade lesions Cervical cancer
HPV No. HPV Prev % No. HPV Prev % No. HPV Prev % No. HPV Prev %
Type tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI)
ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES
High-risk HPV types
16 453,184 2.8 (2.8-2.9) 38,177 19.3 (18.9-19.7) 50,202 45.1 (44.6-45.5) 58,796 55.2 (54.8-55.6)
18 440,810 1.1 (1.1-1.1) 37,748 6.5 (6.2-6.7) 49,743 6.8 (6.6-7.0) 58,380 14.2 (13.9-14.4)
31 415,367 1.2 (1.2-1.2) 36,170 7.7 (7.4-7.9) 48,538 10.4 (10.2-10.7) 52,417 3.5 (3.4-3.7)
33 413,075 0.7 (0.7-0.7) 35,733 4.7 (4.5-4.9) 48,592 7.3 (7.1-7.6) 53,804 4.2 (4.0-4.3)
35 396,307 0.5 (0.5-0.5) 31,095 3.0 (2.8-3.2) 44,703 3.3 (3.2-3.5) 47,634 1.7 (1.6-1.8)
39 389,537 0.9 (0.8-0.9) 28,820 5.3 (5.0-5.5) 43,746 3.3 (3.2-3.5) 46,420 1.5 (1.3-1.6)
45 394,993 0.7 (0.7-0.7) 31,289 3.2 (3.0-3.4) 44,801 3.0 (2.8-3.2) 47,048 5.0 (4.8-5.2)
51 387,242 1.1 (1.1-1.1) 27,270 8.8 (8.4-9.1) 43,888 5.7 (5.5-6.0) 44,674 1.0 (0.9-1.1)
52 394,732 1.5 (1.4-1.5) 29,132 8.9 (8.6-9.2) 44,723 11.0 (10.7-11.3) 49,978 3.5 (3.3-3.6)
56 393,968 0.8 (0.7-0.8) 28,534 6.6 (6.3-6.9) 43,134 2.5 (2.3-2.6) 46,019 1.0 (0.9-1.1)
58 403,023 1.0 (1.0-1.0) 30,214 6.7 (6.4-7.0) 44,798 8.1 (7.9-8.4) 50,814 3.9 (3.8-4.1)
59 380,168 0.7 (0.7-0.7) 27,049 3.9 (3.6-4.1) 41,553 2.1 (1.9-2.2) 46,703 1.4 (1.3-1.5)
Probable/possible carcinogen
26 172,084 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 13,939 0.5 (0.4-0.7) 22,694 0.6 (0.5-0.7) 29,492 0.3 (0.2-0.3)
30 56,013 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 3,812 0.5 (0.3-0.8) 2,645 0.3 (0.1-0.5) 14,830 0.3 (0.2-0.4)
34 127,467 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 8,069 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 12,671 0.1 (0.0-0.2) 21,808 0.1 (0.1-0.1)
53 252,159 1.2 (1.2-1.2) 23,411 7.3 (7.0-7.7) 33,241 3.5 (3.3-3.7) 33,940 0.5 (0.5-0.6)
66 311,898 0.9 (0.9-0.9) 26,939 6.9 (6.6-7.2) 39,439 2.6 (2.5-2.8) 40,132 0.4 (0.4-0.5)
67 147,847 0.4 (0.3-0.4) 11,095 1.7 (1.5-2.0) 18,527 0.9 (0.8-1.0) 22,752 0.3 (0.2-0.3)
68 377,775 0.6 (0.6-0.6) 25,619 2.8 (2.6-3.0) 37,760 1.9 (1.8-2.1) 40,197 0.8 (0.8-0.9)
69 146,851 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 11,362 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 19,768 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 20,369 0.2 (0.1-0.3)
70 219,134 0.8 (0.7-0.8) 17,375 2.0 (1.8-2.2) 25,627 1.3 (1.2-1.5) 33,062 0.2 (0.2-0.3)
73 167,487 0.4 (0.4-0.4) 16,732 2.2 (2.0-2.4) 23,450 1.6 (1.4-1.7) 28,944 0.5 (0.4-0.6)
82 190,793 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 16,470 1.5 (1.4-1.7) 25,864 1.9 (1.7-2.0) 30,216 0.2 (0.1-0.2)
85 74,475 0.1 (0.1-0.2) 3,801 0.3 (0.2-0.5) 7,905 0.2 (0.1-0.3) - -
97 1,751 0.1 (0.0-0.3) - - - - 781 0.1 (0.0-0.7)
NON-ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES
6 418,946 0.9 (0.8-0.9) 26,981 6.2 (5.9-6.5) 34,563 2.3 (2.2-2.5) 38,282 0.5 (0.4-0.5)
11 406,162 0.5 (0.4-0.5) 26,179 2.9 (2.7-3.1) 33,547 1.3 (1.2-1.5) 38,386 0.4 (0.4-0.5)
32 70,519 0.1 (0.1-0.2) 977 0.1 (0.0-0.6) - - 2,925 0.1 (0.0-0.2)
40 186,634 0.3 (0.3-0.3) 4,379 1.5 (1.2-1.9) 11,872 0.4 (0.3-0.5) 23,350 0.0 (0.0-0.0)
42 326,078 0.6 (0.5-0.6) 4,932 7.1 (6.4-7.8) 9,543 1.3 (1.1-1.6) 25,715 0.2 (0.2-0.3)
43 259,930 0.2 (0.2-0.2) 3,258 1.7 (1.3-2.2) 5,549 0.4 (0.3-0.6) 21,312 0.1 (0.0-0.1)
44 326,418 0.5 (0.5-0.5) 5,764 5.7 (5.1-6.3) 11,841 2.0 (1.7-2.2) 24,243 0.2 (0.2-0.3)
54 205,468 0.9 (0.8-0.9) 3,316 2.2 (1.8-2.8) 11,907 1.3 (1.1-1.5) 25,201 0.2 (0.2-0.3)
55 - - - - - - - -
57 61,283 0.0 (0.0-0.0) 1,021 0.2 (0.1-0.7) 2,194 0.3 (0.2-0.7) 6,780 0.0 (0.0-0.1)
61 143,959 0.8 (0.8-0.9) 3,183 1.8 (1.4-2.3) 9,032 1.2 (1.0-1.5) 23,686 0.3 (0.2-0.3)
62 111,832 1.4 (1.4-1.5) 2,713 4.2 (3.5-5.0) 8,236 1.7 (1.4-1.9) 7,058 0.4 (0.3-0.5)
64 - - - - - - - -
71 133,034 0.3 (0.3-0.3) 2,175 0.7 (0.5-1.2) 8,901 0.2 (0.2-0.4) 9,332 0.2 (0.1-0.3)
72 137,305 0.4 (0.4-0.4) 2,320 0.6 (0.3-1.0) 8,256 0.2 (0.2-0.4) 10,013 0.1 (0.1-0.2)
74 108,745 0.6 (0.6-0.7) 1,255 1.0 (0.6-1.8) 2,936 0.6 (0.4-1.0) 16,341 0.0 (0.0-0.1)
81 232,278 0.7 (0.7-0.8) 2,862 3.4 (2.8-4.1) 8,944 1.0 (0.8-1.2) 9,510 0.2 (0.1-0.3)
83 150,356 0.5 (0.5-0.6) 2,402 0.9 (0.6-1.3) 9,214 0.4 (0.3-0.6) 9,733 0.1 (0.1-0.2)
84 149,356 0.9 (0.8-0.9) 2,745 2.1 (1.7-2.8) 9,237 0.7 (0.6-0.9) 8,081 0.3 (0.2-0.5)
86 29,254 0.2 (0.1-0.2) - - - - - -
87 16,149 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 750 0.1 (0.0-0.8) - - - -
89 107,016 1.0 (0.9-1.0) 1,755 1.4 (0.9-2.0) 7,456 1.0 (0.8-1.2) 7,806 0.1 (0.1-0.3)
90 35,099 0.5 (0.4-0.6) 750 0.8 (0.4-1.7) - - 2,388 0.0 (0.0-0.2)
91 20,897 0.1 (0.1-0.2) 750 0.5 (0.2-1.4) - - 12,783 0.0 (0.0-0.1)
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015 / 30 Nov 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 156 -

Table 30: Type-specific HPV prevalence among invasive cervical cancer cases in the World by histology
Any Histology Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Unespecified
HPV No. HPV Prev % No. HPV Prev % No. HPV Prev % No. HPV Prev %
Type tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI)
ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES
High-risk HPV types
16 58,796 55.2 (54.8-55.6) 43,169 56.8 (56.4-57.3) 5,665 36.1 (34.8-37.3) 11,425 58.9 (58.0-59.8)
18 58,380 14.2 (13.9-14.4) 42,890 11.6 (11.3-11.9) 5,665 34.9 (33.7-36.1) 11,288 13.9 (13.2-14.5)
31 52,417 3.5 (3.4-3.7) 39,428 3.6 (3.4-3.8) 4,585 1.6 (1.3-2.0) 9,867 4.0 (3.6-4.4)
33 53,804 4.2 (4.0-4.3) 40,460 4.3 (4.1-4.5) 4,843 1.8 (1.5-2.2) 9,964 5.1 (4.7-5.5)
35 47,634 1.7 (1.6-1.8) 36,045 1.7 (1.5-1.8) 4,239 0.5 (0.3-0.8) 8,535 2.5 (2.2-2.9)
39 46,420 1.5 (1.3-1.6) 36,322 1.5 (1.4-1.7) 4,036 1.0 (0.7-1.3) 6,995 1.4 (1.2-1.8)
45 47,048 5.0 (4.8-5.2) 36,074 4.8 (4.6-5.0) 4,486 5.7 (5.1-6.4) 7,951 5.4 (4.9-5.9)
51 44,674 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 34,508 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 4,026 0.8 (0.6-1.1) 7,117 1.1 (0.9-1.4)
52 49,978 3.5 (3.3-3.6) 38,761 3.7 (3.5-3.9) 4,408 1.3 (1.0-1.7) 8,272 3.6 (3.2-4.0)
56 46,019 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 35,990 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 4,113 0.5 (0.3-0.7) 7,335 0.8 (0.7-1.1)
58 50,814 3.9 (3.8-4.1) 39,001 3.9 (3.8-4.1) 4,236 1.1 (0.9-1.5) 9,040 4.9 (4.5-5.3)
59 46,703 1.4 (1.3-1.5) 36,685 1.4 (1.3-1.5) 4,161 0.6 (0.4-0.9) 7,276 1.7 (1.5-2.1)
Probable/possible carcinogen
26 29,492 0.3 (0.2-0.3) - - - - - -
30 14,830 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 12,564 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 1,072 0.1 (0.0-0.5) 1,255 0.1 (0.0-0.4)
34 21,808 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 17,035 0.1 (0.1-0.2) 1,912 0.1 (0.0-0.3) 2,996 0.1 (0.1-0.3)
53 33,940 0.5 (0.5-0.6) - - - - - -
66 40,132 0.4 (0.4-0.5) 31,190 0.4 (0.4-0.5) 3,714 0.2 (0.1-0.4) 6,021 0.6 (0.4-0.8)
67 22,752 0.3 (0.2-0.3) 18,225 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 1,750 0.1 (0.0-0.3) 3,231 0.2 (0.1-0.4)
68 40,197 0.8 (0.8-0.9) 30,913 0.8 (0.7-0.9) 3,694 0.3 (0.1-0.5) 5,723 0.8 (0.6-1.0)
69 20,369 0.2 (0.1-0.3) - - - - - -
70 33,062 0.2 (0.2-0.3) - - - - - -
73 28,944 0.5 (0.4-0.6) - - - - - -
82 30,216 0.2 (0.1-0.2) 22,855 0.2 (0.1-0.2) 2,226 0.0 (0.0-0.3) 4,912 0.3 (0.2-0.5)
85 - - - - - - - -
97 781 0.1 (0.0-0.7) 781 0.1 (0.0-0.7) - - - -
NON-ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES
6 38,282 0.5 (0.4-0.5) - - - - - -
11 38,386 0.4 (0.4-0.5) - - - - - -
32 2,925 0.1 (0.0-0.2) - - - - - -
40 23,350 0.0 (0.0-0.0) - - - - - -
42 25,715 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 20,975 0.2 (0.1-0.2) 1,839 0.1 (0.0-0.3) 3,691 0.4 (0.2-0.6)
43 21,312 0.1 (0.0-0.1) - - - - - -
44 24,243 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 20,154 0.2 (0.1-0.3) 1,840 0.1 (0.0-0.4) 3,135 0.4 (0.2-0.7)
54 25,201 0.2 (0.2-0.3) - - - - - -
55 - - - - - - - -
57 6,780 0.0 (0.0-0.1) - - - - - -
61 23,686 0.3 (0.2-0.3) - - - - - -
62 7,058 0.4 (0.3-0.5) - - - - - -
64 - - - - - - - -
71 9,332 0.2 (0.1-0.3) - - - - - -
72 10,013 0.1 (0.1-0.2) - - - - - -
74 16,341 0.0 (0.0-0.1) - - - - - -
81 9,510 0.2 (0.1-0.3) - - - - - -
83 9,733 0.1 (0.1-0.2) - - - - - -
84 8,081 0.3 (0.2-0.5) - - - - - -
86 - - - - - - - -
87 - - - - - - - -
89 7,806 0.1 (0.1-0.3) - - - - - -
90 2,388 0.0 (0.0-0.2) - - - - - -
91 12,783 0.0 (0.0-0.1) - - - - - -
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
a Number of women tested
b 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 157 -

4.1.3 Terminology

Cytologically normal women

No abnormal cells are observed on the surface of their cervix upon cytology.

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) / Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (SIL)

SIL and CIN are two commonly used terms to describe precancerous lesions or the abnormal growth
of squamous cells observed in the cervix. SIL is an abnormal result derived from cervical cytological
screening or Pap smear testing. CIN is a histological diagnosis made upon analysis of cervical tissue
obtained by biopsy or surgical excision. The condition is graded as CIN 1, 2 or 3, according to the
thickness of the abnormal epithelium (1/3, 2/3 or the entire thickness).

Low-grade cervical lesions (LSIL/CIN-1)

Low-grade cervical lesions are defined by early changes in size, shape, and number of abnormal cells
formed on the surface of the cervix and may be referred to as mild dysplasia, LSIL, or CIN-1.

High-grade cervical lesions (HSIL/ CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS)

High-grade cervical lesions are defined by a large number of precancerous cells on the surface of the
cervix that are distinctly different from normal cells. They have the potential to become cancerous
cells and invade deeper tissues of the cervix. These lesions may be referred to as moderate or severe
dysplasia, HSIL, CIN-2, CIN-3 or cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS).

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

Preinvasive malignancy limited to the epithelium without invasion of the basement membrane. CIN 3
encompasses the squamous carcinoma in situ.

Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) / Cervical cancer

If the high-grade precancerous cells invade the basement membrane is called ICC. ICC stages range
from stage I (cancer is in the cervix or uterus only) to stage IV (the cancer has spread to distant organs,
such as the liver).

Invasive squamous cell carcinoma

Invasive carcinoma composed of cells resembling those of squamous epithelium.

Adenocarcinoma
Invasive tumour with glandular and squamous elements intermingled.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 158 -

4.2 HPV burden in anogenital cancers other than cervix

Methods: Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma of the
vulva, vagina, anus and penis: systematic review and meta-analysis

A systematic review of the literature was conducted on the worldwide HPV-prevalence and type distri-
bution for anogenital carcinomas other than cervix from January 1986 to ’data as of ’ indicated in each
section. The search terms for the review were ’HPV’ AND (anus OR anal) OR (penile) OR vagin* OR
vulv* using Pubmed. There were no limits in publication language. References cited in selected articles
were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV DNA detection by means of PCR, a minimum of 10
cases by lesion and a detailed description of HPV DNA detection and genotyping techniques used. The
number of cases tested and HPV positive cases were extracted for each study to estimate the prevalence
of HPV DNA and the HPV type distribution. Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated for
each HPV prevalence.

4.2.1 Anal cancer and precancerous anal lesions

Anal cancer is similar to cervical cancer with respect to overall HPV DNA positivity, with approximately
100% of anal squamous cell carcinoma cases associated with HPV infection worldwide (de Martel C et
al. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8(2):e180-e190). HPV16 is the most common type detected, representing
73% of all HPV-positive tumours. HPV18 is the second most common type detected and is found in
approximately 5% of cases. HPV DNA is also detected in the majority of precancerous anal lesions
(AIN) (91.5% in AIN1 and 93.9% in AIN2/3) (De Vuyst H et al. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 1626-36). In this
section, the burden of HPV among cases of anal cancers and precancerous anal lesions in the World are
presented.

Table 31: Studies on HPV prevalence among anal cancer cases in the World (male and female)
HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, HPV 16 (75.5), HPV
18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 18 (5.9), HPV 11
France Abramowitz 2011 728 96.7 (95.1-97.8)
44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, (3.7), HPV 6 (3.0),
59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 82) HPV 52 (2.6)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (67.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.8), HPV 35
Bangladesh Alemany 2015 52 80.8 (68.1-89.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.8), HPV 56 (1.9),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 58 (1.9)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
Bosnia &
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.6), HPV 6
Herzegov- Alemany 2015 169 87.6 (81.8-91.7)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
ina
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 33 (2.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (5.7), HPV 58
Chile Alemany 2015 157 90.4 (84.8-94.1)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 31 (1.9)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (5.7), HPV 58
Colombia Alemany 2015 157 90.4 (84.8-94.1)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 31 (1.9)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.6), HPV 6
Czechia Alemany 2015 169 87.6 (81.8-91.7)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 33 (2.4)
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 159 -

Table 31 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.6), HPV 6
Germany Alemany 2015 169 87.6 (81.8-91.7)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 33 (2.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (5.7), HPV 58
Ecuador Alemany 2015 157 90.4 (84.8-94.1)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 31 (1.9)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.6), HPV 6
Spain Alemany 2015 169 87.6 (81.8-91.7)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 33 (2.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.6), HPV 6
France Alemany 2015 169 87.6 (81.8-91.7)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 33 (2.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
United 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.6), HPV 6
Alemany 2015 169 87.6 (81.8-91.7)
Kingdom 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 33 (2.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (5.7), HPV 58
Guatemala Alemany 2015 157 90.4 (84.8-94.1)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 31 (1.9)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (5.7), HPV 58
Honduras Alemany 2015 157 90.4 (84.8-94.1)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 31 (1.9)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (67.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.8), HPV 35
India Alemany 2015 52 80.8 (68.1-89.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.8), HPV 56 (1.9),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 58 (1.9)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (67.3), HPV
Republic 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.8), HPV 35
Alemany 2015 52 80.8 (68.1-89.2)
of Korea 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.8), HPV 56 (1.9),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 58 (1.9)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (5.7), HPV 58
Mexico Alemany 2015 157 90.4 (84.8-94.1)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 31 (1.9)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (28.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (9.5), HPV 6
Mali Alemany 2015 21 61.9 (40.9-79.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (9.5), HPV 31 (4.8),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 35 (4.8)
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 160 -

Table 31 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (28.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (9.5), HPV 6
Nigeria Alemany 2015 21 61.9 (40.9-79.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (9.5), HPV 31 (4.8),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 35 (4.8)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.6), HPV 6
Poland Alemany 2015 169 87.6 (81.8-91.7)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 33 (2.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.6), HPV 6
Portugal Alemany 2015 169 87.6 (81.8-91.7)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 33 (2.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (5.7), HPV 58
Paraguay Alemany 2015 157 90.4 (84.8-94.1)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 31 (1.9)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (28.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (9.5), HPV 6
Senegal Alemany 2015 21 61.9 (40.9-79.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (9.5), HPV 31 (4.8),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 35 (4.8)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (3.6), HPV 6
Slovenia Alemany 2015 169 87.6 (81.8-91.7)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 33 (2.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (81.3), HPV
United
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (7.3), HPV 31
States of Alemany 2015 96 95.8 (89.8-98.4)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.2), HPV 39 (3.1),
America
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (3.1)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-L1C1/C2, PCR
HPV 16 (88.7), HPV
L1-Consensus primer,
United 6 (11.9), HPV 33
Baricevic 2015 PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR- 151 95.4 (90.7-97.7)
Kingdom (6.6), HPV 18 (4.6),
MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,
HPV 58 (4.6)
16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58)
United PCR-MY09/11, PCR
HPV 16 (69.8), HPV
States of Daling 2004 L1-Consensus primer, RFLP, 199 86.9 (81.5-90.9)
18 (8.5)
America TS (HPV 16, 18)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
HPV 16 (77.1), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
52 (13.3), HPV 6
Australia Hillman 2014 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 105 97.1 (91.9-99.0)
(10.5), HPV 54 (9.5),
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,
HPV 11 (5.7)
69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
Italy Indinnimeo 1999 PCR, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) 14 64.3 (38.8-83.7) HPV 16 (42.9)
HPV 16 (69.4), HPV
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing
Sweden Laytragoon-Lewin 2007 72 90.3 (81.3-95.2) 18 (34.7), HPV 33
(HPV 16, 18, 33)
(2.8)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, HPV 16 (82.3), HPV
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 33 (3.1), HPV 6
Canada Ouhoummane 2013 96 91.7 (84.4-95.7)
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, (3.1), HPV 18 (2.1),
62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, HPV 58 (2.1)
73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
United HPV 16 (76.9), HPV
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 06/11, 16,
States of Palefsky 1991 13 84.6 (57.8-95.7) 31 (23.1), HPV 6/11
18, 31, 33)
America (15.4), HPV 33 (7.7)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 161 -

Table 31 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, PCR-
MULTIPLEX, (HPV 6, 11, HPV 16 (94.5), HPV
16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 11 (2.2), HPV 31
Germany Rödel 2015 91 100.0 (95.9-100.0)
42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, (2.2), HPV 35 (2.2),
56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, HPV 18 (1.1)
73, 74, 81, 82)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR- HPV 16 (81.0), HPV
Denmark Serup-Hansen 2014 MULTIPLEX (HPV 16, 18, 137 87.6 (81.0-92.1) 33 (5.1), HPV 18
31, 33, 45, 52, 58) (2.2), HPV 58 (0.7)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, ,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,
Czechia Tachezy 2011 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 26 73.1 (53.9-86.3) HPV 16 (73.1)
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
PCR-E6, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, HPV 16 (89.0), HPV
26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 39 (4.1), HPV 33
France Valmary-Degano 2013 73 98.6 (92.6-99.8)
45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, (2.7), HPV 11 (1.4),
66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82) HPV 18 (1.4)
HPV 16 (74.5), HPV
PCR-MY09/11, TS,
33 (6.4), HPV 18
Germany Varnai 2006 Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 47 83.0 (69.9-91.1)
(2.1), HPV 31 (2.1),
18, 31, 33, 45, 58)
HPV 45 (2.1)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
HPV 16 (63.0), HPV
France Vincent-Salomon 1996 PCR-E6, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 27 74.1 (55.3-86.8)
18 (7.4)
18, 33)
PCR, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,
HPV 16 (66.0), HPV
Republic 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43,
Yhim 2011 47 74.5 (60.5-84.7) 58 (6.4), HPV 35
of Korea 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66,
(2.1)
68, 69)
PCR-MY09/11,
Republic
Youk 2001 PCR-L1C1/C2, PCR-E6, 21 100.0 (84.5-100.0) HPV 16 (100.0)
of Korea
PCR-E7, TS (HPV 16, 18)
United HPV 16 (18.2), HPV
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
States of Zaki 1992 11 72.7 (43.4-90.3) 11 (9.1), HPV 16/18
TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 16/18)
America (9.1), HPV 6 (9.1)
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Table 32: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of AIN2/3 in the World
HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
Bosnia &
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (8.7), HPV 51
Herzegov- Alemany 2015 23 95.7 (79.0-99.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
ina
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 74 (8.7)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
Chile Alemany 2015 12 100.0 (75.8-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 162 -

Table 32 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
Colombia Alemany 2015 12 100.0 (75.8-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (8.7), HPV 51
Czechia Alemany 2015 23 95.7 (79.0-99.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 74 (8.7)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (8.7), HPV 51
Germany Alemany 2015 23 95.7 (79.0-99.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 74 (8.7)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
Ecuador Alemany 2015 12 100.0 (75.8-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (8.7), HPV 51
Spain Alemany 2015 23 95.7 (79.0-99.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 74 (8.7)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (8.7), HPV 51
France Alemany 2015 23 95.7 (79.0-99.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 74 (8.7)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
United 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (8.7), HPV 51
Alemany 2015 23 95.7 (79.0-99.2)
Kingdom 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 74 (8.7)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
Guatemala Alemany 2015 12 100.0 (75.8-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
Honduras Alemany 2015 12 100.0 (75.8-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
Mexico Alemany 2015 12 100.0 (75.8-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (8.7), HPV 51
Poland Alemany 2015 23 95.7 (79.0-99.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 74 (8.7)
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 163 -

Table 32 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (8.7), HPV 51
Portugal Alemany 2015 23 95.7 (79.0-99.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 74 (8.7)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
Paraguay Alemany 2015 12 100.0 (75.8-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (8.7), HPV 51
Slovenia Alemany 2015 23 95.7 (79.0-99.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 74 (8.7)
87, 89, 91)
HPV 16 (64.9), HPV
, PCR-MY09/11, (HPV 16, 18 (25.7), HPV 33
United
Fox 2005 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 74 97.3 (90.7-99.3) (24.3), HPV 58
Kingdom
56, 58, 59) (21.6), HPV 31
(18.9)
PCR-GP5/6, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, DBH HPV 16 (50.0), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 58 (35.0), HPV 44
Spain García-Espinosa 2013 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 20 100.0 (83.9-100.0) (35.0), HPV 31
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, (30.0), HPV 43
61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, (30.0)
82, 84)
PCR-MY09/11, (HPV 6, 11,
16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, HPV 16 (35.5), HPV
40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58 (16.1), HPV 18
Canada Gohy 2008 62 93.5 (84.6-97.5)
56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, (16.1), HPV 42 (9.7),
69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, HPV 45 (9.7)
84, 89)
, PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing
Germany Hampl 2006 (HPV 6, 11, 20, 21, 22, 23, 16 87.5 (64.0-96.5)
26, 30, 32)
HPV 16 (33.3), HPV
HC2, LBA (HPV 16, 18, 31,
Australia Hillman 2012 21 95.2 (77.3-99.2) 31 (19.0), HPV 18
33)
(4.8)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, LBA HPV 40 (51.2), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 53 (26.8), HPV 16
Thailand Phanuphak 2013 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 41 82.9 (68.7-91.5) (24.4), HPV 11
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, (19.5), HPV 58
62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, (17.1)
73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
HPV 16 (58.8), HPV
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
31 (17.6), HPV 18
11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35,
Netherlands Richel 2014 17 100.0 (81.6-100.0) (11.8), HPV 53
39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,
(11.8), HPV 58
53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68,
(11.8)
69, 70, 73, 74)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA
HPV 16 (54.8), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
United 6 (26.0), HPV 31
33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45,
States of Sahasrabuddhe 2013 104 99.0 (94.8-99.8) (22.1), HPV 42
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,
America (22.1), HPV 66
62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
(21.2)
73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, LBA HPV 16 (52.7), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 18 (32.4), HPV 31
Canada Salit 2009 74 100.0 (95.1-100.0)
33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, (31.1), HPV 6 (28.4),
52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, HPV 52 (27.0)
68)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 164 -

Table 32 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.0), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 11 (23.8), HPV 18
Germany Silling 2012 42 100.0 (91.6-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, (23.8), HPV 6 (19.0),
66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, HPV 67 (19.0)
82, 83, 84, 89)
HPV 16 (55.1), HPV
PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 58 (34.8), HPV 33
Spain Sirera 2013 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 69 84.1 (73.7-90.9) (29.0), HPV 51
51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68) (23.2), HPV 18
(21.7)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, RFLP
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, HPV 6 (38.7), HPV
22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 16 (37.1), HPV 11
Italy Tanzi 2009 62 91.9 (82.5-96.5)
35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, (27.4), HPV 58 (8.1),
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, HPV 18 (4.8)
60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 81, 83, 84)
LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, HPV 16 (59.1), HPV
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 6 (34.1), HPV 66
Spain Torres 2013 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 44 97.7 (88.2-99.6) (31.8), HPV 52
61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, (29.5), HPV 53
72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84) (29.5)
, PCR-MY09/11, TS, HPV 16 (70.8), HPV
Germany Varnai 2006 Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 24 95.8 (79.8-99.3) 11 (12.5), HPV 6
18, 31, 33, 45, 58) (8.3), HPV 58 (4.2)
HPV 16 (88.9), HPV
PCR, EIA (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18 (44.4), HPV 83
18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 42, 44, 45,
Germany Wieland 2006 18 100.0 (82.4-100.0) (38.9), HPV 52
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,
(33.3), HPV 58
70, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
(27.8)
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 165 -

Figure 84: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Africa and the World
Africa (a) World (b)
16 28.6 16 71.4
6 9.5 18 4.2
18 9.5 33 3.0
31 4.8 6 2.4
35 4.8 31 2.0
45 4.8 35 1.6
51 4.8 58 1.6
70 * 11 1.4
61 * 39 1.2
66 * 52 1.2
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
anal cancer casess
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
a Includes cases from Mali, Nigeria and Senegal
b Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 85: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in the Americas and
the World
Americas (a) World (b)
16 74.3 16 71.4
33 4.3 18 4.2
18 4.3 33 3.0
31 2.8 6 2.4
58 2.8 31 2.0
39 2.4 35 1.6
52 2.0 58 1.6
6 1.6 11 1.4
45 1.2 39 1.2
11 0.8 52 1.2
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
anal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
a Includes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States
b Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 166 -

Figure 86: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Asia and the World
Asia (a) World (b)
16 67.3 16 71.4
35 3.8 18 4.2
18 3.8 33 3.0
56 1.9 6 2.4
58 1.9 31 2.0
69 * 35 1.6
59 * 58 1.6
61 * 11 1.4
66 * 39 1.2
67 * 52 1.2
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
anal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
a Includes cases from Bangladesh,India and South Korea
b Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 87: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Europe and the
World
Europe (a) World (b)
16 73.4 16 71.4
18 3.6 18 4.2
6 3.6 33 3.0
11 3.0 6 2.4
33 2.4 31 2.0
35 1.8 35 1.6
74 1.8 58 1.6
31 1.2 11 1.4
56 0.6 39 1.2
66 0.6 52 1.2
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
anal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
a Includes cases from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom
b Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 167 -

Figure 88: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Oceania and the
World
World (a)
16 71.4
18 4.2
33 3.0
6 2.4
31 2.0
35 1.6
58 1.6
11 1.4
No data available 39 1.2
52 1.2
0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
anal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
a Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 89: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
World (a)
16 72.1
6 9.3
11 7.0
18 4.7
31 4.7
51 4.7
74 4.7
35 2.3
No data available 45 2.3
56 2.3
0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
anal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 168 -

Figure 90: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the
World
Americas (a) World (b)
16 91.7 16 72.1
6 8.3 6 9.3
11 8.3 11 7.0
89 * 18 4.7
87 * 31 4.7
83 * 51 4.7
82 * 74 4.7
74 * 35 2.3
73 * 45 2.3
55 * 56 2.3
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
anal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay
b Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 91: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
World (a)
16 72.1
6 9.3
11 7.0
18 4.7
31 4.7
51 4.7
74 4.7
35 2.3
No data available 45 2.3
56 2.3
0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
anal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 169 -

Figure 92: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a) World (b)
16 65.2 16 72.1
51 8.7 6 9.3
6 8.7 11 7.0
74 8.7 18 4.7
18 8.7 31 4.7
45 4.3 51 4.7
73 4.3 74 4.7
58 4.3 35 2.3
56 4.3 45 2.3
68 4.3 56 2.3
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
anal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom
b Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 93: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World
World (a)
16 72.1
6 9.3
11 7.0
18 4.7
31 4.7
51 4.7
74 4.7
35 2.3
No data available 45 2.3
56 2.3
0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
anal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 170 -

4.2.2 Vulvar cancer and precancerous vulvar lesions

HPV attribution for vulvar cancer is 48% among age 15-54 years, 28% among age 55-64 years, and 15%
among age 65+ worldwide (de Martel C et al. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8(2):e180-e190). Vulvar cancer
has two distinct histological patterns with two different risk factor profiles: (1) basaloid/warty types (2)
keratinising types. Basaloid/warty lesions are more common in young women, are frequently found ad-
jacent to VIN, are very often associated with HPV DNA detection (86%), and have a similar risk factor
profile as cervical cancer. Keratinising vulvar carcinomas represent the majority of the vulvar lesions
(>60%). These lesions develop from non HPV-related chronic vulvar dermatoses, especially lichen scle-
rosus and/or squamous hyperplasia, their immediate cancer precursor lesion is differentiated VIN, they
occur more often in older women, and are rarely associated with HPV (6%) or with any of the other risk
factors typical of cervical cancer. HPV prevalence is frequently detected among cases of high-grade VIN
(VIN2/3) (85.3%). HPV 16 is the most common type detected followed by HPV 33 (De Vuyst H et al. Int
J Cancer 2009; 124: 1626-36).In this section, the HPV burden among cases of vulvar cancer cases and
precancerous vulvar lesions in the World are presented.

Table 33: Studies on HPV prevalence among vulvar cancer cases in the World
HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
HPV 16 (27.3), HPV
United TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,
Abdel-Hady 2001 11 27.3 (9.7-56.6) 33 (18.2), HPV 18
Kingdom 33)
(9.1)
HPV 16 (14.3), HPV
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16,
33 (2.0), HPV 31
Spain Alonso 2011 18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 45, 51, 52, 98 19.4 (12.8-28.3)
(1.0), HPV 51 (1.0),
53, 54, 56, 58, 66)
HPV 52 (1.0)
PCR-MY09/11 (HPV 16, 18,
Italy Bonvicini 2005 16 0 (0.0-19.4)
31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58)
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, HPV 16 (40.0), HPV
Denmark Bryndorf 2004 18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 44, 45, 51, 10 60 (31.3-83.2) 33 (20.0), HPV 56
52, 56, 58) (10.0)
PCR, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16,
HPV 16 (20.5), HPV
18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40,
11 (11.4), HPV 44
Poland Bujko 2012 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 44 34.1 (21.9-48.9)
(4.5), HPV 52 (4.5),
56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 68, 70,
HPV 58 (4.5)
71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing HPV 16 (43.6), HPV
Germany Choschzick 2011 39 46.2 (31.6-61.4)
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 33) 33 (2.6)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Argentina de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (27.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (3.6), HPV 18
Australia de Sanjosé 2013 220 40 (33.8-46.6)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.7), HPV 39 (1.4),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
Austria de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (1.6), HPV 44
Bangladesh de Sanjosé 2013 188 28.7 (22.7-35.6)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.1)
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 171 -

Table 33 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
Bosnia &
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
Herzegov- de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
ina
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
Belarus de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Brazil de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Chile de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Colombia de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
Czechia de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
Germany de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Ecuador de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
Spain de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
France de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
United 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
Kingdom 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 172 -

Table 33 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
Greece de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Guatemala de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Honduras de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (1.6), HPV 44
India de Sanjosé 2013 188 28.7 (22.7-35.6)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.1)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (1.6), HPV 44
Israel de Sanjosé 2013 188 28.7 (22.7-35.6)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.1)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
Italy de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
Republic 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (1.6), HPV 44
de Sanjosé 2013 188 28.7 (22.7-35.6)
of Korea 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.1)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (1.6), HPV 44
Kuwait de Sanjosé 2013 188 28.7 (22.7-35.6)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.1)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (1.6), HPV 44
Lebanon de Sanjosé 2013 188 28.7 (22.7-35.6)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.1)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Mexico de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
HPV 16 (58.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
Mali de Sanjosé 2013 24 70.8 (50.8-85.1) 18 (4.2), HPV 45
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
(4.2), HPV 52 (4.2)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 173 -

Table 33 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
HPV 16 (58.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
Mozambique de Sanjosé 2013 24 70.8 (50.8-85.1) 18 (4.2), HPV 45
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
(4.2), HPV 52 (4.2)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
HPV 16 (58.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
Nigeria de Sanjosé 2013 24 70.8 (50.8-85.1) 18 (4.2), HPV 45
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
(4.2), HPV 52 (4.2)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (27.3), HPV
New 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (3.6), HPV 18
de Sanjosé 2013 220 40 (33.8-46.6)
Zealand 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.7), HPV 39 (1.4),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (1.6), HPV 44
Philippines de Sanjosé 2013 188 28.7 (22.7-35.6)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.1)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
Poland de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (1.2), HPV 18
Portugal de Sanjosé 2013 903 19.3 (16.8-22.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 44 (0.4)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Paraguay de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
HPV 16 (58.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
Senegal de Sanjosé 2013 24 70.8 (50.8-85.1) 18 (4.2), HPV 45
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
(4.2), HPV 52 (4.2)
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (1.6), HPV 44
Turkey de Sanjosé 2013 188 28.7 (22.7-35.6)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.1)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (1.6), HPV 44
Taiwan de Sanjosé 2013 188 28.7 (22.7-35.6)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.1)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Uruguay de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 174 -

Table 33 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (34.0), HPV
United
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.0), HPV 18
States of de Sanjosé 2013 50 50 (36.6-63.4)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.0), HPV 44 (2.0),
America
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 58 (2.0)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (2.8), HPV 45
Venezuela de Sanjosé 2013 324 40.1 (34.9-45.5)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 6 (1.2)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, LBA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, HPV 16 (48.3), HPV
United
39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 33 (10.2), HPV 52
States of Gargano 2012 176 68.8 (61.6-75.1)
53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, (2.8), HPV 18 (1.7),
America
67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, HPV 31 (1.1)
81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
HPV 59 (10.0), HPV
33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44,
Spain Guerrero 2011 30 16.7 (7.3-33.6) 16 (3.3), HPV 18
45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58,
(3.3), HPV 6 (3.3)
59, 61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73,
81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing
(HPV 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, HPV 16 (39.6), HPV
Germany Hampl 2006 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 42, 44, 48 60.4 (46.3-73.0) 33 (8.3), HPV 31
45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 61, 67, 73, (4.2), HPV 18 (2.1)
91)
HPV 16 (21.0), HPV
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV
Denmark Hørding 1993 62 30.6 (20.6-43.0) 18 (4.8), HPV 33
6, 11, 16, 18, 33)
(4.8)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV HPV 16 (28.2), HPV
Denmark Hørding 1994 78 30.8 (21.6-41.7)
6, 11, 16, 18, 33) 33 (3.8)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
HPV 16 (25.7), HPV
L1-Consensus primer,
Finland Iwasawa 1997 74 36.5 (26.4-47.9) 18 (12.2), HPV 33
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16,
(1.4)
18, 33)
HPV 16 (16.7), HPV
PCR-CPI/CPIIG, Sequencing
Netherlands Kagie 1997 66 19.7 (11.9-30.8) 33 (1.5), HPV 45
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 31, 33, 45)
(1.5)
United PCR-MY09/11, PCR
HPV 16 (27.8), HPV
States of Kim 1996 L1-Consensus primer, TS, 18 38.9 (20.3-61.4)
18 (5.6)
America Sequencing (HPV 16, 18)
HPV 16 (23.8), HPV
PCR-E6, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,
33 (3.8), HPV 18
Sweden Larsson 2012 31, 33, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 130 30.8 (23.5-39.2)
(1.5), HPV 56 (0.8),
59)
HPV 59 (0.8)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
Spain Lerma 1999 57 12.3 (6.1-23.2) HPV 16 (12.3)
TS (HPV 16, 18)
PCR-CPI/CPIIG, TS, HPV 16 (21.3), HPV
Sweden Lindell 2010 Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 75 30.7 (21.4-41.8) 18 (2.7), HPV 33
18, 33, 52) (2.7), HPV 52 (1.3)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer,
Poland Liss 1998 PCR-E6, PCR-E7, RFLP 18 16.7 (5.8-39.2) HPV 16 (16.7)
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 45, 52, 58)
United PCR-MY09/11, PCR
States of Madeleine 1997 L1-Consensus primer, 55 50.9 (38.1-63.6) HPV 16 (43.6)
America PCR-E6, RFLP (HPV 16)
HPV 16 (36.7), HPV
EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,
33 (11.7), HPV 73
Denmark Madsen 2008 33, 35, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 60 51.7 (39.3-63.8)
(3.3), HPV 51 (1.7),
58, 61, 67, 73)
HPV 6 (1.7)
PCR-MY09/11, TS (HPV 6,
Germany Milde-Langosch 1995 40 27.5 (16.1-42.8) HPV 16 (25.0)
11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 175 -

Table 33 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV
HPV 16 (36.4), HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34,
18 (9.1), HPV 51
Japan Nagano 1996 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 11 72.7 (43.4-90.3)
(9.1), HPV 56 (9.1),
53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 68,
HPV 6 (9.1)
70)
EIA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
HPV 16 (36.0), HPV
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43,
33 (8.0), HPV 35
Thailand Ngamkham 2013 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 25 44 (26.7-62.9)
(8.0), HPV 18 (4.0),
58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73,
HPV 58 (4.0)
81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV
HPV 16 (14.3), HPV
Japan Osakabe 2007 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52, 21 23.8 (10.6-45.1)
52 (4.8), HPV 6 (4.8)
58)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
HPV 16 (16.5), HPV
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 06/11, 16,
Brazil Pinto 1999 158 24.1 (18.1-31.3) 18 (9.5), HPV 6/11
18, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,
(1.3), HPV 45 (0.6)
54, 56, 58)
PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, HPV 16 (36.1), HPV
11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 18 (2.7), HPV 33
Germany Reuschenbach 2013 183 43.7 (36.7-51.0)
43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, (1.1), HPV 11 (0.5),
68, 70, 71, 73, 82) HPV 31 (0.5)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
Germany Riethdorf 2004 71 87.3 (77.6-93.2) HPV 16 (87.3)
TS (HPV 16)
United
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
States of Riethdorf 2004 71 87.3 (77.6-93.2) HPV 16 (87.3)
TS (HPV 16)
America
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, HPV 16 (56.0), HPV
United
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 33 (10.3), HPV 45
States of Sutton 2008 116 69.8 (60.9-77.4)
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, (3.4), HPV 52 (2.6),
America
62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, HPV 6 (2.6)
81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, ,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,
HPV 16 (23.9), HPV
32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,
33 (8.7), HPV 42
Czechia Tachezy 2011 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 46 41.3 (28.3-55.7)
(2.2), HPV 45 (2.2),
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,
HPV 6 (2.2)
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33 (5.0), HPV 35
Australia Tan 2013 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 20 90 (69.9-97.2)
(5.0), HPV 52 (5.0),
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,
HPV 54 (5.0)
69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
United PCR-MY09/11, PCR
HPV 16 (46.2), HPV
States of Tate 1994 L1-Consensus primer, RFLP 13 53.8 (29.1-76.8)
33 (7.7)
America (HPV 16, 33)
PCR, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
HPV 16 (10.2), HPV
31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,
Netherlands Trietsch 2013 108 16.7 (10.8-24.8) 33 (5.6), HPV 18
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66,
(1.9)
68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, HPV 16 (15.4), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 33 (5.4), HPV 18
Netherlands van de Nieuwenhof 2009 130 34.6 (27.0-43.1)
35, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, (2.3), HPV 52 (1.5),
58, 66, 73) HPV 54 (1.5)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16,
Netherlands van der Avoort 2006 16 0 (0.0-19.4)
18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 44, 45, 51,
52, 56, 58)
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 176 -

Table 34: Studies on HPV prevalence among VIN 2/3 cases in the World
HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
HPV 16 (62.5), HPV
United TS (HPV 06/11, 16, 18, 31,
Abdel-Hady 2001 32 71.9 (54.6-84.4) 6/11 (18.8), HPV 31
Kingdom 33)
(3.1), HPV 33 (3.1)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
United HPV 16 (90.9), HPV
Baldwin 2003 Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 11 100 (74.1-100.0)
Kingdom 33 (9.1)
18, 31, 33)
HPV 16 (36.0), HPV
PCR-MY09/11 (HPV 16, 18,
Italy Bonvicini 2005 25 44 (26.7-62.9) 35 (8.0), HPV 33
31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58)
(4.0), HPV 52 (4.0)
PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, HPV 16 (67.3), HPV
United 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 40, 42, 33 (16.3), HPV 6
Bryant 2011 49 81.6 (68.6-90.0)
Kingdom 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (10.2), HPV 18 (2.0),
59, 66, 73) HPV 31 (2.0)
EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 26, 31,
33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, HPV 16 (73.7), HPV
United
Daayana 2010 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 19 78.9 (56.7-91.5) 33 (5.3), HPV 42
Kingdom
59, 61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, (5.3), HPV 84 (5.3)
81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Argentina de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (71.2), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (10.4), HPV 18
Australia de Sanjosé 2013 125 94.4 (88.9-97.3)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.0), HPV 31 (3.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 51 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
Austria de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (5.0), HPV 33
Bangladesh de Sanjosé 2013 20 100 (83.9-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 54 (5.0)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
Bosnia &
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
Herzegov- de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
ina
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
Belarus de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Brazil de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Chile de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 177 -

Table 34 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Colombia de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
Czechia de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
Germany de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Ecuador de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
Spain de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
France de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
United 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
Kingdom 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
Greece de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Guatemala de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Honduras de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (5.0), HPV 33
India de Sanjosé 2013 20 100 (83.9-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 54 (5.0)
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 178 -

Table 34 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (5.0), HPV 33
Israel de Sanjosé 2013 20 100 (83.9-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 54 (5.0)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
Italy de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
Republic 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (5.0), HPV 33
de Sanjosé 2013 20 100 (83.9-100.0)
of Korea 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 54 (5.0)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (5.0), HPV 33
Kuwait de Sanjosé 2013 20 100 (83.9-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 54 (5.0)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (5.0), HPV 33
Lebanon de Sanjosé 2013 20 100 (83.9-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 54 (5.0)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Mexico de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (71.2), HPV
New 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (10.4), HPV 18
de Sanjosé 2013 125 94.4 (88.9-97.3)
Zealand 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.0), HPV 31 (3.2),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 51 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (5.0), HPV 33
Philippines de Sanjosé 2013 20 100 (83.9-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 54 (5.0)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
Poland de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (11.2), HPV 18
Portugal de Sanjosé 2013 312 86.9 (82.7-90.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 52 (1.3)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Paraguay de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 179 -

Table 34 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (5.0), HPV 33
Turkey de Sanjosé 2013 20 100 (83.9-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 54 (5.0)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 18 (5.0), HPV 33
Taiwan de Sanjosé 2013 20 100 (83.9-100.0)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 54 (5.0)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Uruguay de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 33 (8.7), HPV 6
Venezuela de Sanjosé 2013 126 77.8 (69.8-84.2)
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, (4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83, HPV 11 (1.6)
87, 89, 91)
United HPV 16 (80.9), HPV
PCR-SPF10, LBA, (HPV 16,
States of Gargano 2012 68 97.1 (89.9-99.2) 33 (8.8), HPV 59
18, 33, 52, 59)
America (2.9), HPV 18 (1.5)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, HPV 16 (79.8), HPV
Germany Hampl 2006 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 168 100 (97.8-100.0) 33 (10.7), HPV 31
42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 61, (4.2), HPV 18 (3.0)
67, 73, 74, 91)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV HPV 16 (77.6), HPV
Denmark Junge 1995 58 87.9 (77.1-94.0)
6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33) 33 (10.3)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
Spain Lerma 1999 18 27.8 (12.5-50.9) HPV 16 (27.8)
TS (HPV 16, 18)
United PCR-MY09/11, PCR
States of Madeleine 1997 L1-Consensus primer, 253 71.5 (65.7-76.7) HPV 16 (61.7)
America PCR-E6, RFLP (HPV 16)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
Germany Riethdorf 2004 60 68.3 (55.8-78.7) HPV 16 (68.3)
TS (HPV 16)
United
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
States of Riethdorf 2004 60 68.3 (55.8-78.7) HPV 16 (68.3)
TS (HPV 16)
America
PCR-MY09/11, PCR-SPF10,
, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,
HPV 16 (91.2), HPV
United 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,
18 (5.9), HPV 35
States of Srodon 2006 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 34 100 (89.8-100.0)
(5.9), HPV 11 (2.9),
America 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,
HPV 33 (2.9)
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, ,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,
HPV 16 (71.3), HPV
32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,
33 (8.5), HPV 18
Czechia Tachezy 2011 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 94 94.7 (88.1-97.7)
(5.3), HPV 6 (4.3),
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,
HPV 11 (2.1)
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
HPV 16 (68.2), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
26 (4.5), HPV 33
Australia Tan 2013 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 44 90.9 (78.8-96.4)
(4.5), HPV 52 (4.5),
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,
HPV 82 (4.5)
69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 180 -

Table 34 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
HPV 16 (64.3), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
18 (7.1), HPV 51
Greece Tsimplaki 2012 35, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 14 78.6 (52.4-92.4)
(7.1), HPV 52 (7.1),
53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 73)
HPV 53 (7.1)
PCR-CPI/CPIIG, Sequencing HPV 16 (89.1), HPV
Netherlands van Beurden 1995 (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 46 95.7 (85.5-98.8) 33 (2.2), HPV 45
22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 45) (2.2)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
HPV 16 (40.6), HPV
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16,
Netherlands van der Avoort 2006 32 56.3 (39.3-71.8) 31 (6.3), HPV 6
18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45,
(6.3), HPV 33 (3.1)
51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 74)
HPV 16 (81.4), HPV
Netherlands van Esch 2014 TS (HPV 16, 18, 33, 73) 43 100 (91.8-100.0) 33 (14.0), HPV 73
(2.3)
EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, HPV 16 (75.0), HPV
United
Winters 2008 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 20 85 (64.0-94.8) 18 (5.0), HPV 33
Kingdom
58, 59, 61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, (5.0)
73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 181 -

Figure 94: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Africa and the
World
Africa (a) World (b)
16 58.3 16 19.4
45 4.2 33 1.8
52 4.2 18 1.5
18 4.2 45 0.9
69 * 6 0.6
59 * 31 0.6
6 * 44 0.6
61 * 52 0.5
66 * 51 0.4
67 * 56 0.4
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
vulvar cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,
Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,
Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 95: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in the Americas
and the World
Americas (a) World (b)
16 26.5 16 19.4
33 2.9 33 1.8
18 2.7 18 1.5
45 2.1 45 0.9
6 1.3 6 0.6
52 0.8 31 0.6
56 0.8 44 0.6
31 0.5 52 0.5
39 0.5 51 0.4
51 0.5 56 0.4
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
vulvar cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,
Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,
Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 182 -

Figure 96: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Asia and the
World
Asia (a) World (b)
16 18.1 16 19.4
44 1.6 33 1.8
18 1.6 18 1.5
45 1.1 45 0.9
52 1.1 6 0.6
58 1.1 31 0.6
33 0.5 44 0.6
66 0.5 52 0.5
42 0.5 51 0.4
6 0.5 56 0.4
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
vulvar cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,
Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,
Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 97: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Europe and the
World
Europe (a) World (b)
16 13.8 16 19.4
33 1.2 33 1.8
18 0.6 18 1.5
31 0.6 45 0.9
44 0.4 6 0.6
51 0.4 31 0.6
53 0.3 44 0.6
58 0.3 52 0.5
74 0.3 51 0.4
66 0.2 56 0.4
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
vulvar cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,
Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,
Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 183 -

Figure 98: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Oceania and
the World
Oceania (a) World (b)
16 27.3 16 19.4
33 3.6 33 1.8
18 2.7 18 1.5
39 1.4 45 0.9
6 1.4 6 0.6
31 0.9 31 0.6
44 0.9 44 0.6
45 0.9 52 0.5
52 0.9 51 0.4
56 0.9 56 0.4
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
vulvar cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Australia and New Zealand.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,
Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,
Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 99: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
World (a)
16 67.1
33 10.2
6 2.4
18 2.4
31 1.9
52 1.4
51 1.2
No data available 56
74
0.9
0.9
66 0.7
0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);
Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 184 -

Figure 100: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the
World
Americas (a) World (b)
16 56.7 16 67.1
33 8.7 33 10.2
6 4.7 6 2.4
31 3.9 18 2.4
11 1.6 31 1.9
45 1.6 52 1.4
51 1.6 51 1.2
52 1.6 56 0.9
58 1.6 74 0.9
54 0.8 66 0.7
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);
Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 101: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
Asia (a) World (b)
16 16 67.1
18 5.0 33 10.2
33 5.0 6 2.4
35 5.0 18 2.4
54 5.0 31 1.9
6 5.0 52 1.4
69 * 51 1.2
59 * 56 0.9
61 * 74 0.9
66 * 66 0.7
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);
Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 185 -

Figure 102: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a) World (b)
16 69.6 16 67.1
33 11.2 33 10.2
18 2.2 6 2.4
6 1.6 18 2.4
52 1.3 31 1.9
56 1.3 52 1.4
44 1.0 51 1.2
66 1.0 56 0.9
74 1.0 74 0.9
31 0.6 66 0.7
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);
Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 103: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World
Oceania (a) World (b)
16 71.2 16 67.1
33 10.4 33 10.2
18 4.0 6 2.4
31 3.2 18 2.4
6 1.6 31 1.9
51 1.6 52 1.4
55 0.8 51 1.2
83 0.8 56 0.9
74 0.8 74 0.9
73 0.8 66 0.7
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia and New Zealand.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);
Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 186 -

4.2.3 Vaginal cancer and precancerous vaginal lesions

Vaginal and cervical cancers share similar risk factors and it is generally accepted that both carcinomas
share the same aetiology of HPV infection although there is limited evidence available. Women with
vaginal cancer are more likely to have a history of other ano-genital cancers, particularly of the cervix,
and these two carcinomas are frequently diagnosed simultaneously. HPV DNA is detected among 78%
of invasive vaginal carcinomas and 91% of high-grade vaginal neoplasias (VaIN2/3). HPV16 is the most
common type in high-grade vaginal neoplasias and it is detected in at least 78% of HPV-positive carci-
nomas (de Martel C et al. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8(2):e180-e190; De Vuyst H et al. Int J Cancer 2009;
124:1626-36). In this section, the HPV burden among cases of vaginal cancer cases and precancerous
vaginal lesions in the World are presented.

Table 35: Studies on HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer cases in the World
HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
Argentina Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (4.3), HPV 68
Australia Alemany 2014 46 71.7 (57.5-82.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 26 (2.2)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 18 (3.3), HPV 73
Austria Alemany 2014 152 71.1 (63.4-77.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 56 (2.6)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (4.3), HPV 68
Bangladesh Alemany 2014 46 71.7 (57.5-82.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 26 (2.2)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 18 (3.3), HPV 73
Belarus Alemany 2014 152 71.1 (63.4-77.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 56 (2.6)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
Brazil Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
Chile Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
Colombia Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 18 (3.3), HPV 73
Czechia Alemany 2014 152 71.1 (63.4-77.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 56 (2.6)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 18 (3.3), HPV 73
Germany Alemany 2014 152 71.1 (63.4-77.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 56 (2.6)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
Ecuador Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 18 (3.3), HPV 73
Spain Alemany 2014 152 71.1 (63.4-77.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 56 (2.6)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 18 (3.3), HPV 73
France Alemany 2014 152 71.1 (63.4-77.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 56 (2.6)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 187 -

Table 35 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
United 11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 18 (3.3), HPV 73
Alemany 2014 152 71.1 (63.4-77.7)
Kingdom 39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 56 (2.6)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 18 (3.3), HPV 73
Greece Alemany 2014 152 71.1 (63.4-77.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 56 (2.6)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
Guatemala Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (4.3), HPV 68
India Alemany 2014 46 71.7 (57.5-82.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 26 (2.2)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (4.3), HPV 68
Israel Alemany 2014 46 71.7 (57.5-82.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 26 (2.2)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
Republic 11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (4.3), HPV 68
Alemany 2014 46 71.7 (57.5-82.7)
of Korea 39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 26 (2.2)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (4.3), HPV 68
Kuwait Alemany 2014 46 71.7 (57.5-82.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 26 (2.2)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (4.3), HPV 68
Lebanon Alemany 2014 46 71.7 (57.5-82.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 26 (2.2)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
Mexico Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (31.6), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 45 (10.5), HPV 18
Mozambique Alemany 2014 19 68.4 (46.0-84.6)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.3), HPV 31 (5.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 33 (5.3)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (31.6), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 45 (10.5), HPV 18
Nigeria Alemany 2014 19 68.4 (46.0-84.6)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.3), HPV 31 (5.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 33 (5.3)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (4.3), HPV 68
Philippines Alemany 2014 46 71.7 (57.5-82.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 26 (2.2)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 18 (3.3), HPV 73
Poland Alemany 2014 152 71.1 (63.4-77.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 56 (2.6)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
Paraguay Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (4.3), HPV 68
Turkey Alemany 2014 46 71.7 (57.5-82.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 26 (2.2)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (4.3), HPV 68
Taiwan Alemany 2014 46 71.7 (57.5-82.7)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 26 (2.2)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 188 -

Table 35 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
Uruguay Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
United
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
States of Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
America
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 31 (5.8), HPV 18
Venezuela Alemany 2014 191 78 (71.6-83.3)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (33.3), HPV
PCR, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,
31 (28.6), HPV 40
Portugal Ferreira 2008 33, 35, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 21 81 (60.0-92.3)
(14.3), HPV 18 (9.5),
56, 58)
HPV 33 (9.5)
HPV 16 (56.3), HPV
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16,
52 (6.3), HPV 35
Spain Fuste 2010 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 32 78.1 (61.2-89.0)
(3.1), HPV 51 (3.1),
51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68)
HPV 58 (3.1)
HPV 16 (37.7), HPV
PCR-E6, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,
18 (2.9), HPV 31
Sweden Larsson 2013 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 69 53.6 (42.0-64.9)
(2.9), HPV 33 (2.9),
58, 59)
HPV 52 (2.9)
HPV 16 (77.8), HPV
EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,
33 (7.4), HPV 18
Denmark Madsen 2008 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 27 88.9 (71.9-96.1)
(3.7), HPV 39 (3.7),
52, 56, 58)
HPV 45 (3.7)
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Table 36: Studies on HPV prevalence among VaIN 2/3 cases in the World
HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
Argentina Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (15.4), HPV 59
Australia Alemany 2014 13 100 (77.2-100.0)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 73 (7.7)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (7.3), HPV 18
Austria Alemany 2014 96 97.9 (92.7-99.4)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 73 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (15.4), HPV 59
Bangladesh Alemany 2014 13 100 (77.2-100.0)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 73 (7.7)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (7.3), HPV 18
Belarus Alemany 2014 96 97.9 (92.7-99.4)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 73 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
Brazil Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 189 -

Table 36 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
Chile Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
Colombia Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (7.3), HPV 18
Czechia Alemany 2014 96 97.9 (92.7-99.4)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 73 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (7.3), HPV 18
Germany Alemany 2014 96 97.9 (92.7-99.4)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 73 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
Ecuador Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (7.3), HPV 18
Spain Alemany 2014 96 97.9 (92.7-99.4)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 73 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (7.3), HPV 18
France Alemany 2014 96 97.9 (92.7-99.4)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 73 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
United 11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (7.3), HPV 18
Alemany 2014 96 97.9 (92.7-99.4)
Kingdom 39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 73 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (7.3), HPV 18
Greece Alemany 2014 96 97.9 (92.7-99.4)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 73 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
Guatemala Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (15.4), HPV 59
India Alemany 2014 13 100 (77.2-100.0)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 73 (7.7)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (15.4), HPV 59
Israel Alemany 2014 13 100 (77.2-100.0)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 73 (7.7)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
Republic 11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (15.4), HPV 59
Alemany 2014 13 100 (77.2-100.0)
of Korea 39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 73 (7.7)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (15.4), HPV 59
Kuwait Alemany 2014 13 100 (77.2-100.0)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 73 (7.7)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (15.4), HPV 59
Lebanon Alemany 2014 13 100 (77.2-100.0)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 73 (7.7)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
Mexico Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 190 -

Table 36 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (15.4), HPV 59
Philippines Alemany 2014 13 100 (77.2-100.0)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 73 (7.7)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33 (7.3), HPV 18
Poland Alemany 2014 96 97.9 (92.7-99.4)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82) HPV 73 (3.1)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
Paraguay Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (15.4), HPV 59
Turkey Alemany 2014 13 100 (77.2-100.0)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 73 (7.7)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (15.4), HPV 59
Taiwan Alemany 2014 13 100 (77.2-100.0)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 73 (7.7)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
Uruguay Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
United
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
States of Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
America
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 52 (6.3), HPV 73
Venezuela Alemany 2014 80 92.5 (84.6-96.5)
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89) HPV 51 (3.8)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
United HPV 16 (54.5), HPV
L1-Consensus primer, RFLP,
States of Daling 2002 99 77.8 (68.6-84.8) 58 (1.0), HPV 66
TS (HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 58,
America (1.0), HPV 73 (1.0)
66, 73)
HPV 16 (86.7), HPV
Italy Frega 2007 PCR, TS (HPV 16, 18) 30 100 (88.6-100.0)
18 (13.3)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21,
Germany Hampl 2006 11 90.9 (62.3-98.4) HPV 16 (63.6)
22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35,
40, 44, 52, 56, 58)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR-SPF10,
, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,
HPV 16 (50.0), HPV
United 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,
58 (18.8), HPV 31
States of Srodon 2006 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 16 93.8 (71.7-98.9)
(12.5), HPV 35 (6.3),
America 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,
HPV 51 (6.3)
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
PCR, TS, Sequencing (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,
26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, HPV 16 (16.7), HPV
39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 58 (16.7), HPV 53
Japan Sugase 1997 18 100 (82.4-100.0)
53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, (11.1), HPV 67
62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, (11.1), HPV 35 (5.6)
73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,
86, 87, 89, 90, 91)
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
HPV 16 (20.0), HPV
Greece Tsimplaki 2012 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 10 40 (16.8-68.7)
33 (20.0)
53, 56, 58, 66, 70)
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 191 -

Figure 104: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Africa and
the World
Africa (a) World (b)
16 31.6 16 43.6
45 10.5 31 3.9
18 5.3 18 3.7
31 5.3 33 3.7
33 5.3 45 2.7
39 5.3 58 2.7
56 * 52 2.2
73 * 51 1.7
69 * 73 1.7
68 * 39 1.5
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
vaginal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Mozambique, Nigeria.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan
and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 105: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in the Americas
and the World
Americas (a) World (b)
16 42.4 16 43.6
31 5.8 31 3.9
18 4.2 18 3.7
33 4.2 33 3.7
52 3.1 45 2.7
58 3.1 58 2.7
45 2.6 52 2.2
51 2.6 51 1.7
39 2.1 73 1.7
59 1.6 39 1.5
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
vaginal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan
and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 192 -

Figure 106: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Asia and the
World
Asia (a) World (b)
16 39.4 16 43.6
68 3.0 31 3.9
18 3.0 18 3.7
26 3.0 33 3.7
45 3.0 45 2.7
51 3.0 58 2.7
52 3.0 52 2.2
56 3.0 51 1.7
59 3.0 73 1.7
33 3.0 39 1.5
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
vaginal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan
and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 107: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Europe and
the World
Europe (a) World (b)
16 47.4 16 43.6
18 3.3 31 3.9
73 3.3 18 3.7
33 2.6 33 3.7
56 2.6 45 2.7
58 2.6 58 2.7
31 2.0 52 2.2
35 1.3 51 1.7
45 1.3 73 1.7
52 1.3 39 1.5
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
vaginal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan
and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 193 -

Figure 108: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Oceania and
the World
Oceania (a) World (b)
16 46.2 16 43.6
68 7.7 31 3.9
31 7.7 18 3.7
58 7.7 33 3.7
33 7.7 45 2.7
6 * 58 2.7
69 * 52 2.2
67 * 51 1.7
66 * 73 1.7
53 * 39 1.5
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
vaginal cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Australia
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan
and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 109: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
World (a)
16 56.1
52 5.3
18 5.3
73 4.8
33 4.2
59 3.7
56 2.6
No data available 51
6
2.1
1.6
35 1.6
0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VaIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania
(Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 194 -

Figure 110: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and
the World
Americas (a) World (b)
16 46.3 16 56.1
52 6.3 52 5.3
73 6.3 18 5.3
18 6.3 73 4.8
51 3.8 33 4.2
56 3.8 59 3.7
6 3.8 56 2.6
31 2.5 51 2.1
58 2.5 6 1.6
59 2.5 35 1.6
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VaIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania
(Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 111: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
Asia (a) World (b)
16 53.8 16 56.1
59 15.4 52 5.3
52 15.4 18 5.3
45 7.7 73 4.8
73 7.7 33 4.2
53 * 59 3.7
82 * 56 2.6
69 * 51 2.1
68 * 6 1.6
67 * 35 1.6
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VaIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania
(Australia)
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 195 -

Figure 112: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a) World (b)
16 65.6 16 56.1
33 7.3 52 5.3
18 5.2 18 5.3
52 3.1 73 4.8
73 3.1 33 4.2
35 2.1 59 3.7
53 2.1 56 2.6
56 2.1 51 2.1
59 2.1 6 1.6
51 1.0 35 1.6
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VaIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania
(Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 113: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the
World
Oceania (a) World (b)
16 53.8 16 56.1
59 15.4 52 5.3
52 15.4 18 5.3
45 7.7 73 4.8
73 7.7 33 4.2
53 * 59 3.7
82 * 56 2.6
69 * 51 2.1
68 * 6 1.6
67 * 35 1.6
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VaIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania
(Australia)
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 196 -

4.2.4 Penile cancer and precancerous penlie lesions

DNA is detectable in approximately 51% of all penile cancers (de Martel C et al. Lancet Glob Health
2020;8(2):e180-e190). Among HPV-related penile tumours, HPV16 is the most common type detected,
followed by HPV18 and HPV types 6/11 (Miralles C et al. J Clin Pathol 2009;62:870-8). Over 95% of
invasive penile cancers are SCC and the most common penile SCC histologic sub-types are keratinising
(49%), mixed warty-basaloid (17%), verrucous (8%), warty (6%), and basaloid (4%). HPV is commonly
detected in basaloid and warty tumours but is less common in keratinising and verrucous tumours. In
this section, the HPV burden among cases of penile cancer cases and precancerous penile lesions in the
World are presented.

Table 37: Studies on HPV prevalence among penile cancer cases in the World
HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
HPV 16 (17.3), HPV
L1-Consensus primer,
45 (12.8), HPV 6
Brazil Afonso 2012 PCR-E6, RFLP (HPV 6, 11, 133 56.4 (47.9-64.5)
(6.8), HPV 18 (3.8),
16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 45, 53,
HPV 31 (3.0)
62, 70, 71, 73)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR
Austria Aumayr 2013 L1-Consensus primer, TS 26 69.2 (50.0-83.5)
(HPV 16, 18, 31, 33)
PCR consensus primers and
probing forHPV types: 6, 11,
Brazil Bezerra 2001 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 82 30.5 (21.6-41.1)
42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56
and 58
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, qPCR,
HPV 16 (40.4), HPV
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
Brazil Calmon 2013 47 48.9 (35.3-62.8) 11 (10.6), HPV 35
31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,
(2.1)
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66,
68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
PCR Type specific for HPV 16 (9.8), HPV
China Chan 1994 41 19.5 (10.2-34.0)
HPV16/18 18 (9.8)
PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6,
HPV 16 (22.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,
6 (3.0), HPV 18
Paraguay Cubilla 2010 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 202 31.7 (25.7-38.4)
(2.0), HPV 11 (1.5),
54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73,
HPV 35 (1.5)
74)
United
PCR L1-Consensus primer, HPV 16 (40.5), HPV
States of Cupp 1995 42 54.8 (39.9-68.8)
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 16, 18) 18 (4.8)
America
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR HPV 16 (47.2), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 59 (5.6), HPV 11
Belgium D’Hauwers 2012 36 61.1 (44.9-75.2)
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, (2.8), HPV 33 (2.8),
59, 66, 67, 68) HPV 39 (2.8)
HPV 16 (69.1), HPV
United
6 (4.3), HPV 33
States of Daling 2005 PCR MY09/11 94 79.8 (70.6-86.7)
(2.1), HPV 18 (1.1),
America
HPV 31 (1.1)
PCR-SPF10, PCR-E6, qPCR,
HPV 16 (20.0), HPV
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
11 (0.8), HPV 18
Viet Nam Do 2013 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 120 22.5 (15.9-30.8)
(0.8), HPV 33 (0.8),
51, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,
HPV 58 (0.8)
69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, LiPA
HPV 16 (26.9), HPV
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
58 (3.8), HPV 6
Spain Ferrándiz-Pulido 2013 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 78 37.2 (27.3-48.3)
(2.6), HPV 33 (1.3),
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66,
HPV 45 (1.3)
68, 70, 73, 74)
HPV 11 (39.0), HPV
PCR-GP5+/6+, Sequencing
6 (19.5), HPV 16
Brazil Fonseca 2013 (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 33, 45, 82 61.0 (50.2-70.8)
(18.3), HPV 53
51, 52, 53, 58, 68)
(11.0), HPV 33 (2.4)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 197 -

Table 37 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
HPV 16 (45.5), HPV
PCR-(MY09/11, GP5+/6+),
Italy Gentile 2006 11 72.7 (43.4-90.3) 18 (18.2), HPV 53
sequencing
(9.1)
PCR Type specific for:
6,11,16 and 18 + Primers for
Paraguay Gregoire 1995 109 23.9 (16.8-32.7)
wide range including
16,18,31,33,35,52
PCR Type specific for:
United
6,11,16 and 18 + Primers for
States of Gregoire 1995 109 23.9 (16.8-32.7)
wide range including
America
16,18,31,33,35,52
PCR-GP5+/6+, RLBM, (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33-35,
39, 40, 42-45, 51-59, 61, 66, HPV 16 (45.8), HPV
Spain Guerrero 2008 24 45.8 (27.9-64.9)
68, 70-73, 81(CP8304), 39 (4.2)
82/MM4, 82/IS39, 83(MM7),
84(MM8), CP6108)
PCR-GP5+/6+, EIA, RLBM,
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
HPV 16 (22.8), HPV
33-35, 39, 40, 42-45, 51-59,
18 (2.3), HPV 45
Netherlands Heideman 2007 61, 66, 68, 70-73, 83 55.4 (44.7-65.6)
(1.8), HPV 33 (1.2),
81(CP8304), 82/MM4,
HPV 56 (0.6)
82/IS39, 83(MM7),
84(MM8), CP6108)
PCR-(MY09/MY11,
FAP59/FAP64), TS (HPV 5,
France Humbey 2003 6, 8, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 36 66.7 (50.3-79.8) HPV 16 (25.0)
45, 51, 52, 58, 68),
sequencing
PCR type specific for HPV HPV 16 (61.3), HPV
Japan Iwasawa 1993 111 63.1 (53.8-71.5)
16,18 and 33 18 (1.8)
PCR-(HPV 6,11,
Sweden Kirrander 2011 16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59),
151 80.8 (73.8-86.3)
sequencing
PCR-GP5+/6+, EIA, RLBM,
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33-35, 39, 40, 42-45, 51-59,
Denmark Krustrup 2009 61, 66, 68, 70-73, 145 61.4 (53.3-68.9)
81(CP8304), 82/MM4,
82/IS39, 83(MM7),
84(MM8), CP6108)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
HPV 16 (55.0), HPV
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR
South 11 (30.0), HPV 18
Lebelo 2014 (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 40 87.5 (73.9-94.5)
Africa (10.0), HPV 45 (5.0),
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
HPV 33 (2.5)
59, 66, 67, 68)
PCR MY09/11 and probing
Brazil Levi 1998 50 56.0 (42.3-68.8)
for 6,11,16,18,31
PCR-GP5+/6+, RLBM, (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33-35,
39, 40, 42-45, 51-59, 61, 66,
Netherlands Lont 2006 171 29.2 (22.9-36.5)
68, 70-73, 81(CP8304),
82/MM4, 82/IS39, 83(MM7),
84(MM8), CP6108)
HPV 16 (61.8), HPV
PCR-E6, RT-PCR,
11 (3.9), HPV 31
Mexico López-Romero 2013 Sequencing (HPV 11, 16, 18, 76 75.0 (64.2-83.4)
(3.9), HPV 18 (1.3),
31, 33, 58, 59)
HPV 33 (1.3)
PCR E6/E7 for HPV6,16 and
Canada Maden 1993 67 49.3 (37.7-60.9) HPV 16 (34.3)
18
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6, HPV 16 (45.5), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 33 (4.9), HPV 18
Austria Mannweiler 2013 123 58.5 (49.7-66.9)
40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, (4.1), HPV 45 (3.3),
56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, HPV 56 (0.8)
72, 73, 74, 82)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 198 -

Table 37 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
PCR-(MY09/11, GP5+/6+), HPV 16 (65.3), HPV
Spain Pascual 2007 49 77.6 (64.1-87.0)
sequencing 18 (8.2)
PCR-GP5+/6+, TS (HPV 16,
Germany Perceau 2003 17 35.3 (17.3-58.7)
18, 31, 33)
HPV 18 (28.9), HPV
PCR GP5+/6+ and typing by
Argentina Picconi 2000 38 71.1 (55.2-83.0) 16 (21.1), HPV 6
PCR-SSCP
(5.3)
HPV 16 (32.7), HPV
Germany Poetsch 2011 PCR-,TS (HPV 6/11, 16, 18) 52 38.5 (26.5-52.0) 6/11 (3.8), HPV 18
(1.9)
PCR-SPF10, LIPA, (HPV 6,
United 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33-35, 39,
Prowse 2008 26 53.8 (35.5-71.2)
Kingdom 40, 42-45, 51-54, 56, 58, 59,
66, 68-71, 73, 74)
HPV 16 (25.4), HPV
6 (3.5), HPV 45
Paraguay Rubin 2001 PCR SPF10 + INO-LIPA 142 42.3 (34.4-50.5)
(2.8), HPV 52 (2.8),
HPV 35 (2.1)
HPV 16 (25.4), HPV
United
6 (3.5), HPV 45
States of Rubin 2001 PCR SPF10 + INO-LIPA 142 42.3 (34.4-50.5)
(2.8), HPV 52 (2.8),
America
HPV 35 (2.1)
Mexico Salazar 2005 PCR Specific for HPV16 57 59.6 (46.7-71.4)
United
PCR type specific for 6b/11,
States of Sarkar 1992 27 59.3 (40.7-75.5)
16 and 18 + Southern Blot
America
HPV 16 (15.0), HPV
PCR-GP5+/6+,
6 (5.0), HPV 18
Brazil Scheiner 2008 PCR-MY09/11, RFLP (HPV 80 72.5 (61.9-81.1)
(1.3), HPV 31 (1.3),
6, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 71)
HPV 33 (1.3)
HPV 18 (55.4), HPV
6 (40.0), HPV 34
Thailand Senba 2006 PCR SPF10, ISH 65 81.5 (70.4-89.1)
(3.1), HPV 11 (1.5),
HPV 22 (1.5)
PCR-SPF10, LIPA, (HPV 6, HPV 16 (45.1), HPV
United 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33-35, 39, 11 (9.8), HPV 45
Stankiewicz 2011 102 55.9 (46.2-65.1)
Kingdom 40, 42-45, 51-54, 56, 58, 59, (5.9), HPV 6 (5.9),
66, 68-71, 73, 74) HPV 31 (4.9)
PCR consensus primers on HPV 16 (30.8), HPV
Japan Suzuki 1994 L1 and E6 13 53.8 (29.1-76.8) 33 (15.4), HPV 31
(6,11,16,18,31,33,42,52,58 (7.7)
PCR-GP5+/6+,
PCR-MY09/11, HPV 16 (42.6), HPV
Italy Tornesello 2008 PCR-L1C1/C2, PCR-E6, 61 47.5 (35.5-59.8) 18 (3.3), HPV 35
PCR-E7, Sequencing (HPV (1.6)
6, 16, 18, 33, 35)
PCR-GP5+/6+,
PCR-MY09/11, HPV 16 (58.8), HPV
Uganda Tornesello 2008 PCR-L1C1/C2, PCR-E6, 17 64.7 (41.3-82.7) 18 (11.8), HPV 6
PCR-E7, Sequencing (HPV (11.8), HPV 33 (5.9)
6, 16, 18, 33, 35)
United PCR Type specific for HPV
States of Varma 1991 6/11 and 16 and ISH for 30 66.7 (48.8-80.8)
America 6,11,16,18,31,33 and 35
PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV
Japan Yanagawa 2008 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52, 26 11.5 (4.0-29.0) HPV 16 (11.5)
58)
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 199 -

Table 38: Studies on HPV prevalence among PeIN 2/3 cases in the World
HPV Prevalence
Prevalence of 5
HPV detection method No. most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
and targeted HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type
(%)
United
PCR L1-Consensus primer, HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
States of Cupp 1995 25 92.0 (75.0-97.8)
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 16, 18) 18 (8.0)
America
HPV 16 (61.5), HPV
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR
18 (23.1), HPV 11
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
Belgium D’Hauwers 2012 13 84.6 (57.8-95.7) (15.4), HPV 53
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
(15.4), HPV 56
59, 66, 67, 68)
(15.4)
PCR-(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,
Sweden Kirrander 2011 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 62 88.7 (78.5-94.4)
59), sequencing
PCR-E6, RT-PCR,
Mexico López-Romero 2013 10 100.0 (72.2-100.0) HPV 16 (100.0)
Sequencing (HPV 16)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6,
HPV 16 (62.8), HPV
11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,
Austria Mannweiler 2013 43 76.7 (62.3-86.8) 18 (9.3), HPV 33
40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,
(2.3), HPV 73 (2.3)
56, 58, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 82)
PCR-GP5+/6+,
HPV 16 (39.3), HPV
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
6 (21.4), HPV 31
Sweden Wikström 2012 L1-Consensus primer (HPV 28 85.7 (68.5-94.3)
(7.1), HPV 33 (7.1),
6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 45,
HPV 45 (7.1)
52, 58, 70, 73)
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 200 -

Figure 114: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Africa and the
World
Africa (a) World (b)
16 26.3 16 22.8
52 5.3 6 1.6
30 5.3 33 1.2
33 5.3 45 1.0
6 * 35 1.0
73 * 52 0.9
61 * 59 0.7
66 * 11 0.7
67 * 18 0.7
68 * 74 0.6
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
penile cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal
b Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 115: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in the Americas
and the World
Americas (a) World (b)
16 23.8 16 22.8
6 2.5 6 1.6
11 1.5 33 1.2
35 1.3 45 1.0
45 1.3 35 1.0
59 1.3 52 0.9
33 1.3 59 0.7
18 1.0 11 0.7
51 0.6 18 0.7
56 0.6 74 0.6
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
penile cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States
b Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 201 -

Figure 116: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Asia and the
World
Asia (a) World (b)
16 9.0 16 22.8
35 1.5 6 1.6
45 1.5 33 1.2
33 1.5 45 1.0
73 * 35 1.0
61 * 52 0.9
66 * 59 0.7
67 * 11 0.7
68 * 18 0.7
69 * 74 0.6
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
penile cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippinesy
b Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 117: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Europe and
the World
Europe (a) World (b)
16 23.4 16 22.8
52 1.2 6 1.6
6 1.0 33 1.2
33 1.0 45 1.0
58 0.7 35 1.0
45 0.7 52 0.9
18 0.5 59 0.7
31 0.5 11 0.7
44 0.5 18 0.7
35 0.5 74 0.6
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
penile cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom
b Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 202 -

Figure 118: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Oceania and
the World
World (a)
16 22.8
6 1.6
33 1.2
45 1.0
35 1.0
52 0.9
59 0.7
No data available 11
18
0.7
0.7
74 0.6
0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
penile cancer cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 119: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
World (a)
16 69.4
33 5.9
58 4.7
31 3.5
52 3.5
51 3.5
6 2.4
No data available 18
66
2.4
2.4
53 2.4
0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
PeIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 203 -

Figure 120: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and
the World
Americas (a) World (b)
16 36.4 16 69.4
66 18.2 33 5.9
58 9.1 58 4.7
11 9.1 31 3.5
53 9.1 52 3.5
31 9.1 51 3.5
52 9.1 6 2.4
51 9.1 18 2.4
61 9.1 66 2.4
69 * 53 2.4
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
PeIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela.
b Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 121: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
World (a)
16 69.4
33 5.9
58 4.7
31 3.5
52 3.5
51 3.5
6 2.4
No data available 18
66
2.4
2.4
53 2.4
0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
PeIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 204 -

Figure 122: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a) World (b)
16 73.4 16 69.4
33 6.3 33 5.9
6 3.1 58 4.7
18 3.1 31 3.5
58 3.1 52 3.5
31 3.1 51 3.5
52 3.1 6 2.4
51 3.1 18 2.4
45 3.1 66 2.4
43 1.6 53 2.4
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
PeIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom
b Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 123: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the
World
World (a)
16 69.4
33 5.9
58 4.7
31 3.5
52 3.5
51 3.5
6 2.4
No data available 18
66
2.4
2.4
53 2.4
0 20 40 60 80
Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
PeIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 205 -

4.3 HPV burden in men

The information to date regarding anogenital HPV infection is primarily derived from cross-sectional
studies of selected populations such as general population, university students, military recruits, and
studies that examined husbands of control women, as well as from prospective studies. Special sub-
groups include mainly studies that examined STD (sexually transmitted diseases) clinic attendees,
MSM (men who have sex with men), HIV positive men, and partners of women with HPV lesions, CIN
(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), cervical cancer or cervical carcinoma in situ. Globally, prevalence of
external genital HPV infection in men is higher than cervical HPV infection in women, but persistence
is less likely. As with genital HPV prevalence, high numbers of sexual partners increase the acquisition
of oncogenic HPV infections (Vaccine 2012, Vol. 30, Suppl 5). In this section, the HPV burden among
men in the World is presented.

Methods

HPV burden in men was based on published systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Dunne EF, J Infect
Dis 2006; 194: 1044, Smith JS, J Adolesc Health 2011; 48: 540, Olesen TB, Sex Transm Infect 2014;
90: 455, and Hebnes JB, J Sex Med 2014; 11: 2630) up to October 31, 2015. The search terms for the
review were human papillomavirus, men, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybrid capture (HC), and
viral DNA. References cited in selected articles were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV
DNA detection by means of PCR or HC (ISH if data are not available for the country), and a detailed
description of HPV DNA detection and genotyping techniques used. The number of cases tested and
HPV positive cases were extracted for each study to estimate the anogenital prevalence of HPV DNA.
Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each anogenital HPV prevalence.

Table 39: Studies on HPV prevalence among men in the World

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
Heterosexual
RT-PCR-
Vardas men enrolled in Median 20
Australia Penis Multiplex or 3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
2011b a HPV vaccine (15-24)
Biplex
trial
Franceschi Glans, corona, Husbands of
Brazil PCR-GP5+/6+ 24-81 56 39.3 (26.5-53.2)
2002 urethra control women
Corona sulcus, PCR-
Giuliano General
glans, shaft and PGMY09/11 18-70 382 72.3 (67.5-76.7)
2008 population
scrotum and GP5/6+
HIV- MSW from
general
Nyitray PCR-
Anal canal population and 18-70 1305 12.2 (10.5-14.1)
2011 PGMY09/11
population from
a STD clinic
HIV- MSM from
general
Nyitray PCR-
Anal canal population and 18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
2011 PGMY09/11
population from
a STD clinic
Shaft, dorsal and
Partners of
Rosenblatt prebalanic area,
HC2 HR women without - 60 15.0 (7.1-26.6)
2004 prepuce, urethral
CIN
meatus
Heterosexual
RT-PCR-
Vardas men enrolled in Median 20
Penis Multiplex or 3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
2011b a HPV vaccine (15-24)
Biplex
trial
Heterosexual
RT-PCR-
Vardas men enrolled in Median 20
Canada Penis Multiplex or 3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
2011b a HPV vaccine (15-24)
Biplex
trial
Guzmán University
Chile Corona and shaft PCR-GP5+/6+ 20-51 61 83.6 (71.9-91.8)
2008 students
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 206 -

Table 39 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
Population-
Coronal sulcus, based
PCR-
China Liu 2015 shaft, glans, and esophageal 25-65 2228 16.9 (15.3-18.5)
SPF1/GP6+
scrotum cancer cohort
study
Franceschi Glans, corona, Husbands of
Colombia PCR-GP5+/6+ 23-82 128 18.8 (12.4-26.6)
2002 urethra control women
Heterosexual
RT-PCR-
Vardas men enrolled in Median 20
Croatia Penis Multiplex or 3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
2011b a HPV vaccine (15-24)
Biplex
trial
Filter
Family
hybridization
Grce 1996 Urethra planning clinic - 79 26.6 (17.3-37.7)
(slot-blot, TS
attendees
6,11,16,18)
Coronal sulcus, Male employees
Hebnes glans, preputial and conscripts Mean 23
Denmark HC2 2436 22.2 (20.6-24.0)
2015 cavity, scrotum, at military (18-65)
shaft and perineum barracks
Coronal sulcus, Male employees
Hebnes glans, preputial and conscripts Mean 23
PCR-LIPAv2 2436 41.8 (39.9-43.8)
2015 cavity, scrotum, at military (18-65)
shaft and perineum barracks
Glans and corona PCR-GP5+/6+ Military
Kjaer 2005 18-29 337 33.8 (28.8-39.2)
sulcus TS oligoprobes conscripts
Sexual partners
PCR-MY09/11
Finland Kero 2011 Urethra of pregnant 19-46 128 22.7 (15.7-30.9)
and GP5+/6+
women
Glans, prepuce, PCR-MY09/11
Hippeläinen Voluntary
corona sulcus, TS Mean 20 285 16.5 (12.4-21.3)
1993 conscripts
urethral meatus 6,11,16,18,31,33
Heterosexual
RT-PCR-
Vardas men enrolled in Median 20
Germany Penis Multiplex or 3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
2011b a HPV vaccine (15-24)
Biplex
trial
Blood donors or
Grussendorf-
Coronal sulcus and patients from
Conen ISH 16-79 530 5.8 (4.0-8.2)
glans department of
1987
dermatology
Coronal sulcus,
Partners of
distal and PCR-L1 and TS
India Gupta 2006 women with Mean 46.9 30 26.7 (12.3-45.9)
intrameatal urethra 16,18
normal cytology
and glans
PCR-Roche
Coronal sulcus, Heterosexual
Lorenzon Linear Array
Italy shaft, prepuce, and men for routine 18-68 378 40.5 (35.5-45.6)
2014 HPV
urethral HPV testing
Genotyping test
Hospital based
controls
PCR-MY09/11
Nasca 2006 Penis attending clinic 27-79 46 8.7 (2.4-20.8)
and GP5+/6+
for nongenital
complaints
Takahashi Glans, corona, University
Japan HC2 HR, LR 18-35 75 1.3 (0.0-7.2)
2003 prepuce students
Glans, corona
PCR- Men working in
Ng’ayo sulcus, shaft of the
Kenya PGMY09/MY11 the fishing 18-63 250 57.6 (51.2-63.8)
2008 penis, scrotum and
and HMB01 industry
the perianal region
Shaft, glans, coronal Men screened to
sulcus, and inner participate in
Smith 2010 PCR-GP5+/6+ 17-28 2705 51.1 (49.2-53.0)
and external an RCT of male
foreskin tissue circumcision
General
Corona sulcus, PCR- population and
Giuliano
Mexico glans, shaft and PGMY09/11 organized 18-70 362 61.9 (56.7-66.9)
2008
scrotum and GP5/6+ health care
systems
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 207 -

Table 39 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
Corona, shaft, upper
third of the scrotum, PCR-BGH 20 Military
Lajous 2005 16-40 1030 44.6 (41.5-47.7)
urethral meatus, and BPCO4 conscripts
urethra
Sexually active
Lazcano-
college students
Ponce Corona, urethra PCR-GP5+/6+ 14-55 96 42.7 (32.7-53.2)
and industry
2001
workers
HIV- MSW from
organized
Nyitray PCR- health care
Anal canal 18-70 1305 12.2 (10.5-14.1)
2011 PGMY09/11 systems,
factories and
military
HIV- MSM from
organized
Nyitray PCR- health care
Anal canal 18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
2011 PGMY09/11 systems,
factories and
military
Sánchez-
University
Alemán Glans and prepuce HC2 HR >=18 71 8.5 (3.2-17.5)
students
2002
Scrotum, coronal
Men who
Vaccarella sulcus, the glans PCR-
requested a Mean 34 779 8.7 (6.8-10.9)
2006 and the opening of PGMY09/11
vasectomy
the meatus
Heterosexual
RT-PCR-
Vardas men enrolled in Median 20
Penis Multiplex or 3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
2011b a HPV vaccine (15-24)
Biplex
trial
Franceschi Glans, corona, Husbands of
Philippines PCR-GP5+/6+ 19-71 106 4.7 (1.5-10.7)
2002 urethra control women
Glans, corona,
Republic of
Shin 2004 scrotum, prepuce, PCR-SPF10 Male students Median 22 381 8.7 (6.0-11.9)
Korea
urethra
Men
PCR-Roche
Shaft, scrotum, participating in
Linear Array Median 31
Veldhuijzen glans/sulcus corona, a case–control
Rwanda HPV (IQR=27- 166 26.5 (20.0-33.9)
2012 and foreskin in study assessing
Genotyping test 38)
uncircumcised men risk factors for
(HR-HPV types)
infertility
Men
PCR-Roche
Shaft, scrotum, participating in
Linear Array Median 31
Veldhuijzen glans/sulcus corona, a case–control
HPV (IQR=27- 166 31.3 (24.4-39.0)
2012 and foreskin in study assessing
Genotyping test 38)
uncircumcised men risk factors for
(LR-HPV types)
infertility
HIV-
heterosexual
PCR-Roche
Shaft and glans, men recruited
South Mbulawa Linear Array
and the foreskin in for 18-66 313 50.8 (45.1-56.5)
Africa 2010 HPV
uncircumcised men investigations
Genotyping test
of genital HPV
transmission
Men recruited
from the
PCR-Roche
Auvert general IQR=19-
Urethra Amplicor HPV 1683 19.1 (17.2-21.0)
2010 population for 22
test
an RCT of male
circumcision
Franceschi Glans, corona, Husbands of
Spain PCR-GP5+/6+ 24-78 168 3.6 (1.3-7.6)
2002 urethra control women
Heterosexual
RT-PCR-
Vardas men enrolled in Median 20
Penis Multiplex or 3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
2011b a HPV vaccine (15-24)
Biplex
trial
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 208 -

Table 39 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
Army conscripts
Kataoka PCR-TS
Sweden Urethra with normal 18-23 66 12.1 (5.4-22.5)
1991 6,11,16,18,33
epithelium
PCR-TS
(6,11,16,18,31,33,35)
Forslund and Military
Urethra 20-23 138 8.7 (4.6-14.7)
1993 unespecified conscripts
consensus
primer
Glans, preputial
cavity
Men from the
Olesen (uncircumcised PCR-LIPA and
Tanzania general Mean 34.2 1813 20.5 (18.7-22.5)
2013 men), coronal sulcus HC2
population
(circumcised men),
shaft, corpus
Franceschi Glans, corona, Husbands of
Thailand PCR-GP5+/6+ 28-78 75 17.3 (9.6-27.8)
2002 urethra control women
HIV-
Tobian Coronal sulcus and PCR-
Uganda heterosexual 15-49 978 60.9 (57.8-64.0)
2013 glans PGMY09/11
men
United Corona sulcus,
Giuliano PCR- General
States of glans, shaft and 18-44 290 30.0 (24.8-35.6)
2008 PGMY09/11 population
America scrotum
General
Corona sulcus, PCR-
Giuliano population and
glans, shaft and PGMY09/11 18-70 416 61.3 (56.4-66.0)
2008 population from
scrotum and GP5/6+
University
Glans, corona
Hernandez PCR- University
sulcus, penile shaft, Mean 29 300 35.3 (29.9-41.0)
2008 PGMY09/11 population
scrotum
General
Glans, corona
population
Nielson sulcus, penile shaft PCR-
volunteers and 18-40 463 65.4 (60.9-69.8)
2007 and scrotum, PGMY09/11
STD clinic
perianal area, anus
attendees
HIV- MSW from
general
Nyitray PCR-
Anal canal population and 18-70 1305 12.2 (10.5-14.1)
2011 PGMY09/11
population from
University
HIV- MSM from
general
Nyitray PCR-
Anal canal population and 18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
2011 PGMY09/11
population from
University
Glans, urethral Heterosexual
Partridge PCR-MY09/11
meatus, penile shaft university 18-20 240 25.8 (20.4-31.9)
2007 HMB 01
and scrotum students
Heterosexual
RT-PCR-
Vardas men enrolled in Median 20
Penis Multiplex or 3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
2011b a HPV vaccine (15-24)
Biplex
trial
Weaver Glans, prepuce, PCR-MY09/11 University
18-25 283 35.0 (29.4-40.9)
2004 shaft, scrotum HMB 01 students
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 31 Oct 2015)
HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
MSM: Men who have sex with men; MSW:Men who have sex with women; STD: sexually transmitted diseases
a 95% Confidence Interval
b Includes cases from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Mexico, Spain, and USA.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Table 40: Studies on HPV prevalence among men from special subgroups in the World
HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
GP-PCR
Reverse line Mean/Median
Argentina Pando 2012 Anus HIV- MSM 69 79.7 (68.3-88.4)
blot 31 years
hybridization
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 209 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
GP-PCR
Reverse line Mean/Median
Pando 2012 Anus HIV+ MSM 39 92.3 (79.1-98.4)
blot 31 years
hybridization
IQR=36-
Australia Vajdic 2009 Anal canal HC2 HIV- MSM 193 69.9 (62.9-76.3)
48
Anderson Median 45
Anal canal HC2 HR HIV+ MSM 123 86.2 (78.8-91.7)
2008 (28-59)
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Penis Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Anus Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
PCR-Linear Mean 51
Ong 2016 Anus HIV+ MSM 281 79.7 (74.5-84.3)
Array (35-82)
IQR=37-
Vajdic 2009 Anal canal HC2 HIV+ MSM 123 94.3 (88.6-97.7)
49
HIV- MSM from
general
Nyitray PCR-
Brazil Anal canal population and 18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
2011 PGMY09/11
population from
a STD clinic
Sexual partners
de Lima Coronal sulcus, of women with
PCR-GP5+/6+ 18-60 43 51.2 (35.5-66.7)
Rocha 2012 glans, and prepuce cervical HPV
infection
Husbands of
Franceschi Glans, corona, women with
PCR-GP5+/6+ 27-79 53 35.8 (23.1-50.2)
2002 urethra invasive
cervical cancer
Shaft, glans, Men referred to
PCR-
Freire 2014 balanopreputial the Urological 18-81 355 72.1 (67.1-76.7)
Papillocheck
sulcus and urethral Division
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Anus Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Penis Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
Guimarães
Anus PCR-DBH HIV+ >=18 445 65.6 (61.0-70.0)
2011
Shaft, dorsal and
Partners of
Rosenblatt prebalanic area,
HC2 HR women with - 30 76.7 (57.7-90.1)
2004 prepuce, urethral
CIN
meatus
Partners of
Rombaldi Prepuce, preglans, PCR-L1,
women with 18-56 99 54.5 (44.2-64.6)
2006 shaft, urethral canal MY09/11
CIN
Glans, urethra,
Partners of
Nicolau internal and
HC2 HR, LR women with 19-53 50 70.0 (55.4-82.1)
2005 external prepuce,
HPV
scrotum, anus
de
PCR- Median 43
Canada Pokomandy Anal canal HIV+ MSM 241 97.9 (95.2-99.3)
PGMY09/11 (21-66)
2009
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Penis Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Anus Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
Heterosexual
PCR-Roche
Ogilvie men attending
Shaft, scrotum Amplicor HPV 16-69 262 69.8 (63.9-75.3)
2009 provincial STD
test
clinic
HIV+ MSM
PCR-
Salit 2009 Anus participants in 38-50 224 93.3 (89.2-96.2)
PGMY09/11
TRACE study
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 210 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
Median
44.4
Salit 2010 Anal canal HC2 HIV+ MSM 400 93.0 (90.0-95.3)
(IQR=39.4-
50.6)
PCR-
>=18 (70%
China Gao 2010 Anal canal TellgenplexTM HIV+ MSM 50 96.0 (86.3-99.5)
<30 years)
HPV DNA Test
PCR-
>=18 (70%
Gao 2010 Anal canal TellgenplexTM HIV- MSM 528 58.9 (54.6-63.1)
<30 years)
HPV DNA Test
Li 2015 Anus PCR-GenoArray HIV+ MSM 18-60 193 99.0 (96.3-99.9)
PCR-
Yang 2012 Anus TellgenplexTM HIV+ MSM >=18 91 70.3 (59.8-79.5)
HPV DNA Test
HIV- MSM,
IQR=25-
Zhang 2014 Anus PCR-GenoArray STD clinic 380 33.7 (28.9-38.7)
34.8
attendees
HIV+ MSM
IQR=25-
Zhang 2014 Anus PCR-GenoArray STD clinic 28 71.4 (51.3-86.8)
34.8
attendees
STD clinic
Tang 2006 Urethral meatus PCR-MY09/11 18-70 305 13.8 (10.1-18.2)
attendees
Husbands of
Franceschi Glans, corona, women with
Colombia PCR-GP5+/6+ 24-79 50 32.0 (19.5-46.7)
2002 urethra invasive
cervical cancer
Husbands of
women with
Franceschi Glans, corona,
PCR-GP5+/6+ cervical 23-76 63 20.6 (11.5-32.7)
2002 urethra
carcinoma in
situ
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Croatia Anus Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Penis Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
Coronal sulcus, PCR-GP5+/6+
STD clinic
Denmark Svare 2002 glans, perianal area, and TS >=18 198 44.9 (37.9-52.2)
attendees
scrotum, and shaft 6,11,16,18,31,33
Men with penile
and urethral
Aynaud PCR-TS lesions whose
France Meatal urethra Mean 29 55 87.3 (75.5-94.7)
2003 6,11,42,16,18,33 female partners
have genital
HPV lesions
Men with
normal
peniscopy
Aynaud PCR-TS
Meatal urethra whose female Mean 30 34 2.9 (0.1-15.3)
2003 6,11,42,16,18,33
partners have
genital HPV
lesions
Philibert PCR-Cobas Mean 46.4
Anus HIV+ MSM 82 76.8 (66.2-85.4)
2014 HR-HPV (SD=9.4)
Piketty
Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 HIV+ MSM 27-62 45 80.0 (65.4-90.4)
2004
Damay PCR- Median 45
Anal canal HIV+ MSM 67 74.6 (62.5-84.5)
2010 PapilloCheck® (39-49.5)
Philibert PCR-Cobas Mean 46.4
Anus HIV- MSM 16 75.0 (47.6-92.7)
2014 HR-HPV (SD=9.4)
Sexual partners
Glans, prepuce, Filter of women with
Schneider
Germany fossa navicularis, hybridization HPV associated Mean 36.5 156 39.1 (31.4-47.2)
1988
shaft DNA/DNA lesions of the
cervix
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Anus Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 211 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Penis Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
PCR-Multiplex
Wieland
Anus and HIV+ MSM 18-80 801 91.5 (89.4-93.3)
2015
hybridization
HIV- STD clinic
attendees
without genital
Hadjivassiliou
Greece Urethra HC2 HR, LR warts and 15-65 64 20.3 (11.3-32.2)
2007
sexual partners
of women with
genital warts
Coronal sulcus,
Partners of
distal and PCR-L1 and TS
India Gupta 2006 women with Mean 46.4 30 66.7 (47.2-82.7)
intrameatal urethra 16,18
cervical cancer
and glans
Sadlier PCR-TS Mean 40
Ireland Anus HIV+ MSM 83 77.1 (66.6-85.6)
2014 16,18,31 (SD=10)
Sadlier PCR-TS Mean 32
Anus HIV- MSM 80 61.3 (49.7-71.9)
2014 16,18,31 (SD=8)
Coronal sulcus, PCR-LiPA, Partners of
Giovannelli
Italy frenulum, glans, GP5+/6+ and women with 23-58 47 68.1 (52.9-80.9)
2007
prepuce, shaft MY09/11 HPV
Male partners
Coronal sulcus,
Benevolo of women with
urethra, prepuce, PCR-L1 20-61 71 35.2 (24.2-47.5)
2008 CIN and/or
shaft
positive HPV
Men with
Chiarini PCR-Generic symptoms of
Urethra - 247 31.2 (25.5-37.4)
1998 primers in E1 nongonococcal
urethritis
Partners of
Della Torre PCR-TS
Urethra women with - 64 21.9 (12.5-34.0)
1992 6,11,16,18
HPV
Median 41
PCR-Linear
Dona 2015 Anus HIV+ MSM (IQR=33- 172 93.0 (88.1-96.3)
Array
47)
Median 32
PCR-Linear
Dona 2015 Anus HIV- MSM (IQR=27- 437 72.1 (67.6-76.2)
Array
39)
Median 39
Garbuglia
Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV+ MSM (IQR=33- 220 88.6 (83.7-92.5)
2015
44)
Median 34
Orlando
Anus HC2 HIV+ (IQR=30- 233 87.1 (82.1-91.1)
2008
42)
Men referred
for HPV testing.
Indications for
PCR-General
Glans, corona, shaft, testing: STD
Barzon primers for L1
perianal area, screening, HPV 20-72 947 41.7 (38.5-44.9)
2010 (MY09/11, GP5
urethra, and semen suspected
+ /6+)
lesions,
HPV-positive
partners
Pierangeli
Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 HIV- MSM 28-62 9 88.9 (51.8-99.7)
2008
PCR-Multiplex Mean 38
Sammarco
Coronal sulcus and RFLP and HIV+ MSM (IQR=20- 50 22.0 (11.5-36.0)
2016
sequencing 53)
PCR-Multiplex Mean 38
Sammarco
Urethra and RFLP and HIV+ MSM (IQR=20- 50 10.0 (3.3-21.8)
2016
sequencing 53)
PCR-Multiplex Mean 38
Sammarco
Anus and RFLP and HIV+ MSM (IQR=20- 50 56.0 (41.3-70.0)
2016
sequencing 53)
Pierangeli
Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 HIV+ MSM 25-65 18 94.4 (72.7-99.9)
2008
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 212 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
HIV+ Median 44
Nagata
Japan Anus PCR-Invader heterosexual (IQR=39- 34 20.6 (8.7-37.9)
2015
men 55)
Median 44
Nagata
Anus PCR-Invader HIV+ MSM (IQR=39- 361 75.9 (71.1-80.2)
2015
55)
Coronal sulcus,
Shigehara PCR-HPV Men with Mean 35.2
glans, prepuce, 142 47.9 (39.4-56.4)
2010 GenoArray urethritis (19-62)
urethra, and urine
Takahashi Coronal sulcus, Patients with
HC2 HR, LR 17-49 130 18.5 (12.2-26.2)
2003 glans, prepuce urethritis
Takahashi Glans, corona, inner STD clinic
HC2 HR, LR 18-35 204 5.9 (3.1-10.0)
2005 surface of prepuce attendees
Torres-
PCR-
Mexico Ibarra Anus HIV+ MSM 18-69 446 93.0 (90.3-95.2)
PGMY09/11
2014
HIV- MSM from
organized
Nyitray PCR- health care
Anal canal 18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
2011 PGMY09/11 systems,
factories and
military
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Anus Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Penis Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
Leyva- Partners of
López Urethral meatus PCR-L1 women with 17-64 187 2.1 (0.6-5.4)
2003 CIN
Mendez- Median 39
PCR-INNO-
Martinez Anus HIV+ MSM (IQR=33- 324 86.1 (81.9-89.7)
LIPA
2014 45)
Van
Corona, urethra, PCR-TS STD clinic
Netherlands Doornum Mean 37 85 28.2 (19.0-39.0)
anus, rectum 6/11,16,18,33 attendees
1994
PCR-TS
van der
Perianal area primers and HIV+ MSM 29-59 17 64.7 (38.3-85.8)
Snoek 2003
LiPA
Partners of
Bleeker Corona, frenulum, women with
PCR-GP5+/6+ 22.5-57.7 181 72.9 (65.8-79.3)
2005 glans, inner prepuce dyskaryosis
and/or CIN
PCR-TS
van der
Coronal sulcus primers and HIV+ MSM 29-59 17 23.5 (6.8-49.9)
Snoek 2003
LiPA
Men visiting
department of
Bleeker Corona, frenulum,
PCR-GP5+/6+ dermatology for 22.8-73.2 83 25.3 (16.4-36.0)
2005 glans, inner prepuce
non-STI
complaints
Partners of
Bleeker Glans, corona,
PCR-GP5+/6+ women with 24-58 119 58.8 (49.4-67.8)
2002 frenulum, prepuce
CIN
PCR-TS
van der
Perianal area primers and HIV- MSM 19-76 241 32.8 (26.9-39.1)
Snoek 2003
LiPA
Median
van Rijn PCR-LIPA TS 45.6
Anal canal HIV+ MSM 306 56.9 (51.1-62.5)
2014 16,18,31,33,45,52,58 (IQR=39.4-
52.5)
PCR-TS
van der
Coronal sulcus primers and HIV- MSM 19-76 241 15.8 (11.4-21.0)
Snoek 2003
LiPA
Median
van Rijn PCR-LIPA TS 45.6
Penile shaft HIV+ MSM 306 23.2 (18.6-28.3)
2014 16,18,31,33,45,52,58 (IQR=39.4-
52.5)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 213 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
Median 38
Welling PCR-SPF DEIA
Penis HIV- MSM (IQR=33- 461 29.5 (25.4-33.9)
2015 LIPA
42)
Median 38
Welling PCR-SPF DEIA
Anus HIV- MSM (IQR=33- 461 60.1 (55.5-64.6)
2015 LIPA
42)
Median 46
Welling PCR-SPF DEIA
Anus HIV+ MSM (IQR=39- 317 78.2 (73.3-82.7)
2015 LIPA
53)
Median 46
Welling PCR-SPF DEIA
Penis HIV+ MSM (IQR=39- 317 49.5 (43.9-55.2)
2015 LIPA
53)
Vriend MSW STD Median 22
Anal canal PCR-LIPA 124 33.1 (24.9-42.1)
2013 clinic attendees (16-24)
Vriend MSW STD Median 22
Penis PCR-LIPA 124 16.1 (10.1-23.8)
2013 clinic attendees (16-24)
Vriend MSM STD Median 22
Anal canal PCR-LIPA 56 3.6 (0.4-12.3)
2013 clinic attendees (16-24)
Vriend MSM STD Median 22
Penis PCR-LIPA 56 26.8 (15.8-40.3)
2013 clinic attendees (16-24)
Median
van Rijn PCR-LIPA TS 37.6
Penile shaft HIV- MSM 441 11.1 (8.3-14.4)
2014 16,18,31,33,45,52,58 (IQR=33.6-
42.2)
Median
van Rijn PCR-LIPA TS 37.6
Anal canal HIV- MSM 441 33.6 (29.2-38.2)
2014 16,18,31,33,45,52,58 (IQR=33.6-
42.2)
Coronal sulcus,
PCR-Linear Mean 34
Peru Blas 2015 glans, penis shaft, HIV- MSM 101 40.6 (30.9-50.8)
Array (18-59)
and scrotum
PCR-Linear Mean 34
Blas 2015 Anal canal HIV- MSM 101 76.2 (66.7-84.1)
Array (18-59)
Mean 33
Quinn 2012 Anus PCR-Line blot MSM 105 77.1 (67.9-84.8)
(SD=10.1)
Husbands of
Franceschi Glans, corona, women with
Philippines PCR-GP5+/6+ 22-77 149 6.0 (2.8-11.2)
2002 urethra invasive
cervical cancer
Russian PCR-TS Median 29
Wirtz 2015 Anus HIV+ MSM 58 50.0 (36.6-63.4)
Federation 6,11,16,18,31,33 (19-50)
PCR-TS Median 29
Wirtz 2015 Anus HIV- MSM 65 30.8 (19.9-43.4)
6,11,16,18,31,33 (19-50)
PCR-Linear Men from
Slovenia Golob 2014 Penis Mean 33 299 37.1 (31.6-42.9)
Array infertile couples
Milosevic PCR-Linear
Anal canal HIV- MSM 16-80 116 75.0 (66.1-82.6)
2010 Array
Milosevic PCR-Linear
Anal canal HIV+ MSM 20-57 20 95.0 (75.1-99.9)
2010 Array
Men with
Glans penis, coronal PCR-Roche
anogenital wart
South Müller sulcus, penile shaft Linear Array
attending a Mean 29.8 108 100.0 (96.6-100.0)
Africa 2010 and anogenital HPV
sexual health
warts Genotyping test
clinic
Asymptomatic
men attending
PCR-Roche
Glans penis, coronal for HIV
Müller Linear Array
sulcus and penile voluntary Mean 29.8 50 62.0 (47.2-75.3)
2010 HPV
shaft counselling and
Genotyping test
testing a sexual
health clinic
Men with
PCR-Roche urethritis
Glans penis, coronal
Müller Linear Array syndrome
sulcus and penile Mean 29.8 56 48.2 (34.7-62.0)
2010 HPV attending a
shaft
Genotyping test sexual health
clinic
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 214 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
Men with penile
Prepuce, penile PCR-Roche
warts attending
Firnhaber shaft and genital Linear Array
a public sector Mean 36.0 73 100.0 (95.1-100.0)
2011 wart areas of the HPV
antiretroviral
penis Genotyping test
treatment clinic
Heterosexual
Coronal sulcus, PCR- men attending IQR=29-
Vogt 2013 34 58.8 (40.7-75.4)
glans and shaft PGMY09/11 an HIV testing 37
centre
HIV+
heterosexual
PCR-Roche
Shaft and glans, men recruited
Mbulawa Linear Array
and the foreskin in for 19-67 158 77.2 (69.9-83.5)
2010 HPV
uncircumcised men investigations
Genotyping test
of genital HPV
transmission
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Spain Penis Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
Husbands of
women with
Franceschi Glans, corona,
PCR-GP5+/6+ cervical 22-76 102 21.6 (14.0-30.8)
2002 urethra
carcinoma in
situ
Hidalgo-
PCR-GeneAmp Mean 37.4
Tenorio Anus HIV+ MSM 197 80.2 (73.9-85.5)
HR-HPV (SD=9.5)
2015
HIV+
Sendagorta PCR-Genomic
Anus MSM/bisexual >=18 298 93.0 (89.4-95.6)
2014 amplification
men
Median 42
Sendagorta PCR-HR Clart
Anus HIV+ MSM (IQR=33- 101 82.2 (73.3-89.1)
2015 HPV2
50)
PCR-Roche
Linear Array IQR=28.2-
Torres 2013 Anus HIV+ MSM 1439 95.8 (94.6-96.7)
HPV 40.1
Genotyping test
PCR-TS
primers in HIV+
E6/E7 Heterosexual
Videla 2013 Anus F-HPVTM men attending 40-48 195 41.5 (34.5-48.8)
typing an outpatient
(Molgentix SL, HIV clinic
Spain)
PCR-TS
primers in HIV+
E6/E7 Heterosexual
Coronal sulcus,
Videla 2013 F-HPVTM men attending 40-48 191 27.2 (21.0-34.1)
glans, urethra, shaft
typing an outpatient
(Molgentix SL, HIV clinic
Spain)
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Anus Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
Husbands of
Franceschi Glans, corona, women with
PCR-GP5+/6+ 25-74 84 11.9 (5.9-20.8)
2002 urethra invasive
cervical cancer
PCR-TS
primers in
HIV+ MSM
E6/E7
attending an
Videla 2013 Anus F-HPVTM 36-47 538 84.2 (80.8-87.2)
outpatient HIV
typing
clinic
(Molgentix SL,
Spain)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 215 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
PCR-General
primers in L1
Álvarez- (MY09/11, GP5
STD clinic
Argüelles Balanopreputial + /6+), PCR 17-87 1318 36.9 (34.3-39.5)
attendees
2013 with TS primers
in E6/E7 for
typing
PCR-General
primers in L1
Álvarez- (MY09/11, GP5
STD clinic
Argüelles Anus + /6+), PCR 17-87 123 49.6 (40.5-58.8)
attendees
2013 with TS primers
in E6/E7 for
typing
PCR-TS
primers in
HIV+ MSM
E6/E7
Coronal sulcus, attending an
Videla 2013 F-HPVTM 36-47 457 24.9 (21.0-29.2)
glans, urethra, shaft outpatient HIV
typing
clinic
(Molgentix SL,
Spain)
Army conscripts
Kataoka PCR-TS with
Sweden Urethra 18-23 39 25.6 (13.0-42.1)
1991 6,11,16,18,33 aceto-white
epithelium
Löwhagen
Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV- MSM 26-62 13 53.8 (25.1-80.8)
1999
Coronal sulcus,
Strand PCR-MY09/11 STD clinic
glans, preputium, 20-53 65 29.2 (18.6-41.8)
1993 and GP5+/6+ attendees
and shaft
Löwhagen
Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV+ MSM 27-54 17 94.1 (71.3-99.9)
1999
PCR-TS
Coronal sulcus,
Wikström primers STD clinic
inner part of the 17-58 228 53.9 (47.2-60.5)
1991 followed by dot attendees
prepuce, urethra
blot
Wikström Corona, glans, and STD clinic
PCR-GP5+/6+ 18-54 235 13.2 (9.1-18.2)
2000 prepuce attendees
PCR-MY09/11 STD clinic
Voog 1997 Glans and prepuce 19-67 20 25.0 (8.7-49.1)
and GP5+/6+ attendees
MSM-Gay men
who
self-identify as
Supindham PCR-Linear men and prefer
Thailand Anus 18-54 85 89.4 (80.8-95.0)
2015 Array insertive and/or
receptive anal
sex with other
men
Leaungwutiwong Nested-PCR HIV- MSM sex
Anus Median 26 50 30.0 (17.9-44.6)
2015 and sequencing worker
Leaungwutiwong Nested-PCR
Anus HIV- MSM Median 33 50 30.0 (17.9-44.6)
2015 and sequencing
PCR-Roche
Phanuphak Linear Array
Anus HIV- MSM >=18 123 58.5 (49.3-67.3)
2013 HPV
Genotyping test
MSM-Bisexual
men who
self-identify as
Supindham PCR-Linear men and engage
Anus 18-36 29 48.3 (29.4-67.5)
2015 Array in insertive
and/or receptive
anal sex with
men and women
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 216 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
MSM-
Transgender
women who are
born as
anatomical
males (and who
may or may not
Supindham PCR-Linear have undergone
Anus 18-48 83 80.7 (70.6-88.6)
2015 Array genital
surgery), but
who
self-identify as
women and
prefer receptive
anal sex with
men
Husbands of
Franceschi Glans, corona, women with
PCR-GP5+/6+ 25-77 109 22.0 (14.6-31.0)
2002 urethra invasive
cervical cancer
PCR-Roche
Phanuphak Linear Array
Anus HIV+ MSM >=18 123 85.4 (77.9-91.1)
2013 HPV
Genotyping test
HIV+
Tobian Coronal sulcus and PCR-
Uganda heterosexual 15-49 421 90.7 (87.6-93.3)
2013 glans PGMY09/11
men
Drop-in sexual
United Cuschieri PCR-INNO-
Shaft health service 16-25 117 29.1 (21.0-38.2)
Kingdom 2011 LiPA
attendees
Hillman Men infected
Urethra PCR-GP5+/6+ 17-55.6 100 18.0 (11.0-26.9)
1993 with gonorrhea
PCR-General
primers for L1 Genitourinary
Jalal 2007 Urethra 15-77 437 20.8 (17.1-24.9)
(MY09/11, GP5 clinic attendees
+ /6+) and RLH
PCR-Multiplex
and Bio-Plex Median 30
King 2015 Anus Any nonavalent MSM (IQR=25- 454 40.1 (35.5-44.8)
vaccine HPV 35)
types
PCR-Multiplex
Coronal sulcus,
and Bio-Plex Median 30
glans, penis shaft,
King 2015 Any nonavalent MSM (IQR=25- 446 36.1 (31.6-40.7)
scrotum and
vaccine HPV 35)
perianal area
types
Lacey 1999 Anal canal PCR-GP5+/6+ HIV+ MSM 19-62 57 84.2 (72.1-92.5)
Genitourinary
PCR-General
clinic attendees
primers (GP5 +
with multiple
Bissett Glans, prepuce, /6+), Bio-Plex
sexual partners - 87 49.4 (38.5-60.4)
2011 shaft, scrotum array
or diagnosis of
technology for
genital warts
typing
within 6 months
United
PCR-
States of Wiley 2013 Anus HIV+ MSM Mean 55 579 90.7 (88.0-92.9)
PGMY09/11
America
PCR-
Wiley 2013 Anus HIV- MSM Mean 55 683 70.3 (66.7-73.7)
PGMY09/11
Heterosexual
Baken 1995 Penis PCR-MY09/11 partners of STD >17 48 62.5 (47.4-76.0)
clinic attendees
Baldwin Glans, corona, PCR- STD clinic
18-70 393 28.2 (23.8-33.0)
2003 urethra PGMY09/11 attendees
Berry 2009 Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 HIV+ MSM 26-75 32 90.6 (75.0-98.0)
Berry 2009 Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 HIV- MSM 26-75 81 56.8 (45.3-67.8)
HIV+ and HIV-
Caussy PCR-TS
Anus homosexual Mean 40.6 105 39.0 (29.7-49.1)
1990 6,11,16,18,31,33,35
men
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 217 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
HIV- MSM in
Chin-Hong
Anus PCR-MY09/11 EXPLORE 18-89 1218 56.8 (54.0-59.6)
2004
cohort
PCR- generic HIV-
Chin-Hong
Anus probe set by homosexual or 24-73 87 57.5 (46.4-68.0)
2008
DBH bisexual men
PCR- generic HIV+
Chin-Hong
Anus probe set by homosexual or 24-73 38 86.8 (71.9-95.6)
2008
DBH bisexual men
Colón- STD clinic
López Anus PCR-MY09/11 attendees >=18 192 57.8 (50.5-64.9)
2014 (29.8% MSM)
Median 42
Conley PCR-Linear
Anal canal HIV+ MSW (IQR=38- 92 58.7 (47.9-68.9)
2010 Array
48)
Median 42
Conley PCR-Linear
Anal canal HIV+ MSM (IQR=36- 379 95.8 (93.2-97.6)
2010 Array
48)
HIV+
Critchlow
Anus PCR-MY09/11 homosexual Mean 34 322 91.6 (88.0-94.4)
1998
men
90% > 30
Wilkin 2004 Anal canal HC2 HIV+ MSM 55 78.2 (65.0-88.2)
years
Glans, corona, shaft,
inguinal skin, STD clinic
Fife 2003 PCR-TS 6,11 18-50 20 10.0 (1.2-31.7)
scrotum, perineum, attendees
perianal, urine
PCR-MY09/11,
Friedman
Anal canal HMB01, and HIV- MSM <40 years 46 69.6 (54.2-82.3)
1998
HC
HIV-
Critchlow
Anus PCR-MY09/11 homosexual Mean 34 284 66.5 (60.7-72.0)
1998
men
HIV+ Median 55
Gandra
Anus HC2 heterosexual (IQR=49- 40 27.5 (14.6-43.9)
2015
men 60)
PCR-L1
Palefsky
Anal canal consensus HIV+ MSM - 323 95.4 (92.5-97.4)
2005
primers
HIV-
Palefsky
Anus PCR-MY09/11 homosexual or 26-73 200 61.0 (53.9-67.8)
1998
bisexual men
PCR-MY09/11,
Friedman
Anal canal HMB01, and HIV+ MSM <40 years 135 90.4 (84.1-94.8)
1998
HC
HIV+
Palefsky
Anus PCR-MY09/11 homosexual or 24-64 289 93.1 (89.5-95.7)
1998
bisexual men
HIV+
Palefsky
Anus PCR-MY09/11 homosexual or 24-66 118 93.2 (87.1-97.0)
1997
bisexual men
HIV- MSM from
general
Nyitray PCR-
Anal canal population and 18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
2011 PGMY09/11
population from
University
HIV+ and HIV-
Palefsky
Anus PCR-MY09/11 homosexual or 24-73 489 80.0 (76.1-83.4)
1998
bisexual men
HIV+
Kiviat 1993 Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 MSM/bisexual 16-50 241 91.7 (87.5-94.9)
men
HIV-
Kiviat 1993 Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 MSM/bisexual 16-50 152 78.3 (70.9-84.6)
men
Mean 39.5
Hood 2016 Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV+ MSM 309 92.6 (89.0-95.2)
(SD=7.8)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 218 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page

HPV Prevalence
Anatomic sites HPV detection Age No.
Country Study Population % (95% CI)a
samples method (years) Tested
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Anus Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
RT-PCR-
Goldstone Median 22
Penis Multiplex or HIV- MSM 602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
2011 (16-27)
Biplex
Median 49
Gandra
Anus HC2 HIV+ MSM (IQR=41- 107 54.2 (44.3-63.9)
2015
57)
High-risk
Moscicki PCR-MY09/11 adolescent boys
Anus 13-18 83 44.6 (33.7-55.9)
2003 and HMB01 in REACH
cohort
Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 31 Oct 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism; RLH: Reverse Line Hybridisation; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific; MSM: Men who have sex with men;
MSW:Men who have sex with women; STD: sexually transmitted diseases
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 219 -

4.4 HPV burden in the head and neck

The last evaluation of the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) on the carcinogenicity of
HPV in humans concluded that (a) there is enough evidence for the carcinogenicity of HPV type 16 in
the oral cavity, oropharynx (including tonsil cancer, base of tongue cancer and other oropharyngeal can-
cer sites), and (b) limited evidence for laryngeal cancer (IARC Monograph Vol 100B). There is increasing
evidence that HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers constitute an epidemiological, molecular and clinical
distinct form as compared to non HPV-related ones. Some studies indicate that the most likely expla-
nation for the origin of this distinct form of head and neck cancers associated with HPV is a sexually
acquired oral HPV infection that is not cleared, persists and evolves into a neoplastic lesion. Around
30% of oropharyngeal cancers (which mainly comprises the tonsils and base of tongue sites) are caused
by HPV with HPV16 being the most frequent type (de Martel C et al. Int J Cancer 2017;141(4):664-
670). Attributable fraction varies greatly worldwide, being highest in more developed countries (60% in
Republic of Korea, 51% in North America, 50% in Eastern Europe, 46% in Japan, 42% in North-Western
Europe, 41% in Australia/New Zealand, 24% in South Europe, 23% in China, 22% in India, and 13%
in elsewhere) (de Martel C et al. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8(2):e180-e190). In this section, the HPV
burden in the head and neck in the World is presented.

4.4.1 Burden of oral HPV infection in healthy population

Table 41: Studies on oral HPV prevalence among healthy in the World
5 most
Specimen HPV High-Risk
HPV frequent
collection detec- % Age No. HPV
Study Population prevalence % HPVs,
method / tion males (years)b tested c prevalence %
a (95% CI) HPV
anatomic site method (95% CI)
type (n)d
Convenient
Brush/swab /
Eike PCR- samples
Most parts of 0 20-79 61 0 (0.0-5.9) - -
1995 MY09/11 from out-
mouth
patients
Convenient
samples
Leimola- Brush/swab /
PCR- from
Virtanen Most parts of 0 55 131 10.7 (6.5-17.1) - -
GP5/6 general
1996 mouth
popula-
tion
Convenient
Brush/swab / HPV6 (6);
Lambropoulos PCR- samples
Most parts of 50 14-85 169 9.5 (9.5-14.8) - X (5); 16
1997 MY09/11 from out-
mouth (4); 11 (1)
patients
Brush/swab & PCR- Age-
Schwartz 9.19999999999999
oral rinse / Oral MY09/11 matched 63 18-65 435 - -
1998 (6.8-12.3)
mucosa TS-E6 controls
Convenient HPV16
PCR-
SummersgillOral rinse / Oral samples (8); X (4);
MY09/11 40 0-20 268 6 (3.7-9.5) 3.4 (1.8-6.3)
2001 mucosa from out- 6 (2); 17
GP5+
patients (1); 18 (1)
PCR- General
Winer Brush / swab /
MY09/11 popula- 0 18-20 318 1.9 (0.9-4.1) - HPVX (6)
2003 Oral mucosa
HMB01 tion
Brush/swab &
oral rinse & Age-
Herrero PCR-
gargle / Oral matched 56.9999999999999
17-78 364 4.1 (2.5-6.7) - -
2003 GP5+/6+
mucosa and controls
throat
Brush/swab &
oral rinse & Age-
Herrero PCR-
gargle / Oral matched 86 20-85 114 12.3 (7.5-19.6) - -
2003 GP5+/6+
mucosa and controls
throat
Brush/swab &
oral rinse & Age-
Herrero PCR-
gargle / Oral & matched 50 28-73 50 6 (2.1-16.2) - -
2003 GP5+/6+
oropharyngeal controls
mucosa
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 220 -

Table 41 – continued from previous page

5 most
Specimen HPV High-Risk
HPV frequent
collection detec- % Age No. HPV
Study Population prevalence % HPVs,
method / tion males (years)b tested c prevalence %
a (95% CI) HPV
anatomic site method (95% CI)
type (n)d
Convenient
samples
PCR- HPV31
Smith Oral rinse / Oral from
MY09/11 100 - 68 5.9 (2.3-14.2) 4.4 (1.5-12.2) (2); 13 (1);
2004 mucosa general
TS-E6 39 (1)
popula-
tion
PCR- Age-
Smith Oral rinse / Oral 18.3 HPV16
GP5+/6+ matched 59 - 333 10.8 (7.9-14.6)
2004 mucosa (14.5-22.8) (33)
MY09/11 controls
Convenient HPV12
Kurose Brush/swab / PCR- samples (1); 16 (1);
42 3-85 662 0.3 (0.1-1.1) 0.2 (0.0-0.9)
2004 Oral mucosa MY09/11 from out- 53 (1); 71
patients (1)
HPV20
PCR- Age-
Koppikar Oral rinse / Oral (2); 12 (1);
CP matched 80 - 102 0 (0.0-3.6) 0 (0.0-3.6)
2005 mucosa 48 (1); 23
FAP controls
(1)
HPV76
(3); 75 (2);
13 (2); 16
PCR- Age- (1); 25 (1);
Hansson Brush/swab /
GP5+/6+ matched 67 33-89 320 2.5 (1.3-4.9) 0.3 (0.1-1.7) 54 (1); 44
2005 Tonsillar fossa
MY09/11 controls (1); 62 (1);
67 (1); 68
(1); 87 (1);
X (1)
Convenient HPV61
Brush/swab /
PCR- samples (2); X (2);
do 2006 Most parts of 57.9999999999999
16-52 50 10 (4.3-21.4) 6 (2.1-16.2)
MY09/11 from out- 16 (1); 18
Oropharynx
patients (1); 52 (1)
PCR- Convenient HPV13
Marais Brush/swab /Oral L1 samples (6); 32 (4);
45 1-61 307 4.6 (2.7-7.5) 0.7 (0.2-2.3)
2006 mucosa consen- from out- 11 (2); 72
sus patients (2); 16 (1)
PCR- Age-
Rose Brush/swab /
MY09/11 matched 44 22-85 88 1.1 (0.2-6.2) - -
2006 Oral mucosa
FAP59/64 controls
Brush/swab &
HPV58
oral rinse & Age-
Pintos PCR- (3); 11 (1);
gargle / Oral matched 71 26-84 129 4.7 (2.1-9.8) 3.1 (1.2-7.7)
2008 PGMY09/11 44 (1); 56
mucosa and controls
(1); 66 (1)
throat
Convenient
HPV16
Montaldo Saliva / Oral GP5 + samples 18.3 18.3
42 4-77 164 (23); 31
2007 mucosa N/MY09 from out- (13.1-24.9) (13.1-24.9)
(7)
patients
HPV70
Oral rinse and PCR-
General (8); 16 (2);
Ragin gargle / Oral GP5+/6+
popula- 0 18-65 212 5.7 (3.3-9.6) 1.4 (0.5-4.1) 62 (2); 31
2007 mucosa and PGMY09/11
tion (1); 32 (1);
throat HMB01
66 (1)
Convenient
PCR-
Smith Oral rinse / Oral samples
MY09/11 45 0-20 1235 5.9 (2.3-14.2) - -
2007 mucosa from out-
GP5+
patients
HPV16
Anaya- PCR- Age- (15); 11
Brush/swab / 16.1 9.69999999999999
Saavedra GP5+/6+ matched 53 27-86 248 (7); 18 (5);
Oral mucosa (12.1-21.2) (6.6-14.0)
2008 MY09/11 controls 6 (4); 13
(4)
Convenient
HPV16
samples
(1); 35 (1);
D’Souza Oral rinse / Oral PCR- from
100 18-23 210 2.9 (1.3-6.1) 1.9 (0.7-4.8) 39 (1); 51
2009 mucosa PGMY09/11 general
(1); 66 (1);
popula-
84 (1)
tion
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 221 -

Table 41 – continued from previous page

5 most
Specimen HPV High-Risk
HPV frequent
collection detec- % Age No. HPV
Study Population prevalence % HPVs,
method / tion males (years)b tested c prevalence %
a (95% CI) HPV
anatomic site method (95% CI)
type (n)d
HPV62
(3); 58 (2);
6 (1); 11
(1); 16 (1);
42 (1); 51
Age- (1); 52 (1);
D’Souza Oral rinse / Oral PCR-
matched 76 25-87 332 4.8 (3.0-7.7) 2.1 (1.0-4.3) 56 (1); 58
2009 mucosa PGMY09/11
controls (1); 59 (1);
61 (1); 62
(1); 66 (1);
68 (1); 73
(1); 83 (1);
89 (1)
PCR- Age-
Szarka Brush/swab / HPV16
GP5+/6+ matched 26 22-77 72 4.2 (1.4-11.5) 2.8 (0.8-9.6)
2009 Oral mucosa (2); 11 (1)
MY09/11 controls
Convenient
samples
Brush/swab / PCR-
Esquenazi from
Oral mucosa and GP5+/6+ 40 20-31 100 0 (0.0-3.7) - -
2010 general
mastication sites MY09/11
popula-
tion
HPV16
Convenient (4); 51 (2);
samples 61 (2); 6
Kreimer Oral rinse / Oral PCR- from (1); 58 (1)
100 18-74 499 2.8 (1.7-4.7) 1.4 (0.7-2.9)
2011 mucosa PGMY09/11 general 62(1); 66
popula- (1); 70 (1);
tion 83 (1); 84
(1)
Convenient
samples HPV16
Kreimer Oral rinse / Oral PCR- from (3); 6 (3);
100 18-74 570 4.2 (2.8-6.2) 1.4 (0.7-2.7)
2011 mucosa PGMY09/11 general 66 (3); 72
popula- (3); 84 (3)
tion
Convenient HPV44
samples (15); 16
Kreimer Oral rinse / Oral PCR- from (3); 61 (3);
100 18-74 557 5.9 (4.2-8.2) 1.3 (0.3-2.6)
2011 mucosa PGMY09/11 general 11 (2); 62
popula- (2); 71 (2);
tion 82 (2)
Brush/swab &
oral rinse & Age-
Ribeiro PCR-
gargle / Oral matched - - 898 0.2 (0.1-0.8) - -
2011 PGMY09/11
mucosa and controls
throat
Brush/swab &
oral rinse & Age-
Ribeiro PCR-
gargle / Oral matched - - 898 0.2 (0.1-0.8) - -
2011 PGMY09/11
mucosa and controls
throat
Brush/swab &
oral rinse & Age-
Ribeiro PCR-
gargle / Oral matched - - 898 0.2 (0.1-0.8) - -
2011 PGMY09/11
mucosa and controls
throat
HPV84
(3); 83 (2);
52 (1); 54
Brush/swab &
General (1); 61 (1);
Ragin oral rinse / Oral PCR-
popula- 0 24-78 118 10.2 (5.9-16.9) 2.1 (0.9-4.9) 82 (1); 16
2011 mucosa and PGMY09/11
tion (1); 33 (1);
tonsil
35 (1); 52
(1); 66 (1);
70 (1)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 222 -

Table 41 – continued from previous page

5 most
Specimen HPV High-Risk
HPV frequent
collection detec- % Age No. HPV
Study Population prevalence % HPVs,
method / tion males (years)b tested c prevalence %
a (95% CI) HPV
anatomic site method (95% CI)
type (n)d
PCR- Convenient
Migaldi Brush/swab / MY09/11 samples
50 49-77 81 0 (0.0-4.5) 0 (0.0-4.5) HPV90 (1)
2012 Oral mucosa TS- from out-
E6/E7 patients
Convenient
samples
Pickard Oral rinse / Oral PCR- from
60 18-30 766 2.6 (1.7-4.0) - -
2012 mucosa PGMY09/11 general
popula-
tion
HPV16
Convenient
(12); 33
samples
Brush/swab / PCR- (3); 82 (3);
Kero from 18.3
Most parts of GP5+/6+ 100 19-46 131 13 (8.3-19.8) 6 (1); 11
2012 general (12.6-25.8)
mouth MY09/11 (1); 18 (1);
popula-
31 (1); 43
tion
(1); 70 (1)
Brush/swab &
HPV16
oral rinse & PCR- General
Edelstein (6); 18 (5);
gargle / Oral PGMY09/11 popula- 100 18-25 212 7.5 (4.7-11.9) 13.2 (9.3-18.4)
2012 33 (4); 39
mucosa and HMB01 tion
(4); 31 (3)
throat
PCR-
Gonzalez- Age-
Brush/swab / GP5+/6+ HPV18
Ramirez matched 43 21-NS 320 2.5 (1.3-4.9) 2.5 (1.3-4.9)
Oral mucosa MY09/11 (6); 16 (2)
2013 controls
L1C1/L1C2
Convenient
PCR- HPV18
Seifi Saliva / Oral samples
GP5+/6+ 46 16-61 114 6.1 (3.0-12.1) 4.4 (1.9-9.9) (5); 6 (1);
2013 mucosa from out-
MY09/11 66 (1)
patients
Convenient
Oral rinse and samples
HPV16
Nordfors gargle / Oral PCR- from
52 17-21 335 1.8 (0.8-3.9) 1.8 (0.8-3.9) (4); 56 (1);
2013 mucosa and Multiplex general
58
throat popula-
tion
HPVX
Oral rinse and PCR-
Age- (102); 16
Lang gargle / Oral SPF10
matched 0 22-29 2926 5.4 (4.6-6.2) 1.5 (1.1-2.0) (12); 51
2013 mucosa and TS
controls (10); 52
throat 16/18
(7); 66 (6)
Age-
Morbini Brush/swab / PCR- HPVX (7);
matched 84 31-NS 51 15.7 (8.2-28.0) 2 (0.3-10.3)
2013 Cheeks SPF10 16 (1)
controls
Convenient
Oral rinse and samples
Cavenaghi gargle / Oral PCR- from HPV44
39 4-89 145 2.1 (0.7-5.9) 0.7 (0.1-3.8)
2013 mucosa and MY09/11 general (2); 58 (1)
throat popula-
tion
Brush/swab &
PCR- General
Meyer oral rinse / Oral
A5/A10 popula- 0 - 129 5.4 (2.7-10.8) - -
2014 mucosa and
A6/A8 tion
tonsils
HPVX (2);
Convenient
Brush/swab / 6 (1); 11
Machado PCR- samples
Most parts of 100 18-68 514 1.2 (0.5-2.5) 0.2 (0.0-1.1) (1); 52 (1);
2014 PGMY09/11 from out-
mouth 53 (1); 89
patients
(1)
Convenient
samples
Antonsson Oral rinse / Oral PCR- from
- 18-35 199 3.5 (1.7-7.1) - -
2014 mucosa GP5+/6+ general
popula-
tion
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 223 -

Table 41 – continued from previous page

5 most
Specimen HPV High-Risk
HPV frequent
collection detec- % Age No. HPV
Study Population prevalence % HPVs,
method / tion males (years)b tested c prevalence %
a (95% CI) HPV
anatomic site method (95% CI)
type (n)d
Convenient
Brush/swab / HPV18
Araujo PCR- samples 24.1
Most parts of 38 18-79 166 - (5); 6 (3);
2014 MY09/11 from out- (18.2-31.1)
mouth 58 (1)
patients
Convenient
Oral rinse and samples HPVX (7);
Cook gargle / Oral PCR- from 16 (2); 51
0 18-54 475 2.5 (1.5-4.4) 0.8 (0.3-2.1)
2014 mucosa and PGMY09/11 general (1); 59 (1);
throat popula- 84 (1)
tion
HPV3
(223); 10
PCR- General
Hang Brush/swab / (23); 57
SPF1 popula- 47 25-65 5351 0.7 (0.4-1.1) 0.6 (0.4-1.0)
2014 Oral mucosa (25); 16
GP6+ tion
(23); 75
(6)
Convenient
Oral rinse & samples HPV72
Davidson gargle / Oral & PCR- from (2); 16 (1);
100 15-65 125 3.2 (1.3-7.9) 0.8 (0.1-4.4)
2014 oropharyngeal PGMY09/11 general 44 (1); 62
mucosa popula- (1)
tion
Convenient HPV16
Brush/swab &
samples (5); 66 (5);
oral rinse &
Dahlstrom PCR- from 89 (5); 39
gargle / Oral 50 18-50 442 4.1 (2.1-7.5) 4.1 (2.1-7.5)
2014 PGMY09/11 general (2); 51 (2)
mucosa and
popula- 56 (2); 84
throat
tion (2)
Convenient
PCR-
Saini Brush/swab / samples 23.6
GP5+/6+ 56.9999999999999
30-NS 72 5.6 (2.2-13.4) -
2011 Oral mucosa from out- (15.3-34.6)
MY09/11
patients
HPVX (4);
Convenient
Brush/swab / PCR- 16 (3); 44
Tatar samples
Most parts of GP5+/6+ 21 10-82 209 5.7 (3.3-9.8) 2.4 (1.0-5.5) (2); 11 (1);
2015 from out-
mouth MY09/11 33 (1); 35
patients
(1); 66 (1)
Convenient
Brush/swab &
samples
oral rinse &
Sauter PCR- from
gargle / Oral 35 0-79 153 2.6 (1.0-6.5) - -
2015 PGMY09/11 general
mucosa and
popula-
throat
tion
Oral rinse and
General
Chaturvedi gargle / Oral PCR-
popula- 51 14-69 9480 6.9 (6.4-7.4) - -
2015 mucosa and PGMY09/11
tion
throat
Data updated on 19 Oct 2021 (data as of 19 May 2015)
(95% CI): 95% Confidence Interval
a TS: type-specific; RT-PCR: real-time PCR; qPCR: quantitative PCR
b NS: not specified
c number of cases tested for HPV DNA
d number of cases positive for the specific HPV-type
Data Sources:
Anaya-Saavedra G, Arch Med Res 2008;39(2):189-97 | Antonsson A, PLoS One 2014;9(3):e91761 | Araujo MV, Cad Saude Publica 2014;30(5):1115-9 | Cavenaghi VB, Braz J Otorhi-
nolaryngol 2013;79(5):599-602 | Cook RL, Sex Transm Dis 2014;41(8):486-92 | Chaturvedi AK, Cancer Res 2015;75(12):2468-77 | Dahlstrom KR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2014;23(12):2959-64 | Davidson CL, S Afr Med J 2014;104(5):358-61 | do Sacramento PR, J Med Virol 2006;78(5):614-8 | D’Souza G, J Infect Dis 2009;199(9):1263-9 | D’Souza G, J Infect
Dis 2009;199(9):1263-9 | Edelstein ZR, Sex Transm Dis 2012;39(11):860-7 | Eike A, Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1995;20(2):171-3 | Esquenazi D, Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2010;76(1):78-84
| Gonzalez-Ramirez I, Oral Dis 2013;19(8):796-804 | Hang D, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(10):2101-10 | Hansson BG, Acta Otolaryngol 2005;125(12):1337-44 | Herrero R,
J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95(23):1772-83 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95(23):1772-83 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95(23):1772-83 | Kero K, Eur Urol 2012;62(6):1063-70
| Koppikar P, Int J Cancer 2005;113(6):946-50 | Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(1):172-82 | Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(1):172-82
| Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(1):172-82 | Kurose K, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98(1):91-6 | Lambropoulos AF, Eur J Oral Sci
1997;105(4):294-7 | Lang Kuhs KA, J Infect Dis 2013;208(10):1643-52 | Leimola-Virtanen R, Clin Infect Dis 1996;22(3):593-4 | Machado AP, Braz J Infect Dis 2014;18(3):266-70 | Marais
DJ, BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:95 | Meyer MF, Oral Oncol 2014;50(1):27-31 | Migaldi M, J Oral Pathol Med 2012;41(1):16-20 | Montaldo C, J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36(8):482-7 | Morbini
P, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013;116(4):474-84 | Nordfors C, Scand J Infect Dis 2013;45(11):878-81 | Pickard RK, Sex Transm Dis 2012;39(7):559-66 | Pintos J, Oral
Oncol 2008;44(3):242-50 | Ragin C, Int J Mol Sci 2011;12(6):3928-40 | Ragin CC, Biomarkers 2007;12(5):510-22 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011;40(2):489-502 | Ribeiro KB, Int J
Epidemiol 2011;40(2):489-502 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011;40(2):489-502 | Rose B, Transplantation 2006;82(4):570-3 | Saini R, J Investig Clin Dent 2011;2(4):241-7 | Sauter SL,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(5):864-72 | Schwartz SM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90(21):1626-36 | Seifi S, Iran J Public Health 2013;42(1):79-85 | Smith EM, J Natl Cancer
Inst 2004;96(6):449-55 | Smith EM, Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26(9):836-40 | Smith EM, Sex Transm Dis 2004;31(1):57-62 | Summersgill KF, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol
Endod 2001;91(1):62-9 | Szarka K, Oral Microbiol Immunol 2009;24(4):314-8 | Tatar TZ, J Oral Pathol Med 2015;44(9):722-7 | Winer RL, Am J Epidemiol 2003;157(3):218-26
Systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by ICO HPV Information Centre until May 19, 2015. Reference publication: Mena M et al. J Infect Dis 2019;219(10):1574-1585.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 224 -

4.4.2 HPV burden in head and neck cancers

Table 42: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oral cavity cancer in the World
HPV Prevalence
HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
MEN
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
Brazil Oliveira 2009 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 57 31.6 (21.0-44.5) -
54. 56. 58)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Canada Herrero 2003 17 11.8 (3.3-34.3) HPV 16 (11.8)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Canada Noble-Topham 1993 Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16. 7 57.1 (25.0-84.2) HPV 18 (57.1) HPV 16 (14.3)
18)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with
China Zhang 2004 48 81.3 (68.1-89.8) -
TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Cuba Herrero 2003 53 0 - -
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 16/18, 26, 31, 33,
Germany Krüger 2014 56 8.9 (3.9-19.3) -
35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with TS
Hungary Nemes 2006 67 44.8 (33.5-56.6) -
probes (16. 18. 31. 33. 45. 51. 52. 58)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+
India Balaram 1995 (L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2 and 50 74 (60.4-84.1) -
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
India Chaudhary 2010 146 33.6 (26.4-41.6) HPV 16 (33.6)
primers (16)
India D’Costa 1998 MY09/MY11 (L1) SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 33) 71 12.7 (6.8-22.4) HPV 16 (12.7)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18. HPV 16 (3.9) HPV 18 (0.8) HPV 35
India Herrero 2003 127 4.7 (2.2-9.9)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. (0.8)
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 51, 53,
India Laprise 2016 196 0 - -
54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
Iran Saghravanian 2011 8 0 - -
primers HPV E6/7 (16. 18. 31. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Ireland Herrero 2003 22 4.5 (0.8-21.8) HPV 16 (4.5)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Italy Herrero 2003 32 0 - -
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Electrophoretic
Japan Bhawal 2008 analysis using SiHa DNA as positive 19 26.3 (11.8-48.8) HPV 16 (26.3)
control for HPV-16
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58
Japan Chiba 1996 Restriction enzyme digestion (6. 11. 16. 22 27.3 (13.2-48.2) HPV 16 (27.3)
18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
TS-PCR L1 for
Japan Shimizu 2004 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/75/76/8213 15.4 (4.3-42.2) HPV 120 (7.7) HPV 58 (7.7)
Sequencing
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6 for 6/11
HPV 16 (33.3) HPV 18 (33.3) HPV 6
Japan Tsuhako 2000 Amplification with TS primers 51 52.9 (39.5-65.9)
(11.8) HPV 11 (2.0)
(6.11.16.18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1)
Mexico Ibieta 2005 36 41.7 (27.1-57.8) -
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers and
Netherlands Cruz 1996 22 63.6 (43.0-80.3) HPV 16 (54.5) HPV 6 (4.5)
hybridization with TS probes (2. 4. 6. 10.
11. 13. 16. 18. 25. 31. 33. 46. 51. 52)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Poland Herrero 2003 53 0 - -
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
Republic of TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Amplification HPV 18 (6.6) HPV 16 (1.3) HPV 33
Shin 2002 76 9.2 (4.5-17.8)
Korea with TS primers (16. 18. 33) (1.3)
TS-PCR E6 for 16. L1 for 18. E4 for 31
Serbia Kozomara 2005 and E1 for 33 Amplification with TS 42 61.9 (46.8-75.0) -
primers (16. 18. 31. 33)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and
Slovenia Kansky 2003 48 4.2 (1.2-14.0) HPV 33 (2.1) HPV 58 (2.1)
WD72/76/66/67/154 (E6) RFLP
South TS-PCR E1 for 16 and E7 for 18
Boy 2006 22 9.1 (2.5-27.8) HPV 18 (9.1)
Africa Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Spain Herrero 2003 140 5.7 (2.9-10.9) HPV 16 (5.7)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
WD-66/67/72/76/154 (E6) RFLP
Spain Llamas-Martínez 2008 19 47.4 (27.3-68.3) -
(6.11.16.18.31.33.39.42.45.52)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Sudan Herrero 2003 28 3.6 (0.6-17.7) HPV 16 (3.6)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 225 -

Table 42 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Sweden Dahlgren 2004 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18. 51 3.9 (1.1-13.2) -
33) and sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
United Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
States of Lohavanichbutr 2009 18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 56 19.6 (11.3-31.8) -
America 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with
Venezuela Miller 1994 14 78.6 (52.4-92.4) HPV 16 (71.4) HPV 18 (42.9)
TS probes (16. 18)
WOMEN
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
Brazil Oliveira 2009 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 31 25.8 (13.7-43.2) -
54. 56. 58)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Canada Herrero 2003 11 9.1 (1.6-37.7) HPV 16 (9.1)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Canada Noble-Topham 1993 Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16. 13 46.2 (23.2-70.9) HPV 18 (30.8) HPV 16 (7.7)
18)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with
China Zhang 2004 25 60 (40.7-76.6) -
TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Cuba Herrero 2003 25 4 (0.7-19.5) HPV 16 (4.0)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 16/18, 26, 31, 33,
Germany Krüger 2014 32 0 - -
35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with TS
Hungary Nemes 2006 12 25 (8.9-53.2) -
probes (16. 18. 31. 33. 45. 51. 52. 58)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+
India Balaram 1995 (L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2 and 41 68.3 (53.0-80.4) -
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
India Chaudhary 2010 76 30.3 (21.1-41.3) HPV 16 (30.3)
primers (16)
India D’Costa 1998 MY09/MY11 (L1) SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 33) 5 20 (3.6-62.4) -
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
India Herrero 2003 135 1.5 (0.4-5.2) HPV 16 (1.5) HPV 18 (0.7)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 51, 53,
India Laprise 2016 154 0 - -
54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
Iran Saghravanian 2011 13 23.1 (8.2-50.3) HPV 16 (23.1) HPV 18 (23.1)
primers HPV E6/7 (16. 18. 31. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Ireland Herrero 2003 8 25 (7.1-59.1) HPV 16 (25.0)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Italy Herrero 2003 21 9.5 (2.7-28.9) HPV 16 (9.5)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Electrophoretic
Japan Bhawal 2008 analysis using SiHa DNA as positive 9 55.6 (26.7-81.1) HPV 16 (55.6)
control for HPV-16
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58
Japan Chiba 1996 Restriction enzyme digestion (6. 11. 16. 1 0 - -
18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
TS-PCR L1 for
Japan Shimizu 2004 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/75/76/8211 18.2 (5.1-47.7) HPV 75 (9.1) HPV 76 (9.1)
Sequencing
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6 for 6/11
HPV 18 (52.4) HPV 16 (28.6) HPV 6
Japan Tsuhako 2000 Amplification with TS primers 21 66.7 (45.4-82.8)
(19.0)
(6.11.16.18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1)
Mexico Ibieta 2005 14 42.9 (21.4-67.4) -
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers and
Netherlands Cruz 1996 13 38.5 (17.7-64.5) HPV 16 (23.1)
hybridization with TS probes (2. 4. 6. 10.
11. 13. 16. 18. 25. 31. 33. 46. 51. 52)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Poland Herrero 2003 30 0 - -
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
Republic of TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Amplification HPV 16 (3.9) HPV 18 (3.9) HPV 33
Shin 2002 76 5.3 (2.1-12.8)
Korea with TS primers (16. 18. 33) (1.3)
TS-PCR E6 for 16. L1 for 18. E4 for 31
Serbia Kozomara 2005 and E1 for 33 Amplification with TS 8 75 (40.9-92.9) -
primers (16. 18. 31. 33)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and
Slovenia Kansky 2003 7 14.3 (2.6-51.3) HPV 16 (14.3)
WD72/76/66/67/154 (E6) RFLP
South TS-PCR E1 for 16 and E7 for 18
Boy 2006 37 13.5 (5.9-28.0) HPV 18 (13.5)
Africa Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Spain Herrero 2003 32 6.3 (1.7-20.1) HPV 16 (6.3)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
WD-66/67/72/76/154 (E6) RFLP
Spain Llamas-Martínez 2008 14 35.7 (16.3-61.2) -
(6.11.16.18.31.33.39.42.45.52)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 226 -

Table 42 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Sudan Herrero 2003 15 0 - -
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Sweden Dahlgren 2004 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18. 34 0 - -
33) and sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
United Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
States of Lohavanichbutr 2009 18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 32 21.9 (11.0-38.8) -
America 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with
Venezuela Miller 1994 13 53.8 (29.1-76.8) HPV 16 (46.2) HPV 18 (7.7)
TS probes (16. 18)
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with
Venezuela Premoli-De-Percoco 2001 50 60 (46.2-72.4) HPV 16 (50.0) HPV 18 (16.0)
TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18)
BOTH OR UNSPECIFIED
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1) HPV 16 (48.0) HPV 11 (28.0) HPV 6
Argentina González 2007 25 60 (40.7-76.6)
RFLP and DBH (8.0) HPV 18 (4.0)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Argentina Ribeiro 2011 132 0 - -
primers (16)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6, PCR-
Belarus Gudleviciene 2014 MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 55 18.2 (10.2-30.3) -
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73,
82)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR L1-Consensus
primer, PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR, TS (HPV
Belgium Duray 2012 147 44.2 (36.4-52.3) -
6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53,
56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
Brazil Oliveira 2009 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 88 29.5 (21.0-39.8) HPV 18 (28.4) HPV 16 (5.7)
54. 56. 58)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Brazil Ribeiro 2011 132 0 - -
primers (16)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) CSA-ISH (DAKO) (6. 11.
Brazil Rivero 2006 40 0 - -
16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Canada Herrero 2003 28 10.7 (3.7-27.2) HPV 16 (10.7)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,
Canada Lingen 2013 409 5.9 (4.0-8.6) -
40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,
66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Canada Noble-Topham 1993 Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16. 23 43.5 (25.6-63.2) HPV 18 (34.8) HPV 16 (8.7)
18)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR L1-Consensus primer
China Gan 2014 200 27.5 (21.8-34.1) -
(HPV 6, 16, 18)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,
China Lee 2015 26, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 1002 19.4 (17.0-21.9) -
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84)
China Tang 2003 TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Sequencing 30 46.7 (30.2-63.9) HPV 16 (36.7) HPV 18 (16.7)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with
China Wen 1997 45 31.1 (19.5-45.7) HPV 18 (24.4) HPV 16 (20.0)
TS probes (HPV16.18 E6)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with
China Zhang 2004 73 74 (62.9-82.7) HPV 16 (58.9) HPV 18 (24.7)
TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Cuba Herrero 2003 78 1.3 (0.2-6.9) HPV 16 (1.3) HPV 18 (1.3)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Cuba Ribeiro 2011 132 0 - -
primers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Czechia Ribeiro 2011 132 0 - -
primers (16)
Finland Koskinen 2003 SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25 28 64.3 (45.8-79.3) HPV 16 (46.4) HPV 33 (21.4)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
HPV 16 (4.4) HPV 11 (1.1) HPV 33
Finland Mork 2001 Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16. 91 7.7 (3.8-15.0)
(1.1) HPV 6 (1.1)
18. 33)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and
Germany Klussmann 2001 22 18.2 (7.3-38.5) HPV 16 (13.6) HPV 19 (4.5)
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 16/18, 26, 31, 33,
Germany Krüger 2014 88 5.7 (2.5-12.6) -
35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
TS-PCR E6 for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization
Germany Ostwald 2003 118 43.2 (34.6-52.2) HPV 16 (29.7) HPV 18 (13.6)
with TS probes (6/11. 16. 18)
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
Germany Weiss 2011 34 2.9 (0.5-14.9) HPV 16 (2.9)
TS probes (16)
L1 consensus primers and TS-PCR E7 for
Greece Aggelopoulou 1999 16/18 Amplification with TS primers (16. 81 49.4 (38.8-60.0) HPV 18 (27.2) HPV 16 (6.2)
18)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11, PCR
Greece Blioumi 2014 L1-Consensus primer, Sequencing (HPV 63 22.2 (13.7-33.9) -
16, 56, 66)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
Greece Romanitan 2008 TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with 75 1.3 (0.2-7.2) -
TS primers (16)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with TS HPV 16 (34.2) HPV 18 (6.3) HPV 31
Hungary Nemes 2006 79 41.8 (31.5-52.8)
probes (16. 18. 31. 33. 45. 51. 52. 58) (3.8) HPV 33 (2.5)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1) HPV 16 (27.7) HPV 11 (6.2) HPV 18
Hungary Szarka 2009 65 47.7 (36.0-59.6)
RFLP (6.2) HPV 33 (3.1) HPV 31 (1.5)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 227 -

Table 42 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+
HPV 18 (47.3) HPV 16 (41.8) HPV 11
India Balaram 1995 (L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2 and 91 73.6 (63.7-81.6)
(19.8) HPV 6 (14.3)
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
India Bhattacharya 2009 193 62.2 (55.2-68.7) HPV 16 (60.1) HPV 18 (5.2)
primers (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
India Chaudhary 2010 222 32.4 (26.6-38.8) HPV 16 (32.4)
primers (16)
India D’Costa 1998 MY09/MY11 (L1) SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 33) 99 15.2 (9.4-23.5) HPV 16 (15.2)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18. HPV 16 (2.7) HPV 18 (0.8) HPV 35
India Herrero 2003 262 3.1 (1.6-5.9)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. (0.4)
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 51, 53,
India Laprise 2016 350 0 - -
54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
India Mishra 2006 66 27.3 (18.0-39.0) HPV 16 (27.3)
primers (16. 18)
PCR, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33,
34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,
India Sebastian 2014 22 0 - -
56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
Iran Saghravanian 2011 21 14.3 (5.0-34.6) HPV 16 (14.3) HPV 18 (14.3)
primers HPV E6/7 (16. 18. 31. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Ireland Herrero 2003 30 10 (3.5-25.6) HPV 16 (10.0)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
HPV 18 (13.2) HPV 16 (10.5) HPV 6
Italy Badaracco 2000 primers (6.16) and hybridization with TS 38 26.3 (15.0-42.0)
(10.5) HPV 11 (5.3) HPV 56 (5.3)
probes (11.16.18.31.45.56.57)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1) HPV 16 (7.5) HPV 33 (1.9) HPV 58
Italy Badaracco 2007 53 11.3 (5.3-22.6)
Sequencing (1.9)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Italy Herrero 2003 53 3.8 (1.0-12.8) HPV 16 (3.8)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Italy Rittà 2009 25 36 (20.2-55.5) HPV 16 (36.0)
Sequencing
RT-PCR for 16/18/31/45 Hybridization
Italy Scapoli 2009 247 1.2 (0.4-3.5) HPV 16 (1.2)
with TS probes (16. 18. 31. 45)
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Electrophoretic
Japan Bhawal 2008 analysis using SiHa DNA as positive 28 35.7 (20.7-54.2) HPV 16 (35.7)
control for HPV-16
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58
Japan Chiba 1996 Restriction enzyme digestion (6. 11. 16. 32 18.8 (8.9-35.3) HPV 16 (18.8)
18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11, TS,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22,
23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40,
Japan Deng 2013 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 31 32.3 (18.6-49.9) -
59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 Amplification HPV 16 (52.2) HPV 18 (52.2) HPV 6
Japan Higa 2003 46 80.4 (66.8-89.3)
with TS E6/E7 primers (6. 11. 16. 18) (21.7) HPV 11 (2.2)
Japan Kojima 2002 TS-PCR L1 and E6 for 38 Sequencing 53 66 (52.6-77.3) HPV 38 (66.0)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58
Japan Shima 2000 46 73.9 (59.7-84.4) HPV 18 (54.3) HPV 16 (19.6)
RFLP (16. 18)
TS-PCR L1 for
HPV 120 (4.2) HPV 58 (4.2) HPV 75
Japan Shimizu 2004 16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/75/76/8224 16.7 (6.7-35.9)
(4.2) HPV 76 (4.2)
Sequencing
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 Electrophoretic
analysis using SiHa DNA and Hela DNA
Japan Sugiyama 2003 79 35.4 (25.8-46.4) HPV 16 (32.9) HPV 18 (2.5)
as positive controls for HPV-16 and
HPV-18. respectively.
Japan Tang 2003 TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Sequencing 30 50 (33.2-66.8) HPV 18 (33.3) HPV 16 (23.3)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6 for 6/11
HPV 18 (38.9) HPV 16 (31.9) HPV 6
Japan Tsuhako 2000 Amplification with TS primers 72 56.9 (45.4-67.7)
(13.9) HPV 11 (1.4)
(6.11.16.18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
Malaysia Lim 2007 20 85 (64.0-94.8) HPV 18 (75.0) HPV 16 (30.0)
primers (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+GP6+ (L1) HPV 16 (24.2) HPV 18 (8.1) HPV 33
Mexico Anaya-Saavedra 2008 62 43.5 (31.9-55.9)
Sequencing (3.2) HPV 11 (1.6) HPV 13 (1.6)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1)
Mexico Ibieta 2005 50 42 (29.4-55.8) HPV 16 (28.0)
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR RLBH (6.
11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42.
Netherlands Braakhuis 2004 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 106 9.4 (5.2-16.5) HPV 16 (9.4)
59. 61. 66. 68.70.72.73. 82/MM4. 83. 84.
82/IS39. 71/CP8061. 81/CP8304. 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers and
Netherlands Cruz 1996 35 54.3 (38.2-69.5) HPV 16 (42.9) HPV 6 (2.9)
hybridization with TS probes (2. 4. 6. 10.
11. 13. 16. 18. 25. 31. 33. 46. 51. 52)
PCR, LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33,
Netherlands van Monsjou 2012 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 20 10 (2.8-30.1) -
58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 82)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
Norway Matzow 1998 TS-PCR for 6/16/18/31/33 Amplification 30 0 - -
with TS primers (6. 16. 18. 31. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
HPV 16 (4.4) HPV 11 (1.1) HPV 33
Norway Mork 2001 Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16. 91 7.7 (3.8-15.0)
(1.1) HPV 6 (1.1)
18. 33)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 228 -

Table 42 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Poland Herrero 2003 83 0 - -
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Poland Ribeiro 2011 132 0 - -
primers (16)
Real-time High Risk HPV test (Abbott
Molecular) using L1 consensus primers
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18. 31.
Poland Snietura 2010 45 4.4 (1.2-14.8) HPV 16 (4.4)
33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 59. 66 and
68 - the technique only differentiates
16-18-other)
Republic of TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Amplification HPV 18 (10.5) HPV 16 (5.3) HPV 33
Shin 2002 76 14.5 (8.3-24.1)
Korea with TS primers (16. 18. 33) (2.6)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Romania Ribeiro 2011 132 0 - -
primers (16)
Russian PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Ribeiro 2011 132 0 - -
Federation primers (16)
TS-PCR E6 for 16. L1 for 18. E4 for 31
HPV 31 (32.0) HPV 16 (26.0) HPV 18
Serbia Kozomara 2005 and E1 for 33 Amplification with TS 50 64 (50.1-75.9)
(26.0)
primers (16. 18. 31. 33)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Slovakia Ribeiro 2011 132 0 - -
primers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and HPV 16 (1.8) HPV 33 (1.8) HPV 58
Slovenia Kansky 2003 55 5.5 (1.9-14.9)
WD72/76/66/67/154 (E6) RFLP (1.8)
South TS-PCR E1 for 16 and E7 for 18
Boy 2006 59 11.9 (5.9-22.5) HPV 18 (11.9)
Africa Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18)
South TS-PCR E6 for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization
Van Rensburg 1996 146 1.4 (0.4-4.9) HPV 11 (0.7) HPV 16 (0.7)
Africa with TS probes (4. 16. 18)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
EIA, LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35,
Spain García-de Marcos 2014 61 26.2 (16.8-38.4) -
39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 74)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Spain Herrero 2003 172 5.8 (3.2-10.4) HPV 16 (5.8)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
WD-66/67/72/76/154 (E6) RFLP HPV 16 (33.3) HPV 6 (30.3) HPV 31
Spain Llamas-Martínez 2008 33 42.4 (27.2-59.2)
(6.11.16.18.31.33.39.42.45.52) (9.1)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Sudan Herrero 2003 43 2.3 (0.4-12.1) HPV 16 (2.3)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Sweden Dahlgren 2004 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18. 85 2.4 (0.6-8.2) HPV 16 (2.4)
33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
HPV 16 (4.4) HPV 11 (1.1) HPV 33
Sweden Mork 2001 Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16. 91 7.7 (3.8-15.0)
(1.1) HPV 6 (1.1)
18. 33)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Sweden Sand 2000 24 12.5 (4.3-31.0) HPV 16 (4.2) HPV 18 (4.2)
primers (6b/11. 16. 18)
United GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and qPCR for 16/18
Lopes 2011 142 3.5 (1.5-8.0) HPV 16 (2.1) HPV 18 (2.1)
Kingdom Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
United
Snijders 1996 primers and SBH with TS probes (6. 11. 25 20 (8.9-39.1) HPV 16 (20.0)
Kingdom
16. 18. 31. 33)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16. E6 for 18 and
United
Yeudall 1991 specific for 4 Hybridization with TS 39 46.2 (31.6-61.4) HPV 16 (25.6) HPV 18 (20.5)
Kingdom
probes (4. 16. 18)
United
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
States of Chuang 2008 21 0 - -
TS probes (16)
America
United
TS-PCR L1 for 16 Amplification with TS
States of Furniss 2007 150 25.3 (19.0-32.8) HPV 16 (25.3)
primers (16)
America
United
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with
States of Ha 2002 34 2.9 (0.5-14.9) HPV 16 (2.9)
TS primers (16)
America
United
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+GP6+ (L1)
States of Harris 2011 25 8 (2.2-25.0) HPV 16 (8.0)
Sequencing
America
United
L1 consensus primers Hybridization with
States of Holladay 1993 39 17.9 (9.0-32.7) HPV 16 (17.9) HPV 18 (2.6)
TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
America
HC2, PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR-
United
MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
States of Hooper 2015 24 8.3 (2.3-25.8) -
33, 35, 39, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
America
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 82)
United
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
States of Liang 2008 51 2 (0.3-10.3) HPV 16 (2.0)
primers (16)
America
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
United
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,
States of Lingen 2013 409 5.9 (4.0-8.6) -
40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,
America
66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
United Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
HPV 16 (18.2) HPV 32 (1.1) HPV 53
States of Lohavanichbutr 2009 18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 88 20.5 (13.3-30.0)
(1.1)
America 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
United
MY09/MY11 (L1) and IU/IWDO (E1)
States of Paz 1997 53 13.2 (6.5-24.8) HPV 16 (9.4) HPV 6 (1.9) HPV 8 (1.9)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 16. 18)
America
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 229 -

Table 42 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
United MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1) DBH
States of Schlecht 2011 (40 HPV types including 16. 18. 31. 33. 36 13.9 (6.1-28.7) HPV 16 (11.1)
America 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 66)
United MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for
HPV 16 (11.4) HPV 6 (6.2) HPV 11
States of Schwartz 1998 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with TS probes 193 21.2 (16.1-27.5)
(3.6) HPV 18 (1.0)
America (6. 11. 16. 18. 31/33/35)
United
MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1)
States of Smith 2004 123 10.6 (6.3-17.2) HPV 16 (8.1) HPV 33 (2.4)
Sequencing
America
United PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR L1-Consensus
States of Walline 2013 primer, PCR-E6, PCR- MULTIPLEX 108 25.9 (18.6-34.9) -
America (HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 39, 58, 66)
United
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
States of Zhao 2005 38 15.8 (7.4-30.4) HPV 16 (15.8)
TS probes (16)
America
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with
Venezuela Miller 1994 27 66.7 (47.8-81.4) HPV 16 (59.3) HPV 18 (25.9)
TS probes (16. 18)
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with
Venezuela Premoli-De-Percoco 2001 50 60 (46.2-72.4) HPV 16 (50.0) HPV 18 (16.0)
TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18)

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 31 Dec 2015)

DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
Only for European countries
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Table 43: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oropharyngeal cancer in the World
HPV Prevalence
HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
MEN
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CP65/70ct-CP66/69ct
China Li 2007 (L1). FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A10-A6/A8 21 14.3 (5.0-34.6) HPV 16 (14.3)
(L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Cuba Herrero 2003 21 19.0 (7.7-40.0) HPV 16 (19.0)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RBLH (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51.
Czechia Rotnáglová 2011 90 64.4 (54.2-73.6) -
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68.
70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR for
France Charfi 2008 6/11/16/18/33 Amplification with TS 36 55.6 (39.6-70.5) -
primers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). MY09/MY11 (L1) and
Germany Hoffmann 2010 TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with 31 54.8 (37.8-70.8) HPV 16 (51.6) HPV 35 (6.5)
TS probes - Multiplex luminex*
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and
Germany Reimers 2007 83 25.3 (17.2-35.6) -
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18. HPV 16 (20.0) HPV 33 (3.3) HPV 35
Italy Herrero 2003 30 23.3 (11.8-40.9)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. (3.3)
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
Norway Hannisdal 2010 GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 99 56.6 (46.7-65.9) -
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Spain Herrero 2003 40 5.0 (1.4-16.5) HPV 16 (5.0)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/IIG (E1) and
Sweden Attner 2010 TS-PCR E6/7 for 16/33 Amplification with 65 75.4 (63.7-84.2) -
TS primers (16. 33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Sweden Dahlgren 2004 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18. 18 44.4 (24.6-66.3) -
33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
Sweden Hammarstedt 2006 145 48.3 (40.3-56.3) -
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
Sweden Näsman 2009 76 81.6 (71.4-88.7) -
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
Switzerland Lindel 2001 SPF10 (L1) Sequencing 75 8.0 (3.7-16.4) -
United SPF10 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
States of Chaturvedi 2011 31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 210 47.6 (41.0-54.4) -
America 56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 69-71. 70. 73. 74. 82)
United
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E7 for 16
States of Cohen 2008 27 70.4 (51.5-84.1) HPV 16 (70.4)
Hybridization with TS probes (16)
America
United
TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplification with TS
States of Ernster 2007 51 72.5 (59.1-82.9) HPV 16 (72.5)
primers (16. 18)
America
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
United Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
States of Lohavanichbutr 2009 18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 28 82.1 (64.4-92.1) -
America 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
United
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with
States of Posner 2011 89 50.6 (40.4-60.7) HPV 16 (50.6)
TS primers (16)
America
United
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with
States of Tezal 2009 26 76.9 (57.9-89.0) HPV 16 (76.9)
TS primers (16. 18)
America
WOMEN
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 230 -

Table 43 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CP65/70ct-CP66/69ct
China Li 2007 (L1). FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A10-A6/A8 10 60.0 (31.3-83.2) HPV 16 (60.0)
(L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Cuba Herrero 2003 5 0.0 (0.0-43.4) -
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RBLH (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51.
Czechia Rotnáglová 2011 19 68.4 (46.0-84.6) -
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68.
70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR for
France Charfi 2008 6/11/16/18/33 Amplification with TS 16 75.0 (50.5-89.8) -
primers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). MY09/MY11 (L1) and
Germany Hoffmann 2010 TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with 8 50.0 (21.5-78.5) HPV 16 (50.0)
TS probes - Multiplex luminex*
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and
Germany Reimers 2007 23 39.1 (22.2-59.2) -
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Italy Herrero 2003 6 0.0 (0.0-39.0) -
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
Norway Hannisdal 2010 GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 38 39.5 (25.6-55.3) -
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Spain Herrero 2003 4 50.0 (15.0-85.0) HPV 16 (50.0)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/IIG (E1) and
Sweden Attner 2010 TS-PCR E6/7 for 16/33 Amplification with 30 73.3 (55.6-85.8) -
TS primers (16. 33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Sweden Dahlgren 2004 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18. 7 28.6 (8.2-64.1) -
33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
Sweden Hammarstedt 2006 58 50.0 (37.5-62.5) -
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
Sweden Näsman 2009 22 95.5 (78.2-99.2) -
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
Switzerland Lindel 2001 SPF10 (L1) Sequencing 24 33.3 (18.0-53.3) -
United SPF10 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
States of Chaturvedi 2011 31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 53 30.2 (19.5-43.5) -
America 56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 69-71. 70. 73. 74. 82)
United
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E7 for 16
States of Cohen 2008 8 62.5 (30.6-86.3) HPV 16 (62.5)
Hybridization with TS probes (16)
America
United
TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplification with TS
States of Ernster 2007 21 61.9 (40.9-79.2) HPV 16 (61.9)
primers (16. 18)
America
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
United Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
States of Lohavanichbutr 2009 18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 3 0.0 (0.0-56.1) -
America 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
United
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with
States of Posner 2011 22 50.0 (30.7-69.3) HPV 16 (50.0)
TS primers (16)
America
United
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with
States of Tezal 2009 4 25.0 (4.6-69.9) HPV 16 (25.0)
TS primers (16. 18)
America
BOTH OR UNSPECIFIED
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Argentina Ribeiro 2011 136 0.7 (0.1-4.0) HPV 16 (0.7)
primers (16)
E6-based MT-PCR Amplification with
MT-PCR kit (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 35. HPV 16 (42.1) HPV 18 (1.7) HPV 35
Australia Hong 2010 302 47.7 (42.1-53.3)
39. 45. 51. 52. 53. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 70. (1.7) HPV 39 (1.0) HPV 33 (0.7)
73. 82)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
Brazil Cortezzi 2004 21 14.3 (5.0-34.6) HPV 16 (14.3)
33. 34. 39. 42. 45. 51. 52. 54. 56)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Brazil Ribeiro 2011 136 0.7 (0.1-4.0) HPV 16 (0.7)
primers (16)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CP65/70ct-CP66/69ct
China Li 2007 (L1). FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A10-A6/A8 31 29.0 (16.1-46.6) HPV 16 (29.0)
(L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Cuba Herrero 2003 26 15.4 (6.2-33.5) HPV 16 (15.4)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Cuba Ribeiro 2011 136 0.7 (0.1-4.0) HPV 16 (0.7)
primers (16)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RLBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51.
Czechia Klozar 2008 20 45.0 (25.8-65.8) HPV 16 (40.0) HPV 33 (5.0)
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68.
70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Czechia Ribeiro 2011 136 0.7 (0.1-4.0) HPV 16 (0.7)
primers (16)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RBLH (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. HPV 16 (60.6) HPV 33 (1.8) HPV 18
Czechia Rotnáglová 2011 109 65.1 (55.8-73.4)
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68. (0.9) HPV 26 (0.9) HPV 52 (0.9)
70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR for
France Charfi 2008 6/11/16/18/33 Amplification with TS 52 61.5 (48.0-73.5) HPV 16 (51.9) HPV 33 (1.9)
primers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/31/33/45
France Fouret 1997 Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18. 31. 58 17.2 (9.6-28.9) HPV 16 (15.5)
33. 45)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 231 -

Table 43 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with
Germany Andl 1998 TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18) and cycle 21 52.4 (32.4-71.7) HPV 16 (38.1) HPV 33 (4.8)
sequencing system of BRL
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
Germany Hoffmann 1998 6/11/16/18/33 SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 23 26.1 (12.5-46.5) HPV 16 (8.7) HPV 45 (8.7) HPV 6 (4.3)
45)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). MY09/MY11 (L1) and
Germany Hoffmann 2010 TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with 39 53.8 (38.6-68.4) HPV 16 (51.3) HPV 35 (5.1)
TS probes - Multiplex luminex*
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and HPV 16 (42.4) HPV 33 (3.0) HPV 5
Germany Klussmann 2001 33 45.5 (29.8-62.0)
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing (3.0) HPV 96 (3.0)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and
Germany Reimers 2007 106 28.3 (20.6-37.5) HPV 16 (27.4) HPV 33 (0.9)
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
Germany Weiss 2011 86 38.4 (28.8-48.9) HPV 16 (38.4)
TS probes (16)
Germany Wittekindt 2005 A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and (L1) Sequencing 34 52.9 (36.7-68.5) HPV 16 (50.0) HPV 33 (2.9)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
Greece Romanitan 2008 TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with 28 42.9 (26.5-60.9) HPV 16 (32.1)
TS primers (16)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP* and
Italy Boscolo-Rizzo 2009 amplification with TS primers E6/E2 for 22 18.2 (7.3-38.5) HPV 16 (18.2)
16
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18. HPV 16 (16.7) HPV 33 (2.8) HPV 35
Italy Herrero 2003 36 19.4 (9.8-35.0)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. (2.8)
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
RT-PCR E1 for 16/18 Hybridization with
Italy Licitra 2006 90 18.9 (12.1-28.2) HPV 16 (18.9)
TS probes (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Italy Rittà 2009 22 50.0 (30.7-69.3) HPV 16 (50.0)
Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR RLBH (6.
11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42.
Netherlands Braakhuis 2004 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 37 37.8 (24.1-53.9) HPV 16 (37.8)
59. 61. 66. 68.70.72.73. 82/MM4. 83. 84.
82/IS39. 71/CP8061. 81/CP8304. 89)
HPV 16 (48.9) HPV 31 (2.9) HPV 18
Norway Hannisdal 2010 GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 137 51.8 (43.5-60.0)
(2.2) HPV 33 (0.7) HPV 67 (0.7)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Poland Ribeiro 2011 136 0.7 (0.1-4.0) HPV 16 (0.7)
primers (16)
Real-time High Risk HPV test (Abbott
Molecular) using L1 consensus primers
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18. 31.
Poland Snietura 2010 14 50.0 (26.8-73.2) HPV 16 (50.0)
33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 59. 66 and
68 - the technique only differentiates
16-18-other)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Poland Szkaradkiewicz 2002 28 10.7 (3.7-27.2) -
primers (16. 18)
RT-PCR E2/E6 for 16 Hybridization with
HPV genotyping DNA chip arrayed by
Republic of HPV 16 (65.4) HPV 18 (1.9) HPV 33
Kim 2007 multiple oligonucleotide probes 52 73.1 (59.7-83.2)
Korea (1.9) HPV 35 (1.9) HPV 58 (1.9)
(6.11.16.18.31.33.34.35.39.40.42.
43.44.45.51.52.56.58.59.66.68.69)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1)
Microarray hybridization (6. 11. 16. 18.
Republic of HPV 16 (59.0) HPV 33 (2.6) HPV 58
Oh 2004 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 39 64.1 (48.4-77.3)
Korea (2.6) HPV 6 (2.6)
52. 54. 56. 58. 59. 62. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
72)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Romania Ribeiro 2011 136 0.7 (0.1-4.0) HPV 16 (0.7)
primers (16)
Russian PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Ribeiro 2011 136 0.7 (0.1-4.0) HPV 16 (0.7)
Federation primers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Slovakia Ribeiro 2011 136 0.7 (0.1-4.0) HPV 16 (0.7)
primers (16)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
Spain Herrero 2003 44 9.1 (3.6-21.2) HPV 16 (9.1)
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/IIG (E1) and
HPV 16 (64.2) HPV 33 (7.4) HPV 35
Sweden Attner 2010 TS-PCR E6/7 for 16/33 Amplification with 95 74.7 (65.2-82.4)
(2.1) HPV 58 (1.1)
TS primers (16. 33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
HPV 16 (28.0) HPV 33 (4.0) HPV 35
Sweden Dahlgren 2004 Amplification with TS primers (16. 18. 25 40.0 (23.4-59.3)
(4.0) HPV 38 (4.0)
33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and HPV 16 (42.9) HPV 33 (1.5) HPV 35
Sweden Hammarstedt 2006 203 48.8 (42.0-55.6)
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing (0.5) HPV 45 (0.5)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPIIG (E1)
Amplification with TS primers (16) and
Sweden Lindquist 2012 Multiplex Luminex (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 56 64.3 (51.2-75.5) HPV 16 (64.3)
33. 35. 39. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 56.
58. 59. 66. 68. 70. 73. 82)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and HPV 16 (78.6) HPV 33 (1.0) HPV 35
Sweden Näsman 2009 98 84.7 (76.3-90.5)
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing (1.0) HPV 59 (1.0)
HPV 16 (11.1) HPV 33 (1.0) HPV 35
Switzerland Lindel 2001 SPF10 (L1) Sequencing 99 14.1 (8.6-22.3)
(1.0) HPV 45 (1.0)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with
Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 35.
United
Anderson 2007 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 36 22.2 (11.7-38.1) HPV 16 (19.4) HPV 11 (2.8)
Kingdom
59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
United TS-PCR E6 for 16 Amplification with TS
Schache 2011 98 40.8 (31.6-50.7) HPV 16 (40.8)
Kingdom primers (16)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Luminex 200 IS (16. 18.
United HPV 16 (64.1) HPV 33 (2.1) HPV 18
Thavaraj 2011 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 53. 56. 58. 142 70.4 (62.5-77.3)
Kingdom (0.7) HPV 35 (0.7)
59. 66. 68. 73. 82)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 232 -

Table 43 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
United
Generic L1 primers from Access Genetics
States of Agoston 2010 102 90.2 (82.9-94.6) HPV 16 (73.5) HPV 58 (1.0)
and TS-PCR E7 for 16 RFLP
America
United SPF10 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
HPV 16 (38.8) HPV 35 (1.5) HPV 33
States of Chaturvedi 2011 31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 263 44.1 (38.2-50.1)
(1.1) HPV 58 (1.1) HPV 18 (0.8)
America 56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 69-71. 70. 73. 74. 82)
United
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E7 for 16
States of Cohen 2008 35 68.6 (52.0-81.4) HPV 16 (68.6)
Hybridization with TS probes (16)
America
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with
United Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 35.
HPV 16 (58.3) HPV 33 (6.7) HPV 35
States of D’Souza 2007 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 60 63.3 (50.7-74.4)
(1.7)
America 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
United
TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplification with TS
States of Ernster 2007 72 69.4 (58.0-78.9) HPV 16 (69.4)
primers (16. 18)
America
United
TS-PCR L1 for 16 Amplification with TS
States of Furniss 2007 43 34.9 (22.4-49.8) HPV 16 (34.9)
primers (16)
America
PGMY09/11 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16. 18.
United
26. 31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. HPV 16 (67.2) HPV 18 (14.8) HPV 33
States of Kingma 2010 61 86.9 (76.2-93.2)
54. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 69-71. 70. 73. 74. (4.9) HPV 45 (1.6) HPV 82 (1.6)
America
82)
United
HPV 16 (65.3) HPV 18 (2.0) HPV 33
States of Kong 2009 GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR Sequencing 49 67.3 (53.4-78.8)
(2.0)
America
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
United Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
HPV 16 (67.7) HPV 35 (3.2) HPV 45
States of Lohavanichbutr 2009 18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 31 74.2 (56.8-86.3)
(3.2)
America 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
United
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with
States of Posner 2011 111 50.5 (41.3-59.6) HPV 16 (50.5)
TS primers (16)
America
United MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1) DBH
States of Schlecht 2011 (40 HPV types including 16. 18. 31. 33. 30 50.0 (33.2-66.8) HPV 16 (43.3) HPV 35 (3.3)
America 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 66)
United MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for
HPV 16 (34.5) HPV 6 (12.7) HPV 11
States of Schwartz 1998 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with TS probes 55 41.8 (29.7-55.0)
(3.6)
America (6. 11. 16. 18. 31/33/35)
United
MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1) HPV 16 (37.1) HPV 18 (1.6) HPV 33
States of Smith 2004 62 40.3 (29.0-52.7)
Sequencing (1.6)
America
United
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for HPV 16 (40.4) HPV 12 (3.8) HPV 59
States of Strome 2002 52 46.2 (33.3-59.5)
6/11/16/18 Sequencing (1.9)
America
United
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with
States of Tezal 2009 30 70.0 (52.1-83.3) HPV 16 (70.0)
TS primers (16. 18)
America
United
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
States of Zhao 2005 26 57.7 (38.9-74.5) HPV 16 (57.7)
TS probes (16)
America

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 31 Dec 2015)

DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific
Only for European countries
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Table 44: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal cancer in the World
HPV Prevalence
HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
MEN
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Canada Fliss 1994 Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16. 28 46.4 (29.5-64.2) HPV 16 (32.1) HPV 18 (32.1)
18)
Chile Torrente 2005 MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP 25 36.0 (20.2-55.5) -
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for
China Liu 2010 16 and E6 for 18 Amplification with TS 61 37.7 (26.6-50.3) -
primers (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18/33 Hybridization with TS and
consensus probes and further
Germany Hoffmann 2006 17 23.5 (9.6-47.3) HPV 16 (23.5)
confirmation by SBH with TS and
consensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18 Hybridization with TS and
consensus probes and further
Germany Hoffmann 2009 21 33.3 (17.2-54.6) HPV 16 (19.0)
confirmation by SBH with TS and
consensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
Italy Azzimonti 2004 GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 23 56.5 (36.8-74.4) HPV 16 (43.5) HPV 18 (13.0)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for 33
Hybridization with TS probes
Italy Cattani 1998 70 30.0 (20.5-41.5) -
(6.11.16.18.31) and amplification with TS
primer (33)
MY09/MY11 (L1). LCRF1. LCRF2.
LCRF3. LCRF4. E7R1. E7R2. E7R3.
Italy Gallo 2009 36 0.0 - -
E7R4 (E6) and TS-PCR E1 for
6/11/16/18-31/33 Sequencing
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 233 -

Table 44 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
TS-PCR for 16/18/33 Hybridization with HPV 18 (34.6) HPV 16 (3.8) HPV 33
Japan Anwar 1993 26 38.5 (22.4-57.5)
TS probes (4. 16. 18) (3.8)
L1C1/L1C2 RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
Japan Shidara 1994 40 20.0 (10.5-34.8) HPV 16 (17.5) HPV 18 (2.5)
42. 52. 58)
CP (E1). MY09/MY11 (L1) and
Norway Lie 1996 GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS 38 7.9 (2.7-20.8) HPV 16 (2.6)
primers (6.11.16.18.31.33.35)
Poland Morshed 2008 SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25 78 34.6 (25.0-45.7) -
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with
GP5+/6+ and TS primers for HPV16
Turkey Bozdayi 2009 62 43.5 (31.9-55.9) -
positive; For HPV16 negative cases.
sequencing was performed
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
Turkey Dönmez 2000 55 12.7 (6.3-24.0) HPV 11 (7.3) HPV 6 (5.5)
33. 35. 39. 42. 51. 58)
WOMEN
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Canada Fliss 1994 Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16. 1 0.0 - -
18)
Chile Torrente 2005 MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP 6 16.7 (3.0-56.4) -
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for
China Liu 2010 16 and E6 for 18 Amplification with TS 23 34.8 (18.8-55.1) -
primers (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18/33 Hybridization with TS and
consensus probes and further
Germany Hoffmann 2006 3 33.3 (6.1-79.2) HPV 16 (33.3)
confirmation by SBH with TS and
consensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18 Hybridization with TS and
consensus probes and further
Germany Hoffmann 2009 6 16.7 (3.0-56.4) -
confirmation by SBH with TS and
consensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
Italy Azzimonti 2004 GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 2 50.0 (9.5-90.5) HPV 16 (50.0)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for 33
Hybridization with TS probes
Italy Cattani 1998 28 21.4 (10.2-39.5) HPV 16 (21.4)
(6.11.16.18.31) and amplification with TS
primer (33)
MY09/MY11 (L1). LCRF1. LCRF2.
LCRF3. LCRF4. E7R1. E7R2. E7R3.
Italy Gallo 2009 4 0.0 - -
E7R4 (E6) and TS-PCR E1 for
6/11/16/18-31/33 Sequencing
TS-PCR for 16/18/33 Hybridization with
Japan Anwar 1993 4 25.0 (4.6-69.9) HPV 18 (25.0)
TS probes (4. 16. 18)
L1C1/L1C2 RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
Japan Shidara 1994 5 60.0 (23.1-88.2) HPV 16 (40.0) HPV 18 (20.0)
42. 52. 58)
CP (E1). MY09/MY11 (L1) and
Norway Lie 1996 GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS 10 0.0 - -
primers (6.11.16.18.31.33.35)
Poland Morshed 2008 SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25 15 40.0 (19.8-64.3) -
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with
GP5+/6+ and TS primers for HPV16
Turkey Bozdayi 2009 3 0.0 - -
positive; For HPV16 negative cases.
sequencing was performed
BOTH OR UNSPECIFIED
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Argentina Ribeiro 2011 239 0.8 (0.2-3.0) HPV 16 (0.8)
primers (16)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6, PCR-
Belarus Gudleviciene 2014 MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 34 5.9 (1.6-19.1) HPV 6 (2.9) HPV 16 (2.9)
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73,
82)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and RT-PCR E6/E7 for 6.
11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 53.
56. 58. 59. 66. 67-L1. 68 TS real-time and HPV 16 (62.7) HPV 18 (16.9) HPV 51
Belgium Duray 2011 59 79.7 (67.7-88.0)
consensus PCR E6/E7 (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. (8.5) HPV 33 (5.1) HPV 66 (5.1)
33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 53. 56. 58. 59. 66.
67-L1. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
Brazil Miranda 2009 27 7.4 (2.1-23.4) HPV 16 (7.4) HPV 6 (3.7)
primers (16. 18. 33) and sequencing
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Brazil Ribeiro 2011 239 0.8 (0.2-3.0) HPV 16 (0.8)
primers (16)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Canada Fliss 1994 Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16. 29 44.8 (28.4-62.5) HPV 16 (31.0) HPV 18 (31.0)
18)
PCR-E7, PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,
HPV 31 (6.3) HPV 11 (3.1) HPV 59
Chile Gheit 2014 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 32 12.5 (5.0-28.1)
(3.1)
58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 82)
HPV 16 (9.7) HPV 58 (6.5) HPV 38
Chile Torrente 2005 MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP 31 32.3 (18.6-49.9)
(3.2) HPV 39 (3.2) HPV 45 (3.2)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for
China Liu 2010 16 and E6 for 18 Amplification with TS 84 36.9 (27.4-47.6) HPV 16 (34.5) HPV 18 (7.1)
primers (16. 18)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58 HPV 16 (29.4) HPV 6 (24.5) HPV 18
China Ma 1998 102 58.8 (49.1-67.9)
SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 52b. 58) (21.6) HPV 11 (2.0) HPV 33 (1.0)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for HPV 16 (45.5) HPV 18 (3.0) HPV 6
Cuba García-Milián 1998 33 48.5 (32.5-64.8)
6/11/16/18 SBH (6. 11. 16. 18) (3.0)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Cuba Ribeiro 2011 239 0.8 (0.2-3.0) HPV 16 (0.8)
primers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Czechia Ribeiro 2011 239 0.8 (0.2-3.0) HPV 16 (0.8)
primers (16)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and
Denmark Lindeberg 1999 CPII/II (L1) Hybridization with TS probes 30 3.3 (0.6-16.7) -
(6.11.16.18.30.31.33.35)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 234 -

Table 44 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
HPV 16 (46.4) HPV 33 (14.3) HPV 6
Finland Koskinen 2003 SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25 28 50.0 (32.6-67.4)
(10.7) HPV 11 (3.6) HPV 51 (3.6)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and
Finland Koskinen 2007 69 4.3 (1.5-12.0) HPV 16 (1.4)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Finland Mork 2001 Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16. 40 2.5 (0.4-12.9) HPV 16 (2.5)
18. 33)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/31/33/45
France Fouret 1997 Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18. 31. 103 6.8 (3.3-13.4) HPV 16 (6.8)
33. 45)
HPV 73 (4.3) HPV 21 (2.1) HPV 22
Germany Fischer 2003 L1-CP65F. 66F. 69F. 70F Sequencing 47 34.0 (22.2-48.3)
(2.1) HPV 38 (2.1) HPV 41 (2.1)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
HPV 16 (3.9) HPV 18 (2.0) HPV 45
Germany Hoffmann 1998 6/11/16/18/33 SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 51 21.6 (12.5-34.6)
(2.0)
45)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18/33 Hybridization with TS and
consensus probes and further
Germany Hoffmann 2006 20 25.0 (11.2-46.9) HPV 16 (25.0)
confirmation by SBH with TS and
consensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18 Hybridization with TS and
consensus probes and further
Germany Hoffmann 2009 27 29.6 (15.9-48.5) HPV 16 (14.8)
confirmation by SBH with TS and
consensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Germany Kleist 2000 35 20.0 (10.0-35.9) HPV 16 (8.6) HPV 18 (8.6)
primers (16. 18)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and
Germany Klussmann 2001 30 16.7 (7.3-33.6) HPV 16 (13.3) HPV 19 (3.3)
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR- MULTIPLEX
Germany Krupar 2014 (HPV 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 49 0.0 - -
45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16. HPV 16 (14.3) HPV 18 (3.3) HPV 33
Greece Gorgoulis 1999 91 20.9 (13.8-30.3)
18. 31. 33. 35) and confirmation by DBH (3.3) HPV 6 (3.3)
with TS probes (6.11.16.18. 31.33.35).
TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplification with TS
Greece Vlachtsis 2005 90 40.0 (30.5-50.3) HPV 16 (34.4) HPV 18 (6.7)
primers (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1) HPV 11 (18.2) HPV 16 (13.6) HPV 6
Hungary Major 2005 22 54.5 (34.7-73.1)
RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18) (13.6)
TS-PCR E1 for 6/11/18 and L1 for 16 SBH
India Jacob 2002 44 34.1 (21.9-48.9) HPV 16 (34.1)
with TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18)
Italy Azzimonti 2004 GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 25 56.0 (37.1-73.3) HPV 16 (44.0) HPV 18 (12.0)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
HPV 16 (27.3) HPV 6 (18.2) HPV 45
Italy Badaracco 2000 primers (6.16) and hybridization with TS 22 50.0 (30.7-69.3)
(4.5)
probes (11.16.18.31.45.56.57)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Italy Badaracco 2007 30 16.7 (7.3-33.6) HPV 16 (10.0) HPV 6 (6.7)
Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP* and
Italy Boscolo-Rizzo 2009 amplification with TS primers E6/E2 for 45 4.4 (1.2-14.8) HPV 16 (4.4)
16
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for 33
Hybridization with TS probes HPV 16 (12.0) HPV 18 (10.7) HPV 33
Italy Cattani 1998 75 29.3 (20.2-40.4)
(6.11.16.18.31) and amplification with TS (1.3)
primer (33)
MY09/MY11 (L1). LCRF1. LCRF2.
LCRF3. LCRF4. E7R1. E7R2. E7R3.
Italy Gallo 2009 40 0.0 - -
E7R4 (E6) and TS-PCR E1 for
6/11/16/18-31/33 Sequencing
TS-PCR for 16/18/33 Hybridization with HPV 18 (33.3) HPV 16 (3.3) HPV 33
Japan Anwar 1993 30 36.7 (21.9-54.5)
TS probes (4. 16. 18) (3.3)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11, TS,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22,
23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40,
Japan Deng 2013 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 26 15.4 (6.2-33.5) HPV 16 (11.5) HPV 33 (3.8)
59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
TS-PCR E7 for 16/18 Amplification with
Japan Mineta 1998 42 31.0 (19.1-46.0) HPV 16 (26.2) HPV 18 (4.8)
TS primers (16. 18)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with
Japan Ogura 1991 28 10.7 (3.7-27.2) HPV 16 (10.7) HPV 18 (3.6)
TS probes (16. 18)
L1C1/L1C2 RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
Japan Shidara 1994 45 24.4 (14.2-38.7) HPV 16 (20.0) HPV 18 (4.4)
42. 52. 58)
Consensus primers from Master Mix
Lithuania Gudleviciene 2009 25 32.0 (17.2-51.6) HPV 16 (12.0)
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6, PCR-
HPV 6 (1.9) HPV 16 (1.9) HPV 31 (1.9)
Lithuania Gudleviciene 2014 MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 53 20.8 (12.0-33.5)
HPV 39 (1.9) HPV 58 (1.9)
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73,
82)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and
Norway Koskinen 2007 69 4.3 (1.5-12.0) HPV 16 (1.4)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
CP (E1). MY09/MY11 (L1) and
Norway Lie 1996 GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS 39 7.7 (2.7-20.3) HPV 16 (2.6)
primers (6.11.16.18.31.33.35)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Norway Mork 2001 Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16. 40 2.5 (0.4-12.9) HPV 16 (2.5)
18. 33)
HPV 16 (30.1) HPV 18 (6.5) HPV 33
Poland Morshed 2008 SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25 93 35.5 (26.5-45.6)
(5.4)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Poland Ribeiro 2011 239 0.8 (0.2-3.0) HPV 16 (0.8)
primers (16)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 235 -

Table 44 – continued from previous page

HPV detection method and targeted No. Prevalence of 5 most frequent
Country Study % (95% CI)a
HPV types Tested HPVs, HPV type (%)
Real-time High Risk HPV test (Abbott
Molecular) using L1 consensus primers
Poland Snietura 2011 65 0.0 - -
RT-PCR (16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39. 45. 51.
52. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Romania Ribeiro 2011 239 0.8 (0.2-3.0) HPV 16 (0.8)
primers (16)
Russian PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Ribeiro 2011 239 0.8 (0.2-3.0) HPV 16 (0.8)
Federation primers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
Slovakia Ribeiro 2011 239 0.8 (0.2-3.0) HPV 16 (0.8)
primers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and
Slovenia Poljak 1997 WD72/76/66/67/154 (E6) Amplification 30 3.3 (0.6-16.7) HPV 16 (3.3)
with TS primers (6.11.16.18.31.33.51)
TS-PCR E6 and L1 for 6b/16/18
Spain Alvarez Alvarez 1997 35 25.7 (14.2-42.1) HPV 6 (22.9) HPV 16 (5.7)
Amplification with TS primers (6b. 16. 18)
TS-PCR E6 for 6/11 Hybridization with
Spain Pérez-Ayala 1990 51 56.9 (43.3-69.5) HPV 16 (56.9)
TS probes (11.16)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and
Sweden Koskinen 2007 69 4.3 (1.5-12.0) HPV 16 (1.4)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Sweden Mork 2001 Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16. 40 2.5 (0.4-12.9) HPV 16 (2.5)
18. 33)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP
Switzerland Adams 1999 36 16.7 (7.9-31.9) HPV 16 (16.7)
(6.11.16.18.31.33.35.51.53.56)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with
GP5+/6+ and TS primers for HPV16
Turkey Bozdayi 2009 65 41.5 (30.4-53.7) HPV 16 (40.0) HPV 6 (1.5)
positive; For HPV16 negative cases.
sequencing was performed
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
Turkey Dönmez 2000 55 12.7 (6.3-24.0) HPV 11 (7.3) HPV 6 (5.5)
33. 35. 39. 42. 51. 58)
SP10296 (L1) Amplification with mPCR
Turkey Gungor 2007 95 7.4 (3.6-14.4) HPV 11 (7.4) HPV 6 (2.1) HPV 16 (1.1)
kit (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 52. 58)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with
Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 35.
United
Anderson 2007 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 64 0.0 - -
Kingdom
59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
PCR-GP5+/6+, TS, Sequencing (HPV 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
United 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53,
Conway 2012 12 0.0 - -
Kingdom 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,
85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91)
United
Salam 1995 MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 33) 36 22.2 (11.7-38.1) HPV 6 (8.3) HPV 16 (5.6) HPV 11 (2.8)
Kingdom
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
United
Snijders 1996 primers and SBH with TS probes (6. 11. 31 19.4 (9.2-36.3) HPV 16 (19.4)
Kingdom
16. 18. 31. 33)
United Perkin Census L1 consensus primers
States of Brandwein 1993 Hybridization with TS probes (6. 11. 16. 40 7.5 (2.6-19.9) HPV 16 (2.5)
America 18. 31. 35. 51)
United PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
HPV 16 (13.2) HPV 31 (10.5) HPV 53
States of Chernock 2013 LiPA (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 76 17.1 (10.3-27.1)
(9.2)
America 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68)
United
TS-PCR L1 for 16 Amplification with TS
States of Furniss 2007 63 31.7 (21.6-44.0) HPV 16 (31.7)
primers (16)
America
United
MY09/MY11 (L1) and IU/IWDO (E1)
States of Paz 1997 43 4.7 (1.3-15.5) HPV 16 (2.3)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 16. 18)
America
United MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1) DBH
States of Schlecht 2011 (40 HPV types including 16. 18. 31. 33. 40 27.5 (16.1-42.8) HPV 16 (27.5)
America 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 66)
United
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR E7 for
States of Shen 1996 32 9.4 (3.2-24.2) HPV 11 (3.1) HPV 18 (3.1) HPV 6 (3.1)
16/18 RFLP*
America
United
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
States of Zhao 2005 22 18.2 (7.3-38.5) HPV 16 (18.2)
TS probes (16)
America

Data updated on 4 July 2022 (data as of 31 Dec 2015)

DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific
Only for European countries
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER - 236 -

5 Factors contributing to cervical cancer

HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer, but it is not a sufficient cause. Other cofactors are necessary
for progression from cervical HPV infection to cancer. Tobacco smoking, high parity, long-term hormonal
contraceptive use, and co-infection with HIV have been identified as established cofactors. Co-infection
with Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type-2, immunosuppression, and certain dietary
deficiencies are other probable cofactors. Genetic and immunological host factors and viral factors other
than type, such as variants of type, viral load and viral integration, are likely to be important but have
not been clearly identified. (Muñoz N, Vaccine 2006; 24(S3): 1-10). In this section, the prevalence of
smoking, parity (fertility), oral contraceptive use, and HIV in the World are presented.

Figure 124: Female smoking prevalence

No data available

<13
<2
<21
<6
>=21

Data accessed on 12 Nov 2019

Crude adjusted prevalence (%) estimates of tabacco use among people aged >= 15 years by country, for the year 2016.
Data Sources:
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2025, third edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/
item/who-global-report-on-trends-in-prevalence-of-tobacco-use-2000-2025-third-edition

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER - 237 -

Figure 125: Total fertility rates

No data available

<1.60
<2.10
<2.60
<4.24
>=4.24

Data accessed on 13 Nov 2019

Year of estimate: 2017
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: https://www.un.org/
en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/fertility/wfd2017.asp. [Accessed on November 13, 2019].
Eurostat - Statistical office of the European Comission [web site]. Luxembourg: European Commission; 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/
-/demofrate. [Accessed on November 13, 2019].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER - 238 -

Figure 126: Oral contraceptive use (%) among women who are married or in union in the World

No data available

<13.5
<21.0
<29.4
<6.6
>=29.4

Data accessed on 18 Nov 2019

Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Contraceptive Use 2019 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2019). https://www.un.org/en/development/
desa/population/publications/dataset/contraception/wcu2019.asp. Available at: [Accessed on November 18, 2019].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER - 239 -

Figure 127: World HIV prevalence

No data available

<0.1
<0.2
<0.4
<0.8
>=0.8

Data accessed on 21 Nov 2019

Data Sources:
UNAIDS database [internet]. Available at: http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/ [Accessed on November 21, 2019]

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

6 SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INDICATORS - 240 -

6 Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators

Sexual intercourse is the primary route of transmission of genital HPV infection. Information about
sexual and reproductive health behaviours is essential to the design of effective preventive strategies
against anogenital cancers. In this section, we describe sexual and reproductive health indicators that
may be used as proxy measures of risk for HPV infection and anogenital cancers. Several studies
have reported that earlier sexual debut is a risk factor for HPV infection, although the reason for this
relationship is still unclear. In this section, information on sexual and reproductive health behaviour in
the World are presented.

Figure 128: Percentage of 15-year-old girls who report sexual intercourse

No data available

<12
<16
<20
<6
>=20

Data accessed on 16 Mar 2017

Please refer to original source for methods of estimation
a Year of estimation: 2013-2014
b Fifteen-year-olds teenagers only were asked whether they had ever had sexual intercourse.
c Indicates a significant gender difference (at p<0.05).
d Year of estimation: not reported
e The main sources of data were surveys by the MEASURE DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) project and published estimates from Reproductive National Health Surveys.
f Year of estimation: 2006
g Percentage of all 15- to 19-year-olds who report having had sex before the age of 15 years.
h Year of estimation: 2005-2010
i Percentage of all 15- to 19-year-olds who report having had sex before the age of 15 years in MEASURE DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys), STATcompiler (http://www.
statcompiler.com/) or HIV/AIDS Survey Indicator database (http://www.measuredhs.com/hivdata/).
j Year of estimation: 2010
k Year of estimation: 2000
l Year of estimation: 1997
m Year of estimation: 2011-2012
n Year of estimation: 2011
o Year of estimation: 2012
p Year of estimation: 2013
q Year of estimation: 2014
r Year of estimation: 2005-2006
s Year of estimation: 2012-2013
t Year of estimation: 2015-2016
u Year of estimation: 2014-2015
v Year of estimation: 2008-2009
w Year of estimation: 2011-2013
Data Sources:
1 Growing up unequal: gender and socioeconomic differences in young people’s health and well-being. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international report
from the 2013/2014 survey. Inchley J, Currie D, Young T, et al. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2016 (Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 7). Available at:
http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/303438/HSBC-No.7-Growing-up-unequal-Full-Report.pdf?ua=1
2 Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective. Wellings K, Collumbien M, Slaymaker E, et al. Lancet. 2006 Nov 11;368(9548):1706-28. Review. Erratum in: Lancet. 2007 Jan
27;369(9558):274. PMID:17098090.
3 ICF International, 2015. The DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) Program STATcompiler. Funded by USAID. http://www.statcompiler.com. Accessed on March 16 2017.
4 The sexual behaviour of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: patterns and trends from national surveys. Doyle AM, Mavedzenge SN, Plummer ML, Ross DA.Trop Med Int Health. 2012
Jul;17(7):796-807. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03005.x. Review. PMID:22594660.
5 CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2011–2013. Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Childbearing of Teenagers Aged 15–19 in the United States. NCHS Data Brief No.
209, July 2015. Martinez G, Abma J. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db209.htm

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 241 -

7 HPV preventive strategies

It is established that well-organised cervical screening programmes or widespread good quality cytology
can reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality. The introduction of HPV vaccination could also
effectively reduce the burden of cervical cancer in the coming decades. This section presents indicators
on basic characteristics and performance of cervical cancer screening, status of HPV vaccine licensure
and introduction in the World.

7.1 Cervical cancer screening practices

Screening strategies differ between countries. Some countries have population-based programmes,
where in each round of screening women in the target population are individually identified and in-
vited to attend screening. This type of programme can be implemented nationwide or only in specific
regions of the country. In opportunistic screening, invitations depend on the individual’s decision or
on encounters with health-care providers. The most frequent method for cervical cancer screening is
cytology, and there are alternative methods such as HPV DNA tests and visual inspection with acetic
acid (VIA). VIA is an alternative to cytology-based screening in low-resource settings (the ’see and treat’
approach). HPV DNA testing is being introduced into some countries as an adjunct to cytology screen-
ing (’co-testing’) or as the primary screening test to be followed by a secondary, more specific test, such
as cytology

Figure 129: Worldwide status of cervical cancer screening programmes

No data available

No public national program

Public national program (Cytology/VIA/HPV testing)
Public national program and quality assurance

Data accessed on 31 Dec 2016

al pha Public national cervical cancer screening program in place (Cytology/VIA/HPV testing). Countries may have clinical guidelines or protocols, and cervical cancer screening services
in a private sector but without a public national program. Publicly mandated programmes have a law, official regulation, decision, directive or recommendation that provides the public
mandate to implement the programme with an authorised screening test, examination interval, target group and funding and co-payment determined.
beta Self-reported quality assurance: Organised programmes provide for a national or regional team responsible for implementation and require providers to follow guidelines, rules, or
standard operating procedures. They also define a quality assurance structure and mandate supervision and monitoring of the screening process. To evaluate impact, organised programmes
also require ascertainment of the population disease burden. Quality assurance consists of the management and coordination of the programme throughout all levels of the screening pro-
cess (invitation, testing, diagnosis and follow-up of screen-positives) to assure that the programme performs adequately and provides services that are effective and in-line with programme
standards. The quality assurance structure is self-reported as part of the national cancer programs or plans.
a Information about performance indicators in organized and population-based cervical cancer screening programmes in European countries is found in the following document ”Cancer
Screening in the European Union (2017). Report on the implementation of the Council: Recommendation on cancer screening. International Agency for Research on Cancer. European Com-
mission. January 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/major_chronic_diseases/docs/2017_cancerscreening_2ndreportimplementation_
en.pdf.''
Data Sources:
Data sources are detailed at the country-specific report

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 242 -

Table 45: Cervical cancer screening policies

Availability Quality Main
Screening
of cervical assurance Active screening
Demonstration Screening interval or
Country cancer structure invitation to test used for
projects ages (years) frequency of
screening and screeningγ primary
screenings
programmeα mandateβ,∗ screening
Africa
Algeria Yes Yes No Cytology - 25/30-60/65 3 Years
Angola No - - - VIA - -
Benin Yes No No Cytology VIA - -
Botswana Yes No No VIA - 30-49 5 years
Burkina Faso Yes No No Cytology VIA - -
Burundi No - - - - - -
Cabo Verde Yes No No Cytology/VIA - 20-49 -
Cameroon Yes No No Cytology/VIA - - -
Central
African Re- No - - - - - -
public
Chad No - - - - - -
Comoros No - - - - - -
Congo No - - - VIA - -
30-50 (VIA),
Côte d’Ivoire Yes No No Cytology/VIA - unknown -
(cytology)
Democratic
Republic of No - - - - - -
the Congo
Djibouti No - - - - - -
Egypt Yes No No Cytology - 20-50 -
Equatorial
No - - - - - -
Guinea
Eritrea No - - - - - -
Eswatini Yes - No VIA/Cytology - 25-45 2 years
Ethiopia No - - - VIA - -
Gabon Yes Yes No VIA - Above 25 3 years
Gambia Yes No No - VIA - -
25 to 45
Ghana Yes No No VIA/Cytology - (VIA)/Above 3-5 years
45 (cytology)
VIA pilot
program in
Khorira and
Conakry
Guinea No - - - - -
(2003) and
Faranah
Kankan and
Siguiri (2005)
Guinea-
No - - - - - -
Bissau
Kenya Yes No No VIA/Cytology - 25-49 5 years
Lesotho Yes - - VIA - - -
Liberia No - - - - - -
Libya No - - - - - -
Madagascar Yes No No VIA - 30-50 3-5 years
Malawi Yes No No VIA - 30-50 3-5 years
VIA pilot
program for
women ages
Mali No - - - - -
30-59
(interval 3-5
years)
Mauritania No - - - VIA - -
Mauritius Yes No No VIA - 35-55/60 5 years
Morocco Yes Yes No VIA - 30-50 3 years
Mozambique Yes - - VIA - 30-55 -
21-64
Namibia Yes No No Cytology VIA 1 year
(cytology)
Niger Yes - - VIA - - -
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 243 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page

Availability Quality Main
Screening
of cervical assurance Active screening
Demonstration Screening interval or
Country cancer structure invitation to test used for
projects ages (years) frequency of
screening and screeningγ primary
screenings
programmeα mandate β , ∗ screening
VIA pilot
program for
women
Nigeria No - - - between - -
30-50 years
(interval 3-5
years)
HPV test/VIA
Rwanda Yes - - (if positive - 35-45 7 years
HPV test)
Sao Tome and
No - - - - - -
Principe
25-65
Senegal Yes No No Cytology VIA 2 year
(cytology)
Sexually
Seychelles Yes - - Cytology - active (not 2 years
specified age)
Sierra Leone No - - - VIA - -
Somalia No - - - - - -
South Africa Yes No No Cytology VIA Above 30 10 years
South Sudan No - - - - - -
VIA pilot
program in
Sudan No - - - - -
Khartoum
(2009-2010)
35-65
Togo Yes No No Cytology VIA -
(cytology)
Tunisia Yes Yes No Cytology - 35-65 5 Years
25-65
Uganda Yes No No VIA/Cytology HPV test (cytology), 3 years
25-49 (VIA)
United Re-
public of Yes No No VIA - 30-50 3 years
Tanzania
Zambia Yes No No VIA - 25-49 3-5 years
Zimbabwe Yes No No VIA - 25-59 3 years
Americas
21-65
Antigua and (cytology), 5 years
Yes No No Cytology HPV test
Barbuda over 30 (HPV (cytology)
test)
Cytology
every 3 years,
after 2
35-64
consecutive
Cytology/HPV (cytology),
Argentina Yes Yes Yes - annual
test above 30
negative
(HPV test)
tests. HPV
test every 3
years
Bahamas Yes No No Cytology - Above 21-59 1 year
3 years (ages
21-49), 5
Barbados Yes No No Cytology - 21-65
years (ages
50-65)
3 years, after
3 consecutive
Belize Yes No No Cytology - 21-55
annual
negative tests
3 years, after
Bolivia (Pluri-
2 consecutive
national Yes Yes No Cytology/VIA - 25-64
annual
State of)
negative tests
3 years, after
2 consecutive
Brazil Yes Yes No Cytology - 25-64
annual
negative tests
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 244 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page

Availability Quality Main
Screening
of cervical assurance Active screening
Demonstration Screening interval or
Country cancer structure invitation to test used for
projects ages (years) frequency of
screening and screeningγ primary
screenings
programmeα mandate β , ∗ screening
Varies among
regions:
Manitoba,
Ontario,
Québec, Nova
Scotia: every
3 years (ages
21- 65/69).
Prince
Yes, varies No, varies 21-65/69/70
Edward
Canada Yes among among Cytology HPV test varies by
island: every
regions regions region
2 years (ages
21-65 ). Other
regions every
2-3 years
(ages 21-70)
after 3
consecutive
annual
negative tests
Chile Yes Yes No Cytology - 25-64 3 years
Cytology
every 3 years,
after 2
25-69
consecutive
(cytology),
Cytology/VIA/HPV annual
Colombia Yes No No - 30-50 (VIA),
test negative
30-69 (HPV
tests. VIA
test)
every 3 years.
HPV test
every 5 years
Costa Rica Yes No No Cytology - Above 20 1 year
Cuba Yes No No Cytology - 25-64 3 years
Dominica Yes No No Cytology - 18-65 -
Dominican Cytology/HPV Cytology
Yes No No - 35-64
Republic test every 1 year
Ecuador Yes No No Cytology - 35-64 5 years
El Salvador Yes No No Cytology/VIA HPV test 30-59 2 years
3 years, after
21 (or 3 years
3 consecutive
Grenada Yes - - Cytology VIA after sexually
annual
debut)
negative tests
Guatemala Yes No No Cytology/VIA - 25-54 3 years
Guyana Yes No No VIA/cytology - 30-49 -
Haiti Yes No No VIA - >=35 -
3 years, after
30-59 2 consecutive
Honduras Yes Yes No Cytology VIA
(cytology) annual
negative tests
3 years, after
2 consecutive
Jamaica Yes No No Cytology - 25-54
annual
negative tests
Cytology
every 3 years,
Cytology/HPV after 2
Mexico Yes Yes No - 25-64
test consecutive
annual
negative tests
Cytology/VIA
every 3 years,
25-64
after 3
Nicaragua Yes Yes No Cytology/VIA HPV test (cytology),
consecutive
30-50 (VIA)
annual
negative tests
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 245 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page

Availability Quality Main
Screening
of cervical assurance Active screening
Demonstration Screening interval or
Country cancer structure invitation to test used for
projects ages (years) frequency of
screening and screeningγ primary
screenings
programmeα mandate β , ∗ screening
3 years, after
3 consecutive
Panama Yes No No Cytology/VIA - 25-59
annual
negative tests
Cytology/VIA
every 3 years,
after 3
Paraguay Yes Yes No Cytology/VIA HPV test 25-49
consecutive
annual
negative tests
PAP/VIA: Cytology/VIA
Peru Yes Yes Yes Cytology/VIA HPV test
30-49 every 3 years
3 years, after
Saint Kitts 2 consecutive
Yes No No Cytology - 18-55
and Nevis annual
negative tests
Saint Lucia Yes - - Cytology VIA 18-55 1 year
3 years after
Saint Vin-
2 consecutive
cent and the Yes No No Cytology - 20-65
annual
Grenadines
negative tests
Suriname Yes No No Cytology/VIA - 23-55 2 years
Sexually
Trinidad and
Yes No No Cytology - active (not 1 year
Tobago
specified age)
21-65 3 years
Yes only in
United States Cytology/HPV (cytology), (cytology), 5
Yes NBCCED No -
of America test over 30 (HPV years (HPV
Program
test) test)
3 years, after
2 consecutive
Uruguay Yes Yes No Cytology - 21-69
annual
negative tests
Venezuela
(Bolivarian Yes No No Cytology - 25-64 3 years
Republic of)
Asia
Afghanistan Yes No No Cytology VIA 15-49 5 years
Armenia Yes No No Cytology - 30-60 3 years
Azerbaijan No - - - - - -
3 years after
2-3
Bahrain Yes No No Cytology - 30-65 consecutives
annual
negative tests
Bangladesh Yes No No VIA - Above 30 -
Bhutan No - - - VIA - -
Brunei
Yes No Yes Cytology - 22-65 3 years
Darussalam
Cambodia Yes No No VIA - 30-49 5 years
Cytology
every 3 years
(ages 35-59).
China Yes No No Cytology /VIA HPV test 30-59
VIA in rural
women (ages
30-54)
Democratic
People’s Re-
Yes No No Cytology - 30-60 1 year
public of
Korea
Georgia Yes No No Cytology HPV test 25-60 3 years
35-64
India Yes No No Cytology VIA/HPV test 3 years
(cytology)
Indonesia Yes Yes No VIA - 30-50 5 years
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 246 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page

Availability Quality Main
Screening
of cervical assurance Active screening
Demonstration Screening interval or
Country cancer structure invitation to test used for
projects ages (years) frequency of
screening and screeningγ primary
screenings
programmeα mandate β , ∗ screening
3 years after
Iran (Islamic 3 consecutive
Yes No No Cytology - Married
Republic of) annual
negative tests
Iraq Yes - - - - Above 20 -
Israel Yes No No Cytology - 35-54 3 years
Japan Yes Yes Yes Cytology - Above 20 2 years
Jordan Yes No No Cytology - 25-35 -
Kazakhstan Yes No No Cytology - 30-60 5 years
Kuwait Yes No No Cytology - Married 5 years
Kyrgyzstan Yes No No Cytology - - 5 year
Lao People’s
Democratic No - - - - - -
Republic
3 years after
becoming
Lebanon Yes No No Cytology - 2-3 years
sexually
active
Malaysia Yes No No Cytology - 20-65 3 years
Maldives Yes - - VIA - 30-50 5 years
Mongolia Yes No No VIA - 30-60 3 years
Myanmar No - - - VIA - -
Nepal Yes No No VIA - 30-60 5 years
Oman Yes No No Cytology - 20-69 3 Years
Pakistan Yes No No VIA - 30-60 5 years
Philippines Yes No No VIA - 25-55 5-7 years
Qatar Yes No No Cytology - 21-65 1 year
Republic of
Yes No No Cytology - Above 30 2 years
Korea
21-65
Saudi Arabia Yes No No Cytology - (married 3 Years
women)
Singapore Yes No No Cytology - 25-69 3 years
Sri Lanka Yes No No Cytology - 30-65 5 years
Syrian Arab
Yes No No Cytology - 15-55 -
Republic
Tajikistan Yes No No Cytology - Above 20 -
Thailand Yes Yes No Cytology/VIA - 30-65 5 years
Timor-Leste No - - - - - -
30-65
Turkey Yes Yes Yes Cytology VIA 5 Years
(cytology)
Turkmenistan Yes No No Cytology - Above 20 1 year
United Arab
Yes No No Cytology - 30-64 3 years
Emirates
Uzbekistan Yes No No Cytology - 25-49 -
Viet Nam Yes - No Cytology/VIA - - -
Yemen No - - - - - -
Europe
Albania Yes No No Cytology - Above 20 2-3 Years
Andorra Yes No No Cytology - - -
Austria Yes No No Cytology - Above 18 1 year
Belarus Yes No No Cytology - Above 18 1 year
No. Varies by
Belgium Yes No Cytology - 25-64 3 years
regiona
Bosnia and
Yes Yes No Cytology - 21-70 1 year
Herzegovina
Bulgaria Yes No No Cytology - 30-59 3 years
Croatia Yes Yesa No Cytology - 25-64 3 years
Cyprus Yes No No Cytology - 24-65 -
Czechia Yes Yes No Cytology - 25-60 1 year
3 years (ages
23-49), 5
Denmark Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 23-65
years (ages
50-65)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 247 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page

Availability Quality Main
Screening
of cervical assurance Active screening
Demonstration Screening interval or
Country cancer structure invitation to test used for
projects ages (years) frequency of
screening and screeningγ primary
screenings
programmeα mandate β, ∗ screening
Estonia Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 30-59 5 years
Finland Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 30-60 5 years
France Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 25-65 3 years
Germany Yes No No Cytology HPV test Above 20 1 year
Greece Yes No No Cytology - Above 20 1 year
Hungary Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 25-65 3 years
2 years (ages
20-39), 4
Iceland Yes Yes Yes Cytology - 20-69
years (ages
40-69)
3 years (ages
25-44), 5
Ireland Yes Yes Yes Cytology - 25-60
years (ages
45-60)
3 years
Cytology/HPV (Cytology), 5
Italy Yes Yesa Yes - 25-64
test years (HPV
test)
Latvia Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 25-70 3 years
Lithuania Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 25-60 3 years
Luxembourg Yes No No Cytology - Above 15 1 year
Cytology
every 3 years
Above 25 (ages 25-50),
Cytology/HPV (cytology), VIA every 5
Malta Yes Yes Yes -
test Above 30 years (above
(HPV test) 50 years old).
HPV test
every 5 years
3 years after
2 consecutive
Monaco Yes - No Cytology - 21-65
annual
negative tests
Montenegro Yes Yes No Cytology - 25-64 3 years
Cytology/HPV
Netherlands Yes Yesa Yes - 30-60 5 years
test
Norway Yes Yes Yes Cytology - 25-69 3 years
Poland Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 25-59 3 years
Portugal Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 25-64 3 years
Republic of
Yes No No Cytology - Above 20 2 years
Moldova
Republic of
North Mace- Yes No No Cytology - 30-55 3 years
donia
Romania Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 25-64 5 years
Russian Fed-
Yes No No Cytology - Above 18 1 year
eration
25-30 3 years
Cytology/HPV (cytology), (cytology), 5
San Marino Yes - Yes -
test 30-65 (HPV years (HPV
test) test)
Serbia Yes Yes Yes Cytology - 25-65 3 years
Slovakia Yes No No Cytology - 23-64 3 years
Slovenia Yes Yes Yes Cytology - 20-64 3 years
25-65 3 years
No. Varies by No. Varies by Cytology/HPV (cytology), (cytology), 5
Spain Yes -
region region test 30-65 (HPV years (HPV
test) test)
3 years (ages
23-50), 5
Sweden Yes Yesa Yes Cytology - 23-60
years (ages
50-60)
Switzerland Yes No No Cytology - Above 20 3 years
Ukraine Yes No No Cytology - 18-65 1 year
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 248 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page

Availability Quality Main
Screening
of cervical assurance Active screening
Demonstration Screening interval or
Country cancer structure invitation to test used for
projects ages (years) frequency of
screening and screeningγ primary
screenings
programmeα mandate β , ∗ screening
United King-
3 years (ages
dom of Great
Cytology/HPV 25-49), 5
Britain and Yes Yesa Yes - 25-64
test years (ages
Northern
50-64)
Ireland
Oceania
18-69 2 years
(cytology), (cytology), 5
Australia Yes Yes Yes Cytology HPV test
25-74 (HPV years (HPV
test) test)
25-60
Fiji Yes No No Cytology VIA (cytology), 3 Years
30-49 (VIA)
Kiribati Yes - - Cytology/VIA - - -
21-50 (VIA),
Marshall
Yes - - VIA/Cytology - 50-60 2 years (VIA)
Islands
(cytology)
Micronesia
(Federated Yes No No Cytology/VIA - 25-49 5 years
States of)
Nauru Yes No No Cytology - - -
20-70 3 years
Cytology/HPV (cytology), (cytology), 5
New Zealand Yes Yes Yes -
test 25-69 (HPV years (HPV
test) test)
21-65 3 years
Cytology/HPV (cytology), (cytology), 5
Palau Yes No No -
test over 30 (HPV years (HPV
test) test)
Papua New
Yes No No - - - -
Guinea
Samoa No - - - - - -
Solomon
No - - - - - -
Islands
Tonga No - - - - - -
Tuvalu No - - - - - -
Vanuatu No - - - VIA - -

Data accessed on 31 Dec 2016

al pha Public national cervical cancer screening program in place (Cytology/VIA/HPV testing). Countries may have clinical guidelines or protocols, and cervical cancer screening services
in a private sector but without a public national program. Publicly mandated programmes have a law, official regulation, decision, directive or recommendation that provides the public
mandate to implement the programme with an authorised screening test, examination interval, target group and funding and co-payment determined.
beta Self-reported quality assurance: Organised programmes provide for a national or regional team responsible for implementation and require providers to follow guidelines, rules, or
standard operating procedures. They also define a quality assurance structure and mandate supervision and monitoring of the screening process. To evaluate impact, organised programmes
also require ascertainment of the population disease burden. Quality assurance consists of the management and coordination of the programme throughout all levels of the screening pro-
cess (invitation, testing, diagnosis and follow-up of screen-positives) to assure that the programme performs adequately and provides services that are effective and in-line with programme
standards. The quality assurance structure is self-reported as part of the national cancer programs or plans.
gamma Self-reported active invitation or recruitment, as organised population-based programmes, identify and personally invite each eligible person in the target population to attend a
given round of screening.
a Information about performance indicators in organized and population-based cervical cancer screening programmes in European countries is found in the following document ”Cancer
Screening in the European Union (2017). Report on the implementation of the Council: Recommendation on cancer screening. International Agency for Research on Cancer. European Com-
mission. January 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/major_chronic_diseases/docs/2017_cancerscreening_2ndreportimplementation_
en.pdf.''
∗ Quality assurance structure and mandate to supervise and to monitor the screening process
Data Sources:
Data sources are detailed at the country-specific report

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 249 -

7.2 HPV vaccination

7.2.1 HPV vaccine licensure and introduction

Figure 130: Countries with HPV vaccine in the national immunization programme in the World

No data available

Introduced
Not Available, Not Introduced/No Plans
Partial introduction

Data accessed on 20 Sep 2021

Data Sources:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage. World Health Organization. 2021. Available from: https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/coverage/hpv.html, accessed [20
sep 2021]
Bruni L, Saura-Lázaro A, Montoliu A, Brotons M, Alemany L, Diallo MS, et al. HPV vaccination introduction worldwide and WHO and UNICEF estimates of national HPV immunization
coverage 2010-2019. Prev Med. 2021;144(106399):106399.

Table 46: HPV vaccination policies for the female population in the World
Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Europe
Not Available, Not
Albania Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Albania Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Andorra Introduced 2014 2019 64 64
Andorra Introduced 2014 2020 77 77
Austria Introduced 2014 2019 - -
Austria Introduced 2014 2020 - -
Not Available, Not
Belarus Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Belarus Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Belgium Introduced 2011 2020 - -
Belgium Introduced 2011 2019 67 71
Not Available, Not
Bosnia and Herze-
Introduced/No - 2019 - -
govina
Plans
Not Available, Not
Bosnia and Herze-
Introduced/No - 2020 - -
govina
Plans
Bulgaria Introduced 2017 2020 2 3
Bulgaria Introduced 2017 2019 4 6
Croatia Introduced 2016 2019 - -
Croatia Introduced 2016 2020 - -
Cyprus Introduced 2016 2019 64 73
Cyprus Introduced 2016 2020 - -
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 250 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Czechia Introduced 2012 2019 - -
Czechia Introduced 2012 2020 - -
Denmark Introduced 2007 2019 62 79
Denmark Introduced 2007 2020 70 84
Estonia Introduced 2018 2020 55 61
Estonia Introduced 2018 2019 54 55
Finland Introduced 2013 2020 - -
Finland Introduced 2013 2019 60 60
France Introduced 2006 2020 33 41
France Introduced 2006 2019 33 35
Germany Introduced 2007 2019 43 58
Germany Introduced 2007 2020 - -
Greece Introduced 2009 2020 - -
Greece Introduced 2009 2019 - -
Hungary Introduced 2014 2019 78 86
Hungary Introduced 2014 2020 - -
Iceland Introduced 2011 2020 91 94
Iceland Introduced 2011 2019 93 94
Ireland Introduced 2010 2019 69 85
Ireland Introduced 2010 2020 77 60
Italy Introduced 2009 2019 52 61
Italy Introduced 2009 2020 27 45
Latvia Introduced 2010 2019 51 54
Latvia Introduced 2010 2020 57 61
Lithuania Introduced 2016 2020 68 62
Lithuania Introduced 2016 2019 66 64
Luxembourg Introduced 2008 2019 14 37
Luxembourg Introduced 2008 2020 - -
Malta Introduced 2013 2020 85 97
Malta Introduced 2013 2019 81 86
Monaco Introduced 2006 2019 - -
Monaco Introduced 2006 2020 - -
Not Available, Not
Montenegro Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Montenegro Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Netherlands Introduced 2010 2019 53 63
Netherlands Introduced 2010 2020 53 63
Norway Introduced 2009 2019 91 93
Norway Introduced 2009 2020 90 92
Not Available, Not
Poland Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Poland Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Portugal Introduced 2008 2019 81 93
Portugal Introduced 2008 2020 81 93
Partial
Republic of Moldova 2018 2020 40 44
introduction
Partial
Republic of Moldova 2018 2019 31 49
introduction
Republic of North
Introduced 2009 2019 40 45
Macedonia
Republic of North
Introduced 2009 2020 - -
Macedonia
Not Available, Not
Romania Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Romania Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Russian Federation Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 251 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Not Available, Not
Russian Federation Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
San Marino Introduced 2008 2020 50 38
San Marino Introduced 2008 2019 50 48
Not Available, Not
Serbia Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Serbia Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Slovakia Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Slovakia Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Slovenia Introduced 2009 2020 59 59
Slovenia Introduced 2009 2019 59 59
Spain Introduced 2007 2020 79 84
Spain Introduced 2007 2019 79 84
Sweden Introduced 2010 2019 80 86
Sweden Introduced 2010 2020 82 89
Switzerland Introduced 2006 2020 63 67
Switzerland Introduced 2006 2019 59 64
Not Available, Not
Ukraine Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Ukraine Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Introduced 2008 2020 64 85
Northern Ireland
United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Introduced 2008 2019 82 85
Northern Ireland
Africa
Not Available, Not
Algeria Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Algeria Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Angola Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Angola Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Benin Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Benin Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Botswana Introduced 2015 2020 - 55
Botswana Introduced 2015 2019 47 87
Not Available, Not
Burkina Faso Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Burkina Faso Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Burundi Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 252 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Not Available, Not
Burundi Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Cabo Verde Introduced 2021 2019 - -
Cabo Verde Introduced 2021 2020 - -
Cameroon Introduced 2020 2019 - -
Cameroon Introduced 2020 2020 - 5
Not Available, Not
Central African Re-
Introduced/No - 2020 - -
public
Plans
Not Available, Not
Central African Re-
Introduced/No - 2019 - -
public
Plans
Not Available, Not
Chad Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Chad Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Comoros Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Comoros Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Congo Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Congo Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Côte d’Ivoire Introduced 2019 2019 - 6
Côte d’Ivoire Introduced 2019 2020 13 67
Not Available, Not
Democratic Republic
Introduced/No - 2020 - -
of the Congo
Plans
Not Available, Not
Democratic Republic
Introduced/No - 2019 - -
of the Congo
Plans
Not Available, Not
Djibouti Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Djibouti Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Egypt Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Egypt Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Equatorial Guinea Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Equatorial Guinea Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Eritrea Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Eritrea Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Eswatini Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Eswatini Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 253 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Ethiopia Introduced 2018 2020 76 95
Ethiopia Introduced 2018 2019 84 94
Not Available, Not
Gabon Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Gabon Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Gambia Introduced 2019 2019 - 68
Gambia Introduced 2019 2020 - -
Not Available, Not
Ghana Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Ghana Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Guinea Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Guinea Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Guinea-Bissau Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Guinea-Bissau Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Kenya Introduced 2019 2019 - 25
Kenya Introduced 2019 2020 16 33
Not Available, Not
Lesotho Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Lesotho Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Liberia Introduced 2019 2019 - 14
Liberia Introduced 2019 2020 18 42
Libya Introduced 2013 2020 - -
Libya Introduced 2013 2019 - -
Not Available, Not
Madagascar Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Madagascar Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Malawi Introduced 2019 2020 77 84
Malawi Introduced 2019 2019 - 88
Not Available, Not
Mali Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Mali Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Mauritania Introduced 2021 2019 - -
Mauritania Introduced 2021 2020 - -
Mauritius Introduced 2017 2019 80 84
Mauritius Introduced 2017 2020 74 82
Not Available, Not
Morocco Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Morocco Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Mozambique Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 254 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Not Available, Not
Mozambique Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Namibia Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Namibia Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Niger Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Niger Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Nigeria Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Nigeria Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Rwanda Introduced 2011 2020 68 89
Rwanda Introduced 2011 2019 94 97
Not Available, Not
Sao Tome and
Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Principe
Plans
Not Available, Not
Sao Tome and
Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Principe
Plans
Senegal Introduced 2018 2019 25 86
Senegal Introduced 2018 2020 31 45
Seychelles Introduced 2014 2019 68 96
Seychelles Introduced 2014 2020 24 -
Not Available, Not
Sierra Leone Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Sierra Leone Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Somalia Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Somalia Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
South Africa Introduced 2014 2019 43 69
South Africa Introduced 2014 2020 - 3
Not Available, Not
South Sudan Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
South Sudan Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Sudan Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Sudan Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Togo Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Togo Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Tunisia Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 255 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Not Available, Not
Tunisia Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Uganda Introduced 2015 2019 64 99
Uganda Introduced 2015 2020 30 74
United Republic of
Introduced 2018 2019 49 78
Tanzania
United Republic of
Introduced 2018 2020 58 82
Tanzania
Zambia Introduced 2019 2019 - 99
Zambia Introduced 2019 2020 69 75
Zimbabwe Introduced 2018 2019 67 91
Zimbabwe Introduced 2018 2020 - -
Oceania
Australia Introduced 2007 2019 79 89
Australia Introduced 2007 2020 66 74
Cook Islands Introduced 2011 2019 73 97
Cook Islands Introduced 2011 2020 - -
Fiji Introduced 2013 2019 56 93
Fiji Introduced 2013 2020 89 98
Not Available, Not
Kiribati Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Kiribati Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Marshall Islands Introduced 2009 2019 24 67
Marshall Islands Introduced 2009 2020 17 61
Micronesia (Feder-
Introduced 2010 2020 37 99
ated States of)
Micronesia (Feder-
Introduced 2010 2019 57 70
ated States of)
Not Available, Not
Nauru Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Nauru Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
New Zealand Introduced 2008 2020 67 70
New Zealand Introduced 2008 2019 67 71
Niue Introduced 2019 2019 - -
Niue Introduced 2019 2020 - -
Palau Introduced 2008 2020 - -
Palau Introduced 2008 2019 67 85
Not Available, Not
Papua New Guinea Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Papua New Guinea Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Samoa Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Samoa Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Solomon Islands Introduced 2019 2020 22 -
Solomon Islands Introduced 2019 2019 - 67
Not Available, Not
Tonga Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Tonga Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Tuvalu Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 256 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Not Available, Not
Tuvalu Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Vanuatu Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Vanuatu Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Americas
Antigua and Bar-
Introduced 2018 2020 - -
buda
Antigua and Bar-
Introduced 2018 2019 - 10
buda
Argentina Introduced 2011 2019 59 87
Argentina Introduced 2011 2020 45 -
Bahamas Introduced 2015 2020 - -
Bahamas Introduced 2015 2019 9 29
Barbados Introduced 2014 2020 7 64
Barbados Introduced 2014 2019 29 66
Belize Introduced 2016 2020 11 51
Belize Introduced 2016 2019 63 77
Bolivia (Plurina-
Introduced 2017 2020 24 60
tional State of)
Bolivia (Plurina-
Introduced 2017 2019 70 80
tional State of)
Brazil Introduced 2014 2019 62 75
Brazil Introduced 2014 2020 72 88
Canada Introduced 2009 2019 83 83
Canada Introduced 2009 2020 87 87
Chile Introduced 2014 2020 74 78
Chile Introduced 2014 2019 82 92
Colombia Introduced 2012 2019 38 71
Colombia Introduced 2012 2020 34 57
Costa Rica Introduced 2019 2019 39 98
Costa Rica Introduced 2019 2020 77 -
Not Available, Not
Cuba Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Cuba Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Dominica Introduced 2019 2020 64 64
Dominica Introduced 2019 2019 - 81
Dominican Republic Introduced 2017 2020 7 18
Dominican Republic Introduced 2017 2019 7 12
Ecuador Introduced 2014 2019 54 82
Ecuador Introduced 2014 2020 36 75
El Salvador Introduced 2020 2020 - 27
El Salvador Introduced 2020 2019 - -
Grenada Introduced 2019 2020 32 57
Grenada Introduced 2019 2019 41 73
Guatemala Introduced 2018 2020 - -
Guatemala Introduced 2018 2019 24 42
Guyana Introduced 2017 2019 13 31
Guyana Introduced 2017 2020 15 -
Not Available, Not
Haiti Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Haiti Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Honduras Introduced 2016 2019 59 78
Honduras Introduced 2016 2020 47 67
Jamaica Introduced 2017 2020 3 8
Jamaica Introduced 2017 2019 9 23
Mexico Introduced 2012 2019 95 94
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 257 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Mexico Introduced 2012 2020 24 -
Not Available, Not
Nicaragua Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Nicaragua Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Panama Introduced 2008 2020 44 67
Panama Introduced 2008 2019 73 85
Paraguay Introduced 2013 2020 31 55
Paraguay Introduced 2013 2019 61 70
Peru Introduced 2015 2019 76 82
Peru Introduced 2015 2020 - -
Saint Kitts and
Introduced 2019 2020 - -
Nevis
Saint Kitts and
Introduced 2019 2019 - 90
Nevis
Saint Lucia Introduced 2019 2019 46 86
Saint Lucia Introduced 2019 2020 81 51
Saint Vincent and
Introduced 2017 2020 12 3
the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and
Introduced 2017 2019 10 11
the Grenadines
Suriname Introduced 2013 2020 4 17
Suriname Introduced 2013 2019 38 51
Trinidad and Tobago Introduced 2012 2019 9 18
Trinidad and Tobago Introduced 2012 2020 - -
United States of
Introduced 2006 2019 49 68
America
United States of
Introduced 2006 2020 49 68
America
Uruguay Introduced 2013 2019 38 77
Uruguay Introduced 2013 2020 25 38
Venezuela (Boli- Not Available, Not
varian Republic Introduced/No - 2020 - -
of) Plans
Venezuela (Boli- Not Available, Not
varian Republic Introduced/No - 2019 - -
of) Plans
Asia
Not Available, Not
Afghanistan Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Afghanistan Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Armenia Introduced 2017 2019 7 17
Armenia Introduced 2017 2020 8 10
Not Available, Not
Azerbaijan Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Azerbaijan Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Bahrain Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Bahrain Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Bangladesh Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Bangladesh Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Bhutan Introduced 2009 2020 81 84
Bhutan Introduced 2009 2019 73 89
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 258 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Brunei Darussalam Introduced 2012 2020 86 88
Brunei Darussalam Introduced 2012 2019 90 91
Not Available, Not
Cambodia Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Cambodia Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
China Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
China Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Democratic People’s
Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Republic of Korea
Plans
Not Available, Not
Democratic People’s
Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Republic of Korea
Plans
Georgia Introduced 2019 2019 11 38
Georgia Introduced 2019 2020 22 19
Not Available, Not
India Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
India Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Partial
Indonesia 2017 2019 6 6
introduction
Partial
Indonesia 2017 2020 7 8
introduction
Not Available, Not
Iran (Islamic Repub-
Introduced/No - 2019 - -
lic of)
Plans
Not Available, Not
Iran (Islamic Repub-
Introduced/No - 2020 - -
lic of)
Plans
Not Available, Not
Iraq Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Iraq Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Israel Introduced 2010 2019 54 58
Israel Introduced 2010 2020 55 61
Japan Introduced 2011 2019 - -
Japan Introduced 2011 2020 1 -
Not Available, Not
Jordan Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Jordan Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Kazakhstan Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Kazakhstan Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Kuwait Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Kuwait Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Kyrgyzstan Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 259 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Not Available, Not
Kyrgyzstan Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Lao People’s Demo-
Introduced 2020 2019 - -
cratic Republic
Lao People’s Demo-
Introduced 2020 2020 - 76
cratic Republic
Not Available, Not
Lebanon Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Lebanon Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Malaysia Introduced 2010 2019 85 86
Malaysia Introduced 2010 2020 84 88
Maldives Introduced 2019 2019 - 88
Maldives Introduced 2019 2020 68 70
Not Available, Not
Mongolia Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Mongolia Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Myanmar Introduced 2020 2019 - -
Myanmar Introduced 2020 2020 - 99
Not Available, Not
Nepal Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Nepal Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Oman Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Oman Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Pakistan Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Pakistan Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Partial
Philippines 2015 2020 5 23
introduction
Partial
Philippines 2015 2019 2 23
introduction
Not Available, Not
Qatar Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Qatar Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Republic of Korea Introduced 2016 2019 52 72
Republic of Korea Introduced 2016 2020 - -
Not Available, Not
Saudi Arabia Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Saudi Arabia Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Singapore Introduced 2010 2020 - -
Singapore Introduced 2010 2019 - -
Sri Lanka Introduced 2017 2020 51 70
Sri Lanka Introduced 2017 2019 82 99
Not Available, Not
Syrian Arab Repub-
Introduced/No - 2019 - -
lic
Plans
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 260 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page

Introduction HPV coverage – HPV coverage –
Country Programme Estimation year
year first dose (%) last dose (%)
Not Available, Not
Syrian Arab Repub-
Introduced/No - 2020 - -
lic
Plans
Not Available, Not
Tajikistan Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Tajikistan Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Thailand Introduced 2017 2019 66 76
Thailand Introduced 2017 2020 - -
Not Available, Not
Timor-Leste Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Timor-Leste Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Turkey Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Turkey Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Turkmenistan Introduced 2016 2020 99 99
Turkmenistan Introduced 2016 2019 99 99
United Arab Emi-
Introduced 2018 2019 27 28
rates
United Arab Emi-
Introduced 2018 2020 29 44
rates
Uzbekistan Introduced 2019 2019 - 97
Uzbekistan Introduced 2019 2020 100 99
Not Available, Not
Viet Nam Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Viet Nam Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Yemen Introduced/No - 2019 - -
Plans
Not Available, Not
Yemen Introduced/No - 2020 - -
Plans
Data accessed on 20 Sep 2021
Data Sources:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage. World Health Organization. 2021. Available from: https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/coverage/hpv.html, accessed [20
sep 2021]
Bruni L, Saura-Lázaro A, Montoliu A, Brotons M, Alemany L, Diallo MS, et al. HPV vaccination introduction worldwide and WHO and UNICEF estimates of national HPV immunization
coverage 2010-2019. Prev Med. 2021;144(106399):106399.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

8 PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR CERVICAL CANCER - 261 -

8 Protective factors for cervical cancer

Male circumcision and the use of condoms have shown a significant protective effect against HPV trans-
mission.

Figure 131: World prevalence of male circumcision

No data available

20-80
<20
>80

Data accessed on 31 Aug 2015

Data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and other publications to categorise the country-wide prevalence of male circumcision as <20%, 20-80%, or >80%.
Data Sources:
Please refer to country-specific reference(s) for full methodologies.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

8 PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR CERVICAL CANCER - 262 -

Figure 132: Worldwide prevalence of condom use

No data available

0
<10.86
<21.72
>=32.58

Data accessed on 18 Nov 2019

Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Contraceptive Use 2019 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2019). https://www.un.org/en/development/
desa/population/publications/dataset/contraception/wcu2019.asp. Available at: [Accessed on November 18, 2019].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 263 -

9 References
HPV-related statistics were gathered from specific databases created at the Institut Català d’Oncologia
and the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Systematic collection of published literature from peer-reviewed journals is stored in these databases.
Data correspond to results from the following reference papers as well as updated results from contin-
uous monitoring of the literature by the HPV Information Centre:

Table 47: References of studies included

Country Study
HPV prevalence and HPV type distribution for cytologically normal women
Based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed by ICO. The ICO HPV Information Centre
General sources has updated data until June 2014. Reference publications: 1) Bruni L, J Infect Dis 2010; 202: 1789. 2)
De Sanjosé S, Lancet Infect Dis 2007; 7: 453
Africa
Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 483 | Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224, Hammouda
D, Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 483 | Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224, Hammouda D, Int J
Algeria
Cancer 2005; 113: 483 | Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224, Hammouda D, Int J Cancer
2005; 113: 483
Benin Piras F, Virol J 2011; 8: 514, Piras F, Virol J 2011; 8: 514, Piras F, Virol J 2011; 8: 514
Cameroon Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911
Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957 | Sangwa-Lugoma G, Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 308, Sangwa-
Congo Lugoma G, Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 308, Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957 | Sangwa-Lugoma
G, Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 308
Adjorlolo-Johnson G, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 242 | La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480, Adjorlolo-
Côte d’Ivoire Johnson G, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 242 | La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480, Adjorlolo-Johnson
G, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 242
Abdel Aziz MT, Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: MT43, Abdel Aziz MT, Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: MT43, Abdel
Egypt
Aziz MT, Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: MT43
Ethiopia Leyh-Bannurah SR, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 33 | Ruland R, Eur J Epidemiol 2006; 21: 727
Gabon Si-Mohamed A, J Med Virol 2005; 77: 430
Gambia Wall SR, Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 1068, Wall SR, Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 1068
Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202, Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202, Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009;
Guinea
101: 202
De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137 |
Maranga IO, Open Virol J 2013; 7: 19 | Temmerman M, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 65: 171 | Yamada
Kenya R, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 847, De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137, De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes
Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137 | Maranga IO, Open Virol J 2013;
7: 19, De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137
Mali Schluterman NH, BMC Womens Health 2013; 13: 4 | Tracy JK, Trop Med Int Health 2011; 16: 1432
Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732 | Amrani M, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 286 | Bennani B, J
Infect Dev Ctries 2012; 6: 543 | Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546, Bennani B, J Infect Dev Ctries
2012; 6: 543 | Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546, Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732 |
Morocco
Amrani M, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 286 | Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546, Alhamany Z, J Infect
Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732 | Amrani M, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 286 | Bennani B, J Infect Dev Ctries 2012;
6: 543 | Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546
Castellsagué X, Lancet 2001; 358: 1429 | Naucler P, J Gen Virol 2011; 92: 2784, Castellsagué X, Lancet
Mozambique
2001; 358: 1429, Castellsagué X, Lancet 2001; 358: 1429, Castellsagué X, Lancet 2001; 358: 1429
Akarolo-Anthony SN, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 521 | Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 2111 | Pimentel
VM, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17: 203 | Thomas JO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638, Thomas JO, Br
Nigeria J Cancer 2004; 90: 638, Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 2111 | Pimentel VM, J Low Genit Tract
Dis 2013; 17: 203 | Thomas JO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638, Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 2111 |
Thomas JO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638
Rwanda Singh DK, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1851 | Veldhuijzen NJ, Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39: 128
Astori G, Intervirology 1999; 42: 221 | Hanisch RA, J Clin Virol 2013; 58: 696 | Hawes SE, J Infect Dis
2003; 188: 555 | Mbaye el HS, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 248 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803, Astori
Senegal G, Intervirology 1999; 42: 221 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803, Astori G, Intervirology 1999; 42:
221 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803, Astori G, Intervirology 1999; 42: 221 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer
2003; 103: 803
Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | Jones HE, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1679 | Mbulawa ZZ, J
Gen Virol 2010; 91: 3023 | McDonald AC, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e44332 | Wright TC, JAMA 2000; 283:
81, Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | Jones HE, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1679 | McDonald AC,
South Africa PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e44332, Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | Denny L, JAMA 2005; 294: 2173
| Jones HE, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1679 | Mbulawa ZZ, J Gen Virol 2010; 91: 3023 | McDonald
AC, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e44332 | Richter K, S Afr Med J 2013; 103: 313 | Wright TC, JAMA 2000;
283: 81, Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 264 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 896 | Vidal AC, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 20 | Watson-Jones
D, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 358, Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 896 | Watson-Jones D, Sex
Tanzania Transm Infect 2013; 89: 358, Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 896 | Vidal AC, Infect Agents Cancer
2011; 6: 20 | Watson-Jones D, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 358, Watson-Jones D, Sex Transm Infect
2013; 89: 358
Hassen E, Infection 2003; 31: 143, Hassen E, Infection 2003; 31: 143, Hassen E, Infection 2003; 31:
Tunisia
143, Hassen E, Infection 2003; 31: 143
Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576 | Odida M, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 8 | Taube
JM, Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 38: 555, Odida M, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 8, Asiimwe S, Int J STD
Uganda AIDS 2008; 19: 605 | Banura C, J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 555 | Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014;
24: 576 | Odida M, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 8 | Safaeian M, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 429 |
Taube JM, Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 38: 555
Baay MF, J Med Virol 2004; 73: 481 | Fukuchi E, Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36: 305 | Nowak RG, J Infect
Zimbabwe
Dis 2011; 203: 1182 | Womack SD, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 206, Womack SD, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 206
Americas
Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Badano I, Rev Argent Microbiol 2011; 43: 263 | Chouhy
D, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 655 | Matos E, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 593, Matos E, Sex Transm Dis 2003;
30: 593, Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Badano I, Rev Argent Microbiol 2011; 43: 263 |
Argentina
Chouhy D, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 655 | Matos E, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 593, Abba MC, Rev Argent
Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Badano I, Rev Argent Microbiol 2011; 43: 263 | Chouhy D, J Med Virol 2013;
85: 655 | Matos E, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 593
Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942, Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942, Cathro HP, Hum Pathol
Belize
2009; 40: 942
Bolivia Cervantes J, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2003; 45: 131
Augusto EF, Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2014; 22: 100 | Cassel AP, Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37: 360 | da
Silva MC, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 1015 | de Abreu AL, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87: 1149 |
Fernandes J, Ann Med Health Sci Res 2013; 3: 504 | Girianelli VR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32:
39 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Miranda PM, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 1752 |
Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Noronha VL, DST J Bras Doenças Sex Transm 2005; 17: 49
| Rocha DA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013: 514859 | Tamegão-Lopes BP, Infect Agents Cancer
2014; 9: 25, Augusto EF, Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2014; 22: 100 | Carestiato FN, Braz J Infect Dis
2006; 10: 331 | Cassel AP, Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37: 360 | Coser J, Genet Mol Res 2013; 12: 4276 | da
Silva MC, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 1015 | de Abreu AL, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87: 1149 |
Entiauspe LG, Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45: 689 | Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 |
Girianelli VR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32: 39 | Lippman SA, Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21: 105 |
Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Lorenzi AT, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131: 131 | Miranda
PM, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 1752 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Noronha VL, DST J
Bras Doenças Sex Transm 2005; 17: 49 | Oliveira LH, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43: 4 | Rocha DA,
Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013: 514859 | Silva KC, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104: 885 |
Tamegão-Lopes BP, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 25 | Trottier H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
Brazil 2006; 15: 1274, Augusto EF, Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2014; 22: 100 | Carestiato FN, Braz J Infect
Dis 2006; 10: 331 | Cassel AP, Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37: 360 | Coser J, Genet Mol Res 2013; 12: 4276 |
da Silva MC, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 1015 | de Abreu AL, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87: 1149
| de Oliveira GR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2013; 35: 226 | Entiauspe LG, Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:
689 | Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Figueiredo Alves RR, BMC Public Health
2013; 13: 1041 | Franco EL, J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 756 | Girianelli VR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet
2010; 32: 39 | Lippman SA, Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21: 105 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000;
10: 143 | Lorenzi AT, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131: 131 | Miranda PM, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 1752 |
Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Noronha VL, DST J Bras Doenças Sex Transm 2005; 17: 49
| Oliveira FA, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102: 751 | Oliveira LH, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43:
4 | Pinto Dda S, Cad Saude Publica 2011; 27: 769 | Rocha DA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013:
514859 | Roteli-Martins CM, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 173 | Silva KC, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz
2009; 104: 885 | Tamegão-Lopes BP, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 25 | Trottier H, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1274, da Silva MC, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 1015 | Fernandes JV,
Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Miranda PM, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 1752 | Muñoz N, Sex
Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Noronha VL, DST J Bras Doenças Sex Transm 2005; 17: 49 | Rama CH,
Rev Saude Publica 2008; 42: 123 | Trottier H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1274
Demers AA, Chronic Dis Inj Can 2012; 32: 177 | Jiang Y, Infect Agents Cancer 2013; 8: 25 | Kapala J,
J Virol Methods 2007; 142: 223 | Louvanto K, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210: 474.e1 | Mayrand MH,
Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 615 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387 | Ogilvie GS, Vaccine
2013; 31: 1129 | Richardson H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 485 | Roteli-Martins
CM, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 173 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 503 | Young TK, Sex Transm
Dis 1997; 24: 293, Jiang Y, J Infect Public Health 2011; 4: 219 | Kapala J, J Virol Methods 2007; 142:
Canada
223 | Richardson H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 485, Demers AA, Chronic Dis Inj
Can 2012; 32: 177 | Jiang Y, Infect Agents Cancer 2013; 8: 25 | Kapala J, J Virol Methods 2007; 142:
223 | Mayrand MH, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 615 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387
| Richardson H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 485 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 503
| Young TK, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 293, Demers AA, Chronic Dis Inj Can 2012; 32: 177 | Jiang Y,
Infect Agents Cancer 2013; 8: 25 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 265 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Ferreccio C, BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 78 | Ferreccio C, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;
13: 2271 | Ferreccio C, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 916 | Montalvo MT, Oncol Lett 2011; 2: 701, Ferreccio
Chile C, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2271, Ferreccio C, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2004; 13: 2271, Ferreccio C, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2271 | Ferreccio C, Int J
Cancer 2013; 132: 916 | Montalvo MT, Oncol Lett 2011; 2: 701
Leon S, Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36: 290 | Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 324 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm
Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Soto-De Leon S, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e14705, Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 324
Colombia | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504, Leon S, Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36: 290 | Molano M, Br J
Cancer 2002; 87: 324 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Soto-De Leon S, PLoS ONE 2011; 6:
e14705, Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 324 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504
Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796 | Safaeian M, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1447, Herrero R, J
Costa Rica Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796, Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796 | Safaeian M, J Clin Microbiol
2007; 45: 1447, Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796
Soto Y, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 210, Soto Y, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 210, Soto Y, J Low
Cuba
Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 210
Ecuador Brown CR, Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42: 629, Brown CR, Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42: 629
Vallès X, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1161, Vallès X, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1161, Vallès X, Int J Cancer
Guatemala
2009; 125: 1161, Vallès X, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1161
Kightlinger RS, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 626.e1, Kightlinger RS, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;
Guyana
202: 626.e1
Ferrera A, Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 799 | Tábora N, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 73: 50 | Tábora N, Cancer
Causes Control 2009; 20: 1663, Ferrera A, Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 799 | Tábora N, Am J Trop Med Hyg
Honduras 2005; 73: 50, Ferrera A, Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 799 | Tábora N, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 73: 50 |
Tábora N, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1663, Ferrera A, Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 799 | Tábora N,
Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 73: 50
Lewis-Bell K, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33: 159, Lewis-Bell K, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013;
Jamaica 33: 159, Lewis-Bell K, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33: 159 | Watt A, Infect Agents Cancer 2009; 4
Suppl 1: S11
Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2001; 10: 1129 | Giuliano AR, Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16: 247 | Hernández-Avila M, Arch Med Res 1997;
28: 265 | Hernández-Girón C, Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32: 613 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev
2009; 32: 300 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Cancer Causes
Control 2010; 21: 1693 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 412 | López Rivera MG, Infect Dis
Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012: 384758 | Monroy OL, J Clin Virol 2010; 47: 43 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J
Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Rojo Contreras W, Ginecol Obstet Mex 2008; 76: 9 | Salmerón J,
Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14: 505 | Sánchez-Anguiano LF, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 27 | Velázquez-
Márquez N, Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41: 749, Giuliano AR, Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16: 247 | Illades-
Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 412 | Piña-Sánchez
P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Sánchez-Anguiano LF, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 27, Carrillo-
García A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:
Mexico 1129 | Giuliano AR, Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16: 247 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev 2009; 32:
300 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 412 |
López Rivera MG, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012: 384758 | Monroy OL, J Clin Virol 2010; 47: 43
| Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Rojo Contreras W, Ginecol Obstet Mex 2008;
76: 9 | Sánchez-Anguiano LF, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 27 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Braz J Microbiol
2010; 41: 749, Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Giuliano AR, Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16: 247 | Illades-Aguiar B,
Cancer Detect Prev 2009; 32: 300 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291 | Lazcano-Ponce
E, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 1693 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 412 | López
Rivera MG, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012: 384758 | Monroy OL, J Clin Virol 2010; 47: 43 |
Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Rojo Contreras W, Ginecol Obstet Mex 2008; 76:
9 | Salmerón J, Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14: 505 | Sánchez-Anguiano LF, BMC Infect Dis 2006;
6: 27 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41: 749
Nicaragua Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576, Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576
Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486 | Torres LM, Braz
J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 203, Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486, Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83:
Paraguay
1351 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486 | Torres LM, Braz J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 203, Mendoza
LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486
Almonte M, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 796 | García PJ, Bull World Health Organ 2004; 82: 483 |
Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 966 | Silva-Caso W,
Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7S1: S121, García PJ, Bull World Health Organ 2004; 82: 483 | Santos C,
Peru Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 966, García PJ, Bull World Health Organ 2004; 82: 483 | Martorell M, Genet
Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 966, Almonte M, Int J Cancer 2007; 121:
796 | García PJ, Bull World Health Organ 2004; 82: 483 | Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099
| Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 966 | Silva-Caso W, Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7S1: S121
Ragin CC, Biomarkers 2007; 12: 510, Ragin CC, Biomarkers 2007; 12: 510, Ragin CC, Biomarkers
Trinidad and Tobago
2007; 12: 510
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 266 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Castle PE, J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 3044 | Castle PE, Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 880 | Castle PE, Obstet
Gynecol 2009; 113: 595 | Chaturvedi AK, J Med Virol 2005; 75: 105 | Cibas ES, Gynecol Oncol 2007;
104: 702 | Datta SD, Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 493 | Dunne EF, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:
403 | Dunne EF, JAMA 2007; 297: 813 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Giuliano AR, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 615 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;
10: 1129 | Goodman MT, Cancer Res 2008; 68: 8813 | Hernandez BY, Nutr Cancer 2004; 49: 109 |
Insinga RP, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 709 | Kahn JA, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111:
1103 | Khanna N, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 615 | Kotloff KL, Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25: 243
| Moscicki AB, JAMA 2001; 285: 2995 | Schiffman M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:
1398 | Sherman ME, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 46 | Smith EM, Cancer Detect Prev 2003; 27:
472 | Smith EM, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 87: 131 | Swan DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 |
Tarkowski TA, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 46 | Wheeler CM, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 198 | Winer RL, Am
J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 218 | Zhao C, Cancer 2007; 111: 292, Castle PE, Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 595
| Cibas ES, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 702 | Datta SD, Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 493 | Evans MF,
Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Hernandez BY, Nutr Cancer 2004; 49: 109 | Schiffman M, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 1398 | Smith EM, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 87: 131 | Swan DC, J Clin
Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 | Wheeler CM, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 198 | Wideroff L, Nutr Cancer 1998;
United States of America 30: 130 | Zhao C, Cancer 2007; 111: 292, Castle PE, Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 880 | Castle PE, Obstet
Gynecol 2009; 113: 595 | Chaturvedi AK, J Med Virol 2005; 75: 105 | Cibas ES, Gynecol Oncol 2007;
104: 702 | Datta SD, Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 493 | Dunne EF, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 403
| Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 615 |
Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Goodman MT, Cancer Res 2008; 68:
8813 | Hernandez BY, Nutr Cancer 2004; 49: 109 | Insinga RP, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2007; 16: 709 | Khanna N, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 615 | Kotloff KL, Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25:
243 | Moscicki AB, JAMA 2001; 285: 2995 | Schiffman M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;
20: 1398 | Sherman ME, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 46 | Smith EM, Cancer Detect Prev 2003; 27:
472 | Smith EM, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 87: 131 | Swan DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 |
Tarkowski TA, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 46 | Wheeler CM, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 198 | Zhao C, Cancer
2007; 111: 292, Chaturvedi AK, J Med Virol 2005; 75: 105 | Cibas ES, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 702
| Dunne EF, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 403 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Giuliano
AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Goodman MT, Cancer Res 2008; 68: 8813 |
Hernandez BY, Nutr Cancer 2004; 49: 109 | Insinga RP, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:
709 | Moscicki AB, JAMA 2001; 285: 2995 | Schiffman M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;
20: 1398 | Swan DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 | Wheeler CM, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 198 |
Wideroff L, Nutr Cancer 1998; 30: 130
Berois N, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 647 | Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845, Berois N, J Med Virol 2014;
Uruguay 86: 647 | Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845, Berois N, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 647 | Ramas V, J Med
Virol 2013; 85: 845, Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845
Venezuela Michelli E, Invest Clin 2011; 52: 344, Michelli E, Invest Clin 2011; 52: 344
Asia
Hajjaj AA, Saudi Med J 2006; 27: 487, Hajjaj AA, Saudi Med J 2006; 27: 487, Hajjaj AA, Saudi Med J
Bahrain
2006; 27: 487
Bangladesh Nahar Q, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e107675
Tshomo U, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 408, Tshomo U, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 408, Tshomo U, BMC
Bhutan
Infect Dis 2014; 14: 408
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 267 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Belinson J, Gynecol Oncol 2001; 83: 439 | Belinson JL, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 790 | Belinson
JL, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003; 13: 819 | Bian ML, Exp Ther Med 2013; 6: 1332 | Chan PK, J Infect
Dis 2002; 185: 28 | Dai M, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 96 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | He X, Eur
J Epidemiol 2008; 23: 403 | Hu SY, Chin J Cancer Res 2011; 23: 25 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123:
2004 | Li C, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2655 | Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod
Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li LK, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 1593 | Mai RQ, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;
15: 4945 | Moy LM, Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 646 | Sun ZR, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 109: 105 |
Wei H, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 126: 28 | Wu D, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 151: 86
| Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Wu RF, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1306 | Ye J, Int J
Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 1374 | Yeoh GP, Acta Cytol 2006; 50: 627 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet
2011; 283: 1385 | Zhao FH, Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6: 938 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135:
2604, Bian ML, Exp Ther Med 2013; 6: 1332 | Dai M, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 96 | Ding X, J Med Virol
2014; 86: 1937 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013;
170: 202 | Li LK, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 1593 | Mai RQ, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 4945 |
Sun ZR, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 109: 105 | Wei H, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 126: 28 | Wu D,
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 151: 86 | Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Wu
RF, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1306 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhao FH, Int J
Cancer 2014; 135: 2604 | Zhao R, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 1635, Belinson J, Gynecol Oncol 2001; 83:
439 | Belinson JL, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 790 | Belinson JL, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003; 13: 819
China
| Bian ML, Exp Ther Med 2013; 6: 1332 | Chan PK, J Infect Dis 2002; 185: 28 | Chan PK, J Med
Virol 2009; 81: 1635 | Chen Q, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e32149 | Chen Z, Exp Ther Med 2013; 6: 85 |
Chui SH, Public Health 2012; 126: 600 | Dai M, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 96 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014;
86: 1937 | DU H, Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2012; 33: 799 | He X, Eur J Epidemiol 2008;
23: 403 | Hu SY, Chin J Cancer Res 2011; 23: 25 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li C, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2655 | Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202
| Li LK, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 1593 | Lin M, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 48: 189 | Mai RQ,
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 4945 | Moy LM, Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 646 | Sui S, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 5861 | Sun LL, Virol J 2012; 9: 153 | Sun ZR, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 109:
105 | Wang S, BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 160 | Wang X, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2013; 120: 37 | Wang YY,
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 7483 | Wei H, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 126: 28 | Wu D, Eur J
Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 151: 86 | Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Wu R, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 1411 | Wu RF, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1306 | Ye J, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2010; 20: 1374 | Ye J, Virol J 2010; 7: 66 | Yeoh GP, Acta Cytol 2006; 50: 627 | Yip YC, J Med Virol
2010; 82: 1724 | Yu XW, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17: 17 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283:
1385 | Zhang L, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 695 | Zhang R, J Clin Virol 2013; 58: 144 | Zhang
WY, Chin Med J 2008; 121: 1578 | Zhao FH, Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6: 938 | Zhao FH, Int J
Cancer 2014; 135: 2604, Belinson J, Gynecol Oncol 2001; 83: 439 | Dai M, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 96 |
Li LK, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 1593 | Wu RF, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1306
Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 465, Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 465,
Georgia
Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 465
Aggarwal R, Indian J Cancer 2006; 43: 110 | Arora R, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 121:
104 | Bhatla N, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27: 426 | Dutta S, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2012; 31: 178
| Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Gupta S, Cytopathology 2009; 20: 249 | Jeronimo J,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576 | Kashyap V, J Cytol 2013; 30: 190 | Kerkar SC, Sex Reprod
Healthc 2011; 2: 7 | Laikangbam P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 107 | Sankaranarayanan R, Int J
Cancer 2004; 112: 341 | Singh A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 1642 | Vinodhini K, Int J Gynaecol
Obstet 2012; 119: 253, Aggarwal R, Indian J Cancer 2006; 43: 110 | Arora R, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2005; 121: 104 | Bhatla N, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27: 426 | Dutta S, Int J Gynecol
Pathol 2012; 31: 178 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Gupta S, Cytopathology 2009; 20:
249 | Kerkar SC, Sex Reprod Healthc 2011; 2: 7 | Laikangbam P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17:
107 | Singh A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 1642 | Vinodhini K, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 119:
253, Aggarwal R, Indian J Cancer 2006; 43: 110 | Arora R, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005;
India 121: 104 | Basu P, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 1693 | Bhatla N, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27: 426 |
Datta P, Cancer Epidemiol 2010; 34: 157 | Dutta S, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2012; 31: 178 | Franceschi
S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Gravitt PE, PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e13711 | Gupta S, Cytopathology
2009; 20: 249 | Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576 | Kashyap V, J Cytol 2013; 30: 190
| Kerkar SC, Sex Reprod Healthc 2011; 2: 7 | Laikangbam P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 107 |
Mittal S, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 126: 227 | Pandey S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13: 2643 |
Sankaranarayanan R, Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 341 | Sankaranarayanan R, Int J Cancer 2005; 116: 617
| Sarkar K, BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 72 | Singh A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 1642 | Srivastava
S, J Biosci 2012; 37: 63 | Vinodhini K, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 119: 253, Aggarwal R, Indian J
Cancer 2006; 43: 110 | Arora R, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 121: 104 | Bhatla N, Int
J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27: 426 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Gupta S, Cytopathology
2009; 20: 249 | Kerkar SC, Sex Reprod Healthc 2011; 2: 7 | Laikangbam P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007;
17: 107
de Boer MA, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1809 | Rachmadi L, Acta Cytol 2012; 56: 171 | Vet JN, Br
J Cancer 2008; 99: 214, de Boer MA, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1809, de Boer MA, Int J Gynecol
Indonesia
Cancer 2006; 16: 1809 | Rachmadi L, Acta Cytol 2012; 56: 171, de Boer MA, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2006; 16: 1809
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 268 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156 | Moradi A, Iran J Cancer Prev 2011; 3: 135 | Safaei
A, Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2010; 53: 681, Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156 | Moradi
A, Iran J Cancer Prev 2011; 3: 135 | Safaei A, Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2010; 53: 681 | Zavarei
2008: reported in Vaccarella S, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 6: G32, Eghbali SS, Virol J 2012; 9: 194 |
Iran
Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156 | Moradi A, Iran J Cancer Prev 2011; 3: 135 | Safaei
A, Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2010; 53: 681 | Shahramian I, Iran J Public Health 2011; 40: 113 | Zandi
K, Virol J 2010; 7: 65 | Zavarei 2008: reported in Vaccarella S, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 6: G32, Safaei
A, Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2010; 53: 681
Asato T, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1829 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Ishi K, J Obstet
Gynaecol Res 2004; 30: 380 | Konno R, Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 877 | Maehama T, Infect Dis Obstet
Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 | Masumoto N, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 509 | Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol
2008; 46: 1161 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995; 51: 43
| Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Sasagawa T, Jpn J Cancer Res 1997;
88: 376 | Sasagawa T, Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 280 | Satoh T, J Virol Methods 2013; 188: 83 |
Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Yoshikawa H, Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 621, Asato T,
J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1829 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R, Cancer Sci
2011; 102: 877 | Maehama T, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 | Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol
2008; 46: 1161 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Sasagawa T, Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88: 376 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011;
2011: 246936 | Yoshikawa H, Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 621, Asato T, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1829 | Chen
Japan
L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 1229 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Ishi K, J Obstet
Gynaecol Res 2004; 30: 380 | Konno R, Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 877 | Maehama T, Infect Dis Obstet
Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 | Masumoto N, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 509 | Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol
2008; 46: 1161 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995; 51: 43
| Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Sasagawa T, Jpn J Cancer Res 1997;
88: 376 | Sasagawa T, Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 280 | Satoh T, J Virol Methods 2013; 188: 83 |
Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Yoshikawa H, Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 621, Inoue
M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Ishi K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2004; 30: 380 | Maehama T,
Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 | Masumoto N, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 509 | Onuki M, Cancer
Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995; 51: 43 | Sasagawa T, Jpn J Cancer Res
1997; 88: 376 | Sasagawa T, Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 280 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011;
2011: 246936
Kazakhstan Buleshov 2011: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32
Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453, Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453, Al-Awadhi R, J Med
Kuwait
Virol 2011; 83: 453, Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453
Laos Phongsavan K, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: 1398
Karam WG, Lebanese Medical Journal 2005; 53: 132 | Mroueh AM, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2002; 23:
Lebanon 429, Mroueh AM, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2002; 23: 429, Karam WG, Lebanese Medical Journal 2005;
53: 132 | Mroueh AM, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2002; 23: 429
Othman N, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 2245 | Tay SK, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 49:
323, Othman N, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 2245, Chong PP, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010;
Malaysia
11: 1645 | Othman N, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 2245 | Tay SK, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol
2009; 49: 323
Chimeddorj B, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 563 | Dondog B, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2008; 17: 1731, Dondog B, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 1731, Chimeddorj B, Asian Pac
Mongolia
J Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 563 | Dondog B, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 1731, Dondog B,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 1731
Johnson DC, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e101255 | Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 323, Johnson
Nepal DC, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e101255 | Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 323, Johnson DC,
PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e101255 | Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 323
Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657, Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657, Raza SA, Br J Cancer
Pakistan
2010; 102: 1657
Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43, Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43, Ngelangel
Philippines
C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43, Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 269 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang HS, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2153 | Kim J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: 1570 | Kim MJ,
Obstet Gynecol Sci 2013; 56: 110 | Lee HP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 471 | Lee SA, Cancer Lett 2003;
198: 187 | Oh YL, Cytopathology 2001; 12: 75 | Shin HR, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 413, An HJ, Cancer
2003; 97: 1672 | Bae J, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 115: 75 | Bae JM, Arch Virol 2014; 159: 1909 | Cho NH,
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang HS, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2153 |
Kim J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: 1570 | Kim JH, Oncol Rep 2013; 29: 1645 | Kim K, Asian Pac
J Cancer Prev 2012; 13: 269 | Kim MJ, Obstet Gynecol Sci 2013; 56: 110 | Kim YJ, J Microbiol 2013;
51: 665 | Lee HP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 471 | Lee SA, Cancer Lett 2003; 198: 187 | Lee SJ, Int J Med
Sci 2012; 9: 103 | Oh JK, Eur J Cancer Prev 2009; 18: 56 | Oh YL, Cytopathology 2001; 12: 75 | Shim
HS, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 284 | Shin HR, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 413 | Um TH, Ann Clin Lab Sci
2011; 41: 48, An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | Bae J, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 115: 75 | Bae JH, J Microbiol
Republic of Korea
Biotechnol 2009; 19: 1051 | Bae JM, Arch Virol 2014; 159: 1909 | Cho EJ, J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:
162 | Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang HS, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2004; 13: 2153 | Hwang Y, Ann Lab Med 2012; 32: 201 | Kim J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: 1570
| Kim JH, Oncol Rep 2013; 29: 1645 | Kim JK, J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 24: 1143 | Kim K, Asian
Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13: 269 | Kim MA, J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27: 922 | Kim MA, Obstet Gynecol
2010; 116: 932 | Kim MJ, Obstet Gynecol Sci 2013; 56: 110 | Kim TE, Korean J Pathol 2014; 48: 24 |
Kim Y, J Infect Chemother 2014; 20: 74 | Kim YJ, J Microbiol 2013; 51: 665 | Lee EH, J Korean Med
Sci 2012; 27: 1091 | Lee H, Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142: 1579 | Lee HP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 471 |
Lee SA, Cancer Lett 2003; 198: 187 | Lee SJ, Int J Med Sci 2012; 9: 103 | Oh JK, Eur J Cancer Prev
2009; 18: 56 | Oh YL, Cytopathology 2001; 12: 75 | Park EK, J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29: 32 | Shim
HS, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 284 | Shin HR, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 413 | Shin HR, J Infect Dis
2004; 190: 468 | Um TH, Ann Clin Lab Sci 2011; 41: 48, Shin HR, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 413
Saudi Arabia Al-Ahdal MN, J Infect Dev Ctries 2014; 8: 320, Al-Ahdal MN, J Infect Dev Ctries 2014; 8: 320
Chaiwongkot A, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2007; 8: 279 | Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:
50 | Chopjitt P, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 212 | Laowahutanont P, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;
15: 5879 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 6961 | Settheetham-Ishida W, Microbiol
Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28: 707
| Sriamporn S, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 266 | Sukvirach S, J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1246 |
Suwannarurk K, Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33: 56, Chaiwongkot A, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2007; 8:
279 | Chansaenroj J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 117 | Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;
90: 50 | Chopjitt P, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 212 | Ekalaksananan T, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010;
36: 1037 | Laowahutanont P, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5879 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 6961 | Paengchit K, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 6151 | Settheetham-
Ishida W, Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siriaunkgul S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 6837 |
Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28: 707 | Sriamporn S, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2006; 16: 266 | Sukvirach S, J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1246 | Suwannarurk K, Cancer Epidemiol
Thailand
2009; 33: 56 | Swangvaree SS, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 1465, Chaiwongkot A, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2007; 8: 279 | Chandeying V, Sex Health 2006; 3: 11 | Chansaenroj J, Asian Pac J Cancer
Prev 2010; 11: 117 | Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 50 | Chopjitt P, Int J Infect Dis 2009;
13: 212 | Ekalaksananan T, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010; 36: 1037 | Laowahutanont P, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5879 | Marks M, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2962 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 6961 | Paengchit K, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 6151 | Settheetham-
Ishida W, Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siriaunkgul S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 6837 |
Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28: 707 | Sriamporn S, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2006; 16: 266 | Sukvirach S, J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1246 | Suwannarurk K, Cancer Epidemiol
2009; 33: 56 | Swangvaree SS, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 1465 | Thomas DB, Am J Epidemiol
2001; 153: 723 | Wongworapat K, Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35: 172, Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer Inst
1998; 90: 50 | Siriaunkgul S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 6837 | Sukvirach S, J Infect Dis 2003;
187: 1246
Altun 2011: reported in Vaccarella S, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 6: G32 | Bayram A, J Med Virol 2011; 83:
1997 | Demir ET, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1242 | Dursun P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 191 | Eren F, Int
J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 109: 235 | Inal MM, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 1266 | Kasap B, Eur J
Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 159: 168 | Ozalp SS, J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2012; 13: 8 | Oztürk
S, Mikrobiyol Bul 2004; 38: 223 | Tezcan S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch
Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 203 | Özcan ES, J Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 31: 656, Altun 2011: reported in
Vaccarella S, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 6: G32 | Bayram A, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1997 | Demir ET, J
Med Virol 2012; 84: 1242 | Dursun P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 191 | Kasap B, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2011; 159: 168 | Ozalp SS, J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2012; 13: 8 | Tezcan S, Asian Pac J
Turkey
Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997, Akcali S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 503 | Altun 2011: reported
in Vaccarella S, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 6: G32 | Bayram A, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1997 | Demir ET,
J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1242 | Dursun P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 191 | Eren F, Int J Gynaecol Obstet
2010; 109: 235 | Inal MM, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 1266 | Kasap B, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2011; 159: 168 | Ozalp SS, J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2012; 13: 8 | Oztürk S, Mikrobiyol
Bul 2004; 38: 223 | Sahiner F, J Microbiol Methods 2014; 97: 44 | Tezcan S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 203 | Özcan ES, J Obstet Gynaecol 2011;
31: 656, Altun 2011: reported in Vaccarella S, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 6: G32 | Demir ET, J Med Virol
2012; 84: 1242 | Dursun P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 191
Uzbekistan Inamova 2009: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 270 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Pham TH, Int J Cancer 2003; 104: 213, Pham TH, Int J Cancer 2003; 104: 213, Pham TH, Int J Cancer
Viet Nam 2003; 104: 213 | Vu LT, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011; 12: 561 | Vu LT, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012;
13: 37 | Vu LT, Western Pac Surveill Response J 2012; 3: 57, Pham TH, Int J Cancer 2003; 104: 213
Europe
Rogovskaya SI, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 7: H46, Rogovskaya SI, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 7: H46, Rogov-
Belarus
skaya SI, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 7: H46
Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 321 | Baay MF, Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 2704 |
Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560 | Depuydt CE,
Gynecol Obstet Invest 2010; 70: 273 | Depuydt CE, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 4073 | Merckx M, Eur
J Cancer Prev 2014; 23: 288 | Schmitt M, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 2395 | Weyn C, Cancer Epidemiol
2013; 37: 457, Baay MF, Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 2704 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204 |
Weyn C, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 457, Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 321
Belgium
| Baay MF, Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 2704 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204 | Depuydt
CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560 | Schmitt M, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 2395 | Weyn C, Cancer Epidemiol
2013; 37: 457, Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 321 | Baay MF, Eur J Cancer
2005; 41: 2704 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88:
560 | Depuydt CE, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 4073 | Schmitt M, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 2395 | Weyn
C, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 457
Grahovac M, Coll Antropol 2007; 31 Suppl 2: 73 | Kaliterna V, Coll Antropol 2007; 31 Suppl 2: 79,
Croatia Grahovac M, Coll Antropol 2007; 31 Suppl 2: 73, Grahovac M, Coll Antropol 2007; 31 Suppl 2: 73,
Grahovac M, Coll Antropol 2007; 31 Suppl 2: 73
Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e79156, Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e79156, Tachezy R, PLoS ONE
Czechia
2013; 8: e79156, Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e79156
Bonde J, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 413 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Nielsen A,
Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35: 276 | Nielsen A, Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88: 627 | Svare EI, Eur J Cancer
1998; 34: 1230, Svare EI, Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 1230, Bonde J, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 413 | Kjaer
SK, BMJ 2002; 325: 572 | Kjaer SK, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1864 | Nielsen A, Sex Transm Dis 2008;
Denmark
35: 276 | Nielsen A, Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88: 627 | Svare EI, Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 1230, Bonde
J, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 413 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Nielsen A, Sex
Transm Dis 2008; 35: 276 | Nielsen A, Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88: 627 | Svare EI, Eur J Cancer
1998; 34: 1230
Estonia Uusküla A, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 63
Leinonen M, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1344, Auvinen E, Scand J Infect Dis 2005; 37: 873 | Leinonen M,
Finland
Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1344, Leinonen M, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1344
Baudu A, J Epidemiol Glob Health 2014; 4: 35 | Beby-Defaux A, J Med Virol 2004; 73: 262 | Boulanger
JC, Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2004; 32: 218 | Casalegno JS, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 114: 116 | Clavel
C, Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 1616 | Dalstein V, Int J Cancer 2003; 106: 396 | Heard I, PLoS ONE 2013;
8: e79372 | Monsonego J, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99: 160 | Monsonego J, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 691
| Pannier-Stockman C, J Clin Virol 2008; 42: 353 | Riethmuller D, Diagn Mol Pathol 1999; 8: 157 |
Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989, Beby-Defaux A, J Med Virol 2004; 73: 262 | Dalstein V,
Int J Cancer 2003; 106: 396 | Monsonego J, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99: 160 | Monsonego J, Int J Cancer
2011; 129: 691 | Pannier-Stockman C, J Clin Virol 2008; 42: 353 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet
France 2011; 284: 989, Baudu A, J Epidemiol Glob Health 2014; 4: 35 | Beby-Defaux A, J Med Virol 2004;
73: 262 | Boulanger JC, Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2004; 32: 218 | Casalegno JS, Int J Gynaecol Obstet
2011; 114: 116 | Clavel C, Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 1616 | Dalstein V, Int J Cancer 2003; 106: 396 |
Heard I, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e79372 | Monsonego J, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99: 160 | Monsonego J, Int
J Cancer 2011; 129: 691 | Pannier-Stockman C, J Clin Virol 2008; 42: 353 | Riethmuller D, Diagn
Mol Pathol 1999; 8: 157 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989, Baudu A, J Epidemiol Glob
Health 2014; 4: 35 | Beby-Defaux A, J Med Virol 2004; 73: 262 | Casalegno JS, Int J Gynaecol Obstet
2011; 114: 116 | Heard I, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e79372 | Monsonego J, Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2013; 41:
305 | Pannier-Stockman C, J Clin Virol 2008; 42: 353 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989
de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Iftner T, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1928 | Luyten A, J Clin Virol
2009; 46 Suppl 3: S5 | Petry KU, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 1570 | Schneider A, Int J Cancer 2000; 89:
529, de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Iftner T, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1928 | Klug SJ, J Med Virol
Germany
2007; 79: 616, de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Iftner T, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1928 | Luyten A,
J Clin Virol 2009; 46 Suppl 3: S5 | Petry KU, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 1570 | Schneider A, Int J Cancer
2000; 89: 529, Iftner T, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1928
Agorastos T, Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13: 145 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53 | Panotopoulou
E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898 | Paraskevaidis E, Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 355 | Tsiodras S, BMC
Cancer 2010; 10: 53 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1185, Agorastos T, Eur J Cancer Prev
2004; 13: 145 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898
Greece | Tsiodras S, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 53 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1185, Agorastos
T, Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13: 145 | Agorastos T, Eur J Cancer Prev 2009; 18: 504 | Argyri E, BMC
Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898 | Paraskevaidis E, Gynecol
Oncol 2001; 82: 355 | Tsiodras S, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 53 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;
17: 1185, Agorastos T, Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13: 145 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53
Nyári T, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 126: 246, Nyári T, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
Hungary
2006; 126: 246
Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Keegan H, Br J Biomed Sci 2007; 64: 18, Anderson L, J Med
Ireland Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Keegan H, Br J Biomed Sci 2007; 64: 18, Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295
| Keegan H, Br J Biomed Sci 2007; 64: 18, Keegan H, Br J Biomed Sci 2007; 64: 18
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 271 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Ammatuna P, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:
2002 | Astori G, Virus Res 1997; 50: 57 | Carozzi F, Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 1462 | Centurioni MG,
BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 77 | Del Prete R, J Clin Virol 2008; 42: 211 | Giambi C, BMC Infect Dis 2013;
13: 74 | Giorgi Rossi P, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 2 | Masia G, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A11 |
Panatto D, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 575 | Piana A, BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 785 | Ronco G, Eur
J Cancer 2005; 41: 297 | Ronco G, J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 765 | Ronco G, Lancet Oncol 2006; 7:
547 | Sammarco ML, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 168: 222 | Tenti P, J Infect Dis 1997;
176: 277 | Tornesello ML, J Gen Virol 2008; 89: 1380 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 |
Verteramo R, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 16 | Zappacosta B, New Microbiol 2009; 32: 351, Carozzi F, Br
J Cancer 2000; 83: 1462 | Centurioni MG, BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 77 | Panatto D, BMC Infect Dis
2013; 13: 575 | Ronco G, Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 297 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663,
Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Ammatuna P, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:
Italy
2002 | Astori G, Virus Res 1997; 50: 57 | Carozzi F, Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 1462 | Centurioni MG,
BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 77 | Giambi C, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 74 | Giorgi Rossi P, Infect Agents
Cancer 2011; 6: 2 | Masia G, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A11 | Panatto D, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:
575 | Piana A, BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 785 | Ronco G, Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 297 | Ronco G, J
Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 765 | Ronco G, Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 547 | Sammarco ML, Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 168: 222 | Tenti P, J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 277 | Tornesello ML, J Gen Virol
2008; 89: 1380 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Verteramo R, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:
16 | Zappacosta B, New Microbiol 2009; 32: 351, Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Astori G,
Virus Res 1997; 50: 57 | Centurioni MG, BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 77 | Giorgi Rossi P, Infect Agents
Cancer 2011; 6: 2 | Panatto D, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 575 | Ronco G, Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 297 |
Sammarco ML, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 168: 222 | Tenti P, J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 277
| Tornesello ML, J Gen Virol 2008; 89: 1380 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663
Latvia Silins I, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 484
Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol 2014, Gudleviciene
Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol 2014, Gudleviciene Z, Medicina
Lithuania
(Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Kliucinskas M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2006; 62: 173 | Simanaviciene V, J
Med Virol 2014, Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910
Boers A, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e101930 | Bulkmans NW, Int J Cancer 2004; 110: 94 | Hesselink AT, J
Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 2409 | Jacobs MV, Int J Cancer 2000; 87: 221 | Lenselink CH, PLoS ONE
2008; 3: e3743 | Rijkaart DC, Br J Cancer 2012; 106: 975 | Rijkaart DC, Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 78 |
Rozendaal L, J Clin Pathol 2000; 53: 606 | Zielinski GD, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 398, Bulkmans NW, Int
J Cancer 2004; 110: 94 | Jacobs MV, Int J Cancer 2000; 87: 221 | Rozendaal L, J Clin Pathol 2000; 53:
Netherlands 606, Boers A, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e101930 | Bulkmans NW, Int J Cancer 2004; 110: 94 | Hesselink AT,
J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 2409 | Jacobs MV, Int J Cancer 2000; 87: 221 | Rijkaart DC, Br J Cancer
2012; 106: 975 | Rijkaart DC, Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 78 | Rozendaal L, J Clin Pathol 2000; 53: 606 |
Zielinski GD, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 398, Bulkmans NW, Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 1419 | Jacobs MV, Int
J Cancer 2000; 87: 221 | Rozendaal L, J Clin Pathol 2000; 53: 606 | Zielinski GD, Br J Cancer 2001;
85: 398
Gjøoen K, APMIS 1996; 104: 68 | Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 367, Gjøoen
K, APMIS 1996; 104: 68 | Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 367 | Molden T,
Norway Gynecol Oncol 2006; 100: 95, Gjøoen K, APMIS 1996; 104: 68 | Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomark-
ers Prev 2005; 14: 367 | Molden T, Gynecol Oncol 2006; 100: 95 | Skjeldestad FE, Acta Obstet Gynecol
Scand 2008; 87: 81, Gjøoen K, APMIS 1996; 104: 68
Bardin A, Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 557, Bardin A, Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 557, Bardin A, Eur J Cancer
Poland
2008; 44: 557, Bardin A, Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 557
Dutra I, Infect Agents Cancer 2008; 3: 6 | Pista A, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 941 | Pista A, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 1150 | Vieira L, Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3: 61, Pista A, Int J
Portugal Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 1150, Pista A, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 941 | Pista A, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2011; 21: 1150 | Vieira L, Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3: 61, Pista A, Clin Microbiol
Infect 2011; 17: 941
Moga MA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 6887 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8: 558, Moga MA, Asian
Romania Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 6887 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8: 558, Moga MA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2014; 15: 6887
Alexandrova YN, Cancer Lett 1999; 145: 43 | Bdaizieva 2010: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013;
31 Suppl 5: F32 | Goncharevskaya 2011: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 |
Komarova 2010: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 | Kubanov 2005: reported
in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 | Rogovskaya SI, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 7: H46 |
Shargorodskaya 2011: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 | Shipitsyna E, Cancer
Russian Federation Epidemiol 2011; 35: 160 | Shipulina 2011: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32,
Alexandrova YN, Cancer Lett 1999; 145: 43, Alexandrova YN, Cancer Lett 1999; 145: 43 | Komarova
2010: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 | Rogovskaya SI, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl
7: H46 | Shipitsyna E, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 160, Alexandrova YN, Cancer Lett 1999; 145: 43
| Komarova 2010: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 | Rogovskaya SI, Vaccine
2013; 31 Suppl 7: H46 | Shipitsyna E, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 160
Ucakar V, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1772 | Ucakar V, Vaccine 2012; 30: 116, Ucakar V, J Med Virol 2014;
Slovenia 86: 1772 | Ucakar V, Vaccine 2012; 30: 116, Ucakar V, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1772 | Ucakar V, Vaccine
2012; 30: 116
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 272 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Bernal M, Infect Agents Cancer 2008; 3: 8 | Castellsagué X, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 947 | de Sanjose
S, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 788 | Dillner J, BMJ 2008; 337: a1754 | González C, Sex Transm Infect
2006; 82: 260 | Martorell M, Scand J Infect Dis 2010; 42: 549 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23:
504 | Ortiz M, J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 1428, Castellsagué X, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 947 | de Sanjose
S, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 788 | Dillner J, BMJ 2008; 337: a1754 | González C, Sex Transm Infect
Spain 2006; 82: 260 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504, Bernal M, Infect Agents Cancer 2008; 3: 8
| Castellsagué X, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 947 | de Sanjose S, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 788 | Dillner
J, BMJ 2008; 337: a1754 | González C, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 260 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis
1996; 23: 504, Castellsagué X, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 947 | de Sanjose S, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30:
788 | Dillner J, BMJ 2008; 337: a1754 | González C, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 260 | Muñoz N, Sex
Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504
Elfström KM, BMJ 2014; 348: g130 | Kjellberg L, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 1497 | Naucler P,
N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1589 | Stenvall H, Acta Derm Venereol 2007; 87: 243 | Ylitalo N, Cancer
Res 2000; 60: 6027, Naucler P, N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1589 | Ylitalo N, Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6027,
Sweden
Kjellberg L, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 1497 | Naucler P, N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1589 | Ylitalo
N, Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6027, Kjellberg L, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 1497 | Naucler P, N Engl
J Med 2007; 357: 1589 | Ylitalo N, Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6027
Bigras G, Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 575, Bigras G, Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 575, Bigras G, Br J Cancer 2005;
Switzerland
93: 575
Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1999; 81: 554 | Cuzick J, Lancet
1995; 345: 1533 | Cuzick J, Lancet 2003; 362: 1871 | Grainge MJ, Emerging Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1680
| Herbert A, J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2007; 33: 171 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929
| Hibbitts S, J Clin Virol 2014; 59: 109 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Kitchener HC,
Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 56 | Peto J, Br J Cancer 2004; 91: 942, Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:
68 | Grainge MJ, Emerging Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1680 | Herbert A, J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care
2007; 33: 171 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Kitchener HC, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 56
United Kingdom | Peto J, Br J Cancer 2004; 91: 942, Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer
1999; 81: 554 | Cuzick J, Lancet 1995; 345: 1533 | Cuzick J, Lancet 2003; 362: 1871 | Grainge MJ,
Emerging Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1680 | Herbert A, J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2007; 33: 171 |
Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 | Hibbitts S, J Clin Virol 2014; 59: 109 | Howell-Jones R, Br
J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Kitchener HC, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 56 | Peto J, Br J Cancer 2004; 91:
942, Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1999; 81: 554 | Cuzick J, Lancet
1995; 345: 1533 | Grainge MJ, Emerging Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1680 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2006; 95:
226 | Hibbitts S, J Clin Virol 2014; 59: 109 | Sargent A, Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1704
Oceania
Tabrizi SN, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 250, Tabrizi SN, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 250, Bowden FJ, Sex Health
Australia 2005; 2: 229 | Tabrizi SN, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 250 | Tabrizi SN, J Infect Dis 2012; 206: 1645, Tabrizi
SN, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 250
Fiji Foliaki S, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 14
HPV type distribution for invasive cervical cancer (ICC)
Based on meta-analysis performed by IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group up to Novem-
ber 2011, the ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2014. Reference publications:
General sources
1) Guan P, Int J Cancer 2012;131:2349 2) Li N, Int J Cancer 2011;128:927 3) Smith JS, Int J Cancer
2007;121:621 4) Clifford GM, Br J Cancer 2003;88:63 5) Clifford GM, Br J Cancer 2003;89:101.
Africa
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2005;
113: 483, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Hammouda D, Int J
Algeria
Cancer 2005; 113: 483, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2005;
113: 483
Ermel A, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 22, Contributing studies: Ermel A, Infect Agents Cancer 2014;
Botswana
9: 22, Contributing studies: Ermel A, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 22
Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282 | Fanta BE, Ethiop Med J 2005; 43: 151, Contributing studies:
Ethiopia Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282 | Fanta BE, Ethiop Med J 2005; 43: 151, Contributing studies:
Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282 | Fanta BE, Ethiop Med J 2005; 43: 151
Awua AK, Infect Agents Cancer 2016; 11: 4 | Denny L, Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1389, Contributing
studies: Awua AK, Infect Agents Cancer 2016; 11: 4 | Denny L, Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1389, Con-
Ghana
tributing studies: Awua AK, Infect Agents Cancer 2016; 11: 4 | Denny L, Int J Cancer 2014; 134:
1389
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101:
Guinea 202, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009;
101: 202, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202
Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 244 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131:
Kenya 949, De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 244 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949, Contributing
studies: De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 244 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949
Contributing studies: Bayo S, Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 202 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:
796 | Ndiaye C, Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17: 1432, Contributing studies: Bayo S, Int J Epidemiol
Mali 2002; 31: 202 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Ndiaye C, Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:
1432, Bayo S, Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 202 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Ndiaye C,
Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17: 1432
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 273 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546 | El khair MM, Med Oncol 2010; 27: 861, Contributing studies:
Morocco Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546 | El khair MM, Med Oncol 2010; 27: 861, Contributing studies:
Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546 | El khair MM, Med Oncol 2010; 27: 861
Contributing studies: Castellsagué X, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 1901 | Naucler P, J Gen Virol 2004;
85: 2189, Castellsagué X, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 1901 | Naucler P, J Gen Virol 2004; 85: 2189,
Mozambique
Contributing studies: Castellsagué X, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 1901 | Naucler P, J Gen Virol 2004; 85:
2189
Contributing studies: Denny L, Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1389, Denny L, Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1389,
Nigeria
Contributing studies: Denny L, Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1389
Contributing studies: Lin P, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1037 | Ndiaye C, Trop Med
Int Health 2012; 17: 1432 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803, Lin P, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Senegal Prev 2001; 10: 1037 | Ndiaye C, Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17: 1432 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103:
803, Contributing studies: Lin P, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1037 | Ndiaye C, Trop
Med Int Health 2012; 17: 1432 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803
Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | Denny L, Int J Cancer 2014; 134:
1389 | Kay P, J Med Virol 2003; 71: 265 | Pegoraro RJ, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002; 12: 383 | van
Aardt MC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 25: 919 | Williamson AL, J Med Virol 1994; 43: 231, De Vuyst
H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | Denny L, Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1389 | Kay P, J Med Virol 2003; 71:
South Africa 265 | Pegoraro RJ, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002; 12: 383 | van Aardt MC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 25:
919 | Williamson AL, J Med Virol 1994; 43: 231, Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012;
131: 949 | Denny L, Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1389 | Kay P, J Med Virol 2003; 71: 265 | Pegoraro RJ,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002; 12: 383 | van Aardt MC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 25: 919 | Williamson
AL, J Med Virol 1994; 43: 231
Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282, Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282, Con-
Sudan
tributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | ter Meulen J, Int J Cancer 1992;
Tanzania 51: 515, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | ter Meulen J, Int J Cancer
1992; 51: 515, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | ter Meulen J, Int J Cancer 1992; 51: 515
Contributing studies: KrennHrubec K, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 651, KrennHrubec K, J Med Virol 2011;
Tunisia
83: 651, Contributing studies: KrennHrubec K, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 651
Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Odida M, BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8: 85 | Odida M, Infect
Agent Cancer 2010; 5: 15, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Odida
Uganda M, BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8: 85 | Odida M, Infect Agent Cancer 2010; 5: 15, Contributing studies:
Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Odida M, BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8: 85 | Odida M, Infect
Agent Cancer 2010; 5: 15
Contributing studies: Stanczuk GA, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 762, Stanczuk GA, Acta
Zimbabwe Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 762, Contributing studies: Stanczuk GA, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
2003; 82: 762
Americas
Contributing studies: Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:
796 | Golijow CD, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 181 | Turazza E, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76:
271, Contributing studies: Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;
Argentina
87: 796 | Golijow CD, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 181 | Turazza E, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76:
271, Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Golijow CD,
Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 181 | Turazza E, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 271
Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;
Bolivia
87: 796, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796
Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Cambruzzi E, Pathol Oncol Res 2005; 11: 114 | de
Oliveira CM, BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 357 | Eluf-Neto J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 114 | Lorenzato F,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Rabelo-Santos SH, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98: 181 |
Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Tomita LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703, Contributing studies:
Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Cambruzzi E, Pathol Oncol Res 2005; 11: 114 | de
Oliveira CM, BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 357 | Eluf-Neto J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 114 | Lorenzato F, Int
Brazil
J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Rabelo-Santos SH, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98: 181 | Serrano
B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Tomita LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703, Contributing studies: Bosch FX,
J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Cambruzzi E, Pathol Oncol Res 2005; 11: 114 | de Oliveira CM,
BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 357 | Eluf-Neto J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 114 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Rabelo-Santos SH, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98: 181 | Serrano B, Cancer
Epidemiol 2014 | Tomita LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Duggan MA, Hum Pathol 1995;
26: 319 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:
Canada 796 | Duggan MA, Hum Pathol 1995; 26: 319 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129,
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Duggan MA, Hum Pathol 1995;
26: 319 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Roa JC, Int J Gynaecol Obstet
2009; 105: 150 | Valdivia L IM, Rev Chilena Infectol 2010; 27: 11, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J
Chile Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Roa JC, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 150 | Valdivia L IM, Rev
Chilena Infectol 2010; 27: 11, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Roa JC, Int J Gynaecol
Obstet 2009; 105: 150 | Valdivia L IM, Rev Chilena Infectol 2010; 27: 11
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 274 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Moreno-Acosta P, Virus Genes
2008; 37: 22 | Murillo R, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 2009: 653598 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992;
52: 743, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Moreno-Acosta P, Virus
Colombia
Genes 2008; 37: 22 | Murillo R, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 2009: 653598 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer
1992; 52: 743, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Moreno-Acosta P, Virus Genes 2008; 37:
22 | Murillo R, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 2009: 653598 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743
Contributing studies: Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796, Contributing studies: Herrero R, J
Costa Rica
Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796, Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796
Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;
Cuba
87: 796, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796
Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144, Contributing studies: Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144, Con-
Ecuador
tributing studies: Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144
Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968, Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod
Honduras
Pathol 2008; 21: 968, Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968
Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60, Contributing studies: Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60,
Jamaica
Contributing studies: Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60
Aguilar-Lemarroy A, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 871 | Alarcón-Romero Ldel C, Salud Publica Mex 2009;
51: 134 | Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Flores-Miramontes MG, Virol J 2015; 12:
161 | González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol 2004; 29: 202 | Guardado-Estrada M, PLoS ONE 2014; 9:
e109406 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev 2009; 32: 300 | Meyer T, J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 252 |
Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Torroella-
Kouri M, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70: 115, Contributing studies: Aguilar-Lemarroy A, J Med Virol 2015;
87: 871 | Alarcón-Romero Ldel C, Salud Publica Mex 2009; 51: 134 | Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol
2014; 134: 534 | Flores-Miramontes MG, Virol J 2015; 12: 161 | González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol
Mexico 2004; 29: 202 | Guardado-Estrada M, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e109406 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect
Prev 2009; 32: 300 | Meyer T, J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 252 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2006; 16: 1041 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70: 115,
Contributing studies: Aguilar-Lemarroy A, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 871 | Alarcón-Romero Ldel C, Salud
Publica Mex 2009; 51: 134 | Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Flores-Miramontes
MG, Virol J 2015; 12: 161 | González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol 2004; 29: 202 | Guardado-Estrada
M, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e109406 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev 2009; 32: 300 | Meyer T, J
Infect Dis 1998; 178: 252 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Serrano B, Cancer
Epidemiol 2014 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70: 115
Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334, Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect
Nicaragua
2006; 82: 334, Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J
Panama
Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796
Contributing studies: Kasamatsu E, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1628 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85:
Paraguay 486, Kasamatsu E, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1628 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486, Contributing
studies: Kasamatsu E, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1628 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486
Contributing studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85:
Peru 966, Contributing studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001;
85: 966, Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 966
Contributing studies: De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422, Contributing studies: De Boer MA,
Suriname
Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422, De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422
Contributing studies: Hosein F, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33: 267, Hosein F, Rev Panam Salud
Trinidad and Tobago
Publica 2013; 33: 267, Contributing studies: Hosein F, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33: 267
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 275 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Bryan JT, J Med Virol 2006; 78:
117 | Burger RA, J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 1361 | Burnett AF, Gynecol Oncol 1992; 47: 343 | de
Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Ferguson AW, Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 11 | Guo M, Mod Pathol
2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e34044 | Hopenhayn C, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014;
18: 182 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24: 230 | Paquette RL, Cancer 1993;
72: 1272 | Patel DA, J Virol Methods 2009; 160: 78 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1055 | Quint
KD, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 390 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Schwartz SM, J
Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1906 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 121 | Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer
2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Wistuba II, Cancer Res 1997; 57:
3154 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Bryan JT, J
Med Virol 2006; 78: 117 | Burger RA, J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 1361 | Burnett AF, Gynecol Oncol
1992; 47: 343 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Ferguson AW, Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 11 |
Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e34044 | Hopenhayn C, J Low Genit
Tract Dis 2014; 18: 182 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24: 230 | Paquette RL,
United States of America Cancer 1993; 72: 1272 | Patel DA, J Virol Methods 2009; 160: 78 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157:
1055 | Quint KD, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 390 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 |
Schwartz SM, J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1906 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 121 | Wentzensen
N, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Wistuba II, Cancer
Res 1997; 57: 3154 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl
Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Bryan JT, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 117 | Burger RA, J Natl Cancer Inst
1996; 88: 1361 | Burnett AF, Gynecol Oncol 1992; 47: 343 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048
| Ferguson AW, Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 11 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S, PLoS ONE
2012; 7: e34044 | Hopenhayn C, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 182 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24: 230 | Paquette RL, Cancer 1993; 72: 1272 | Patel DA, J Virol Methods
2009; 160: 78 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1055 | Quint KD, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 390 |
Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Schwartz SM, J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1906 | Sebbelov
AM, Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 121 | Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Natl
Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Wistuba II, Cancer Res 1997; 57: 3154 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20:
167
Contributing studies: Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284, Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer
Venezuela
Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284, Contributing studies: Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284
Asia
Contributing studies: Cai HB, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2008; 29: 72 | Cai HB, Oncology 2009; 76: 157
| Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1671 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chen W, Cancer
Causes Control 2009; 20: 1705 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Gao YE, Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu
Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao 2003; 35: 1029 | Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Huang S,
Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 408 | Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Lin QQ, Int J
Cancer 1998; 75: 484 | Liu GB, J First Mil Med Univ 2005; 25: 1236 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94:
803 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol 2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Lo KW, Gynecol
Obstet Invest 2001; 51: 202 | Lo KW, Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 327 | Peng HQ, Int J Cancer 1991; 47:
711 | Qiu AD, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 77 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Shah W, Clin Oncol
(R Coll Radiol) 2009; 21: 768 | Stephen AL, Int J Cancer 2000; 86: 695 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan
Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wang L, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 516 | Wu EQ, BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 202 |
Wu EQ, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 919 | Wu Y, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1808 | Yu MY, Int J Cancer
2003; 105: 204 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643, Cai
HB, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2008; 29: 72 | Cai HB, Oncology 2009; 76: 157 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer
2009; 125: 1671 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chen W, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:
1705 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Gao YE, Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao
2003; 35: 1029 | Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Huang S, Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 408
| Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Lin QQ, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 484 | Liu
GB, J First Mil Med Univ 2005; 25: 1236 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol
China 2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Lo KW, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2001; 51:
202 | Lo KW, Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 327 | Peng HQ, Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 711 | Qiu AD, Gynecol
Oncol 2007; 104: 77 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Shah W, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2009;
21: 768 | Stephen AL, Int J Cancer 2000; 86: 695 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41:
43 | Wang L, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 516 | Wu EQ, BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 202 | Wu EQ, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2009; 19: 919 | Wu Y, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1808 | Yu MY, Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 204 | Yuan
X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643, Contributing studies: Cai
HB, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2008; 29: 72 | Cai HB, Oncology 2009; 76: 157 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer
2009; 125: 1671 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chen W, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:
1705 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Gao YE, Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao
2003; 35: 1029 | Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Huang S, Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 408
| Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Lin QQ, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 484 | Liu
GB, J First Mil Med Univ 2005; 25: 1236 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol
2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Lo KW, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2001; 51:
202 | Lo KW, Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 327 | Peng HQ, Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 711 | Qiu AD, Gynecol
Oncol 2007; 104: 77 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Shah W, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2009;
21: 768 | Stephen AL, Int J Cancer 2000; 86: 695 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41:
43 | Wang L, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 516 | Wu EQ, BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 202 | Wu EQ, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2009; 19: 919 | Wu Y, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1808 | Yu MY, Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 204 | Yuan
X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643
Contributing studies: Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 465, Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epi-
Georgia
demiol 2011; 35: 465, Contributing studies: Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 465
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 276 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Contributing studies: Basu P, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 27 | Bhatla N, Int J Gynecol Pathol
2006; 25: 398 | Deodhar K, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 | Franceschi S, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 127
| Gheit T, Vaccine 2009; 27: 636 | Munagala R, Int J Oncol 2009; 34: 263 | Munirajan AK, Gynecol
Oncol 1998; 69: 205 | Munjal K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2014; 33: 531 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest
2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5: 95 | Nambaru L, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009;
10: 355 | Neyaz MK, Biomarkers 2008; 13: 597 | Peedicayil A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1591
| Peedicayil A, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2009; 13: 102 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Sowjanya
AP, BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 116, Contributing studies: Basu P, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 27
| Bhatla N, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 398 | Deodhar K, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 | Franceschi
S, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 127 | Gheit T, Vaccine 2009; 27: 636 | Munagala R, Int J Oncol 2009; 34:
263 | Munirajan AK, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 69: 205 | Munjal K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2014; 33: 531
India
| Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5: 95 | Nambaru L,
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 355 | Neyaz MK, Biomarkers 2008; 13: 597 | Peedicayil A, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1591 | Peedicayil A, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2009; 13: 102 | Serrano B,
Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Sowjanya AP, BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 116, Basu P, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2009; 10: 27 | Bhatla N, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 398 | Deodhar K, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 |
Franceschi S, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 127 | Gheit T, Vaccine 2009; 27: 636 | Munagala R, Int J Oncol
2009; 34: 263 | Munirajan AK, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 69: 205 | Munjal K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2014; 33:
531 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5: 95 | Nambaru
L, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 355 | Neyaz MK, Biomarkers 2008; 13: 597 | Peedicayil A, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1591 | Peedicayil A, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2009; 13: 102 | Serrano B,
Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Sowjanya AP, BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 116
Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422 | Schellekens
MC, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 49 | Tobing MD, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5781, Contributing
studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422 |
Indonesia Schellekens MC, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 49 | Tobing MD, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5781,
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005;
114: 422 | Schellekens MC, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 49 | Tobing MD, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;
15: 5781
Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Hamkar R, East Mediterr
Health J 2002; 8: 805 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156 | Mortazavi S, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2002; 3: 69 | Salehi-Vaziri M, Arch Virol 2015; 160: 1181, Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet
Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Hamkar R, East Mediterr Health J 2002; 8: 805 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer
Iran
2012; 131: E156 | Mortazavi S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2002; 3: 69 | Salehi-Vaziri M, Arch Virol
2015; 160: 1181, Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Hamkar R,
East Mediterr Health J 2002; 8: 805 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156 | Mortazavi S,
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2002; 3: 69 | Salehi-Vaziri M, Arch Virol 2015; 160: 1181
Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 730,
Contributing studies: Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I, Int J Gynecol Cancer
Israel
2013; 23: 730, Contributing studies: Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I, Int J
Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 730
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 277 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Contributing studies: Asato T, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1829 | Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 |
Fujinaga Y, J Gen Virol 1991; 72 ( Pt 5): 1039 | Harima Y, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 52:
1345 | Imajoh M, Virol J 2012; 9: 154 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Ishikawa H,
Cancer 2001; 91: 80 | Kanao H, Cancer Lett 2004; 213: 31 | Kashiwabara K, Acta Pathol Jpn 1992;
42: 876 | Maehama T, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 | Maki H, Jpn J Cancer Res 1991; 82:
411 | Nakagawa H, Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 1655 | Nakagawa S, Cancer 1996; 78: 1935 | Nawa A,
Cancer 1995; 75: 518 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000;
49: 190 | Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res
Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Watari H, Pathobiology 2011; 78:
220 | Yamakawa Y, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 53: 190 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666
| Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100 | Yoshida T, Virchows Arch 2009; 455: 253, Asato T, J Infect Dis
2004; 189: 1829 | Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 | Fujinaga Y, J Gen Virol 1991; 72 ( Pt 5): 1039 |
Harima Y, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 52: 1345 | Imajoh M, Virol J 2012; 9: 154 | Inoue M, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Ishikawa H, Cancer 2001; 91: 80 | Kanao H, Cancer Lett 2004; 213:
31 | Kashiwabara K, Acta Pathol Jpn 1992; 42: 876 | Maehama T, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005;
13: 77 | Maki H, Jpn J Cancer Res 1991; 82: 411 | Nakagawa H, Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 1655 |
Japan
Nakagawa S, Cancer 1996; 78: 1935 | Nawa A, Cancer 1995; 75: 518 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100:
1312 | Saito J, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000; 49: 190 | Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91:
476 | Watari H, Pathobiology 2011; 78: 220 | Yamakawa Y, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 53: 190 | Yamasaki
K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100 | Yoshida T, Virchows
Arch 2009; 455: 253, Contributing studies: Asato T, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1829 | Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin
Oncol 2014 | Fujinaga Y, J Gen Virol 1991; 72 ( Pt 5): 1039 | Harima Y, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys
2002; 52: 1345 | Imajoh M, Virol J 2012; 9: 154 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 |
Ishikawa H, Cancer 2001; 91: 80 | Kanao H, Cancer Lett 2004; 213: 31 | Kashiwabara K, Acta Pathol
Jpn 1992; 42: 876 | Maehama T, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 | Maki H, Jpn J Cancer Res
1991; 82: 411 | Nakagawa H, Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 1655 | Nakagawa S, Cancer 1996; 78: 1935 |
Nawa A, Cancer 1995; 75: 518 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Gynecol Obstet Invest
2000; 49: 190 | Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog
Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Watari H, Pathobiology 2011;
78: 220 | Yamakawa Y, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 53: 190 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37:
1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100 | Yoshida T, Virchows Arch 2009; 455: 253
Contributing studies: Sughayer MA, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 108: 74, Contributing studies: Sug-
Jordan
hayer MA, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 108: 74, Sughayer MA, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 108: 74
Contributing studies: Cheah PL, Malays J Pathol 2008; 30: 37 | Hamzi Abdul Raub S, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 651 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Sharifah NA, Asian Pac
J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303 | Yadav M, Med J Malaysia 1995; 50: 64, Contributing studies: Cheah
PL, Malays J Pathol 2008; 30: 37 | Hamzi Abdul Raub S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 651 |
Malaysia
Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Sharifah NA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303 |
Yadav M, Med J Malaysia 1995; 50: 64, Cheah PL, Malays J Pathol 2008; 30: 37 | Hamzi Abdul Raub
S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 651 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Sharifah
NA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303 | Yadav M, Med J Malaysia 1995; 50: 64
Chimeddorj B, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 563, Contributing studies: Chimeddorj B, Asian Pac J
Mongolia
Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 563, Contributing studies: Chimeddorj B, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 563
Contributing studies: Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 323, Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes
Nepal
Control 2010; 21: 323, Contributing studies: Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 323
Contributing studies: Khan S, Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 313 | Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657,
Pakistan Contributing studies: Khan S, Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 313 | Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657,
Khan S, Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 313 | Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010;
11: 1048 | Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23:
148, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol
Philippines 2010; 11: 1048 | Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013;
23: 148, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol
2010; 11: 1048 | Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013;
23: 148
Contributing studies: An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | An HJ, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 528 | Cho NH,
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang T, J Korean Med Sci 1999; 14: 593 | Hwang TS, Gynecol
Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kim JY, J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5088 | Kim KH, Yonsei Med J 1995; 36: 412 | Lee
HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 497 | Oh JK, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 993 | Quek SC,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Song ES, J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22: 99 | Tong SY, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2007; 17: 1307, Contributing studies: An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | An HJ, Mod Pathol 2005;
18: 528 | Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang T, J Korean Med Sci 1999; 14: 593 |
Hwang TS, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kim JY, J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5088 | Kim KH, Yonsei Med
Republic of Korea
J 1995; 36: 412 | Lee HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 497 | Oh JK, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010;
11: 993 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Song ES, J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22: 99 |
Tong SY, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 1307, An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | An HJ, Mod Pathol
2005; 18: 528 | Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang T, J Korean Med Sci 1999; 14:
593 | Hwang TS, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kim JY, J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5088 | Kim KH, Yonsei
Med J 1995; 36: 412 | Lee HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 497 | Oh JK, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2010; 11: 993 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Song ES, J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22:
99 | Tong SY, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 1307
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 278 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Contributing studies: Alsbeih G, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 522, Alsbeih G, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121:
Saudi Arabia
522, Contributing studies: Alsbeih G, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 522
Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC,
Singapore
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148
Contributing studies: Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 116 | Samarawickrema NA, Int J Gy-
naecol Obstet 2011; 115: 180, Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 116 | Samarawickrema NA, Int
Sri Lanka
J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 115: 180, Contributing studies: Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 116 |
Samarawickrema NA, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 115: 180
Contributing studies: Darnel AD, Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 262, Contributing studies: Darnel
Syria
AD, Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 262, Darnel AD, Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 262
Contributing studies: Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 1996; 79 Suppl 1: S56 | Bosch FX, J Natl
Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer
Inst 1998; 90: 50 | Chopjitt P, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 212 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2013; 14: 6961 | Settheetham-Ishida W, Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siriaunkgul S, Gynecol
Oncol 2008; 108: 555 | Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28: 707,
Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 1996; 79 Suppl 1: S56 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:
796 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 50 |
Thailand Chopjitt P, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 212 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 6961 |
Settheetham-Ishida W, Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siriaunkgul S, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 108:
555 | Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28: 707, Contributing studies:
Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 1996; 79 Suppl 1: S56 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:
796 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 50 |
Chopjitt P, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 212 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 6961 |
Settheetham-Ishida W, Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siriaunkgul S, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 108:
555 | Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28: 707
Contributing studies: Ozgul N, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | Usubütün A, Int J Gynecol
Pathol 2009; 28: 541, Ozgul N, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | Usubütün A, Int J Gynecol
Turkey
Pathol 2009; 28: 541, Contributing studies: Ozgul N, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | Usubütün
A, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2009; 28: 541
Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer
Viet Nam
2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148
Europe
Contributing studies: Bachtiary B, Int J Cancer 2002; 102: 237 | Widschwendter A, Cancer Lett 2003;
202: 231, Contributing studies: Bachtiary B, Int J Cancer 2002; 102: 237 | Widschwendter A, Cancer
Austria
Lett 2003; 202: 231, Bachtiary B, Int J Cancer 2002; 102: 237 | Widschwendter A, Cancer Lett 2003;
202: 231
Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771,
Belarus
Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204, Contributing studies: Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol
Belgium
2001; 22: 204, Contributing studies: Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204
Contributing studies: Iljazovic E, Cancer Epidemiol 2014; 38: 504, Iljazović E, Cancer Epidemiol 2014;
Bosnia and Herzegovina
38: 504, Contributing studies: Iljazovic E, Cancer Epidemiol 2014; 38: 504
Contributing studies: Todorova I, J Clin Pathol 2010; 63: 1121, Todorova I, J Clin Pathol 2010; 63:
Bulgaria
1121, Contributing studies: Todorova I, J Clin Pathol 2010; 63: 1121
Dabic MM, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 366 | Hadzisejdic I, Coll Antropol 2006; 30: 879, Con-
tributing studies: Dabic MM, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 366 | Hadzisejdic I, Coll Antropol
Croatia
2006; 30: 879, Contributing studies: Dabic MM, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 366 | Hadzisejdic
I, Coll Antropol 2006; 30: 879
Slama J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 703 | Tachezy R, J Med Virol 1999; 58: 378 | Tachezy R, PLoS
ONE 2011; 6: e21913, Contributing studies: Slama J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 703 | Tachezy R,
Czechia J Med Virol 1999; 58: 378 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913, Contributing studies: Slama J, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 703 | Tachezy R, J Med Virol 1999; 58: 378 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011;
6: e21913
Contributing studies: Hording U, APMIS 1997; 105: 313 | Kirschner B, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
2013; 92: 1023 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect
2000; 2: 121, Hording U, APMIS 1997; 105: 313 | Kirschner B, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92:
Denmark 1023 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 121,
Contributing studies: Hording U, APMIS 1997; 105: 313 | Kirschner B, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
2013; 92: 1023 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect 2000;
2: 121
Contributing studies: Iwasawa A, Cancer 1996; 77: 2275, Iwasawa A, Cancer 1996; 77: 2275, Con-
Finland
tributing studies: Iwasawa A, Cancer 1996; 77: 2275
Contributing studies: de Cremoux P, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 778 | Lombard I, J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:
2613 | Prétet JL, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 424 | Riou G, Lancet 1990; 335: 1171, Contributing studies:
de Cremoux P, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 778 | Lombard I, J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2613 | Prétet JL, Int
France
J Cancer 2008; 122: 424 | Riou G, Lancet 1990; 335: 1171, de Cremoux P, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 778
| Lombard I, J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2613 | Prétet JL, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 424 | Riou G, Lancet
1990; 335: 1171
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 279 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Milde-Langosch K, Int J Cancer 1995; 63: 639, Con-
tributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Milde-Langosch K, Int J Cancer 1995;
Germany
63: 639, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Milde-Langosch K, Int J
Cancer 1995; 63: 639
Contributing studies: Adamopoulou M, Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 | Dokianakis DN, Oncol Rep
1999; 6: 1327 | Koffa M, Int J Oncol 1994; 5: 189 | Labropoulou V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Pan-
otopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898, Adamopoulou M, Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 | Dokianakis
Greece DN, Oncol Rep 1999; 6: 1327 | Koffa M, Int J Oncol 1994; 5: 189 | Labropoulou V, Sex Transm Dis
1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898, Contributing studies: Adamopoulou M,
Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 | Dokianakis DN, Oncol Rep 1999; 6: 1327 | Koffa M, Int J Oncol 1994;
5: 189 | Labropoulou V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898
Contributing studies: Kónya J, J Med Virol 1995; 46: 1, Contributing studies: Kónya J, J Med Virol
Hungary
1995; 46: 1, Kónya J, J Med Virol 1995; 46: 1
Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2682, Contributing studies: Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007;
Iceland
121: 2682, Contributing studies: Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2682
Contributing studies: Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Fay J, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 897 | O’Leary
JJ, J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 576 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675, Contributing studies:
Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Fay J, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 897 | O’Leary JJ, J Clin Pathol 1998;
Ireland
51: 576 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675, Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Fay J, J Med
Virol 2009; 81: 897 | O’Leary JJ, J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 576 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12:
675
Carozzi FM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2389 | Ciotti M, Oncol Rep 2006; 15: 143 |
Del Mistro A, Infect Agents Cancer 2006; 1: 9 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Garzetti GG,
Cancer 1998; 82: 886 | Mariani L, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 259 | Rolla M, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009;
30: 557 | Sideri M, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A30 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello
ML, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 32 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Voglino G, Pathologica
2000; 92: 516, Contributing studies: Carozzi FM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2389 |
Ciotti M, Oncol Rep 2006; 15: 143 | Del Mistro A, Infect Agents Cancer 2006; 1: 9 | Gargiulo F, Virus
Res 2007; 125: 176 | Garzetti GG, Cancer 1998; 82: 886 | Mariani L, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 259 |
Italy
Rolla M, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 557 | Sideri M, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A30 | Spinillo
A, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello ML, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 32 | Tornesello ML, J Med
Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Voglino G, Pathologica 2000; 92: 516, Contributing studies: Carozzi FM, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2389 | Ciotti M, Oncol Rep 2006; 15: 143 | Del Mistro A, Infect
Agents Cancer 2006; 1: 9 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Garzetti GG, Cancer 1998; 82: 886
| Mariani L, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 259 | Rolla M, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 557 | Sideri M,
Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A30 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello ML, Gynecol Oncol
2011; 121: 32 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Voglino G, Pathologica 2000; 92: 516
Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771 | Silins I, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 484,
Latvia Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771 | Silins I, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 484,
Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771 | Silins I, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 484
Contributing studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene V, J Med
Virol 2014, Contributing studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene
Lithuania
V, J Med Virol 2014, Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol
2014
Contributing studies: Ressler S, Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 7067, Ressler S, Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:
Luxembourg
7067, Contributing studies: Ressler S, Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 7067
Contributing studies: Baalbergen A, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128: 530 | Baay MF, J Clin Microbiol 1996;
34: 745 | Bulk S, Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 171 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422 | Krul EJ,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9: 206 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Tang N, J Clin
Virol 2009; 45 Suppl 1: S25 | Van Den Brule AJ, Int J Cancer 1991; 48: 404 | Zielinski GD, J Pathol
2003; 201: 535, Contributing studies: Baalbergen A, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128: 530 | Baay MF, J Clin
Microbiol 1996; 34: 745 | Bulk S, Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 171 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114:
Netherlands 422 | Krul EJ, Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9: 206 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 |
Tang N, J Clin Virol 2009; 45 Suppl 1: S25 | Van Den Brule AJ, Int J Cancer 1991; 48: 404 | Zielinski
GD, J Pathol 2003; 201: 535, Baalbergen A, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128: 530 | Baay MF, J Clin Microbiol
1996; 34: 745 | Bulk S, Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 171 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422 | Krul
EJ, Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9: 206 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Tang N, J
Clin Virol 2009; 45 Suppl 1: S25 | Van Den Brule AJ, Int J Cancer 1991; 48: 404 | Zielinski GD, J
Pathol 2003; 201: 535
Contributing studies: Bertelsen BI, Virchows Arch 2006; 449: 141 | Karlsen F, J Clin Microbiol 1996;
34: 2095, Bertelsen BI, Virchows Arch 2006; 449: 141 | Karlsen F, J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2095,
Norway
Contributing studies: Bertelsen BI, Virchows Arch 2006; 449: 141 | Karlsen F, J Clin Microbiol 1996;
34: 2095
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 280 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Contributing studies: Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 162 | Bardin A, Eur J Cancer 2008;
44: 557 | Biesaga B, Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2012; 50: 239 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:
796 | Dybikowska A, Oncol Rep 2002; 9: 871 | Kwasniewska A, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 65 |
Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1055, Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 162 | Bardin A, Eur
J Cancer 2008; 44: 557 | Biesaga B, Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2012; 50: 239 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer
Poland
Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Dybikowska A, Oncol Rep 2002; 9: 871 | Kwasniewska A, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol
2009; 30: 65 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1055, Contributing studies: Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol
Oncol 2009; 30: 162 | Bardin A, Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 557 | Biesaga B, Folia Histochem Cytobiol
2012; 50: 239 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Dybikowska A, Oncol Rep 2002; 9: 871 |
Kwasniewska A, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 65 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1055
Contributing studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82:
1024 | Pista A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500, Contributing studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer
Portugal Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024 | Pista A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23:
500, Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024 | Pista A,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500
Contributing studies: Kleter B, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2508 | Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79:
Russian Federation 771, Kleter B, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2508 | Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Contributing
studies: Kleter B, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2508 | Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Contributing studies: Jancar N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 145: 184, Contributing stud-
Slovenia ies: Jancar N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 145: 184, Jancar N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2009; 145: 184
Contributing studies: Alemany L, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 124: 512 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;
87: 796 | Darwich L, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 1486 | González-Bosquet E, Gynecol Oncol 2008;
111: 9 | Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martró E, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin
2012; 30: 225 | Mazarico E, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125: 181 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743
| Rodriguez JA, Diagn Mol Pathol 1998; 7: 276, Alemany L, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 124: 512 | Bosch
FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Darwich L, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 1486 | González-
Bosquet E, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 111: 9 | Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martró
Spain
E, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 30: 225 | Mazarico E, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125: 181 | Muñoz
N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743 | Rodriguez JA, Diagn Mol Pathol 1998; 7: 276, Contributing studies:
Alemany L, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 124: 512 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Darwich
L, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 1486 | González-Bosquet E, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 111: 9 | Herraez-
Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martró E, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 30: 225
| Mazarico E, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125: 181 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743 | Rodriguez JA,
Diagn Mol Pathol 1998; 7: 276
Contributing studies: Andersson S, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 960 | Andersson S, Cancer
Detect Prev 2005; 29: 37 | Andersson S, Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 246 | Du J, Acta Oncol 2011; 50: 1215
| Graflund M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14: 896 | Hagmar B, Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1992;
9: 113 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675 | Wallin KL, N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1633 | Zehbe
I, J Pathol 1997; 181: 270, Contributing studies: Andersson S, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82:
960 | Andersson S, Cancer Detect Prev 2005; 29: 37 | Andersson S, Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 246 | Du J,
Sweden Acta Oncol 2011; 50: 1215 | Graflund M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14: 896 | Hagmar B, Med Oncol
Tumor Pharmacother 1992; 9: 113 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675 | Wallin KL, N Engl
J Med 1999; 341: 1633 | Zehbe I, J Pathol 1997; 181: 270, Andersson S, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
2003; 82: 960 | Andersson S, Cancer Detect Prev 2005; 29: 37 | Andersson S, Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:
246 | Du J, Acta Oncol 2011; 50: 1215 | Graflund M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14: 896 | Hagmar B,
Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1992; 9: 113 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675 | Wallin KL,
N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1633 | Zehbe I, J Pathol 1997; 181: 270
Contributing studies: Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 | Crook T, Lancet 1992; 339: 1070 |
Cuschieri K, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 930 | Cuschieri K, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2721 | Cuzick J, Br
J Cancer 2000; 82: 1348 | Giannoudis A, Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer
2010; 103: 209 | Mesher D, J Clin Pathol 2015; 68: 135 | Powell N, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 2425 |
Tawfik El-Mansi M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1025, Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 |
Crook T, Lancet 1992; 339: 1070 | Cuschieri K, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 930 | Cuschieri K, Int J Cancer
2014; 135: 2721 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 2000; 82: 1348 | Giannoudis A, Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 |
United Kingdom
Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Mesher D, J Clin Pathol 2015; 68: 135 | Powell N, Int
J Cancer 2009; 125: 2425 | Tawfik El-Mansi M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1025, Contributing
studies: Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 | Crook T, Lancet 1992; 339: 1070 | Cuschieri K, Br
J Cancer 2010; 102: 930 | Cuschieri K, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2721 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 2000;
82: 1348 | Giannoudis A, Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 |
Mesher D, J Clin Pathol 2015; 68: 135 | Powell N, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 2425 | Tawfik El-Mansi M,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1025
Oceania
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 281 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Chen S, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 67: 163 | de Sanjose
S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Plunkett M, Pathology 2003;
35: 397 | Stevens MP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1017 | Thompson CH, Gynecol Oncol 1994;
54: 40, Contributing studies: Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Chen S, Int J Gynaecol Obstet
1999; 67: 163 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 |
Australia
Plunkett M, Pathology 2003; 35: 397 | Stevens MP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1017 | Thompson
CH, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 54: 40, Contributing studies: Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Chen
S, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 67: 163 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Liu J, Gynecol
Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Plunkett M, Pathology 2003; 35: 397 | Stevens MP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;
16: 1017 | Thompson CH, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 54: 40
HPV type distribution for cervical high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions
Based on meta-analysis performed by IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group up to Novem-
ber 2011, the ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2014. Reference publications:
General sources
1) Guan P, Int J Cancer 2012;131:2349 2) Li N, Int J Cancer 2011;128:927 3) Smith JS, Int J Cancer
2007;121:621 4) Clifford GM, Br J Cancer 2003;88:63 5) Clifford GM, Br J Cancer 2003;89:101.
Africa
Contributing studies: Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224, Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011;
Algeria
128: 2224
Cameroon Contributing studies: Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911, Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911
Côte d’Ivoire La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480, Contributing studies: La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480
DR Congo Contributing studies: Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957, Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957
García-Espinosa B, Diagn Pathol 2009; 4: 31, Contributing studies: García-Espinosa B, Diagn Pathol
Equatorial Guinea
2009; 4: 31
Ethiopia Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282, Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282
Guinea Contributing studies: Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202, Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202
De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | De
Kenya Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137, Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control
2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137
Contributing studies: Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732, Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries
Morocco
2010; 4: 732
Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2903 | Haghshenas M, Infect Agents Cancer 2013; 8: 20, Contributing
Nigeria
studies: Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2903 | Haghshenas M, Infect Agents Cancer 2013; 8: 20
Rwanda Contributing studies: Singh DK, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1851, Singh DK, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1851
Chabaud M, J Med Virol 1996; 49: 259 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803, Contributing studies:
Senegal
Chabaud M, J Med Virol 1996; 49: 259 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803
Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | Said HM, J
Clin Virol 2009; 44: 318 | van Aardt MC, Personal communication Unpublished, Contributing studies:
South Africa
Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | Said HM, J Clin
Virol 2009; 44: 318 | van Aardt MC, Personal communication Unpublished
Sudan Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282, Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282
Contributing studies: Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 896, Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135:
Tanzania
896
Sawaya GF, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 990, Contributing studies: Sawaya GF, Obstet Gynecol 2008;
Zimbabwe
112: 990
Americas
Contributing studies: Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27:
263 | Chouhy D, Int J Mol Med 2006; 18: 995 | Deluca GD, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46: 9
Argentina | Venezuela RF, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54: 11, Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35:
74 | Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Chouhy D, Int J Mol Med 2006; 18: 995 | Deluca GD, Rev
Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46: 9 | Venezuela RF, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54: 11
Belize Contributing studies: Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942, Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942
Contributing studies: Camara GN, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98: 879 | Carestiato FN, Rev Soc
Bras Med Trop 2006; 39: 428 | Chagas BS, PLoS ONE 2015; 10: e0132570 | Fernandes JV, BMC Res
Notes 2010; 3: 96 | Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Freitas TP, Rev Inst Med
Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49: 297 | Krambeck WM, Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008; 35: 175 | Lorenzato F,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Pitta DR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32: 315 | Resende LS,
BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 214 | Ribeiro AA, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 288 | Terra AP, Tumori
Brazil 2007; 93: 572 | Tomita LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703, Camara GN, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003;
98: 879 | Carestiato FN, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 39: 428 | Chagas BS, PLoS ONE 2015; 10:
e0132570 | Fernandes JV, BMC Res Notes 2010; 3: 96 | Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;
105: 21 | Freitas TP, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49: 297 | Krambeck WM, Clin Exp Obstet
Gynecol 2008; 35: 175 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Pitta DR, Rev Bras Ginecol
Obstet 2010; 32: 315 | Resende LS, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 214 | Ribeiro AA, Int J Gynecol Pathol
2011; 30: 288 | Terra AP, Tumori 2007; 93: 572 | Tomita LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703
Antonishyn NA, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132: 54 | Coutlée F, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1034 | Jiang Y,
J Infect Public Health 2011; 4: 219 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387, Contributing
Canada
studies: Antonishyn NA, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132: 54 | Coutlée F, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1034 |
Jiang Y, J Infect Public Health 2011; 4: 219 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387
Chile Contributing studies: Ili CG, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 833, Ili CG, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 833
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 282 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Bosch FX, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2: 415 | García DA, Open Virol J 2011; 5: 70 |
Colombia Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 1993; 2: 415 | García DA, Open Virol J 2011; 5: 70 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743
Costa Rica Contributing studies: Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796, Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796
Cuba Soto Y, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 974, Contributing studies: Soto Y, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 974
Ecuador Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144, Contributing studies: Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144
Honduras Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968, Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968
Rattray C, J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 718 | Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60, Contributing studies:
Jamaica
Rattray C, J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 718 | Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60
Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol
2010; 117: 291 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol
Oncol 1998; 70: 115 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 690, Contributing studies:
Mexico
Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol
2010; 117: 291 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol
Oncol 1998; 70: 115 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 690
Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334, Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect
Nicaragua
2006; 82: 334
Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351, Contributing studies: Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83:
Paraguay
1351
Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099, Contributing studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012;
Peru
11: 2099
Adam E, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 1235 | Bell MC, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 236 | Castle PE,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 1675 | Castle PE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2011; 20: 946 | Einstein MH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 55 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Evans
MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2003; 24: 373 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:
1129 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S, J Infect Dis 2012; 206: 1878 | Hariri S, PLoS
ONE 2012; 7: e34044 | Hu L, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 267 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2015; 24: 230 | Kong CS, Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 33 | Lee SH, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;
105: 210 | Moscicki AB, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 1335 | Stoler MH, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 468
| Vidal AC, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 1055 | Voss JS, Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 208
| Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1291 | Wheeler
CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167, Contributing studies:
United States of America
Adam E, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 1235 | Bell MC, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 236 | Castle PE,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 1675 | Castle PE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2011; 20: 946 | Einstein MH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 55 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Evans
MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2003; 24: 373 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:
1129 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S, J Infect Dis 2012; 206: 1878 | Hariri S, PLoS
ONE 2012; 7: e34044 | Hu L, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 267 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2015; 24: 230 | Kong CS, Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 33 | Lee SH, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;
105: 210 | Moscicki AB, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 1335 | Stoler MH, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 468
| Vidal AC, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 1055 | Voss JS, Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 208
| Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1291 | Wheeler
CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167
Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284, Contributing studies: Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer
Venezuela
Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284
Asia
Bangladesh Banik U, Cytojournal 2013; 10: 14, Contributing studies: Banik U, Cytojournal 2013; 10: 14
Chan MK, Gynecol Oncol 1996; 60: 217 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 243 | Chan PK, Int J
Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chan PK, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 232 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937
| Guo J, Scand J Infect Dis 2010; 42: 72 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li H, Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li J, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 112: 131 | Li J, J Clin Microbiol
2012; 50: 1079 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol 2008; 29: 105 | Singh S, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8: 11901
| Sun B, Arch Virol 2014; 159: 1027 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wu CH,
Sex Transm Dis 1994; 21: 309 | Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol
Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhang R, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 939 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135:
2604 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643, Contributing studies: Chan MK, Gynecol Oncol 1996; 60: 217
China
| Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 243 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chan PK, J Med
Virol 1999; 59: 232 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Guo J, Scand J Infect Dis 2010; 42: 72 |
Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li J,
Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 112: 131 | Li J, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 1079 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol
2008; 29: 105 | Singh S, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8: 11901 | Sun B, Arch Virol 2014; 159: 1027
| Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wu CH, Sex Transm Dis 1994; 21: 309 | Wu
EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhang R,
Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 939 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2604 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008;
58: 643
Deodhar K, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Nagpal JK, Eur
J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Singh M, Tumour Biol 2009; 30: 276, Contributing studies: Deodhar K,
India
J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest
2002; 32: 943 | Singh M, Tumour Biol 2009; 30: 276
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 283 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Ghaffari SR, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 529 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156, Esmaeili M, Gynecol
Iran
Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Ghaffari SR, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 529 | Khodakarami N, Int
J Cancer 2012; 131: E156
Contributing studies: Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I, Int J Gynecol Cancer
Israel 2013; 23: 730, Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013;
23: 730
Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 | Ichimura H, Int J Clin Oncol 2003; 8: 322 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R, Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 877 | Matsumoto K, Int J Cancer 2011;
128: 2898 | Nagai Y, Gynecol Oncol 2000; 79: 294 | Nakamura Y, Int J Clin Oncol 2015; 20: 974 |
Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 1161 | Niwa K, Oncol Rep 2003; 10: 1437 | Okadome M,
J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40: 561 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Sasagawa T, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda
H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T,
Japan Cancer 2004; 102: 100, Contributing studies: Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 | Ichimura H, Int J Clin
Oncol 2003; 8: 322 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R, Cancer Sci 2011; 102:
877 | Matsumoto K, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2898 | Nagai Y, Gynecol Oncol 2000; 79: 294 | Nakamura
Y, Int J Clin Oncol 2015; 20: 974 | Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 1161 | Niwa K, Oncol Rep
2003; 10: 1437 | Okadome M, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40: 561 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100:
1312 | Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int
2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res
2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100
Al-Awadhi R, Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 41: 107 | Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453, Contributing
Kuwait
studies: Al-Awadhi R, Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 41: 107 | Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453
Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer
Malaysia
2013; 23: 148
Mu-Mu-Shwe, Acta Med Okayama 2014; 68: 79, Contributing studies: Mu-Mu-Shwe, Acta Med
Myanmar
Okayama 2014; 68: 79
Pakistan Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657, Contributing studies: Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657
Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer
Philippines
2013; 23: 148
Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang TS, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kahng J, Ann
Lab Med 2014; 34: 127 | Kang WD, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 924 | Oh YL, Cytopathology 2001;
12: 75 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Cho NH, Am J Obstet
Republic of Korea
Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang TS, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kahng J, Ann Lab Med 2014; 34: 127
| Kang WD, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 924 | Oh YL, Cytopathology 2001; 12: 75 | Quek SC, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148
Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer
Singapore
2013; 23: 148
Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 116, Contributing studies: Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014;
Sri Lanka
14: 116
Contributing studies: Chansaenroj J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 117 | Chansaenroj J, J Med
Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Limpaiboon T, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2000; 31: 66 | Sukasem
C, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 119 | Suwannarurk K, Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33: 56 | Swangvaree SS, Asian
Thailand Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 1023, Chansaenroj J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 117 | Chansaenroj
J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Limpaiboon T, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2000; 31: 66 |
Sukasem C, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 119 | Suwannarurk K, Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33: 56 | Swangvaree
SS, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 1023
Contributing studies: Baser E, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 125: 275 | Sahiner F, Mikrobiyol Bul 2012;
46: 624 | Tezcan S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286:
Turkey
203, Baser E, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 125: 275 | Sahiner F, Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 624 | Tezcan
S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 203
Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer
Viet Nam
2013; 23: 148
Europe
Contributing studies: Rössler L, Wien Klin Wochenschr 2013; 125: 591, Rössler L, Wien Klin Wochen-
Austria
schr 2013; 125: 591
Belarus Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 321 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22:
204 | Beerens E, Cytopathology 2005; 16: 199 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560, Contributing
Belgium
studies: Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 321 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol
2001; 22: 204 | Beerens E, Cytopathology 2005; 16: 199 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560
Grce M, Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 579 | Grce M, J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1341, Contributing studies:
Croatia
Grce M, Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 579 | Grce M, J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1341
Czechia Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913, Contributing studies: Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 284 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Bonde J, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 413 | Hording U, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 62: 49
| Kirschner B, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92: 1032 | Kjaer SK, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1864 |
Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Sebbelov AM, Res Virol 1994; 145: 83 | Thomsen LT,
Denmark Int J Cancer 2015; 137: 193, Contributing studies: Bonde J, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 413 | Hording
U, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 62: 49 | Kirschner B, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92:
1032 | Kjaer SK, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1864 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 |
Sebbelov AM, Res Virol 1994; 145: 83 | Thomsen LT, Int J Cancer 2015; 137: 193
Contributing studies: Monsonego J, Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 385 | Prétet JL, Int J Cancer 2008; 122:
France 424 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989, Monsonego J, Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 385 |
Prétet JL, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 424 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989
Contributing studies: de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Klug SJ, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 616 |
Merkelbach-Bruse S, Diagn Mol Pathol 1999; 8: 32 | Meyer T, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001; 11: 198 |
Nindl I, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1997; 16: 197 | Nindl I, J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 17, de Jonge M, Acta
Germany
Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Klug SJ, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 616 | Merkelbach-Bruse S, Diagn Mol Pathol
1999; 8: 32 | Meyer T, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001; 11: 198 | Nindl I, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1997; 16:
197 | Nindl I, J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 17
Agorastos T, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 121: 99 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53
| Daponte A, J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 189 | Kroupis C, Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 943 | Labropoulou
V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898 | Paraskevaidis E,
Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 355 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1185, Contributing studies:
Greece
Agorastos T, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 121: 99 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53
| Daponte A, J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 189 | Kroupis C, Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 943 | Labropoulou
V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898 | Paraskevaidis E,
Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 355 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1185
Hungary Szoke K, J Med Virol 2003; 71: 585, Contributing studies: Szoke K, J Med Virol 2003; 71: 585
Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2682, Contributing studies: Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007;
Iceland
121: 2682
Contributing studies: Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Keegan H, J Virol Methods 2014; 201: 93
| Murphy N, J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 56 | O’Leary JJ, J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 576, Butler D, J Pathol
Ireland
2000; 192: 502 | Keegan H, J Virol Methods 2014; 201: 93 | Murphy N, J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 56 |
O’Leary JJ, J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 576
Contributing studies: Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Capra G, Virus Res 2008; 133: 195 |
Carozzi F, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 257 | Carozzi FM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2389
| Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Giorgi Rossi P, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 214 | Laconi S,
Pathologica 2000; 92: 524 | Sandri MT, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 271 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86:
1145 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Venturoli S, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1434 | Zerbini
Italy M, J Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 377, Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Capra G, Virus Res 2008; 133:
195 | Carozzi F, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 257 | Carozzi FM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:
2389 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Giorgi Rossi P, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 214 | Laconi S,
Pathologica 2000; 92: 524 | Sandri MT, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 271 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86:
1145 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Venturoli S, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1434 | Zerbini
M, J Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 377
Latvia Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol 2014, Contributing
Lithuania
studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol 2014
Bulkmans NW, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 177 | Cornelissen MT, Virchows Arch, B, Cell Pathol 1992; 62:
167 | Prinsen CF, BJOG 2007; 114: 951 | Reesink-Peters N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;
98: 199 | Tang N, J Clin Virol 2009; 45 Suppl 1: S25 | van Duin M, Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 577,
Netherlands Contributing studies: Bulkmans NW, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 177 | Cornelissen MT, Virchows Arch,
B, Cell Pathol 1992; 62: 167 | Prinsen CF, BJOG 2007; 114: 951 | Reesink-Peters N, Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 98: 199 | Tang N, J Clin Virol 2009; 45 Suppl 1: S25 | van Duin M, Int J
Cancer 2003; 105: 577
Kraus I, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 1407 | Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 367
| Roberts CC, J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 277 | Sjoeborg KD, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 118: 29, Contributing
Norway
studies: Kraus I, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 1407 | Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:
367 | Roberts CC, J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 277 | Sjoeborg KD, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 118: 29
Contributing studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010;
82: 1024 | Pista A, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 941 | Pista A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500,
Portugal
Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024 | Pista A, Clin
Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 941 | Pista A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500
Anton G, APMIS 2011; 119: 1 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8: 558, Contributing studies: Anton G, APMIS
Romania
2011; 119: 1 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8: 558
Russian Federation Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Contributing studies: Kovanda A, Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat 2009; 18: 47, Kovanda
Slovenia
A, Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat 2009; 18: 47
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 285 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Bosch FX, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2: 415 | Conesa-Zamora P, BMC Infect Dis 2009;
9: 124 | Darwich L, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 1486 | de Méndez MT, Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 540
| de Oña M, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 597 | García-Sierra N, J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2165 | Herraez-
Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martín P, BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 316 | Muñoz N, Int
Spain J Cancer 1992; 52: 743, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2:
415 | Conesa-Zamora P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 124 | Darwich L, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21:
1486 | de Méndez MT, Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 540 | de Oña M, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 597 | García-Sierra
N, J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2165 | Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martín P,
BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 316 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743
Andersson S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2195 | Kalantari M, Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 899 | Zehbe I, Virchows
Sweden Arch 1996; 428: 151, Contributing studies: Andersson S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2195 | Kalantari M,
Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 899 | Zehbe I, Virchows Arch 1996; 428: 151
Switzerland Dobec M, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1370, Contributing studies: Dobec M, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1370
Contributing studies: Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 |
Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167 | Cuzick J, J Clin Virol
2014; 60: 44 | Geraets DT, J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52: 3996 | Herrington CS, Br J Cancer 1995; 71:
206 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Jamison
J, Cytopathology 2009; 20: 242 | Sargent A, Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1704 | Southern SA, Diagn Mol
United Kingdom Pathol 1998; 7: 114, Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 |
Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167 | Cuzick J, J Clin Virol
2014; 60: 44 | Geraets DT, J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52: 3996 | Herrington CS, Br J Cancer 1995; 71:
206 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Jamison
J, Cytopathology 2009; 20: 242 | Sargent A, Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1704 | Southern SA, Diagn Mol
Pathol 1998; 7: 114
Oceania
Contributing studies: Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Callegari ET, Vaccine 2014; 32: 4082
| Garland SM, BMC Med 2011; 9: 104 | Stevens MP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1017 | Stevens
Australia MP, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 1283, Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Callegari ET, Vaccine 2014;
32: 4082 | Garland SM, BMC Med 2011; 9: 104 | Stevens MP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1017 |
Stevens MP, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 1283
Fiji Tabrizi SN, Sex Health 2011; 8: 338, Contributing studies: Tabrizi SN, Sex Health 2011; 8: 338
HPV type distribution for cervical low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions
Based on meta-analysis performed by IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group up to Novem-
ber 2011, the ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publica-
General sources
tions: 1) Guan P, Int J Cancer 2012;131:2349 2) Clifford GM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2005;14:1157
Africa
Contributing studies: Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224, Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011;
Algeria
128: 2224
Cameroon Contributing studies: Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911
Côte d’Ivoire La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480, Contributing studies: La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480
DR Congo Contributing studies: Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957, Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957
Ethiopia Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282, Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282
Guinea Contributing studies: Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202, Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202
De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | De
Kenya Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137, Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control
2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137
Contributing studies: Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732, Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries
Morocco
2010; 4: 732
Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2903 | Thomas JO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638, Contributing studies:
Nigeria
Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2903 | Thomas JO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638
Chabaud M, J Med Virol 1996; 49: 259 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803, Contributing studies:
Senegal
Chabaud M, J Med Virol 1996; 49: 259 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803
Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740, Contributing studies: Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740
South Africa
| van Aardt MC, Personal communication Unpublished
Sawaya GF, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 990, Contributing studies: Sawaya GF, Obstet Gynecol 2008;
Zimbabwe
112: 990
Americas
Contributing studies: Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Chouhy D, Int J Mol Med 2006;
18: 995 | Deluca GD, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46: 9 | Eiguchi K, J Low Genit Tract Dis
2008; 12: 262 | Tonon SA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999; 7: 237 | Venezuela RF, Rev Inst Med Trop
Argentina Sao Paulo 2012; 54: 11, Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Chouhy D, Int J Mol Med 2006;
18: 995 | Deluca GD, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46: 9 | Eiguchi K, J Low Genit Tract Dis
2008; 12: 262 | Tonon SA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999; 7: 237 | Venezuela RF, Rev Inst Med Trop
Sao Paulo 2012; 54: 11
Belize Contributing studies: Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942, Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 286 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Contributing studies: Carestiato FN, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 39: 428 | Fernandes JV, Int J
Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Franco E, Rev Panam Salud Publica 1999; 6: 223 | Freitas TP, Rev
Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49: 297 | Krambeck WM, Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008; 35: 175 |
Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Pitta DR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32: 315 |
Resende LS, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 214 | Ribeiro AA, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 288 | Tomita
Brazil LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703, Carestiato FN, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 39: 428 | Fernandes JV,
Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Franco E, Rev Panam Salud Publica 1999; 6: 223 | Freitas TP,
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49: 297 | Krambeck WM, Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008; 35: 175 |
Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Pitta DR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32: 315 |
Resende LS, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 214 | Ribeiro AA, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 288 | Tomita
LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703
Antonishyn NA, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132: 54 | Coutlée F, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1034 | Jiang
Y, J Infect Public Health 2011; 4: 219 | Koushik A, Cancer Detect Prev 2005; 29: 307 | Moore RA,
Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387 | Richardson H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12:
485 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 503 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 513 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J
Canada Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129, Contributing studies: Antonishyn NA, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:
54 | Coutlée F, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1034 | Jiang Y, J Infect Public Health 2011; 4: 219 | Koushik
A, Cancer Detect Prev 2005; 29: 307 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387 | Richardson
H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 485 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 503 | Sellors JW,
CMAJ 2000; 163: 513 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129
Contributing studies: Ili CG, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 833 | López M J, Rev Med Chil 2010; 138: 1343, Ili
Chile
CG, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 833 | López M J, Rev Med Chil 2010; 138: 1343
García DA, Open Virol J 2011; 5: 70 | Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 1417, Contributing studies:
Colombia
García DA, Open Virol J 2011; 5: 70 | Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 1417
Cuba Soto Y, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 974, Contributing studies: Soto Y, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 974
Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1959, Contributing studies: Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2008; 80:
Ecuador
1959
Honduras Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968, Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968
Rattray C, J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 718 | Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60, Contributing studies:
Jamaica
Rattray C, J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 718 | Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60
Carrillo A, Salud Publica Mex 2004; 46: 7 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;
10: 1129 | González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol 2004; 29: 202 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010;
117: 291 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol Oncol
1998; 70: 115 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 690, Contributing studies: Carrillo
Mexico
A, Salud Publica Mex 2004; 46: 7 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129
| González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol 2004; 29: 202 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291
| Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70:
115 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 690
Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334, Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect
Nicaragua
2006; 82: 334
Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351 | Tonon SA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999; 7: 237, Con-
Paraguay tributing studies: Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351 | Tonon SA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol
1999; 7: 237
Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099, Contributing studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012;
Peru
11: 2099
Adam E, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 257 | Bell MC, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 236 | Brown
DR, Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 763 | Castle PE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 946
| Einstein MH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 55 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Evans MF, Mod
Pathol 2002; 15: 1339 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Guo M,
Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hu L, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 267 | Jarboe EA, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 396
| Kong CS, Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 33 | Kulasingam SL, JAMA 2002; 288: 1749 | Lee SH, Int J
Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 210 | Liaw KL, J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 954 | Moscicki AB, Obstet
Gynecol 2008; 112: 1335 | Park K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2007; 26: 457 | Schiff M, Am J Epidemiol
2000; 152: 716 | Stoler MH, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 468 | Swan DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:
1030 | Tortolero-Luna G, Cad Saude Publica 1998; 14 Suppl 3: 149 | Vidal AC, Cancer Causes Control
2014; 25: 1055 | Voss JS, Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 208 | Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer 2009;
124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1291 | Wheeler CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475
United States of America | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167, Contributing studies: Adam E, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:
257 | Bell MC, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 236 | Brown DR, Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 763 | Castle PE,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 946 | Einstein MH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 55 | Evans
MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Evans MF, Mod Pathol 2002; 15: 1339 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hu L, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 267
| Jarboe EA, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 396 | Kong CS, Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 33 | Kulasingam SL,
JAMA 2002; 288: 1749 | Lee SH, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 210 | Liaw KL, J Natl Cancer Inst
1999; 91: 954 | Moscicki AB, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 1335 | Park K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2007; 26:
457 | Schiff M, Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 716 | Stoler MH, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 468 | Swan
DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 | Tortolero-Luna G, Cad Saude Publica 1998; 14 Suppl 3: 149 |
Vidal AC, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 1055 | Voss JS, Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 208 |
Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1291 | Wheeler CM,
J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167
Uruguay Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845, Contributing studies: Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 287 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Correnti M, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 527, Contributing studies: Correnti M, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121:
Venezuela
527
Asia
Bangladesh Banik U, Cytojournal 2013; 10: 14, Contributing studies: Banik U, Cytojournal 2013; 10: 14
Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 243 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chan PK, J Med
Virol 1999; 59: 232 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Guo J, Scand J Infect Dis 2010; 42: 72 |
Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li H, Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li J, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 1079 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol 2008;
29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Sun B, Arch Virol 2014; 159: 1027 | Tao PP,
Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wu D, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 151: 86 |
Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhang
R, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 939 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2604 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008;
China 58: 643, Contributing studies: Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 243 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012;
131: 692 | Chan PK, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 232 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Guo J, Scand J
Infect Dis 2010; 42: 72 | Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123:
2004 | Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li J, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 1079
| Liu SS, Tumour Biol 2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Sun B, Arch Virol
2014; 159: 1027 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wu D, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2010; 151: 86 | Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol
Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhang R, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 939 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135:
2604 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643
Berlin Grace VM, Indian J Cancer 2009; 46: 203 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Nagpal
JK, Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5: 95 | Singh M, Tumour Biol
India 2009; 30: 276, Contributing studies: Berlin Grace VM, Indian J Cancer 2009; 46: 203 | Franceschi S,
Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res
1999; 5: 95 | Singh M, Tumour Biol 2009; 30: 276
Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Ghaffari SR, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 529 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156, Esmaeili M, Gynecol
Iran
Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Ghaffari SR, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 529 | Khodakarami N, Int
J Cancer 2012; 131: E156
Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R, Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 877 | Matsumoto K,
Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2898 | Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 1161 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci
2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Jap J Obstet Gynecol Pract 2001; 50: 871 | Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol
Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004;
Japan 102: 100, Contributing studies: Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R, Cancer Sci
2011; 102: 877 | Matsumoto K, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2898 | Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008;
46: 1161 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Jap J Obstet Gynecol Pract 2001; 50: 871
| Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011;
2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37:
1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100
Al-Awadhi R, Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 41: 107 | Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453, Contributing
Kuwait
studies: Al-Awadhi R, Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 41: 107 | Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453
Sharifah NA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303, Contributing studies: Sharifah NA, Asian Pac J
Malaysia
Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303
Mu-Mu-Shwe, Acta Med Okayama 2014; 68: 79, Contributing studies: Mu-Mu-Shwe, Acta Med
Myanmar
Okayama 2014; 68: 79
Pakistan Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657, Contributing studies: Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657
An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang TS, Gynecol
Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kang WD, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 924 | Lee HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2007; 17: 497 | Oh YL, Cytopathology 2001; 12: 75, Contributing studies: An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97:
Republic of Korea
1672 | Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang TS, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kang
WD, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 924 | Lee HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 497 | Oh YL,
Cytopathology 2001; 12: 75
Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85 Suppl 1: S360 | Chaiwongkot A, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2007; 8: 279 | Chansaenroj J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 117 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol
2014; 86: 601 | Ekalaksananan T, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2001; 27: 117 | Suwannarurk K, Cancer
Thailand Epidemiol 2009; 33: 56, Contributing studies: Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85 Suppl 1:
S360 | Chaiwongkot A, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2007; 8: 279 | Chansaenroj J, Asian Pac J Cancer
Prev 2010; 11: 117 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Ekalaksananan T, J Obstet Gynaecol
Res 2001; 27: 117 | Suwannarurk K, Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33: 56
Ergünay K, Mikrobiyol Bul 2008; 42: 273 | Ozgul N, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | Sahiner
F, Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 624 | Tezcan S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch
Turkey Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 203, Contributing studies: Ergünay K, Mikrobiyol Bul 2008; 42: 273 | Ozgul
N, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | Sahiner F, Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 624 | Tezcan S, Asian
Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 203
Europe
Belarus Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 288 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 321 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001;
22: 204 | Beerens E, Cytopathology 2005; 16: 199 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560 | Weyn C,
Belgium Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 457, Contributing studies: Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2009; 18: 321 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204 | Beerens E, Cytopathology 2005; 16:
199 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560 | Weyn C, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 457
Grce M, Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 579 | Grce M, Eur J Epidemiol 1997; 13: 645 | Grce M, J Clin
Croatia Microbiol 2004; 42: 1341, Contributing studies: Grce M, Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 579 | Grce M, Eur J
Epidemiol 1997; 13: 645 | Grce M, J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1341
Czechia Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913, Contributing studies: Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913
Hording U, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 62: 49 | Kjaer SK, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1864 |
Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179, Contributing studies: Hording U, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Denmark
Reprod Biol 1995; 62: 49 | Kjaer SK, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1864 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control
2014; 25: 179
Contributing studies: Bergeron C, Am J Surg Pathol 1992; 16: 641 | Humbey O, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2002; 103: 60 | Monsonego J, Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 385 | Prétet JL, Gynecol Oncol
2008; 110: 179 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989, Bergeron C, Am J Surg Pathol 1992;
France
16: 641 | Humbey O, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002; 103: 60 | Monsonego J, Int J STD AIDS
2008; 19: 385 | Prétet JL, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110: 179 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284:
989
Contributing studies: de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Klug SJ, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 616 |
Merkelbach-Bruse S, Diagn Mol Pathol 1999; 8: 32 | Meyer T, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001; 11: 198 |
Germany Nindl I, J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 17, de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Klug SJ, J Med Virol 2007;
79: 616 | Merkelbach-Bruse S, Diagn Mol Pathol 1999; 8: 32 | Meyer T, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001;
11: 198 | Nindl I, J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 17
Adamopoulou M, Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53 | Kroupis
C, Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 943 | Labropoulou V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Mammas IN,
Oncol Rep 2008; 20: 141 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol
Greece Infect 2011; 17: 1185, Contributing studies: Adamopoulou M, Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 | Argyri
E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53 | Kroupis C, Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 943 | Labropoulou V, Sex
Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Mammas IN, Oncol Rep 2008; 20: 141 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007;
79: 1898 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1185
Contributing studies: Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Keegan H, J Virol Methods 2014; 201: 93 |
Ireland Murphy N, J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 56, Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Keegan H, J Virol Methods
2014; 201: 93 | Murphy N, J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 56
Contributing studies: Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Agodi A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:
1094 | Astori G, Virus Res 1997; 50: 57 | Capra G, Virus Res 2008; 133: 195 | Chironna M, J Prev Med
Hyg 2010; 51: 139 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Giorgi Rossi P, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:
214 | Laconi S, Pathologica 2000; 92: 524 | Menegazzi P, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 2009: 198425
| Sandri MT, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 271 | Spinillo A, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113: 115 | Spinillo A, J Med
Virol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Venturoli S, J Clin Virol 2002; 25:
177 | Venturoli S, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1434 | Voglino G, Pathologica 2000; 92: 516 | Zerbini M, J
Italy Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 377, Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Agodi A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;
19: 1094 | Astori G, Virus Res 1997; 50: 57 | Capra G, Virus Res 2008; 133: 195 | Chironna M, J
Prev Med Hyg 2010; 51: 139 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Giorgi Rossi P, BMC Infect Dis
2010; 10: 214 | Laconi S, Pathologica 2000; 92: 524 | Menegazzi P, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009;
2009: 198425 | Sandri MT, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 271 | Spinillo A, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113: 115 |
Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Venturoli S, J
Clin Virol 2002; 25: 177 | Venturoli S, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1434 | Voglino G, Pathologica 2000; 92:
516 | Zerbini M, J Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 377
Latvia Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910, Contributing studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina
Lithuania
(Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910
Bollen LJ, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 548 | Prinsen CF, BJOG 2007; 114: 951 | Reesink-Peters
N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 98: 199, Contributing studies: Bollen LJ, Am J Obstet
Netherlands
Gynecol 1997; 177: 548 | Prinsen CF, BJOG 2007; 114: 951 | Reesink-Peters N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2001; 98: 199
Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 367 | Roberts CC, J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 277,
Norway Contributing studies: Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 367 | Roberts CC, J Clin
Virol 2006; 36: 277
Contributing studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82:
Portugal
1024, Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024
Anton G, APMIS 2011; 119: 1 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8: 558, Contributing studies: Anton G, APMIS
Romania
2011; 119: 1 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8: 558
Russian Federation Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Conesa-Zamora P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 124 | de Méndez MT, Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 540 | de Oña M,
J Med Virol 2010; 82: 597 | Doménech-Peris A, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2010; 70: 113 | García-Sierra
N, J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2165 | Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martín
Spain P, BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 316, Contributing studies: Conesa-Zamora P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:
124 | de Méndez MT, Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 540 | de Oña M, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 597 | Doménech-
Peris A, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2010; 70: 113 | García-Sierra N, J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2165 |
Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martín P, BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 316
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 289 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Andersson S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2195 | Brismar-Wendel S, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 511 | Kalantari
M, Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 899 | Söderlund-Strand A, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 145.e1 | Zehbe
Sweden I, Virchows Arch 1996; 428: 151, Contributing studies: Andersson S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2195 |
Brismar-Wendel S, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 511 | Kalantari M, Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 899 | Söderlund-
Strand A, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 145.e1 | Zehbe I, Virchows Arch 1996; 428: 151
Switzerland Dobec M, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1370, Contributing studies: Dobec M, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1370
Contributing studies: Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 |
Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer
1999; 81: 554 | Giannoudis A, Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 |
Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Jamison J, Cytopathology 2009; 20: 242 | Sargent A, Br
J Cancer 2008; 98: 1704 | Southern SA, Hum Pathol 2001; 32: 1351 | Woo YL, Int J Cancer 2010; 126:
United Kingdom
133, Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 | Cuschieri KS, J
Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1999; 81: 554
| Giannoudis A, Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 | Howell-Jones R,
Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Jamison J, Cytopathology 2009; 20: 242 | Sargent A, Br J Cancer 2008;
98: 1704 | Southern SA, Hum Pathol 2001; 32: 1351 | Woo YL, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 133
HPV type distribution for invasive anal cancer
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sources
Group. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Africa
Mali Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Nigeria Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Senegal Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Americas
Canada Ouhoummane N, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 807
Chile Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Colombia Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Ecuador Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Guatemala Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Honduras Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Mexico Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Paraguay Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Daling JR, Cancer 2004; 101: 270 | Palefsky JM, Cancer Res
United States of America
1991; 51: 1014 | Zaki SR, Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 1345
Asia
Bangladesh Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
India Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Yhim HY, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 1752 | Youk EG, Dis Colon
Republic of Korea
Rectum 2001; 44: 236
Europe
Bosnia and Herzegovina Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Czechia Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913
Denmark Serup-Hansen E, J Clin Oncol 2014; 32: 1812
Abramowitz L, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 433 | Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Valmary-Degano
France
S, Hum Pathol 2013; 44: 992 | Vincent-Salomon A, Mod Pathol 1996; 9: 614
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Rödel F, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 278 | Varnai AD, Int J
Germany
Colorectal Dis 2006; 21: 135
Italy Indinnimeo M, J Exp Clin Cancer Res 1999; 18: 47
Poland Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Portugal Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Slovenia Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Spain Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Sweden Laytragoon-Lewin N, Anticancer Res 2007; 27: 4473
United Kingdom Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Baricevic I, Eur J Cancer 2015; 51: 776
HPV type distribution for anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN)
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sources
Group. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Americas
Gohy L, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 49: 32 | Salit IE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
Canada 2009; 18: 1986, Gohy L, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 49: 32 | Salit IE, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1986
Chile Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Colombia Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Ecuador Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Guatemala Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 290 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Honduras Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Mexico Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Paraguay Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
United States of America Sahasrabuddhe VV, J Infect Dis 2013; 207: 392, Sahasrabuddhe VV, J Infect Dis 2013; 207: 392
Asia
Thailand Phanuphak N, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e78291, Phanuphak N, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e78291
Europe
Bosnia and Herzegovina Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Czechia Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
France Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361 | Silling S, J
Clin Virol 2012; 53: 325 | Varnai AD, Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21: 135 | Wieland U, Arch Dermatol
Germany 2006; 142: 1438, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361 |
Silling S, J Clin Virol 2012; 53: 325 | Varnai AD, Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21: 135 | Wieland U, Arch
Dermatol 2006; 142: 1438
Italy Tanzi E, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A17, Tanzi E, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A17
Netherlands Richel O, J Infect Dis 2014; 210: 111, Richel O, J Infect Dis 2014; 210: 111
Poland Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Portugal Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Slovenia Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | García-Espinosa B, Diagn Pathol 2013; 8: 204 | Sirera G,
AIDS 2013; 27: 951 | Torres M, J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 3512, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136:
Spain
98 | García-Espinosa B, Diagn Pathol 2013; 8: 204 | Sirera G, AIDS 2013; 27: 951 | Torres M, J Clin
Microbiol 2013; 51: 3512
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Fox PA, Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 142, Alemany L, Int J
United Kingdom
Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Fox PA, Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 142
HPV type distribution for invasive vulvar cancer
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sources
Group. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Africa
Mali de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Mozambique de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Nigeria de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Senegal de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Americas
Argentina de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Brazil de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Pinto AP, Gynecol Oncol 1999; 74: 61
Chile de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Colombia de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Ecuador de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Guatemala de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Honduras de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Mexico de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Paraguay de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Gargano JW, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012; 16: 471 | Kim
United States of America YT, Hum Pathol 1996; 27: 389 | Madeleine MM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1516 | Riethdorf S, Hum
Pathol 2004; 35: 1477 | Sutton BC, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 345 | Tate JE, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 53: 78
Uruguay de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Venezuela de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Asia
Bangladesh de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
India de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Israel de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Japan Nagano H, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1996; 22: 1 | Osakabe M, Pathol Int 2007; 57: 322
Kuwait de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Lebanon de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Philippines de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Republic of Korea de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Thailand Ngamkham J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 2355
Turkey de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Europe
Austria de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Belarus de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Bosnia and Herzegovina de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Czechia de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 291 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Bryndorf T, Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 106: 43 | Hørding U, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 52: 241 | Hørding
Denmark
U, Int J Cancer 1993; 55: 394 | Madsen BS, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2827
Finland Iwasawa A, Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 81
France de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Choschzick M, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 497 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Hampl
Germany M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361 | Milde-Langosch K, Int J Cancer 1995; 63: 639 | Reuschenbach
M, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17: 289 | Riethdorf S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477
Greece de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Italy Bonvicini F, J Med Virol 2005; 77: 102 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Kagie MJ, Gynecol Oncol 1997; 67: 178 | Trietsch MD, Br J Cancer 2013; 109: 2259 | van de Nieuwen-
Netherlands hof HP, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 2061 | van der Avoort IA, Int J Gynecol Pathol
2006; 25: 22
Bujko M, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91: 391 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Liss
Poland
J, Ginekol Pol 1998; 69: 330
Portugal de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Alonso I, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122: 509 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Guerrero D, Int
Spain
J Cancer 2011; 128: 2853 | Lerma E, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1999; 18: 191
Sweden Larsson GL, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: 1413 | Lindell G, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 312
United Kingdom Abdel-Hady ES, Cancer Res 2001; 61: 192 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Oceania
Australia de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tan SE, Sex Health 2013; 10: 18
HPV type distribution for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sources
Group. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Americas
Argentina de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Brazil de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Chile de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Colombia de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Ecuador de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Guatemala de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Honduras de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Mexico de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Paraguay de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Gargano JW, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012; 16: 471 | Madeleine MM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1516
| Riethdorf S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477 | Srodon M, Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513, Gargano JW,
United States of America
J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012; 16: 471 | Madeleine MM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1516 | Riethdorf
S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477 | Srodon M, Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513
Uruguay de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Venezuela de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Asia
Bangladesh de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
India de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Israel de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Kuwait de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Lebanon de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Philippines de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Republic of Korea de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Turkey de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Europe
Austria de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Belarus de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Bosnia and Herzegovina de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913, de Sanjosé S, Eur
Czechia
J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913
Denmark Junge J, APMIS 1995; 103: 501, Junge J, APMIS 1995; 103: 501
France de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361 | Riethdorf S,
Germany Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol
2006; 108: 1361 | Riethdorf S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012: 893275, de Sanjosé S,
Greece
Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012: 893275
Bonvicini F, J Med Virol 2005; 77: 102 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, Bonvicini F, J Med
Italy
Virol 2005; 77: 102 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 292 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
van Beurden M, Cancer 1995; 75: 2879 | van der Avoort IA, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 22 | van
Netherlands Esch EM, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 830, van Beurden M, Cancer 1995; 75: 2879 | van der Avoort IA, Int
J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 22 | van Esch EM, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 830
Poland de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Portugal de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Lerma E, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1999; 18: 191, de Sanjosé
Spain
S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Lerma E, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1999; 18: 191
Abdel-Hady ES, Cancer Res 2001; 61: 192 | Baldwin PJ, Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 5205 | Bryant D,
J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1358 | Daayana S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1129 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer
2013; 49: 3450 | Winters U, Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 5292, Abdel-Hady ES, Cancer Res 2001; 61: 192
United Kingdom
| Baldwin PJ, Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 5205 | Bryant D, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1358 | Daayana S, Br
J Cancer 2010; 102: 1129 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Winters U, Clin Cancer Res
2008; 14: 5292
Oceania
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tan SE, Sex Health 2013; 10: 18, de Sanjosé S, Eur J
Australia
Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tan SE, Sex Health 2013; 10: 18
HPV type distribution for invasive vaginal cancer
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sources
Group. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Africa
Mozambique Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Nigeria Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Americas
Argentina Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Brazil Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Chile Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Colombia Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Ecuador Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Guatemala Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Mexico Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Paraguay Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
United States of America Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Uruguay Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Venezuela Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Asia
Bangladesh Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
India Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Israel Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Kuwait Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Lebanon Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Philippines Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Republic of Korea Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Turkey Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Europe
Austria Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Belarus Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Czechia Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Denmark Madsen BS, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2827, Madsen BS, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2827
France Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Germany Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Greece Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Poland Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Portugal Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968, Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Fuste V, Histopathology 2010; 57: 907, Alemany L, Eur J
Spain
Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Fuste V, Histopathology 2010; 57: 907
Sweden Larsson GL, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129: 406, Larsson GL, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129: 406
United Kingdom Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
HPV type distribution for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evalua-
tion of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sources
Group. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Americas
Argentina Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Brazil Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Chile Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 293 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Colombia Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Ecuador Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Guatemala Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Mexico Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Paraguay Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Daling JR, Gynecol Oncol 2002; 84: 263 | Srodon M, Am
United States of America J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Daling JR, Gynecol Oncol
2002; 84: 263 | Srodon M, Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513
Uruguay Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Venezuela Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Asia
Bangladesh Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
India Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Israel Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Japan Sugase M, Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 412, Sugase M, Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 412
Kuwait Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Lebanon Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Philippines Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Republic of Korea Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Turkey Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Europe
Austria Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Belarus Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Czechia Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
France Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361, Alemany L, Eur
Germany
J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012: 893275, Alemany L, Eur
Greece
J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012: 893275
Italy Frega A, Cancer Lett 2007; 249: 235, Frega A, Cancer Lett 2007; 249: 235
Poland Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Spain Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
United Kingdom Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
HPV type distribution for invasive penile cancer
The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications (up to
General sources
2008): 1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) Miralles-Guri C,J Clin Pathol 2009;62:870
Africa
South Africa Lebelo RL, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 257, Lebelo RL, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 257
Uganda Tornesello ML, Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 159, Tornesello ML, Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 159
Americas
Argentina Picconi MA, J Med Virol 2000; 61: 65, Picconi MA, J Med Virol 2000; 61: 65
Afonso LA, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107: 18 | Bezerra AL, Cancer 2001; 91: 2315 | Calmon MF,
PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e53260 | Fonseca AG, Int Braz J Urol 2013; 39: 542 | Levi JE, Int J Cancer 1998;
Brazil 76: 779 | Scheiner MA, Int Braz J Urol 2008; 34: 467, Afonso LA, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:
18 | Calmon MF, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e53260 | de Sousa ID, BMC Urol 2015; 15: 13 | Fonseca AG, Int
Braz J Urol 2013; 39: 542 | Scheiner MA, Int Braz J Urol 2008; 34: 467
Canada Maden C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 19, Maden C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 19
López-Romero R, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1409 | Salazar EL, Arch Androl 2005; 51: 327, López-
Mexico
Romero R, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1409
Cubilla AL, Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 104 | Gregoire L, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 1705 | Rubin
Paraguay MA, Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 1211, Cubilla AL, Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 104 | Rubin MA, Am J
Pathol 2001; 159: 1211
Alemany L, Eur Urol 2016; 69: 953 | Cupp MR, J Urol 1995; 154: 1024 | Daling JR, Int J Cancer 2005;
116: 606 | Hernandez BY, Front Oncol 2014; 4: 9 | Rubin MA, Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 1211, Cupp
United States of America MR, J Urol 1995; 154: 1024 | Daling JR, Int J Cancer 2005; 116: 606 | Gregoire L, J Natl Cancer Inst
1995; 87: 1705 | Rubin MA, Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 1211 | Sarkar FH, J Urol 1992; 147: 389 | Varma
VA, Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 908
Asia
China Chan KW, J Clin Pathol 1994; 47: 823, Chan KW, J Clin Pathol 1994; 47: 823
Iwasawa A, J Urol 1993; 149: 59 | Suzuki H, Jpn J Clin Oncol 1994; 24: 1 | Yanagawa N, Pathol Int
Japan 2008; 58: 477, Iwasawa A, J Urol 1993; 149: 59 | Suzuki H, Jpn J Clin Oncol 1994; 24: 1 | Yanagawa
N, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 477
Thailand Senba M, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1341, Senba M, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1341
Viet Nam Do HT, Br J Cancer 2013; 108: 229, Do HT, Br J Cancer 2013; 108: 229
Europe
Aumayr K, Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26: 611 | Mannweiler S, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;
Austria
69: 73, Mannweiler S, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 73
Belgium D’Hauwers KW, Vaccine 2012; 30: 6573, D’Hauwers KW, Vaccine 2012; 30: 6573
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 294 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Denmark Krustrup D, Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90: 182
Humbey O, Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 684 | Perceau G, Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 934, Humbey O, Eur J
France
Cancer 2003; 39: 684
Perceau G, Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 934 | Poetsch M, Virchows Arch 2011; 458: 221, Poetsch M,
Germany
Virchows Arch 2011; 458: 221
Barzon L, Am J Pathol 2014; 184: 3376 | Gentile V, Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19: 209 |
Italy Tornesello ML, Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 159, Gentile V, Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19: 209 |
Tornesello ML, Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 159
Heideman DA, J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 4550 | Lont AP, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 1078, Heideman DA, J
Netherlands
Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 4550
Ferrándiz-Pulido C, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68: 73 | Guerrero D, BJU Int 2008; 102: 747 | Pascual
Spain A, Histol Histopathol 2007; 22: 177, Ferrándiz-Pulido C, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68: 73 | Guerrero
D, BJU Int 2008; 102: 747 | Pascual A, Histol Histopathol 2007; 22: 177
Sweden Kirrander P, BJU Int 2011; 108: 355
HPV type distribution for penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PEIN)
The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2014. Reference publication (up to
General sources
2008): Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321
Africa
South Africa Boy S, J Oral Pathol Med 2006; 35: 86 | Van Rensburg EJ, Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 969
Sudan Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772
Americas
Argentina González JV, Medicina (B Aires) 2007; 67: 363 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Oliveira MC, Auris Nasus Larynx 2009; 36: 450 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Rivero
Brazil
ER, Braz Oral Res 2006; 20: 21
Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Lingen MW, Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 1 | Noble-Topham
Canada
SE, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119: 1299
Cuba Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
López-Romero R, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1409, Anaya-Saavedra G, Arch Med Res 2008; 39: 189
Mexico | Ibieta BR, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005; 99: 311, López-Romero R, Int J
Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1409
Cupp MR, J Urol 1995; 154: 1024, Cupp MR, J Urol 1995; 154: 1024, Chuang AY, Oral Oncol 2008;
44: 915 | Furniss CS, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386 | Ha PK, Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 1203 | Harris
SL, Head Neck 2011; 33: 1622 | Holladay EB, Am J Clin Pathol 1993; 100: 36 | Hooper JE, Appl
Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23: 266 | Liang XH, J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66: 1875 |
United States of America
Lingen MW, Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 1 | Lohavanichbutr P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 135:
180 | Paz IB, Cancer 1997; 79: 595 | Schlecht NF, Mod Pathol 2011; 24: 1295 | Schwartz SM, J Natl
Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1626 | Smith EM, Int J Cancer 2004; 108: 766 | Walline HM, JAMA Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg 2013; 139: 1320 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 605
Miller CS, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 77: 480 | Premoli-De-Percoco G, J Oral Pathol Med
Venezuela
2001; 30: 355
Asia
Gan LL, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5861 | Lee LA, Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94: e2069 |
China Tang X, J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32: 393 | Wen S, Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 307 | Zhang ZY, Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33: 71
Balaram P, Int J Cancer 1995; 61: 450 | Bhattacharya N, J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38: 759 | Chaudhary
AK, Virol J 2010; 7: 253 | D’Costa J, Oral Oncol 1998; 34: 413 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:
India
1772 | Laprise C, Int J Cancer 2016; 138: 912 | Mishra A, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2840 | Sebastian
P, J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43: 593
Iran Saghravanian N, Acta Odontol Scand 2011; 69: 406
Bhawal UK, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 134: 1055 | Chiba I, Oncogene 1996; 12: 1663 |
Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35: 800 | Higa M, Oral Oncol 2003; 39: 405 | Kojima A, Oral Oncol 2002;
Japan 38: 591 | Shima K, Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 38: 445 | Shimizu M, J Dermatol Sci 2004; 36:
33 | Sugiyama M, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 95: 594 | Tang X, J Oral
Pathol Med 2003; 32: 393 | Tsuhako K, J Oral Pathol Med 2000; 29: 70
Malaysia Lim KP, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 1321
Republic of Korea Shin KH, Int J Oncol 2002; 21: 297
Europe
Austria Mannweiler S, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 73, Mannweiler S, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 73
Belarus Gudleviciene Z, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 531
D’Hauwers KW, Vaccine 2012; 30: 6573, D’Hauwers KW, Vaccine 2012; 30: 6573, Duray A, Laryngo-
Belgium
scope 2012; 122: 1558
Czechia Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Finland Koskinen WJ, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 401 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
Klussmann JP, Cancer 2001; 92: 2875 | Krüger M, J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 42: 1506 | Ostwald
Germany
C, Med Microbiol Immunol 2003; 192: 145 | Weiss D, Head Neck 2011; 33: 856
Aggelopoulou EP, Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1391 | Blioumi E, Oral Oncol 2014; 50: 840 | Romanitan
Greece
M, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2077
Nemes JA, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006; 102: 344 | Szarka K, Oral
Hungary
Microbiol Immunol 2009; 24: 314
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 295 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Ireland Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772
Badaracco G, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1301 | Badaracco G, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 931 | Herrero R, J
Italy Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Rittà M, Head Neck 2009; 31: 318 | Scapoli L, Mod Pathol 2009;
22: 366
Braakhuis BJ, J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 998 | Cruz IB, Eur J Cancer, B, Oral Oncol 1996; 32B: 55
Netherlands
| van Monsjou HS, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 1806
Norway Matzow T, Acta Oncol 1998; 37: 73 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Snietura
Poland
M, Pol J Pathol 2010; 61: 133
Romania Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Russian Federation Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Serbia Kozomara R, J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2005; 33: 342
Slovakia Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Slovenia Kansky AA, Acta Virol 2003; 47: 11
GarcÃa-de Marcos JA, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 43: 274 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;
Spain
95: 1772 | Llamas-MartÃnez S, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 3733
Wikström A, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 325, Kirrander P, BJU Int 2011; 108: 355 |
Sweden Wikström A, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 325, Dahlgren L, Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 1015 |
Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125 | Sand L, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1183
The anogenital prevalence of HPV-DNA in men: HPV in men
Based on published systematic reviews, the ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until Oc-
tober 2015. Reference publications: 1) Dunne EF, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1044 2) Smith JS, J Adolesc
General sources
Health 2011; 48: 540 3) Olesen TB, Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90: 455 4) Hebnes JB, J Sex Med 2014;
11: 2630.
Africa
Kenya Ng’ayo MO, Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84: 62 | Smith JS, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 572
Rwanda Veldhuijzen NJ, Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39: 128
South Africa Auvert B, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53: 111 | Mbulawa ZZ, J Gen Virol 2010; 91: 3023
Tanzania Olesen TB, Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40: 592
Uganda Tobian AA, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 122
Americas
Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:
Brazil 2036 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 | Rosenblatt C, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 84: 156 |
Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
Canada Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
Chile Guzmán P, Rev Med Chil 2008; 136: 1381
Colombia Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705
Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2036 | Lajous M, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 1710 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28: 277 | Nyitray AG,
Mexico
J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 | Sánchez-Alemán MA, Salud Publica Mex 2002; 44: 442 | Vaccarella S, Int
J Cancer 2006; 119: 1934 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
Giuliano AR, J Infect Dis 2008; 198: 827 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:
2036 | Hernandez BY, J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 787 | Nielson CM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
United States of America
2007; 16: 1107 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 | Partridge JM, J Infect Dis 2007; 196: 1128 |
Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58 | Weaver BA, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 677
Asia
China Liu F, Sci Rep 2015; 5: 27
India Gupta A, J Clin Virol 2006; 37: 190
Japan Takahashi S, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 629
Philippines Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705
Republic of Korea Shin HR, J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 468
Thailand Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705
Europe
Croatia Grce M, Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 1039 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
Hebnes JB, Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42: 463 | Kjaer SK, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:
Denmark
1528
Finland Hippeläinen M, Sex Transm Dis 1993; 20: 321 | Kero K, J Sex Med 2011; 8: 2522
Grussendorf-Conen EI, Arch Dermatol Res 1987; 279 Suppl: S73 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203:
Germany
58
Italy Lorenzon L, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 264 | Nasca MR, Int J Dermatol 2006; 45: 681
Spain Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
Sweden Forslund O, J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 1975 | Kataoka A, J Med Virol 1991; 33: 159
The anogenital prevalence of HPV-DNA in men: HPV in special subgroups (HIV, MSM, etc)
Based on published systematic reviews, the ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until Oc-
tober 2015. Reference publications: 1) Dunne EF, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1044 2) Smith JS, J Adolesc
General sources
Health 2011; 48: 540 3) Olesen TB, Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90: 455 4) Hebnes JB, J Sex Med 2014;
11: 2630.
Africa
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 296 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Firnhaber C, Int J STD AIDS 2011; 22: 107 | Mbulawa ZZ, J Gen Virol 2010; 91: 3023 | Müller EE,
South Africa
Sex Transm Infect 2010; 86: 175 | Vogt SL, Front Oncol 2013; 3: 68
Uganda Tobian AA, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 122
Americas
Argentina Pando MA, PLoS One 2012; 7: 127
de Lima Rocha MG, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: 128 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Freire MP, Int
Braz J Urol 2014; 40: 67 | Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Guimarães MD, J Acquir Immune
Brazil Defic Syndr 2011; 57 Suppl 3: S217 | Nicolau SM, Urology 2005; 65: 251 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis
2011; 203: 49 | Rombaldi RL, Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39: 177 | Rosenblatt C, Int J Gynaecol Obstet
2004; 84: 156
de Pokomandy A, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 965 | Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Ogilvie GS,
Canada Sex Transm Infect 2009; 85: 221 | Salit IE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1986 | Salit
IE, AIDS 2010; 24: 1307
Colombia Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705
Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Leyva-López AG, Salud Publica Mex 2003; 45 Supp 5: S589
Mexico | Mendez-Martinez R, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 104 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 |
Torres-Ibarra L, Prev Med 2014; 69C: 157
Peru Blas MM, PLoS One 2015; 10: 124 | Quinn R, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28: 1734
Baken LA, J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 429 | Baldwin SB, J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1064 | Berry JM, Dis
Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 239 | Caussy D, Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 214 | Chin-Hong PV, J Infect Dis 2004;
190: 2070 | Chin-Hong PV, Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 300 | Colón-López V, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: 132
| Conley L, J Infect Dis 2010; 202: 1567 | Critchlow CW, AIDS 1998; 12: 1177 | Fife KH, Sex Transm
United States of America Dis 2003; 30: 246 | Friedman HB, J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 45 | Gandra S, HIV AIDS Auckl 2015; 7: 29
| Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Hood JE, Int J STD AIDS 2016; 27: 353 | Kiviat NB, AIDS
1993; 7: 43 | Moscicki AB, AIDS 2003; 17: 311 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 | Palefsky JM,
Genitourin Med 1997; 73: 174 | Palefsky JM, J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 361 | Palefsky JM, AIDS 2005;
19: 1407 | Wiley DJ, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: 131 | Wilkin TJ, J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 1685
Asia
Gao L, PLoS ONE 2010; 5: 125 | Li Z, PLoS One 2015; 10: 122 | Tang X, Biomed Environ Sci 2006;
China
19: 153 | Yang Y, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: 126 | Zhang DY, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: 134
India Gupta A, J Clin Virol 2006; 37: 190
Nagata N, PLoS One 2015; 10: 123 | Shigehara K, Int J Urol 2010; 17: 563 | Takahashi S, Sex Transm
Japan
Dis 2003; 30: 629 | Takahashi S, J Infect Chemother 2005; 11: 270
Philippines Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705
Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Leaungwutiwong P, Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42: 208 |
Thailand
Phanuphak N, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63: 472 | Supindham T, PLoS One 2015; 10: 121
Europe
Croatia Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66
Denmark Svare EI, Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78: 215
Aynaud O, Urology 2003; 61: 1098 | Damay A, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 592 | Philibert P, J Clin Med
France
2014; 3: 1386 | Piketty C, Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 96
Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Schneider A, J Urol 1988; 140: 1431 | Wieland U, Int J Med
Germany
Microbiol 2015; 305: 689
Greece Hadjivassiliou M, Int J STD AIDS 2007; 18: 329
Ireland Sadlier C, HIV Med 2014; 15: 499
Barzon L, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1424 | Benevolo M, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1275 | Chiarini F, Minerva
Urol Nefrol 1998; 50: 225 | Della Torre G, Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 1181 | Dona MG, J Infect 2015; 71:
Italy 74 | Garbuglia A, J Clin Virol 2015; 72: 49 | Giovannelli L, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 248 | Orlando
G, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47: 129 | Pierangeli A, AIDS 2008; 22: 1929 | Sammarco ML,
J Med Virol 2016; 88: 911
Bleeker MC, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47: 351 | Bleeker MC, Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 36 | Bleeker
MC, Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 612 | van der Snoek EM, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 639 | Van Doornum
Netherlands
GJ, Genitourin Med 1994; 70: 240 | van Rijn VM, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: 133 | Vriend HJ, PLoS ONE
2013; 8: 130 | Welling CA, Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42: 297
Russian Federation Wirtz AL, Euro Surveill 2015; 20: 23
Slovenia Golob B, Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 117 | Milosevic M, Cent Eur J Med 2010; 5: 698
Álvarez-Argüelles ME, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: 129 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Goldstone
S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Hidalgo-Tenorio C, PLoS One 2015; 10: 120 | Sendagorta E, Dis Colon
Spain
Rectum 2014; 57: 475 | Sendagorta E, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 1397 | Torres M, J Clin Microbiol 2013;
51: 3512 | Videla S, Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40: 03
Kataoka A, J Med Virol 1991; 33: 159 | Löwhagen GB, Int J STD AIDS 1999; 10: 615 | Strand A,
Sweden Genitourin Med 1993; 69: 446 | Voog E, Int J STD AIDS 1997; 8: 772 | Wikström A, Int J STD AIDS
1991; 2: 105 | Wikström A, Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 80
Bissett SL, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1744 | Cuschieri K, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1983 | Hillman RJ,
United Kingdom Genitourin Med 1993; 69: 187 | Jalal H, Int J STD AIDS 2007; 18: 617 | King EM, Br J Cancer 2015;
112: 1585 | Lacey HB, Sex Transm Infect 1999; 75: 172
HPV prevalence and type distribution in oral specimens collected from healthy population
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 297 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by ICO HPV Information Centre until July 2012.
Pubmed was searched using the keywords oral and papillomavirus. Inclusion criteria: studies report-
General sources ing oral HPV prevalence in healthy population in Europe; n > 50. Exclusion criteria: focused only in
children or immunosuppressed population; not written in English; case-control studies; commentaries
and systematic reviews and studies that did not use HPV DNA detection methods.
Africa
South Africa Davidson CL, S Afr Med J 2014;104(5):358-61 | Marais DJ, BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:95
Sudan Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95(23):1772-83
Americas
Argentina Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011;40(2):489-502
Araujo MV, Cad Saude Publica 2014;30(5):1115-9 | Cavenaghi VB, Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
2013;79(5):599-602 | do Sacramento PR, J Med Virol 2006;78(5):614-8 | Esquenazi D, Braz J Otorhi-
Brazil
nolaryngol 2010;76(1):78-84 | Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(1):172-82 |
Machado AP, Braz J Infect Dis 2014;18(3):266-70 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011;40(2):489-502
Dahlstrom KR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(12):2959-64 | Pintos J, Oral Oncol
Canada
2008;44(3):242-50
Costa Rica Lang Kuhs KA, J Infect Dis 2013;208(10):1643-52
Cuba Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011;40(2):489-502
Anaya-Saavedra G, Arch Med Res 2008;39(2):189-97 | Gonzalez-Ramirez I, Oral Dis 2013;19(8):796-
Mexico
804 | Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(1):172-82
Trinidad and Tobago Ragin CC, Biomarkers 2007;12(5):510-22
Cook RL, Sex Transm Dis 2014;41(8):486-92 | Chaturvedi AK, Cancer Res 2015;75(12):2468-77 |
D’Souza G, J Infect Dis 2009;199(9):1263-9 | D’Souza G, J Infect Dis 2009;199(9):1263-9 | Edelstein ZR,
Sex Transm Dis 2012;39(11):860-7 | Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(1):172-
82 | Pickard RK, Sex Transm Dis 2012;39(7):559-66 | Ragin C, Int J Mol Sci 2011;12(6):3928-40 |
United States of America
Sauter SL, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(5):864-72 | Schwartz SM, J Natl Cancer Inst
1998;90(21):1626-36 | Smith EM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96(6):449-55 | Smith EM, Pediatr Infect Dis
J 2007;26(9):836-40 | Smith EM, Sex Transm Dis 2004;31(1):57-62 | Summersgill KF, Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91(1):62-9 | Winer RL, Am J Epidemiol 2003;157(3):218-26
Asia
China Hang D, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(10):2101-10
India Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95(23):1772-83 | Koppikar P, Int J Cancer 2005;113(6):946-50
Iran Seifi S, Iran J Public Health 2013;42(1):79-85
Japan Kurose K, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98(1):91-6
Malaysia Saini R, J Investig Clin Dent 2011;2(4):241-7
Europe
Denmark Eike A, Clin Otolaryngol 1995;20:171, Eike A, Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1995;20(2):171-3
Kero K, Eur Urol 2012;62(6):1063-70 | Leimola-Virtanen R, Clin Infect Dis 1996;22(3):593-4, Kero K,
Finland
J Sex Med 2011;8:2522, Kero K, Eur Urol 2012;62(6):1063-70
Germany Meyer MF, Oral Oncol 2014;50(1):27-31
Greece Lambropoulos AF, Eur J Oral Sci 1997;105(4):294-7, Lambropoulos AF, Eur J Oral Sci 1997;105:294
Hungary Szarka K, Oral Microbiol Immunol 2009;24(4):314-8 | Tatar TZ, J Oral Pathol Med 2015;44(9):722-7
Migaldi M, J Oral Pathol Med 2012;41:16, Montaldo C, J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36:482, Migaldi M, J
Italy Oral Pathol Med 2012;41(1):16-20 | Montaldo C, J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36(8):482-7 | Morbini P, Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013;116(4):474-84
Spain Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95(23):1772-83, Cañadas MP, J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:1330
Hansson BG, Acta Otolaryngol 2005;125(12):1337-44 | Nordfors C, Scand J Infect Dis 2013;45(11):878-
Sweden
81
United Kingdom Kujan O, Oral Oncol 2006;42:810
HPV prevalence and type distribution in invasive oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
Based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed by ICO. Reference publications: 1) Ndiaye
General sources
C, Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 1319 2) Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 467
Africa
Boy S, J Oral Pathol Med 2006; 35: 86 | Van Rensburg EJ, Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 969, Boy S, J Oral
South Africa
Pathol Med 2006; 35: 86 | Van Rensburg EJ, Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 969
Sudan Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772, Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772
Americas
González JV, Medicina (B Aires) 2007; 67: 363 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, González
Argentina
JV, Medicina (B Aires) 2007; 67: 363 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Oliveira MC, Auris Nasus Larynx 2009; 36: 450 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Rivero
Brazil ER, Braz Oral Res 2006; 20: 21, Oliveira MC, Auris Nasus Larynx 2009; 36: 450 | Ribeiro KB, Int J
Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Rivero ER, Braz Oral Res 2006; 20: 21
Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Lingen MW, Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 1 | Noble-Topham
SE, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119: 1299, Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 |
Canada
Lingen MW, Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 1 | Noble-Topham SE, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119:
1299
Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Herrero R,
Cuba
J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 298 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Anaya-Saavedra G, Arch Med Res 2008; 39: 189 | Ibieta BR, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral
Mexico Radiol Endod 2005; 99: 311, Anaya-Saavedra G, Arch Med Res 2008; 39: 189 | Ibieta BR, Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005; 99: 311
Chuang AY, Oral Oncol 2008; 44: 915 | Furniss CS, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386 | Ha PK, Clin Cancer
Res 2002; 8: 1203 | Harris SL, Head Neck 2011; 33: 1622 | Holladay EB, Am J Clin Pathol 1993; 100:
36 | Hooper JE, Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23: 266 | Liang XH, J Oral Maxillofac
Surg 2008; 66: 1875 | Lingen MW, Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 1 | Lohavanichbutr P, Arch Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg 2009; 135: 180 | Paz IB, Cancer 1997; 79: 595 | Schlecht NF, Mod Pathol 2011; 24:
1295 | Schwartz SM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1626 | Smith EM, Int J Cancer 2004; 108: 766
| Walline HM, JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 139: 1320 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005;
United States of America 117: 605, Chuang AY, Oral Oncol 2008; 44: 915 | Furniss CS, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386 | Ha
PK, Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 1203 | Harris SL, Head Neck 2011; 33: 1622 | Holladay EB, Am J Clin
Pathol 1993; 100: 36 | Hooper JE, Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23: 266 | Liang XH, J
Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66: 1875 | Lingen MW, Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 1 | Lohavanichbutr P, Arch
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 135: 180 | Paz IB, Cancer 1997; 79: 595 | Schlecht NF, Mod Pathol
2011; 24: 1295 | Schwartz SM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1626 | Smith EM, Int J Cancer 2004; 108:
766 | Walline HM, JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 139: 1320 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005;
117: 605
Miller CS, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 77: 480 | Premoli-De-Percoco G, J Oral Pathol Med
Venezuela 2001; 30: 355, Miller CS, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 77: 480 | Premoli-De-Percoco G, J
Oral Pathol Med 2001; 30: 355
Asia
Gan LL, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5861 | Lee LA, Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94: e2069 |
Tang X, J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32: 393 | Wen S, Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 307 | Zhang ZY, Int J Oral
China Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33: 71, Gan LL, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5861 | Lee LA, Medicine
(Baltimore) 2015; 94: e2069 | Tang X, J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32: 393 | Wen S, Anticancer Res 1997;
17: 307 | Zhang ZY, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33: 71
Balaram P, Int J Cancer 1995; 61: 450 | Bhattacharya N, J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38: 759 | Chaudhary
AK, Virol J 2010; 7: 253 | D’Costa J, Oral Oncol 1998; 34: 413 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:
1772 | Laprise C, Int J Cancer 2016; 138: 912 | Mishra A, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2840 | Sebastian
India P, J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43: 593, Balaram P, Int J Cancer 1995; 61: 450 | Bhattacharya N, J Oral
Pathol Med 2009; 38: 759 | Chaudhary AK, Virol J 2010; 7: 253 | D’Costa J, Oral Oncol 1998; 34: 413
| Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Laprise C, Int J Cancer 2016; 138: 912 | Mishra A,
Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2840 | Sebastian P, J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43: 593
Saghravanian N, Acta Odontol Scand 2011; 69: 406, Saghravanian N, Acta Odontol Scand 2011; 69:
Iran
406
Bhawal UK, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 134: 1055 | Chiba I, Oncogene 1996; 12: 1663 |
Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35: 800 | Higa M, Oral Oncol 2003; 39: 405 | Kojima A, Oral Oncol 2002;
38: 591 | Shima K, Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 38: 445 | Shimizu M, J Dermatol Sci 2004; 36:
33 | Sugiyama M, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 95: 594 | Tang X, J Oral
Pathol Med 2003; 32: 393 | Tsuhako K, J Oral Pathol Med 2000; 29: 70, Bhawal UK, Arch Otolaryngol
Japan
Head Neck Surg 2008; 134: 1055 | Chiba I, Oncogene 1996; 12: 1663 | Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35:
800 | Higa M, Oral Oncol 2003; 39: 405 | Kojima A, Oral Oncol 2002; 38: 591 | Shima K, Br J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 2000; 38: 445 | Shimizu M, J Dermatol Sci 2004; 36: 33 | Sugiyama M, Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 95: 594 | Tang X, J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32: 393 |
Tsuhako K, J Oral Pathol Med 2000; 29: 70
Malaysia Lim KP, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 1321, Lim KP, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 1321
Republic of Korea Shin KH, Int J Oncol 2002; 21: 297, Shin KH, Int J Oncol 2002; 21: 297
Europe
Belarus Gudleviciene Z, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 531, Gudleviciene Z, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 531
Belgium Duray A, Laryngoscope 2012; 122: 1558, Duray A, Laryngoscope 2012; 122: 1558
Czechia Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Koskinen WJ, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 401 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125, Koskinen WJ, Int
Finland
J Cancer 2003; 107: 401 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
Klussmann JP, Cancer 2001; 92: 2875 | Krüger M, J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 42: 1506 | Ostwald
C, Med Microbiol Immunol 2003; 192: 145 | Weiss D, Head Neck 2011; 33: 856, Klussmann JP, Cancer
Germany
2001; 92: 2875 | Krüger M, J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 42: 1506 | Ostwald C, Med Microbiol
Immunol 2003; 192: 145 | Weiss D, Head Neck 2011; 33: 856
Aggelopoulou EP, Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1391 | Blioumi E, Oral Oncol 2014; 50: 840 | Romanitan
Greece M, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2077, Aggelopoulou EP, Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1391 | Blioumi E, Oral
Oncol 2014; 50: 840 | Romanitan M, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2077
Nemes JA, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006; 102: 344 | Szarka K, Oral
Hungary Microbiol Immunol 2009; 24: 314, Nemes JA, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod
2006; 102: 344 | Szarka K, Oral Microbiol Immunol 2009; 24: 314
Ireland Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772, Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772
Badaracco G, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1301 | Badaracco G, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 931 | Herrero R, J
Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Rittà M, Head Neck 2009; 31: 318 | Scapoli L, Mod Pathol 2009; 22:
Italy 366, Badaracco G, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1301 | Badaracco G, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 931 | Herrero R,
J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Rittà M, Head Neck 2009; 31: 318 | Scapoli L, Mod Pathol 2009;
22: 366
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 299 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Braakhuis BJ, J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 998 | Cruz IB, Eur J Cancer, B, Oral Oncol 1996; 32B: 55
Netherlands | van Monsjou HS, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 1806, Braakhuis BJ, J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 998 |
Cruz IB, Eur J Cancer, B, Oral Oncol 1996; 32B: 55 | van Monsjou HS, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 1806
Matzow T, Acta Oncol 1998; 37: 73 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125, Matzow T, Acta Oncol
Norway
1998; 37: 73 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Snietura M,
Poland Pol J Pathol 2010; 61: 133, Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol
2011; 40: 489 | Snietura M, Pol J Pathol 2010; 61: 133
Romania Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Russian Federation Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Kozomara R, J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2005; 33: 342, Kozomara R, J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2005; 33:
Serbia
342
Slovakia Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Slovenia Kansky AA, Acta Virol 2003; 47: 11, Kansky AA, Acta Virol 2003; 47: 11
García-de Marcos JA, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 43: 274 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;
95: 1772 | Llamas-Martínez S, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 3733, García-de Marcos JA, Int J Oral Max-
Spain
illofac Surg 2014; 43: 274 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Llamas-Martínez S,
Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 3733
Dahlgren L, Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 1015 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125 | Sand L, Anticancer
Sweden Res 2000; 20: 1183, Dahlgren L, Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 1015 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
| Sand L, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1183
HPV prevalence and type distribution in invasive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed by ICO. Reference publications: 1) Ndiaye
General sources
C, Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 1319 2) Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 467
Africa
South Africa Paquette C, Head Neck Pathol 2013; 7: 361
Americas
Argentina Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Cortezzi SS, Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2004; 150: 44 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489,
Brazil
Cortezzi SS, Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2004; 150: 44 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Canada Nichols AC, J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 42: 9
Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Herrero R,
Cuba
J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Agoston ES, Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134: 36 | Chaturvedi AK, J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 4294 | Cohen
MA, Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128: 583 | D’Souza G, N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1944 | Ernster JA,
Laryngoscope 2007; 117: 2115 | Furniss CS, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386 | Kingma DW, Anticancer
Res 2010; 30: 5099 | Kong CS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 74: 553 | Lohavanichbutr P, Arch
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 135: 180 | Posner MR, Ann Oncol 2011; 22: 1071 | Schlecht NF,
Mod Pathol 2011; 24: 1295 | Schwartz SM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1626 | Smith EM, Int J Cancer
2004; 108: 766 | Strome SE, Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 1093 | Tezal M, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg 2009; 135: 391 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 605, Agoston ES, Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134: 36
| Chaturvedi AK, J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 4294 | Cohen MA, Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128: 583 | D’Souza
United States of America G, J Clin Oncol 2014; 32: 2408 | D’Souza G, N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1944 | Ernster JA, Laryngoscope
2007; 117: 2115 | Furniss CS, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386 | Hooper JE, Appl Immunohistochem Mol
Morphol 2015; 23: 266 | Isayeva T, Hum Pathol 2014; 45: 310 | Jordan RC, Am J Surg Pathol 2012;
36: 945 | Kerr DA, Am J Surg Pathol 2015; 39: 1643 | Kingma DW, Anticancer Res 2010; 30: 5099
| Kong CS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 74: 553 | Lohavanichbutr P, Arch Otolaryngol Head
Neck Surg 2009; 135: 180 | Posner MR, Ann Oncol 2011; 22: 1071 | Schlecht NF, Mod Pathol 2011;
24: 1295 | Schwartz SM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1626 | Sethi S, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 1179 |
Smith EM, Int J Cancer 2004; 108: 766 | Steinau M, Emerging Infect Dis 2014; 20: 822 | Strome SE,
Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 1093 | Tezal M, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 135: 391 | Walline
HM, JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 139: 1320 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 605
Asia
China Li W, Pathology 2007; 39: 217, Li W, Pathology 2007; 39: 217
India Bahl A, Head Neck 2014; 36: 505
Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35: 800 | Hama T, Oncology 2014; 87: 173 | Hatakeyama H, Oncol Rep 2014;
Japan
32: 2673
Kim SH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 1418 | Oh TJ, J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3272, Kim SH, Int J Cancer
Republic of Korea
2007; 120: 1418 | Oh TJ, J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3272
Turkey Tural D, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 6065
Europe
Klozar J, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 265 Suppl 1: S75 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40:
Czechia 489 | Rotnáglová E, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 101, Klozar J, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 265 Suppl
1: S75 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Rotnáglová E, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 101
Finland Jouhi L, Tumour Biol 2015; 36: 7755
Charfi L, Cancer Lett 2008; 260: 72 | Fouret P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 513,
France Charfi L, Cancer Lett 2008; 260: 72 | Fonmarty D, Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2015;
132: 135 | Fouret P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 513
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 300 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Andl T, Cancer Res 1998; 58: 5 | Hoffmann M, Acta Otolaryngol 1998; 118: 138 | Hoffmann M, Int J
Cancer 2010; 127: 1595 | Klussmann JP, Cancer 2001; 92: 2875 | Reimers N, Int J Cancer 2007; 120:
1731 | Weiss D, Head Neck 2011; 33: 856 | Wittekindt C, Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 62: 72, Andl T,
Germany Cancer Res 1998; 58: 5 | Hoffmann M, Acta Otolaryngol 1998; 118: 138 | Hoffmann M, Int J Cancer
2010; 127: 1595 | Holzinger D, Cancer Res 2012; 72: 4993 | Klussmann JP, Cancer 2001; 92: 2875 |
Krupar R, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271: 1737 | Reimers N, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 1731 |
Weiss D, Head Neck 2011; 33: 856 | Wittekindt C, Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 62: 72
Greece Romanitan M, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2077, Romanitan M, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2077
Boscolo-Rizzo P, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135: 559 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:
1772 | Licitra L, J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 5630 | Rittà M, Head Neck 2009; 31: 318, Boscolo-Rizzo P, J
Italy
Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135: 559 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Licitra L, J
Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 5630 | Rittà M, Head Neck 2009; 31: 318
Braakhuis BJ, J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 998, Braakhuis BJ, J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 998 |
Netherlands
Henneman R, Anticancer Res 2015; 35: 4015 | van Monsjou HS, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 1806
Norway Hannisdal K, Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130: 293, Hannisdal K, Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130: 293
Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Snietura M, Pol J Pathol 2010; 61: 133 | Szkaradkiewicz
Poland A, Clin Exp Med 2002; 2: 137, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Snietura M, Pol J Pathol
2010; 61: 133 | Szkaradkiewicz A, Clin Exp Med 2002; 2: 137
Romania Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Russian Federation Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Slovakia Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Spain Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772, Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772
Attner P, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 2879 | Dahlgren L, Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 1015 | Hammarstedt L,
Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2620 | Lindquist D, Anticancer Res 2012; 32: 153 | Näsman A, Int J Cancer
Sweden 2009; 125: 362, Attner P, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 2879 | Dahlgren L, Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 1015 |
Hammarstedt L, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2620 | Lindquist D, Anticancer Res 2012; 32: 153 | Näsman
A, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 362
Switzerland Lindel K, Cancer 2001; 92: 805, Lindel K, Cancer 2001; 92: 805
Anderson CE, J Clin Pathol 2007; 60: 439 | Schache AG, Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17: 6262 | Thavaraj
S, J Clin Pathol 2011; 64: 308, Anderson CE, J Clin Pathol 2007; 60: 439 | Conway C, J Mol Diagn
United Kingdom
2012; 14: 104 | Evans M, BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 220 | Schache AG, Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17: 6262 |
Thavaraj S, J Clin Pathol 2011; 64: 308 | Wells LA, J Clin Pathol 2015; 68: 849
HPV prevalence and type distribution in invasive hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed by ICO. Reference publications: 1) Ndiaye
General sources
C, Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 1319 2) Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 467
Americas
Argentina Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Miranda FA, J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57: 665 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489,
Brazil
Miranda FA, J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57: 665 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Canada Fliss DM, Laryngoscope 1994; 104: 146, Fliss DM, Laryngoscope 1994; 104: 146
Gheit T, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 642 | Torrente MC, Acta Otolaryngol 2005; 125: 888, Gheit T, J Med
Chile
Virol 2014; 86: 642 | Torrente MC, Acta Otolaryngol 2005; 125: 888
García-Milián R, Acta Otolaryngol 1998; 118: 754 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, García-
Cuba
Milián R, Acta Otolaryngol 1998; 118: 754 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Brandwein MS, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1993; 102: 309 | Chernock RD, Mod Pathol 2013; 26: 223 |
Furniss CS, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386 | Paz IB, Cancer 1997; 79: 595 | Schlecht NF, Mod Pathol
2011; 24: 1295 | Shen J, Mod Pathol 1996; 9: 15 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 605, Brandwein
United States of America
MS, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1993; 102: 309 | Chernock RD, Mod Pathol 2013; 26: 223 | Furniss CS,
Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386 | Paz IB, Cancer 1997; 79: 595 | Schlecht NF, Mod Pathol 2011; 24: 1295
| Shen J, Mod Pathol 1996; 9: 15 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 605
Asia
Liu B, Neoplasma 2010; 57: 594 | Ma XL, J Med Virol 1998; 54: 186, Liu B, Neoplasma 2010; 57: 594
China
| Ma XL, J Med Virol 1998; 54: 186
India Jacob SE, J Surg Oncol 2002; 79: 142, Jacob SE, J Surg Oncol 2002; 79: 142
Anwar K, Int J Cancer 1993; 53: 22 | Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35: 800 | Mineta H, Anticancer Res
1998; 18: 4765 | Ogura H, Jpn J Cancer Res 1991; 82: 1184 | Shidara K, Laryngoscope 1994; 104:
Japan 1008, Anwar K, Int J Cancer 1993; 53: 22 | Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35: 800 | Mineta H, Anticancer
Res 1998; 18: 4765 | Ogura H, Jpn J Cancer Res 1991; 82: 1184 | Shidara K, Laryngoscope 1994; 104:
1008
Bozdayi G, J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 38: 119 | Dönmez M, Kuwait Med J 2000 | Gungor
Turkey A, J Laryngol Otol 2007; 121: 772, Bozdayi G, J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 38: 119 | Dönmez
M, Kuwait Med J 2000 | Gungor A, J Laryngol Otol 2007; 121: 772
Europe
Belarus Gudleviciene Z, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 531, Gudleviciene Z, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 531
Belgium Duray A, Int J Oncol 2011; 39: 51, Duray A, Int J Oncol 2011; 39: 51
Czechia Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Denmark Lindeberg H, Cancer Lett 1999; 146: 9, Lindeberg H, Cancer Lett 1999; 146: 9
Koskinen WJ, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 401 | Koskinen WJ, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133: 673 |
Finland Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125, Koskinen WJ, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 401 | Koskinen WJ, J
Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133: 673 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9 REFERENCES - 301 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page

Country Study
Fouret P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 513, Fouret P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck
France
Surg 1997; 123: 513
Fischer M, Acta Otolaryngol 2003; 123: 752 | Hoffmann M, Acta Otolaryngol 1998; 118: 138 | Hoff-
mann M, Anticancer Res 2006; 26: 663 | Hoffmann M, Oncol Rep 2009; 21: 809 | Kleist B, J Oral
Pathol Med 2000; 29: 432 | Klussmann JP, Cancer 2001; 92: 2875 | Krupar R, Eur Arch Otorhino-
Germany laryngol 2014; 271: 1737, Fischer M, Acta Otolaryngol 2003; 123: 752 | Hoffmann M, Acta Otolaryngol
1998; 118: 138 | Hoffmann M, Anticancer Res 2006; 26: 663 | Hoffmann M, Oncol Rep 2009; 21: 809
| Kleist B, J Oral Pathol Med 2000; 29: 432 | Klussmann JP, Cancer 2001; 92: 2875 | Krupar R, Eur
Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271: 1737
Gorgoulis VG, Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 274 | Vlachtsis K, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 262: 890,
Greece
Gorgoulis VG, Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 274 | Vlachtsis K, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 262: 890
Hungary Major T, J Clin Pathol 2005; 58: 51, Major T, J Clin Pathol 2005; 58: 51
Azzimonti B, Histopathology 2004; 45: 560 | Badaracco G, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1301 | Badaracco
G, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 931 | Boscolo-Rizzo P, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135: 559 | Cattani P,
Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 2585 | Gallo A, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 141: 276, Azzimonti B,
Italy
Histopathology 2004; 45: 560 | Badaracco G, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1301 | Badaracco G, Oncol Rep
2007; 17: 931 | Boscolo-Rizzo P, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135: 559 | Cattani P, Clin Cancer Res
1998; 4: 2585 | Gallo A, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 141: 276
Gudleviciene Z, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 531 | Gudleviciene Z, Oncology 2009; 76: 205, Gudleviciene Z, J
Lithuania
Med Virol 2014; 86: 531 | Gudleviciene Z, Oncology 2009; 76: 205
Koskinen WJ, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133: 673 | Lie ES, Acta Otolaryngol 1996; 116: 900 |
Norway Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125, Koskinen WJ, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133: 673 | Lie
ES, Acta Otolaryngol 1996; 116: 900 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
Morshed K, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 265 Suppl 1: S89 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011;
40: 489 | Snietura M, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 268: 721, Morshed K, Eur Arch Otorhino-
Poland
laryngol 2008; 265 Suppl 1: S89 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Snietura M, Eur Arch
Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 268: 721
Romania Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Russian Federation Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Slovakia Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Slovenia Poljak M, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1997; 527: 66, Poljak M, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1997; 527: 66
Alvarez Alvarez I, Am J Otolaryngol 1997; 18: 375 | Pérez-Ayala M, Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 8, Alvarez
Spain
Alvarez I, Am J Otolaryngol 1997; 18: 375 | Pérez-Ayala M, Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 8
Koskinen WJ, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133: 673 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125,
Sweden
Koskinen WJ, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133: 673 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
Switzerland Adams V, Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1, Adams V, Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

10 GLOSSARY - 302 -

10 Glossary

Table 48: Glossary

Term Definition
Incidence is the number of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population. This informa-
tion is collected routinely by cancer registries. It can be expressed as an absolute number of cases per
Incidence
year or as a rate per 100,000 persons per year (see Crude rate and ASR below). The rate provides an
approximation of the average risk of developing a cancer.
Mortality is the number of deaths occurring in a given period in a specified population. It can be
Mortality
expressed as an absolute number of deaths per year or as a rate per 100,000 persons per year.
The prevalence of a particular cancer can be defined as the number of persons in a defined population
who have been diagnosed with that type of cancer, and who are still alive at the end of a given year,
the survivors. Complete prevalence represents the number of persons alive at certain point in time
who previously had a diagnosis of the disease, regardless of how long ago the diagnosis was, or if the
patient is still under treatment or is considered cured. Partial prevalence , which limits the number of
patients to those diagnosed during a fixed time in the past, is a particularly useful measure of cancer
Prevalence burden. Prevalence of cancers based on cases diagnosed within one, three and five are presented as
they are likely to be of relevance to the different stages of cancer therapy, namely, initial treatment
(one year), clinical follow-up (three years) and cure (five years). Patients who are still alive five years
after diagnosis are usually considered cured since the death rates of such patients are similar to those
in the general population. There are exceptions, particularly breast cancer. Prevalence is presented for
the adult population only (ages 15 and over), and is available both as numbers and as proportions per
100,000 persons.
Data on incidence or mortality are often presented as rates. For a specific tumour and population, a
crude rate is calculated simply by dividing the number of new cancers or cancer deaths observed during
Crude rate
a given time period by the corresponding number of person years in the population at risk. For cancer,
the result is usually expressed as an annual rate per 100,000 persons at risk.
An age-standardised rate (ASR) is a summary measure of the rate that a population would have if
it had a standard age structure. Standardization is necessary when comparing several populations
that differ with respect to age because age has a powerful influence on the risk of cancer. The ASR is
a weighted mean of the age-specific rates; the weights are taken from population distribution of the
standard population. The most frequently used standard population is the World Standard Population.
ASR (age-standardised rate)
The calculated incidence or mortality rate is then called age-standardised incidence or mortality rate
(world). It is also expressed per 100,000. The world standard population used in GLOBOCAN is as
proposed by Segi [1] and modified by Doll and al. [2]. The age-standardised rate is calculated using 10
age-groups. The result may be slightly different from that computed using the same data categorised
using the traditional 5 year age bands.
Cumulative incidence/mortality is the probability or risk of individuals getting/dying from the disease
during a specified period. For cancer, it is expressed as the number of new born children (out of 100,
Cumulative risk
or 1000) who would be expected to develop/die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had
the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
Cytologically normal women No abnormal cells are observed on the surface of their cervix upon cytology.
SIL and CIN are two commonly used terms to describe precancerous lesions or the abnormal growth
Cervical Intraepithelial Neo- of squamous cells observed in the cervix. SIL is an abnormal result derived from cervical cytological
plasia (CIN) / Squamous In- screening or Pap smear testing. CIN is a histological diagnosis made upon analysis of cervical tissue
traepithelial Lesions (SIL) obtained by biopsy or surgical excision. The condition is graded as CIN 1, 2 or 3, according to the
thickness of the abnormal epithelium (1/3, 2/3 or the entire thickness).
Low-grade cervical lesions Low-grade cervical lesions are defined by early changes in size, shape, and number of ab-normal cells
(LSIL/CIN-1) formed on the surface of the cervix and may be referred to as mild dysplasia, LSIL, or CIN-1.
High-grade cervical lesions are defined by a large number of precancerous cells on the sur-face of the
High-grade cervical lesions cervix that are distinctly different from normal cells. They have the potential to become cancerous
(HSIL / CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS) cells and invade deeper tissues of the cervix. These lesions may be referred to as moderate or severe
dysplasia, HSIL, CIN-2, CIN-3 or cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS).
Preinvasive malignancy limited to the epithelium without invasion of the basement membrane. CIN 3
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
encompasses the squamous carcinoma in situ.
If the high-grade precancerous cells invade the basement membrane is called ICC. ICC stages range
Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) /
from stage I (cancer is in the cervix or uterus only) to stage IV (the cancer has spread to distant organs,
Cervical cancer
such as the liver).
Adenocarcinoma Invasive tumour with glandular and squamous elements intermingled

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

 - 303 -

Acknowledgments
This report has been developed by the Unit of Infections and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research
Program, at the Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO, Catalan Institute of Oncology). This report was sup-
ported by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish Government) through the projects
PI18/01137 and CIBERESP CB06/02/0073, and the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the De-
partment of Business and knowledge of the Government of Catalonia grants to support the activities of
research groups (SGR 2017–2019) (Grant number 2017SGR1718). The report has also received funding
from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No.
847845. We thank the CERCA Program / Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. The HPV
Information Centre is being developed by the ICO. The Centre was originally launched by ICO with the
collaboration of WHO’s Immunisation, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB) department and support from the
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO), in alphabetic order

Albero G, Bosch FX, Bruni L, Collado JJ, de Sanjosé S, Gómez D, Mena M, Muñoz J, Serrano B.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

Note to the reader

Anyone who is aware of relevant published data that may not have been included in the present report
is encouraged to contact the HPV Information Centre for potential contributions.
Although efforts have been made by the HPV Information Centre to prepare and include as accurately
as possible the data presented, mistakes may occur. Readers are requested to communicate any errors
to the HPV Information Centre, so that corrections can be made in future volumes.

Disclaimer
The information in this database is provided as a service to our users. Any digital or printed publica-
tion of the information provided in the web site should be accompanied by an acknowledgment of HPV
Information Centre as the source. Systematic retrieval of data to create, directly or indirectly, a scien-
tific publication, collection, database, directory or website requires a permission from HPV Information
Centre.
The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material contained in the HPV Information Cen-
tre lies on the user. In no event shall the HPV Information Centre be liable for any damages arising
from the use of the information.

Licensed Logo Use

Use, reproduction, copying, or redistribution of HPV Information Centre logo is strictly prohibited with-
out written explicit permission from the HPV Information Centre.

Contact information:

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

Institut Català d’Oncologia
Avda. Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199-203
08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona, Spain)
e-mail: info@hpvcentre.net
internet address: www.hpvcentre.net

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre