INTRODUCTION

TO THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF THE HUMAN
PERSON
Is the interchange of
thoughts and feelings,
both conscious and
unconscious, between
two persons or
“subjects” as facilitated
by empathy?
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
Who is the
philosopher who
coined the term
intersubjectivity?
EDMUND HUSSERL
Give 2 reasons that
drives human
person to interact
with their fellow
human in more
meaningful way.
1. RECOGNIZING THE SELF IN
THE OTHER
2. UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN DISTINCT SUBJECTS
This allows the person
to give him/herself to
others and also allows
the individual to
receive others in
his/her life and relate
with them.
INTERIORITY
Enumerate the 3 level
of self-other interaction
according to
philosophers
1. Awareness of the existence of
the others
2. Awareness of the self as
being seen by others
3. Awareness of the self in the
other
This is how an
individual presents
him/herself in a way
when dealing with
others.
SEEMING
A deeper and more
substantial interactions
and relations with other
people. This is made
possible when the self
realizes that the other is a
genuine and unique
individual.
DIALOGUE
It enables us to
experience another
person’s emotions, such
as happiness, anger, and
sadness.
EMPATHY
Willingness of a person
to be present and be at
the disposal of another.
AVAILABILITY
It states that people
have a moral obligation
to respond to the needs
of other people; and
cannot turn a blind eye
on the problem of others.
ETHICS OF CARE
This arises when a
person ceases to view
the other as a distinct
and authentic person
and merely considers the
other person as a mere
object or means to
satisfy personal interests.
ALIENATION
Is rooted in the person’s
self – determination and
the exercise of intellect
and free will. Is
experienced through the
act of making choices.
FREEDOM
Absence of physical
restraint.
PHYSICAL FREEDOM
Freedom of choice. A
person is free to perform
actions that he or she
considers right and wise.
Free to act or not to act.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FREEDOM
Using freedom in a
manner that upholds
human dignity and
goodness. Freedom is
not an object that a
person may use
whatever way he/she
pleases.
MORAL FREEDOM
Refers to the ability of a
person to act out of
his/her own free will and
self-determination.
VOLUNTASINESS
Refers to the person
being accountable for
his/her actions and their
consequences.
RESPONSIBILITY
THE HUMAN PERSON
IN SOCIETY
IPHP – LESSON 7
 Describe yourself in relations to
the following:
1. In my family, I am the…
2. My family has made me…
3. In my school, I consider myself…
4. My school has helped me become…
5. In my community, I am a…
6. My community has enabled me to…
 Is an organized group
of people whose
members interact
frequently and have a common
territory and culture. It also refers
to a companionship or friendly
association with others, an alliance,
a community, or a union.
Philosophers
consider society as
the product of
deliberate actions
by individuals
who come
together in pursuit
of a common goal.
1. How has your family defined your
identity as a person?
2. In what way has your school and
community influenced your growth?
3. In what way do you see yourself
making a significant contribution to
society?
“NATURAL STATE", removed from modernity and
civilization. Examining humans in their natural state
afforded these philosophers an opportunity to discuss
the origins of society and relate them to other concepts
such as man's intrinsic nature and liberty.
 THOMAS HOBBES
SOCIAL CONTRACT
Person in their natural states
are governed by their desires and these
often lead to conflict with their
fellowmen.
Society, therefore, is the means by which
people seek to control their natural
tendencies and impose order.
 THOMAS HOBBES
SOCIAL CONTRACT
Individuals who establish societies enter
into a "social contract"- an agreement
where individuals sacrifice an amount of
their freedom and submit to a higher
authority, In this way, society is able to
function and meet the needs of the many,
ensuring the survival of humanity.
 JOHN LOCKE
CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED
Person in their natural states
is more cooperative and reasonable, and
that society is formed through the
consent of the individuals that organized
it. This concept is known as the consent of
the governed.
 JOHN LOCKE
CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED
Locke's social contract is a covenant
among individuals to cooperate and
share the burden of upholding the
welfare of society. Also, the authority
established to run society should reflect
the ideals of the people who organized
it.
 JOHN LOCKE
CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED
Should this authority fail to uphold its
obligation or live up to the ideals of the
people, it will be discarded and replaced
with a new one.
 JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
GENERAL WILL
Believed that even if the people
are the ones who organized society and
established an authority or government,
in extreme cases, the government is able
to impose its will on the people.
 JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
GENERAL WILL

This is based on the assumption that the

people have empowered the
government to act on their behalf, and
that it is considered to be the best judge
of what is most beneficial for society.
 JOHN RAWLS
ORIGINAL POSITION
Redefined the social contract
and explained that human beings
approach social cooperation in a rational
manner in order to meet their individual
self-interests.
 JOHN RAWLS
ORIGINAL POSITION
Rawls introduced a version of the natural
state which he called the original position
to explain social formation. He imagined
humans as having a "veil of ignorance,"
or no knowledge of one's own
characteristics such as gender, race, or
social status.
 JOHN RAWLS
ORIGINAL POSITION
In this state, humans would naturally
seek a just and fair society in an effort to
look out for their own interests.
 JOHN RAWLS
ORIGINAL POSITION
David Gauthier described people's self-
interest as a significant factor in building
and maintaining societies. People choose
to cooperate since it is beneficial to meet
their self-interests. But their individual
needs also further the interests of the
other members of society.
It is important to note that society is
founded on the concept of the common
good. Philosophers who discussed the
origins of society traced the emergence
of society to the human desire to achieve
the goal of survival.
Common good refers to the social
conditions which enable persons and to
fulfill their goals and achieve well-being.
Examples of the common within the
community, clean and safe public spaces,
an efficient good may include peace
transport system, and efficient public
service. It applies to all members of
society.
FORMS OF
SOCIETIES
HUNTING & GATHERING
SOCIETY
This is recognized as the
earliest and simplest form
of society. It is generally
characterized by its small
size and is composed
mainly of families.
HUNTING & GATHERING
SOCIETY
They are nomadic because
they spend most of their
time searching for food and
thus, have no permanent
territory. The hierarchy in
this type of society is not
very varied.
HUNTING & GATHERING
SOCIETY
Its members are generally
treated equally and
decisions are usually
arrived at through a
consensus. Because of this,
the roles of its members
and the division of labor is
not very clearly defined.
 PASTORAL SOCIETY
This type of society is
characterized by the
domestication of animals
for food for a more stable
and predictable food
supply.
 PASTORAL SOCIETY
Pastoral communities have
larger populations than
hunting and gathering
societies and remain longer in
one place. In addition, pastoral
societies often produce surplus
food and resources, which
they trade with other societies.
 PASTORAL SOCIETY
This relative prosperity
enables the people to engage
in other activities apart from
those necessary for survival,
such as handicrafts. This
eventually leads to the
emergence of specialized
tasks in the community.
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
A horticultural society
primarily engages in the
small-scale cultivation of
plants, fruits, and
vegetables and the
domestication of animals.
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
This societies are semi-
nomadic, which means that
they travel to another place
when they have already
depleted the resources in one
area. In this society, roles and
responsibilities are more
clearly defined with many
tasks assigned according to
gender.
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Similar to the pastoral society,
there is also a surplus of
goods, which sometimes leads
to inequalities among its
members. In early societies,
the individuals were often
very family- and clan-oriented,
and their behaviors and
actions were restricted by
tradition.
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
The assignment of tasks and
occupations were often based
on gender, with women doing
mostly domestic work in the
home, while the men engaged
in hunting and farming.
AGRARIAN & AGRICULTRAL
SOCIETY
This type of society is a further
evolution of the pastoral and
horticultural societies.
Agriculture involves the large-
scale and long-term cultivation
of crops and domestication of
animals.
AGRARIAN & AGRICULTRAL
SOCIETY
This society is characterized by
improved technology and the
use of tools to aid in farming.
Improved technology and
farming methods result in
increased production, giving
rise to a growing population
in agricultural societies.
AGRARIAN & AGRICULTRAL
SOCIETY
The large population of
agricultural societies leads to a
more structured social system
that helps manage resources
and its members.
AGRARIAN & AGRICULTRAL
SOCIETY
The increasingly complex
social organization and
growing importance of
territory often result in
conflicts among neighboring
societies over resources and
land.
 FEUDAL SOCIETY
A feudal society is based on
the ownership of land. Feudal
societies arose out of
developments in Western
Europe during Medieval times,
when rival kingdoms were
engaged in conflict over
resources, particularly land.
 FEUDAL SOCIETY
In a feudal society, rulers
grant their followers or
vassals the right to manage
parcels of land. These vassals,
in turn, are served by peasant
workers who cultivate the
land and tend to the animals
in the farms.
 FEUDAL SOCIETY
In return for their services, they
are provided military protection.
Members of society are organized
based on status. Those who own
land are considered the most
powerful and influential members
of society, while the peasants are
considered the lowest group.
Social relations are characterized
by dependence.
 FEUDAL SOCIETY
The lord depends on his vassals to
provide him with resources, the
vassals depend on the peasants
for their service, while the
peasants depend on their vassals
for protection. An agrarian and
feudal society gives rise to
individuals who value relations
among family members and with
other members in the community.
 FEUDAL SOCIETY
People are often very conscious
of their place within society and
are mindful of the hierarchy.
People who belong to the "higher
classes" are treated with respect
by the members of the
community.
 FEUDAL SOCIETY
They are often traditional and are
resistant to social change,
preferring to maintain the way
things are in their community.
 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
An industrial society is based on the
use of specialized machinery in the
production of goods and services. The
advances in science and technology in
the late 18th century resulted in the
Industrial Revolution, which in turn
gave rise to new production and
industrial methods, as well as
innovations in transportation and
communication.
 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
These technological advances resulted
in improved trade and commerce and
better life conditions for many people.
Work is done in factories and public
education is more prevalent.
However, the emergence of industrial
societies is characterized by greater
inequalities in wealth, power, and
influence. Industrial societies are often
defined by the nature of work and
the prevailing industry in an area.
 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
The capitalists or business owners
are considered the most influential.
This type of society is also
characterized by cultural diversity
and the presence of bureaucratic
forms of organization. An industrial
society is a significant departure
from the agrarian society, as many
of the relations are not family or
community-based.
 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
An important factor in social
relations is the workplace, and
people often interact with
individuals who do not come
from the same family, clan, or
community. Impersonal
relationships prevail among
individuals.
 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
The difference between social
groups is even more marked
and is defined by access to
economic resources and
prosperity. Alienation is
common in industrial societies,
as people are often seen as
resources to be exploited.
POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
The post-industrial society is
marked by the establishment of
societies based on knowledge,
information, and the sale of
services.
POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
Led by the human mind and
aided by highly advanced
technology, the trend has
shifted from industry to the
generation, storage,
manipulation, and sale of
information.
POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
Information influences the
behavior of people and has thus
become a very important
commodity in the post-industrial
society. Members of this society
have higher educational
attainment, better training, and
specialized roles.
POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
The virtual society, where
people organize themselves
through communication
technology and the Internet, is a
product of a post-industrial
society. Individuals in a virtual
society often engage in complex
relationships.
POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
They often have fluid identities
and do not necessarily subscribe
to certain norms or established
standards of behavior. The
freedom allowed in virtual
worlds means that a person is
able to engage in various
activities, as well as access
various kinds of information.
HOW DOES SOCIETY INFLUENCE OUR
DEVELOPMENT AS PERSONS?
❖We begin to adopt the traits, traditions, and
characteristics that distinguish us to belong
in that society
❖Interactions with other individuals and
institutions that we learn how to behave
appropriately based on norms that were
established
HOW DOES SOCIETY INFLUENCE OUR
DEVELOPMENT AS PERSONS?
❖We learn to speak our mother languages
through our interactions with family
members and other members of society.
❖Society influences us as persons is its ability
to define the relationships and interactions
among its members
HOW DOES SOCIETY INFLUENCE OUR
DEVELOPMENT AS PERSONS?

❖Society influences the interactions of its

members through the establishment of
NORMS - which are a set of traits and
behavior that society considers acceptable,
and are thus encouraged and passed on to
other members.
HOW DOES SOCIETY ENABLE ME TO
BECOME A BETTER PERSON?
❖Society recognizes the capability of the
person to develop, and provides its
members with opportunities to better
themselves
❖Persons can also undertake to contribute
to society through their decisions and
actions
HOW DOES SOCIETY ENABLE ME TO
BECOME A BETTER PERSON?
❖Organized action is often the best means
to bring about changes in society, and the
concerted effort of many groups often
bring about a social movement, which is a
largescale action done by various groups
and organizations in pursuit of a common
goal to bring about change.
HOW DOES SOCIETY ENABLE ME TO
BECOME A BETTER PERSON?
❖Social values, which are actions or ideals
that are considered important by society.
Values such as cooperation, obedience to
the law, concern for others, and respect for
others are considered vital to maintaining
an orderly society
HOW DOES SOCIETY ENABLE ME TO
BECOME A BETTER PERSON?
A society that upholds positive social values
will influence its members to uphold these
positive values. On the other hand, a society
that is defined by negative values will, in
turn, produce individuals who embody these
negative values.
HOW DOES SOCIETY ENABLE ME TO
BECOME A BETTER PERSON?
❖Society recognizes the capability of the
person to develop and provides its members
with opportunities to better themselves.
RULES AND TRADITIONS THAT HAVE BEEN
IN PLACE IN OUR SOCIETY FOR A LONG
TIME
❖LAWS are more formal and stringent norms
that establish and define acceptable behavior
of citizens.
❖ FOLKWAYS are less formal norms that arise
from tradition and do not result in punishment
when violated.
RULES AND TRADITIONS THAT HAVE BEEN
IN PLACE IN OUR SOCIETY FOR A LONG
TIME
❖SOCIAL WAYS is an organized or patterned
set of relationships among individuals and
groups that compose a society.
❖ SOCIAL ROLES which are actions and
behaviors expected of a certain individual.
RULES AND TRADITIONS THAT HAVE BEEN
IN PLACE IN OUR SOCIETY FOR A LONG
TIME
❖SOCIAL GROUPS / SOCIAL CLASSES
Individuals who share similar backgrounds
or perform similar roles
❖SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Certain groups that
perform vital functions in society (family,
school, government, and religion.)
RULES AND TRADITIONS THAT HAVE BEEN
IN PLACE IN OUR SOCIETY FOR A LONG
TIME
❖SOCIAL MOVEMENT a largescale action done
by various groups and organizations in
pursuit of a common goal to bring about
change.
❖SOCIAL SYSTEM is an organized or patterned
set of relationships among individuals and
groups that compose a society.