I.

Fill in the blanks

Today, I want to talk about …………………………theory and how the actions of
leaders can affect the way followers approach different situations. Self-regulatory
focus theory is a theory developed by Tori Higgins. He says that a person's focus at
any given time is to either………………. pleasure or avoid pain.
These are two basic motivations that each and every one of us has, and they cause us
to have different kinds of goals. Promotion goals in different life
situations……………………. Prevention goals are oriented towards the avoidance of
punishment.
In a specific situation, our thoughts might focus more on promotion goals or more on
prevention goals. The theory suggests that two factors affect which goals we are
focusing on.
First, there is a………………………...This factor is connected to a person's
personality and says that each person has a basic tendency to either focus more on
promotion goals or focus more on prevention goals as part of his or her personality.
Second, there is a ………………………..which means that the context we are in can
make us more likely to focus on one set of goals or the other.
For example, we are more likely to be thinking about pleasure and to have promotion
goals when we are spending time with a friend.
In contrast, if we are working on an important project for our boss, we are more
likely to try to avoid making mistakes and therefore have more prevention goals in
our mind. Research has shown that the goals we are focusing on at a given time affect
the way we think. For example, when focusing on promotion goals,
people consider their ideal self, their…………………………...
They don't think about what they can lose, so they think in a happier mode.
They feel more inspired to change.
When people are focusing on prevention goals, they think about their “ought” self.
What are they supposed to be?
What are people expecting from them?
They consider their obligations to others.
As a result, they experience more anxiety and try to avoid situations where they could
lose.
Now that I have talked about the…………………... and how they affect people,
I want to look at the idea that the way leaders behave, or their style of leading,
can affect the focus that followers adopt in a specific situation.
In talking about leadership, we often mention…………………….l leaders and
………………..leaders.
In their words and actions transformational leaders highlight change.
Their speech is passionate and………………….a definitive vision.
All of these things can encourage followers to think about what could be.
In other words, they inspire a promotion focus in their followers.
In contrast, transactional leaders focus on developing clear structures
that tell their followers exactly what is expected of them.
While they do explain the rewards people will get for…………………..,
 they emphasise more how a follower will be punished
or that a follower won't get rewarded
if his or her behaviour doesn't change.
In short, they emphasise the consequences of making a mistake.
This emphasis will clearly lead followers to focus on avoiding punishment and
problems.
This is clearly a prevention focus.
In conclusion, it is important to understand that one focus is not necessarily better
than the other one.
For a designer who works in a field where a lot of…………………….. is needed,
a …………………focus is probably better.
In contrast, a ………………….focus which causes people to work more
…………………and produce higher quality work might be very appropriate for a job
like a surgeon, for example.

II. MAP LABELLING

1. bowling alley
 2. park
3. cafe
4. SUPERMARKET
5.LEISURE CENTRE
Sophie: Of course! There’s lots of places for students. Firstly, if you go across the
bridge over the river outside the campus and turn left… Oh no, sorry, that’s the
garage… turn right, then you’ll get to the bowling alley, which is really popular at the
weekends because it’s so close to the campus.
=> MỘT CHIẾC BẪY ĐƯỢC ĐƯA RA Ở ĐÂY, NHẬN ĐỊNH ĐÚNG PHẢI NẰM SAU CÂU
XIN LỖI, VẬY VỊ TRÍ SỐ 1 LÀ “BOWLING ALLEY“
Jane: Oh, that’s great! I love bowling.

Jane: Actually, I’m happy just to run in the park.

Sophie: Well, there’s a large park in town, too. If you go down the road opposite the bowling
alley and take the first right, then you’ll get to the park. It’s quite big and there’s a lake in it.

=> nghe thấy “the road opposite the bowling alley”, chú ý vào con đường đối diện hẻm bô
linh, sau đó rẽ phải, vậy vị trí số 2 là “park“

Jane: What about places to eat out? Are there any good student hang-outs?

Sophie: Absolutely. There’s the Elm Tree Café, which is down the road from the post office in
the opposite direction from the river. The Café is on a fork in the main road and it’s quite an
institution round here.

=> NGHE THẤY TỪ KHÓA “POST OFFICE“, CỤM “ON A FORK” NGHĨA LÀ Ở NGÃ BA,
VẬY VỊ TRÍ SỐ 3 LÀ “CAFÉ”
Jane: OK, well, I’ll have to check it out. I’m looking for a part-time job so maybe I’ll be able to
find work there.

Sophie: Mm, you should try – they’re always looking for new staff and the often hire
students. Now have I forgotten any other important places? Oh yes, you like sport, so I
should mention the leisure centre. Don’t get it confused with the swimming baths, which are
down the road from the supermarket. The leisure centre is opposite.

=> MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ GIẢI THÍCH CHO “SWIMMING BATHS” Ở DƯỚI ĐƯỜNG TỪ
SIÊU THỊ, VẬY VỊ TRÍ SỐ 4 LÀ “SUPERMARKET“. CÒN ĐỐI DIỆN SIÊU THỊ LÀ “LEISURE
CENTRE” – VỊ TRÍ SỐ 5.
Vậy để làm tốt một bài “Labelling a plan“, đầu tiên các bạn cần bắt được tên địa điểm, và
xác định vị trí của địa điểm đó được mô tả như thế nào trong bài nghe. Thường thì bạn sẽ
nghe thấy những cụm giới từ chỉ vị trí rất hay xuất hiện trong bài nghe IELTS dạng này như
“On the left, on a fork, first right, down the road, along the road, opposite, next to, behind, at
the end of the street”… Vậy nên, bạn hãy ghi nhớ những cụm từ này để trở nên hoàn toàn
tự tin khi làm bài nghe “Labelling a plan” nhé. Ngoài ra, hãy nhớ một số từ vựng qua bài học
trên về chủ đề này:
\

17 G
18 D
19 B

20 F
17. box office
Phòng vé nằm ở phía bên cạnh, với một lối vào riêng biệt.

=> Đáp án là G

Standing here in the foyer, you’re probably wondering why the box office
isn’t here, where the public would expect to find it. Well, you might have
noticed it on your way in – although it’s part of this building, it’s next door
with a separate entrance from the road

18. theatre manager’s office

Để đến văn phòng quản lý nhà hát, bạn cần đi qua sảnh chính của rạp hát,
sau đó đi qua cái cửa hai cánh, và rẽ phải.

Phòng quản lý nhà hát nằm ở cuối hành lang phía bên trái.

=> Đáp án là D

For the theatre manager’s office, you go across the foyer and through the
double doors, turn right, and it’s the room at the end of the corridor, with
the door on the left

19. lighting box

Để đến phòng lighting box bạn cần đi qua cửa 2 cánh, sau đó rẽ trái, khi
đến máy làm mát nước thì rẽ phải. Ở cuối đường thì rẽ phải lần nữa. Phòng
lighting box sẽ là phòng thứ 2 ở cái hành lang đó.

=> Đáp án là B

The lighting box is where the computerised stage lighting is operated and
it’s at the back of the building. When you’re through the double doors turn
left, turn right at the water cooler, and right again at the end. It’s the second
room along that corridor

20. artistic director’s offices

Để đến văn phòng của đạo diễn mỹ thuật, bạn cần đi qua cửa hai cánh, sau
đó rẽ phải và nó là phòng đầu tiên ở phía tay phải.

=> Đáp án là F
The artistic director’s office is through the double doors, turn right and it’s
the first room you come to on the right-hand side

OK, that was something about the collections, and now here’s some
more practical information, in case you need it. Most of the museum
facilities are downstairs, in the basement, so you go down the stairs
here. When you reach the bottom of the stairs, you’ll find yourself in a
sitting area, with comfortable chairs and sofas where you can have a
rest before continuing your exploration of the museum.
We have a very good restaurant, which serves excellent food all day, in
a relaxing atmosphere. To reach it, when you get to the bottom of the
stairs, go straight ahead to the far side of the sitting area, then turn
right into the corridor. You’ll see the door on the restaurant facing you
(Q17).
If you just want a snack, or if you’d like to eat somewhere with facilities
for children, we also have a café. When you reach the bottom of the
stairs, you’ll need to go straight ahead, turn right into the corridor,
and the café is immediately on the right. (Q18)
And talking about children, there are baby-changing facilities
downstairs: cross the sitting area, continue straight ahead along the
corridor on the left and you and your body will find the facilities on
the left-hand side. (Q19)
The cloakroom where you should leave coats, umbrella and any large
bags, is on the left hand side of the sitting area. It’s through the last
door before you come to the corridor. (Q20)
There are toilets on every floor, but in the basement they’re the first
rooms on the left when you get down there.

OK, now if you’ve got anything to leave in the cloakroom, please do that
now, and then we’ll start our tour.