Detailed Summary by Sections

Cover and Preface

 Content Overview: The document outlines the recommended practices for Risk-Based
Inspection (RBI) under the API RP 580 standard. It focuses on methodologies and frameworks to
assess and prioritize risks related to equipment integrity, particularly in the hydrocarbon and
chemical process industries.

 Scope and Flexibility: API RP 580 allows flexibility to suit organizational needs and regulatory
requirements, ensuring its application across diverse scenarios.

 Important Notes: No guarantees or warranties are provided by API for the accuracy or
applicability of this practice; it emphasizes sound engineering judgment.

Table of Contents

The table of contents gives a structured overview of the chapters, covering:

1. Introduction: Describes the purpose and principles of RBI.

2. Risk Assessment Concepts: Explains the basics of risk, probability of failure (POF), and
consequence of failure (COF).

3. Implementation Steps: Planning, roles, data collection, damage mechanisms, probability and
consequence analysis.

4. Advanced Topics: Risk management with inspection activities, alternate risk management
methods, documentation, and updating assessments.

Introduction

 Key Highlights:

o RBI is an optional but structured approach, providing methodologies for integrating risk
assessments into inspection programs.

o Risk is determined through a combination of POF and COF, enabling the development of
targeted inspection strategies.

o RBI complements other methods like Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) and Reliability-
Centered Maintenance (RCM).

 Purpose: This document offers minimum expectations and a framework for effective risk
assessment and management.

 Audience: Primarily engineers and inspection personnel responsible for maintaining equipment
integrity and reliability.
Scope

Industry Scope:

The API RP 580 standard applies primarily to hydrocarbon and chemical process industries but is
adaptable for other sectors with proper documentation.

Purpose:

Defines steps to develop and sustain an RBI program, including:

 Methods for risk analysis.

 Roles and training.

 Probability and consequence assessments.

 Updating assessments and recordkeeping.

Flexibility:

The standard allows for a customizable RBI program that aligns with corporate risk management and
existing processes.

Mechanical Integrity Focus:

RBI emphasizes mechanical integrity, mitigating risks like containment loss due to corrosion or other
deterioration mechanisms.

Key Terminologies (Pages 3–11)

Terms & Definitions:

 Risk: Product of POF and COF; can be absolute or relative.

 Damage Mechanism: Physical or chemical degradation that affects equipment integrity (e.g.,
corrosion, cracking).

 Consequence of Failure (COF): Negative outcomes such as safety hazards, environmental harm,
or financial losses.

 Probability of Failure (POF): Likelihood of equipment failure under specific conditions.

Acronyms:

 ALARP: As Low as Reasonably Practicable.

 HAZOP: Hazard and Operability Study.

 RBI: Risk-Based Inspection.

  IOWs: Integrity Operating Windows.

Risk Assessment Concepts (Pages 11–13)

What is Risk?

Risk equals probability of failure multiplied by consequence of failure. Understanding this relationship
allows for effective inspection prioritization.

Risk Management Strategies:

 Use of mitigation techniques, inspections, or design modifications.

 Maintaining processes within defined operating limits reduces risks.

Absolute vs Relative Risk:

 Absolute Risk: Ideal, precise, but challenging to calculate.

 Relative Risk: Used in RBI to rank risks comparatively, directing resources to higher-priority
areas.

Introduction to RBI (Pages 13–18)

Evolution of Inspection Intervals:

 Shifts from calendar-based intervals to condition-based and risk-based approaches.

Core Principles:

 Focus on damage mechanisms like corrosion.

 Prioritize inspections that reduce risks to acceptable levels.

Types of RBI Analysis:

 Qualitative: Relies on expert judgment; faster but less precise.

 Quantitative: Uses mathematical models; data-intensive and precise.

 Semi-Quantitative: A blend of both approaches.

Page 1: Scope and Flexibility

1. Industry Application:

o This recommended practice (RP) is tailored for the hydrocarbon and chemical process
industries but is flexible for adaptation in other fields with proper documentation.

2. Purpose:
 o Defines steps for developing, implementing, and maintaining an RBI program.

o Emphasizes integrating risk assessment and inspection planning into existing programs
to prioritize safe and reliable operations.

o Allows for a range of risk analysis methods, from qualitative to fully quantitative.

3. Flexibility in Application:

o Supports tailoring to fit organizational size, culture, and regulatory requirements.

o Encourages consistency in identifying, assessing, and managing risks associated with

equipment deterioration.

o Offers guidelines but does not prescribe specific methodologies.

4. Mechanical Integrity:

o RBI targets maintaining the mechanical integrity of equipment, addressing damage

mechanisms like corrosion and cracking.

o Complements other programs like Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) and Reliability-
Centered Maintenance (RCM).

Page 2: Benefits and Limitations of RBI

Benefits:

 Identifies key risk drivers, including:

o Equipment with insufficient inspection history.

o Damage mechanisms and modes.

o High-consequence equipment.

 Develops inspection plans:

o Techniques, intervals, and specific focus areas for inspections.

 Optimizes resource allocation, reducing redundant or unnecessary inspections.

 Identifies risk mitigation activities such as:

o Establishing Integrity Operating Windows (IOWs).

o Material upgrades to reduce degradation risk.

o Decreasing consequences of failure through inventory control or detection systems.

 Reduces costs by aligning inspection activities with actual risk levels.

Limitations:
  Effectiveness is constrained by:

o Incomplete or inaccurate data.

o Poor design or improper equipment installation.

o Operational deviations from established process limits.

o Lack of qualified personnel or follow-up actions.

o Errors in construction or fabrication.

Page 3: Normative References

Lists documents referenced in API RP 580 that are integral to its application:

 API 510: Pressure Vessel Inspection Code.

 API 570: Piping Inspection Code.

 API 571: Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment.

These provide guidelines for in-service inspection, damage mechanism analysis, and equipment integrity.

Page 4–11: Definitions and Acronyms

Terms:

1. Absolute Risk: Ideal, precise measurement of risk.

2. Acceptable Risk: The level of risk deemed tolerable by the organization.

3. Probability of Failure (POF): Likelihood of equipment failure under operating conditions.

4. Consequence of Failure (COF): Negative impacts such as safety issues, environmental harm, or
financial losses.

5. Damage Mechanism: Causes of deterioration, including corrosion, cracking, and mechanical

damage.

Acronyms:

 ALARP: As Low as Reasonably Practicable.

 HAZOP: Hazard and Operability Study.

 RBI: Risk-Based Inspection.

 COF: Consequence of Failure.

 POF: Probability of Failure.

These definitions establish the foundational language for implementing RBI methodologies.

Page 12–13: Risk Assessment Concepts

1. Risk Equation:

o Risk = Probability of Failure (POF) × Consequence of Failure (COF).

2. Risk Management:

o Mitigation strategies include:

 Material upgrades to reduce failure probability.

 Process control to maintain stability and reduce deviations.

3. Relative vs. Absolute Risk:

o Relative Risk: Facilitates prioritization by ranking risks against each other.

o Absolute Risk: Precise but time-consuming and often impractical due to data limitations.

Page 14–18: Risk-Based Inspection Introduction

1. Inspection Evolution:

o Early methods used fixed time intervals for inspections.

o Modern approaches prioritize risk-informed scheduling, focusing on equipment and

processes with the highest risk.

2. Key Concepts:

o POF and COF are central to determining inspection priorities.

o Use risk matrices or plots to visualize and prioritize risks.

3. Types of RBI:

o Qualitative: Based on expert judgment; suitable for initial screening.

o Semi-Quantitative: Combines data-driven and judgment-based inputs.

o Quantitative: Employs detailed models and calculations for precise assessments.

Page 19–20: Risk Assessment Concepts Continued

1. Precision vs. Accuracy in RBI:

o Accuracy: How close measurements are to the "true" value. In RBI, it depends on:
  Quality of data.

 Competence of personnel.

 Soundness of analysis methodology.

o Precision: Consistency of repeated measurements. Factors influencing precision include:

 Repeatability (same technician, same method).

 Reproducibility (different technicians, same method).

2. Measurement Challenges:

o Inconsistent or flawed data affects RBI outcomes.

o Common errors include:

 Poorly documented materials of construction.

 Inaccurate assignments of damage mechanisms.

3. Improving Data Quality:

o Use robust inspection techniques (e.g., ultrasonic testing).

o Ensure competent personnel conduct and interpret inspections.

o Regularly calibrate instruments and sensors.

Page 21–22: Types of RBI Assessments

1. RBI Methods:

o Qualitative:

 Relies on subjective inputs (e.g., engineering judgment).

 Results expressed in broad categories (high, medium, low risk).

 Best for screening large systems or when data is limited.

o Semi-Quantitative:

 Combines qualitative judgment with quantitative calculations.

 Ideal for balancing speed and rigor in risk analysis.

o Quantitative:

 Uses detailed models and numerical calculations.

 Provides the most precise results but requires significant data.

2. Factors Influencing Method Choice:

 o Objective of the assessment.

o Complexity of facilities and processes.

o Quality and availability of data.

Page 23–25: Expected Outcomes of the RBI Process

1. Risk Ranking:

o Equipment ranked based on relative risk (POF and COF).

o Focus resources on high-risk equipment.

2. Inspection Planning:

o Develop detailed inspection plans, specifying:

 Methods (e.g., visual, ultrasonic).

 Extent of inspection (e.g., area coverage).

 Timing and frequency of inspections.

3. Risk Mitigation Strategies:

o Repair, replacement, or redesign.

o Implementing Integrity Operating Windows (IOWs).

o Enhancing safety systems and reducing inventory levels.

Page 26–30: Planning the RBI Program

1. Organizing the Work Process:

o Establish clear objectives and goals for the RBI program.

o Develop a systematic approach to prioritize work tasks.

2. Initial Screening:

o Identify critical equipment and processes to assess.

o Perform preliminary risk assessments to focus efforts.

3. Operating Boundaries:

o Define acceptable process limits to minimize risks.

o Use IOWs to monitor operational parameters.

4. Resource Considerations:
 o Allocate adequate resources for data collection, analysis, and implementation.

o Ensure personnel are adequately trained and qualified.

Page 31–35: Roles, Responsibilities, and Training

1. Team Approach:

o RBI requires collaboration among multiple disciplines, including:

 Inspection and engineering personnel.

 Operations and maintenance teams.

2. Roles and Responsibilities:

o Inspectors: Gather and evaluate data from inspections.

o Engineers: Conduct risk assessments and design mitigation strategies.

o Operations: Implement operational changes to mitigate risks.

3. Training Requirements:

o Ensure personnel are trained in RBI concepts and methodologies.

o Regularly update skills to keep pace with new technologies and practices.

Page 36–40: Data Collection for RBI

1. Data Requirements:

o Collect comprehensive data on:

 Equipment design and materials.

 Operating conditions and history.

 Inspection results and damage mechanisms.

2. Data Quality:

o Poor-quality data leads to inaccurate risk assessments.

o Establish protocols to validate and maintain data integrity.

3. Standards and Codes:

o Follow industry standards, such as API 510 and API 570, for data consistency.

o Incorporate site-specific data to account for unique risks.

Page 41–45: Damage Mechanism Review (DMR)

1. Purpose of DMR:

o Identify potential damage mechanisms (e.g., corrosion, cracking).

o Determine how these mechanisms could lead to failure.

2. Key Steps:

o Conduct a thorough review of equipment design and operating environment.

o Assign credible damage mechanisms to each equipment item.

3. Outcome Documentation:

o Document all findings, including damage rates and modes.

o Use results to prioritize inspections and plan mitigations.

Page 46–49: Assessing the Probability of Failure (POF)

1. Introduction to POF:

o POF Definition: The likelihood of equipment failure due to damage mechanisms under
operating conditions.

o A key element in risk analysis, combined with COF to estimate overall risk.

2. Units of Measurement:

o POF is often expressed as events per year or in qualitative categories (e.g., high,
medium, low).

3. Factors Influencing POF:

o Equipment design, material properties, and environmental conditions.

o Historical data on damage rates and inspection findings.

o Process deviations or upsets leading to increased degradation.

4. Methodologies:

o Quantitative approaches rely on historical failure rates and rigorous models.

o Semi-quantitative and qualitative methods integrate expert judgment to assess

likelihood.

5. Key Considerations:

o Consistency in methodology is crucial for reliable results.

o Sensitivity analysis can help account for uncertainties in POF estimates.

Page 50–53: Assessing the Consequence of Failure (COF)

1. COF Definition:

o The negative impact of a failure, considering safety, environmental, and economic

factors.

2. Types of COF Analyses:

o Qualitative: Broad categorizations like "minor," "moderate," or "severe."

o Quantitative: Detailed calculations of financial costs, environmental harm, or loss of life.

3. Factors Considered:

o Volume and type of fluid released in a failure.

o Potential for fire, explosion, or toxic exposure.

o Impact on production and downtime.

4. Documentation:

o Clearly document assumptions, scenarios, and calculations used in COF analysis.

Page 54–65: Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management

1. Risk Determination:

o Combine POF and COF to quantify risk for each equipment item.

o Use risk matrices or plots to visualize and compare risks.

2. Acceptable Risk Levels:

o Define thresholds for acceptable and unacceptable risk based on organizational goals
and regulatory requirements.

3. Sensitivity Analysis:

o Assess how changes in assumptions (e.g., damage rates or operating conditions) affect
risk levels.

4. Risk Presentation:

o Use graphical tools like risk plots to prioritize equipment and allocate resources
effectively.

5. Risk Management:
 o Develop mitigation strategies, including inspection plans, material upgrades, or process
changes.

o Monitor the effectiveness of mitigation activities over time.

Page 66–74: Risk Management with Inspection Activities

1. Inspection Strategies:

o Plan inspections based on the relative risk of equipment.

o Use advanced techniques (e.g., ultrasonic testing, radiography) for high-risk items.

2. Reducing Uncertainty:

o Inspections improve understanding of actual degradation rates, refining POF estimates.

3. Cost Management:

o Align inspection frequency and scope with actual risk, avoiding unnecessary expenses.

4. Post-Failure Actions:

o Update RBI plans after failures to incorporate new findings and prevent recurrence.

Page 75–78: Alternative Risk Management Methods

1. Equipment Modifications:

o Upgrade or redesign equipment to reduce susceptibility to damage mechanisms.

o Evaluate flaws using Fitness-For-Service (FFS) assessments.

2. Process Changes:

o Adjust operating conditions to minimize risk (e.g., reducing inventory levels).

3. Emergency Measures:

o Implement systems like water sprays, blast-resistant construction, or emergency

depressurization to mitigate consequences.

Page 79–82: Updating the RBI Assessment

1. Evergreening vs. Reassessment:

o Evergreening: Continuously update the RBI model with new data and findings.

o Reassessment: Periodic, comprehensive review of the RBI process.

 2. Triggers for Updates:

o Significant changes in equipment or operating conditions.

o Discovery of new damage mechanisms or failure modes.

3. Keys to Success:

o Regularly review and validate data inputs.

o Involve a multidisciplinary team to ensure thorough reassessment.

Page 83–85: RBI Documentation and Recordkeeping

1. Purpose:

o Maintain comprehensive records to ensure traceability and regulatory compliance.

2. Key Documentation:

o RBI Management System: Procedures and standards governing the program.

o Assessment Details: Assumptions, methods, and results of risk analyses.

o Outcomes: Inspection plans, risk mitigation strategies, and follow-up actions.

3. Keys for Success:

o Use consistent formats and tools for documentation.

o Regularly update records to reflect changes in equipment or processes.

1. Purpose and Scope of RBI

 Target Industry: Hydrocarbon and chemical processing industries, though adaptable to other
fields.

 Key Objective: To integrate risk-based thinking into inspection planning by identifying high-risk
areas and prioritizing them for resources.

 Focus:

 Mechanical integrity and prevention of material deterioration.

  Managing risks associated with equipment failure, including health, environmental, and
financial impacts.

 Flexibility: The document allows adaptation to an organization’s size, culture, and regulatory
environment, enabling companies to select appropriate RBI methodologies.

2. Key Concepts of Risk Assessment

2.1 Risk Definition

 Risk Formula:
Risk=Probability of Failure (POF)×Consequence of Failure (COF)Risk=Probability of Failure (POF)×
Consequence of Failure (COF)

 POF: Likelihood of equipment failure due to factors like corrosion, mechanical fatigue, or other
damage mechanisms.

 COF: Severity of failure consequences, which could include:

 Safety Risks: Injuries or fatalities.

 Environmental Risks: Releases of toxic or hazardous substances.

 Economic Risks: Operational downtime, repair costs, or regulatory fines.

2.2 Types of Risk

 Relative Risk: Used for prioritizing equipment inspection within a facility or system by ranking
risks comparatively.

 Absolute Risk: Precise quantification of risk; often impractical due to data and model limitations.

2.3 Risk Reduction Approaches

 Risk is mitigated through inspection, repairs, or operational changes.

 Inspection validates equipment condition and ensures assumptions about deterioration rates are
accurate.

 Examples of risk reduction:

 Introducing corrosion-resistant materials.

 Implementing better process controls to reduce COF.

3. RBI Methodologies

3.1 Overview

 RBI focuses on relative risk to guide inspection and maintenance priorities.

  Includes three key methods:

1. Qualitative:

 Relies on expert judgment.

 Suitable for early-stage assessments when data is limited.

 Outputs are broad categories like "high," "medium," or "low" risk.

2. Semi-Quantitative:

 Combines qualitative judgment with structured data analysis.

 Generates detailed risk rankings using standardized inputs.

3. Quantitative:

 Employs complex models and calculations.

 Requires significant data and computational resources.

 Best suited for critical assets or high-value systems.

3.2 Selecting a Methodology

 Factors influencing the choice of method:

 Amount and quality of available data.

 Organizational resources.

 Complexity of facilities.

 Desired level of precision.

3.3 Methodology Evolution

 RBI methodologies should evolve as data quality improves or facility complexity increases.

 Users are advised against comparing results across methodologies without consistency in
approach.

4. Implementing RBI Programs

4.1 Planning the Program

 Objective Setting: Define the scope and goals, such as reducing inspection costs or improving
safety performance.

 Work Organization: Assign roles and responsibilities across engineering, maintenance, and
operations teams.

4.2 Data Collection

  Critical Data Types:

 Equipment design and specifications.

 Operational history and conditions.

 Existing inspection results.

 Material degradation rates.

 Challenges: Inaccurate or missing data can compromise risk assessments.

4.3 Damage Mechanism Review (DMR)

 Identifies deterioration mechanisms specific to materials and environments.

 Common mechanisms:

 Corrosion under insulation.

 Stress corrosion cracking.

 Erosion.

 Outputs:

 Credible damage mechanisms for each asset.

 Inspection focus areas for targeted assessments.

4.4 Assessing Probability of Failure (POF)

 Evaluates the likelihood of failure due to the identified damage mechanisms.

 Factors include:

 Material properties.

 Operating conditions (e.g., pressure, temperature).

 Historical degradation rates.

4.5 Assessing Consequence of Failure (COF)

 Considers the impact of equipment failure, categorized as:

 Safety, health, and environmental risks.

 Economic losses from downtime or repairs.

 Uses models or expert judgment to estimate impacts.

4.6 Risk Prioritization and Visualization

 Results are often displayed using:

 Risk Matrices: Compare POF and COF categories.

  Iso-Risk Plots: Graphically represent equipment risk levels.

5. Risk Management Strategies

5.1 Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) Planning

 Inspection plans should address:

 Techniques (e.g., ultrasonic, radiographic).

 Scope (e.g., specific areas or full coverage).

 Inspection intervals based on risk levels.

5.2 Mitigation Actions

 Possible measures include:

 Equipment replacement or repair.

 Process redesign to reduce stress or corrosion.

 Improved process monitoring with integrity operating windows (IOWs).

5.3 Updating RBI Assessments

 RBI is a dynamic process requiring periodic reviews to incorporate:

 New inspection data.

 Changes in operating conditions.

 Evolving industry standards.

6. Organizational Roles and Responsibilities

 Team-Based Approach:

 Inspection, engineering, and operations teams collaborate.

 Requires cross-disciplinary expertise to ensure comprehensive risk analysis.

 Training:

 Team members must understand risk principles, damage mechanisms, and inspection
technologies.

7. Documentation and Recordkeeping

 RBI results should be systematically recorded, including:

  Risk rankings for equipment.

 Details of inspection plans.

 Updates from reassessments.

 Benefits: Ensures regulatory compliance and facilitates audits.

8. Benefits of RBI

 Cost Optimization: Allocates inspection resources to high-risk assets.

 Enhanced Safety: Focuses on preventing high-consequence failures.

 Improved Reliability: Reduces unplanned downtime.

9. Limitations and Challenges

 Dependent on the accuracy and completeness of input data.

 Requires commitment from all organizational levels.

 Cannot substitute for broader safety frameworks like Process Hazard Analysis (PHA).

8. Exam Tips

Focus on understanding the POF and COF relationship.

Know the differences between qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative methods.

Be familiar with damage mechanisms and appropriate inspection techniques.

Study risk visualization tools like matrices and iso-risk plots.

Practice explaining the benefits and challenges of implementing an RBI program.

Chapter 1: Scope and Purpose

 Scope: RBI applies to hydrocarbon, chemical, and other industries to manage risks in pressure
vessels, piping, heat exchangers, tanks, and critical equipment.

 Purpose: Focus resources on high-risk equipment, improve safety, and optimize inspection
intervals.

 Adaptability: Can be tailored to meet industry-specific and regulatory needs.

Chapter 2: Normative References

  Key Standards:

o API 510: Pressure vessel inspection.

o API 570: Piping system inspections.

o API 571: Damage mechanisms in the refining industry.

o API 579-1/ASME FFS-1: Fitness-for-Service guidelines.

 Purpose: Ensures consistent application of RBI principles and complements inspections.

Chapter 3: Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations

 Key Terms:

o Risk: POF×COF\text{POF} \times \text{COF}POF×COF.

o POF (Probability of Failure): Likelihood of failure based on damage mechanisms and

operating conditions.

o COF (Consequence of Failure): Safety, environmental, and economic impacts of failure.

 Acronyms: NDE (Nondestructive Examination), HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study).

Chapter 4: Risk Assessment Concepts

 Risk Matrix: Prioritizes equipment based on POF and COF.

POF High COF Medium COF Low COF

High Critical Major Moderate

Low Moderate Minor Negligible

 Types of Risk:

o Absolute Risk: Quantitative and precise but resource-intensive.

o Relative Risk: Simplified, suitable for prioritization.

Chapter 5: Introduction to RBI

 Why RBI?:

o Traditional time-based inspections waste resources.

o RBI targets high-risk areas for inspection and mitigation.

  Components: Damage Mechanism Review (DMR), Risk Analysis (POF × COF), and Inspection
Planning.

Chapter 6: Planning the RBI Program

 Steps:

1. Define scope and goals (e.g., safety improvement, cost reduction).

2. Assemble a multidisciplinary team (inspection, engineering, operations).

3. Collect data and identify high-risk equipment.

 Example: A refinery identifies 20% of its equipment as critical, focusing inspections there.

Chapter 7: Roles, Responsibilities, Training, and Qualifications

 Roles:

o Inspection Specialists: Perform NDE techniques.

o Corrosion Engineers: Evaluate damage mechanisms.

o Operations Staff: Maintain equipment within safe operating conditions.

 Training: Focus on damage mechanisms, risk analysis methods, and regulatory compliance.

Chapter 8: Data and Information Collection

 Required Data:

o Design Data: Material properties, pressure ratings.

o Operational Data: Temperature, flow rates, chemical exposure.

o Inspection Records: Historical NDE results and maintenance logs.

 Accuracy: Reliable data ensures effective risk analysis.

Chapter 9: Damage Mechanism Review

 Common Mechanisms:

o Corrosion: Pitting, general, and under insulation (CUI).

o Cracking: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), fatigue.

o Erosion: Mechanical wear caused by particles in flow.

  Mitigation: Use corrosion-resistant materials or coatings and maintain proper operating
conditions.

Chapter 10: Assessing Probability of Failure (POF)

 Key Factors:

o Material properties (e.g., toughness, corrosion resistance).

o Operational conditions (e.g., pressure, temperature).

o Inspection findings (e.g., wall thinning, cracks).

 Methods:

o Qualitative: Subjective rankings (low, medium, high).

o Quantitative: Statistical models (e.g., Weibull analysis).

Chapter 11: Assessing Consequence of Failure (COF)

 Consequence Dimensions:

o Safety: Risk of injury or fatalities.

o Environmental: Toxic leaks, spills, or emissions.

o Economic: Repair costs, lost production, fines.

 Visualization: Event trees to explore failure escalation scenarios.

Chapter 12: Risk Determination and Management

 Visualization Tools:

o Risk Matrix: Combines POF and COF to rank risks.

o Iso-Risk Plot: Highlights equipment with similar risk levels.

 Risk Reduction:

o Reduce POF: Add protective coatings or monitor degradation.

o Reduce COF: Install containment systems or reduce inventory.

Chapter 13: Inspection Planning

 Inspection Techniques:
 o Ultrasonic Testing (UT): Wall-thickness measurements.

o Radiographic Testing: Detects internal flaws.

o Eddy Current Testing (ECT): Surface crack detection.

 Plan Development: Focus inspections on high-risk equipment to maximize safety and efficiency.

Chapter 14: Risk Mitigation

 Examples:

o Reduce POF: Upgrade materials, improve inspection frequency.

o Reduce COF: Add emergency shutdown systems, isolate high-risk areas.

Chapter 15: Updating the RBI

 Triggers for Updates:

o Major operational changes.

o Discovery of new damage mechanisms.

o Regulatory requirements or periodic reviews.

Chapter 16: Documentation

 Purpose: Records ensure regulatory compliance, traceability, and continuous improvement.

 What to Document: Risk assessments, inspection schedules, and mitigation actions.

Exam Tips

1. Understand Core Concepts: Risk formula (Risk=POF×COF\text{Risk} = \text{POF} \times \

text{COF}Risk=POF×COF), risk matrix, and key damage mechanisms.

2. Know the Inspection Techniques: Applications of UT, radiography, and eddy current testing.

3. Be Familiar with Mitigation Strategies: Reducing POF vs. COF.

4. Remember RBI Benefits: Optimized costs, improved safety, and focused resources.

5. Learn Triggers for RBI Updates: Changes in operation, new damage mechanisms, or updated
regulations.
The Role of POF in Risk Management

1. Resource Optimization
Industries operate under budgetary and resource constraints, making it impractical to inspect
every component with equal frequency. By identifying assets with high POF, organizations can
allocate inspection resources more effectively, focusing on critical areas where the likelihood of
failure is greatest.

2. Preventing Catastrophic Failures

High POF values signal components or systems at imminent risk of failure. Addressing these risks
proactively through targeted inspections, repairs, or replacements prevents catastrophic failures
that could result in financial losses, safety incidents, or environmental harm.

3. Enhancing Safety and Compliance

Many regulatory standards mandate regular risk assessments to ensure the safe operation of
equipment. POF calculations support compliance with such requirements by providing
quantifiable evidence of risk and enabling industries to maintain mechanical integrity while
adhering to legal standards.

4. Supporting Continuous Improvement

POF analysis is dynamic and evolves with new data from inspections, operations, and failure
investigations. This iterative process enables continuous improvement in asset management
strategies, fostering long-term reliability and performance optimization.
Probability of Failure Assessment training details the general lists of pipeline hazards and likelihood of
failure given in the Petroleum and Hydrocarbon industry codes, standards, guidelines, and
recommended practices.

The Probability of Failure (POF) is integral to effective risk-based inspection and asset management. POF
enables industries to optimize resources, enhance safety, comply with regulations, and drive continuous
improvement by systematically identifying and quantifying the likelihood of failure. As industries evolve
and technologies advance, the relevance of POF will only increase, reinforcing its role as a cornerstone of
modern risk management strategies.
The work product of the RBI assessment and management approach are plans that address ways to
manage risks. This is called:
A. An Equipment Plan
B. A Sensitivity Analysis
C. A Risk Management Plan
D. A total Risk Assessment

RBI is a substitute for:

A. Process Hazards Analysis (PHA)
B. Hazards and operability Study (HAZOP)
C. Mechanical Integrity (MI) Programs
D. None of the Above

Which of the following is not true concerning implementation of RBI implementation plans to manage
risks on an equipment level?
A. RBI will identify equipment that does not require inspection of some other form of mitigation
because of the acceptable level of risk associated with the equipment's current operation
B. Required inspection activities will reduce the consequence of failure
C. It will provide an acceptance/understanding of the current risk level
D. It will result in an overall reduction in risk for the facilities and/or equipment

RBI could be expanded to include failures other than loss of containment. Examples of other failures
and failure modes are:
A. Pressure relief devices (plugging, fouling, nonactivation)
B. Instrument and control systems
C. Structural Systems
D. Machinery Components

Absolute Risk is:

A. Risk resulting from forces of nature, acts of God, or sabotage
B. The manner of failure
C. Permanent Risk
D. An ideal and accurate description and quantification of risk

In RBI terms, this is known as "the source of harm":

A. Hazard
B. Source
C. Hazardous Chemical
D. Toxic Chemical
A

Terms of reference by which the significance of risk is assessed. This may include associated cost and
benefits, legal and statutory requirements, socio-economic and environmental aspects and other
inputs to the assessment:
A. Risk Avoidance
B. Risk Criteria
C. Risk Identification
D. Quantitative Risk

What does the acronym BLEVE stand for?

A. Brine Levels Expand Vapor Equilibrium
B. Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
C. Below Estimated Value Earnings
D. Basic Limitations External to a Vessel Examination

According to API RP 580, failure is defined as which one of the following?

A. Loss of toxic material
B. Loss of life
C. Loss of hazardous material
D. Loss of containment

The ultimate goal of inspection is what purpose?

A. To reduce inspection costs
B. Safety and reliability of operating facilities
C. To reduce T/A time
D. To determine which inspection technique is most economical

Risk can be calculated, mathematically, using which of the following formula?

A. Risk= Certainty x Consequence
B. Risk= Probability+ Consequence
C. Risk = Certainty + Consequence
D. Risk= Probability x Consequence

Excessive inspection may have what effect?

A. Will greatly reduce the risk level
B. May cause the risk level to increase
C. Will cause the specific equipment to last twice as long
D. May lead to differing corrosion rates
B

RBI is focused on a systematic determination of which of the following?

A. Risk tolerance
B. Relative risks
C. Absolute risk
D. Average risk

Risk management plans should be adjusted on what frequency?

A. Annually
B. As new data becomes available
C. When operational changes are made
D. Once every six months

API RP 580 is specifically targeted at the application of RBI in which of the following?
A. Pulp/paper industry and chemical process industries
B. API-580 does not specifically target any industry
C. Hydrocarbon and chemical process industry
D. Pressure containment

RBI is based on sound, proven risk assessment and management principles. However, RBI will not
compensate for the following except:
A. Not completely implementing plans of risk reduction
B. Lack of experienced and knowledgeable personnel or teamwork
C. Excess corrosion rates or materials in cracking environments
D. Inaccurate or missing information

Typically, PHA focus on which one of the following?

A. The mechanical integrity related damage mechanisms
B. Risk management through inspections
C. Process unit design and operating practices and their adequacy.
D. Understanding failure modes, addressing the modes and therefore improving reliability

Occurrence of a particular set of circumstances. This may be certain or uncertain.

A. Fault
B. Risk
C. Hazard
D. Event
D

3.1.14
event
Occurrence of a particular set of circumstances. The event may be certain or uncertain. The event can be
singular or
multiple. The probability of an event occurring within a given period of time can be estimated.

Loss of containment is commonly described as?

A. Loss of toxic material to the environment.
B. Loss of any material from a PSM covered facility.
C. Loss of fluid to the environment
D. Loss of vapor to the environment

This is the term for a limitation of any harmful consequence or reduction in probability of a particular
event:
A. Mitigation
B. Hazard Assessment
C. Damage mode.
D. Probability Risk Ranking

This is a orderly decision to accept the combination of the probability of an event and its consequence.
It depends on risk criteria.
A. ISO line
B. Risk Acceptance
C. Risk Avoidance
D. Risk Communication

Any individual or organization that may perceive itself to be affected by the risk.
A. Owner
B. Process Owner
C. Risk Evaluator
D. Stakeholder

RBI will not compensate for:

A. Inaccurate or missing information
B. Corrosion mechanisms
C. Qualified personnel
D. Sound engineering

A
The primary work product of the RBI assessment are:
A. Plans that address ways to manage risk
B. Development of a risk matrix'
C. Risk Reduction
D. Cost Reduction

Focusing on a smaller set of data should result in which of the following?

A. Inaccurate information
B. More accurate information
C. Increased number of failures
D. No appreciable effect on the RBI Inspection program

Utilization of RBI provides a vehicle for continuously improving the inspection of facilities and
systematically reducing the risk associated with which of the following?
A. Hazard and operability assessment.
B. Improper repair activity.
C. Pressure boundary failures .
D. Severe consequences

Risk management plans should be adjusted on what frequency?

A. Annually
B. As new data becomes available
C. Only when operational changes to equipment are made
D. Once every six months

RBI is an integrated management tool that addresses an area not fully addressed in other
organizational risk management efforts such as which of the following?
A. Process Safety Management (PSM) or Remaining Life Evaluation (RLE)
B. Process Hazards Analyses (PHA) or Remaining Life Evaluation (RLE)
C. Process Safety Management (PSM) or Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)
D. PHA, Integrity Operating Window (IOW), or Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)

RBI is not exclusively an inspection activity and requires the involvement of various segments of the
organization such as engineering, maintenance, and which of the following?
A. The jurisdiction where the pressure equipment is installed.
B. The senior vice president of the owner company.
C. Operations .
D. The American Petroleum Institute
C

Damage tolerance is defined as which of the following?

A. Termination of the ability of a system, structure, or component to perform its required function of
containment of fluid
B. The amount of deterioration that a component can withstand without failure
C. A decision to accept a relative amount of deterioration.
D. An tool that characterizes potential accidents in a graphical manner

RBI represents:
A. A method to focus attention specifically on deterioration methods that are of unknown
consequences
B. The next generation of inspection approaches and interval setting
C. A method of basing decisions on the consequence of failure
D. A method of increasing the effectiveness of inspection reporting for vessels nearing end of life

By using this process, some risks may be identified to be below the iso-risk line so that no further
action to lower risk is needed.
A. Risk Reduction
B. Risk Management
C. Rick Identification
D. Risk Acceptance

3.1.54
risk management
Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk. Risk management
typically includes risk assessment, risk mitigation, risk acceptance, and risk communication.

A Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) uses a systemized approach to identify and analyze hazards in a
process unit. Therefore, hazards associated with potential equipment failure due to in-service
degradation identified in the PHA can be which of the following?
A. Can be completely eliminated by the RBI activity
B. Specifically addressed in the RBI analysis
C. Documented in the PHA and offered as mitigation in RBI activity
D. Misleading to RBI, because PHA has a different focus

Some risks cannot be adequately managed by inspection alone. Examples where inspection may not
be sufficient to manage risks to accepted levels include all but which of the following?
A. Equipment nearing retirement
B. Failure dominated risks
C. Failure mechanisms where avoidance of failure primarily depends on operating within a defined
pressure/temperature envelope
D. Consequence-dominated risk

Assessing the risk associated with each item of equipment is only half of the key part of to developing
an optimized inspection program. Which of the following is the other vital part of optimization?
A. Determine the most appropriate inspection techniques for that piece of equipment
B. Identify the inspection effectiveness rating
C. Determining the desired length of run and factoring in to the risk equation
D. Documenting the method for consequence of failure determination

RBI is focused on a systematic determination of which of the following?

A. Safety Risks
B. Relative Risks
C. Absolute Risks
D. Tangible Risks

In the relationship between RBI and other risk-based safety initiatives, equipment reliability programs
(such as Rotating Equipment Monitoring) can be a contributor to RBI. How can these equipment
reliability measurement programs contribute to RBI?
A. They can provide data on the consequence analysis portion of the RBI
B. They do provide data on the equivalent spare pump in-service rates
C. They provide input to the probability analysis portion of the RBI program
D. They provide economics for the COF portion of the RBI calculation

Risk cannot be reduced to zero solely by inspection efforts. Which of the following is not a residual risk
factor for loss of containment?
A. Design Errors
B. Process Creep
C. Unknown mechanisms of deterioration
D. Consequential efforts from associated equipment in the same unit

Which of the following represents the ultimate goal of inspection?

A. Focus attention specifically on the equipment representing the most risk to the facility
B. Management of corrosion data per codes and standards such as API 510, 570, & 653
C. To determine corrosion rates, and possible mitigation
D. Safety and reliability of operating facilities

D
Equipment reliability programs are part of PSM. Their contribution to PSM is typically which of the
following?
A. Identifying potential areas of operational degradation items
B. Provides input to the probability analysis portion of the RPI program
C. Contributes to the COF portion of the equation
D. Identifies COF items not considered under other PSM programs

An effective PSM program includes which of the following?

A. A well-structured equipment operational manual and a unit SME
B. Well-structured equipment/maintenance program supervised by a Reliability Engineer
C. A well-structured inspection program
D. A documented inspection program with Certified Inspectors

The objective of RBI is to determine the _____ of an equipment failure and ______ that the incident
could occur.
A. culprit, belief
B. location, reporting
C. consequence, probability
D. cause, probability

If the probability and consequence (risk) is high enough to be unacceptable then which of the
following is true?
A. That process must be immediately shut down
B. The iso risk line should be re-evaluate
C. The risk should be re-assessed with additional experts
D. Mitigation action is recommended

Only by considering what two factors can an effective risk-based decision making take place?
A. Consequence of failure and probability of failure
B. Projected time to failure, and end of life strategy
C. Economic impact and cost of product loss
D. Environmental and safety consequences

A traditional quantitative risk assessment is comprised of several tasks. Which of the following is not
considered as one of the common tasks?
A. Systems identification
B. Probability assessment
C. Personnel identification
D. Consequence analysis
C

A QRA deals with risk associated with equipment damage but also which of the following?
A. Total Risk
B. Overall Risk
C. Entire Risk
D. Whole Risk

Quantitative Risk Assessments are generally performed by which of the following person?
A.The unit inspector
B. An experienced risk analyst
C. Owner/user quality manager
D. Reliability engineer

Which of the following is the primary work product of the RBI assessment and management
approach?
A. Plans that address ways to manage risks on an equipment level
B. Plans that address to manage personnel
C. Plans that address additional training requirements
D. Plans for the elimination of tangible risks to equipment

In reviewing the following, which is not covered by API RP 580?

A. Heat exchangers
B. Heat recovery boilers on process units
C. Pressure vessels
D. Ladders and platforms

Several things are not covered by API RP 580. Which of the following is an example of something that
is covered by API RP 580?
A. Instrument and control systems
B. Elevated municipal water storage tank
C. Electrical systems
D. Structural systems

If the probability and consequence of an RBI is high enough, then which of the following is a proper
answer?
A. The process must be analyzed to insure the results, and possibly shut down
B. Mitigation action is recommended
C. The threshold on the iso-risk line should be reviewed
D. The risk matrix should be altered to align with the new threat

Per the 580, risk is explained as which of the following?

A. The relative acceptability of an event as it relates to safety, the environment, and total damage
B. A concept to be minimized or avoided
C. The certainty of an event happening and the consequences of the event as a result of the
environment
D. A combination of the probability of some event occurring during a time period of interest and the
consequences.

Risk reduction is defined by which of the following?

A. A process of selecting and implementing actions to modify a risk
B. The act of mitigating a known risk to an acceptable level of risk
C. The act of not becoming involved in or an action to withdraw from a risk situation
D. A process to assess probability and consequence of risk

Effective risk based decision making takes place when considering what two factors?
A. Probability of an event, and the length of the run
B. Consequence of Failure and POF
C. Time to the next T/A and the corrosion rate
D. Allowances to the T-min versus the nominal corrosion rate

What is an "ISO-risk line?

A. An RBI standard developed by International Organization for Standardization
B. Inspection Safety and Operational RBI Standard
C. A constant risk level
D. Inspection Safety and Health risk constant

Risk reduction and risk management can be considered:

A. Synonymous and equal.
B. Risk reduction is only a part of risk management
C. A risk management tool.
D. Part of systematic approach for risk identification

Which is not covered by API RP 580?

A. Header boxes on fin fan exchangers.
B. Heat recovery boilers on process units.
C. Above ground atmospheric storage tanks with out leak prevention.
D. Permanent ladders and platforms .

RBI works with codes and standards such as API 510, 570 & 653 to:
A. Extend inspection intervals and provide relevant documentation.
B. Use inspection philosophy such as intervals based on some percentage of equipment life (such as
half-life)
C. Utilize probability based inspection intervals
D. Document inspection philosophy such interval extensions.

With advances in inspection approaches, and better understanding of the type and rate of deterioration,
inspection
intervals/due dates became more dependent on the equipment condition (i.e. condition-based
inspection), rather than
what might have been an arbitrary calendar date. Codes and standards such as API 510, API 570, and API
653
evolved to an inspection philosophy with elements such as:
a) inspection intervals/due dates based on some percentage of equipment life (such as 1/2 life);
b) on-stream inspection in lieu of internal inspection based on low deterioration rates;
c) internal inspection requirements for damage mechanisms related to process environment induced
cracking;
d) consequence-based inspection intervals/due dates.

When planning inspections, a point is reached where additional inspection activity begins to show a
diminishing return and eventually may produce very little additional risk reduction. This process is
commonly called :
A. Risk-Based Residual
B. Residual Risk
C. Inspection Optimization
D. Consistent Risk Methodology

Excessive inspection can have which of the following effects?

A. Will reduce the consequence level
B. May cause the risk level to increase
C. Will generally reduce the impact of the consequence level
D. May result in mitigation back to a known level of iso-risk

The amount of inspection affects risk. With an initial inspection, which of the following is true?
A. Risk will be uncertain.
B. Risk will be lowered slightly
C. Risk is significantly reduced
D. The avoidance of risk is reduced

When using the spectrum of risk analysis, the use of "expert opinion" is identified by which of the
following?
A. Typically not necessary due to the level of evaluation.
B. Generally used when evaluating nonthreatening risk mitigation.
C. Will typically not be included due to the type and level of evaluation
D. Typically be included regardless of type of level

The QRA is usually comprised of multiple tasks. Which of the following is not one of these tasks?
A. Systems identification
B. Hazards identification
C. Probability assessment
D. Required personnel

The results of a Semi-quantitative risk analysis approach are usually given in what form?
A. Equipment specific work plan
B. Analysis results plotted on the iso-risk line
C. Through the use of logic tree models
D. With the use of failure mode models

The fitness and current condition of the equipment within the current operating envelope will govern
which of the following?
A. The consequence of failure
B. The probability of failure
C. The risk of failure
D. The time of failure

This is a methodology whereby damage contained within a component is assessed in order to

determine acceptability.
A. RBI
B. Fitness-for-service
C. risk acceptance
D. risk mitigation

This is described as a function of computational methods.

A. Data assessment
B. Precision
C. Accuracy
D. Data validation

It is important to understand the difference between precision and accuracy when it comes to risk
analysis. Accuracy
is a function of the analysis methodology, the quality of the data, and consistency of application, while
precision is a
function of the selected metrics and computational methods. Risk presented as a precise numeric value
(as in a
quantitative analysis) implies a greater level of accuracy when compared to a risk matrix (as in a
qualitative analysis).
However, the implied linkage of precision and accuracy may not exist because of the element of
uncertainty that is
inherent with probabilities and consequences.

This is described as a model depicting the progression of accidents, transport of a hazardous material
to the environment.
A. Risk model
B. Logic model
C. Concentric model
D. Physical model

Quantitative RBI uses logic models depicting combinations of events that could result in severe accidents
and
physical models depicting the progression of accidents and the transport of a hazardous material to the
environment.
The models are evaluated probabilistically to provide both qualitative and quantitative insights about the
level of risk
and to identify the design, site, or operational characteristics that are the most important to risk. Hence,
more detailed
information and data are needed for a fully quantitative RBI in order to provide input for the models.

Consequences are always negative for which of the following aspect?

A. Environmental
B. Economic
C. Safety
D. Public opinion

Application of RBI can provide evidence of complete risk management and integrity monitoring
programs that can be used as a basis for which of the following?
A. Fitness-for-service evaluation
B. Risk analysis
C. Fault tree development
D. Advocating adoption of RBI by jurisdictions.

A QRA uses logic and physical models. Therefore, what can be said about input data?
A. Expect opinion plays a vital role
B. A high degree of certainty is needed
C. Less detailed information and data are needed
D. More detailed information and data are needed

With an initial investment in inspection activities which of the following will be accomplished?
A. Risk generally is significantly reduced
B. Risk generally will not be reduced just allocated a lower factor
C. Risk generally will be totally eliminated
D. Risk generally will have no impact should failure occur

Data need in a qualitative RBI fall into which category?

A. They only need to be categorized into broad ranges or classifieds versus a reference point
B. Data needs to be provided in logic concepts depicting combinations of events
C. Data needs to be individually categorized
D. A significant amount of data needs to be collected due to the absence of expert opinion

Damage mechanisms include all of the following except which one?

A. Event driven mechanisms
B. Corrosion
C. Cracks
D. Metallurgical damage

Reducing inspection costs is usually not the primary objective of an RBI assessment, but it is
frequently a side effect of optimization. When optimized, which of the following is not true?
A. Ineffective, unnecessary or inappropriate inspection activities may be eliminated
B. Inspection of low risk items may be totally eliminated
C. On-line inspection methods can be substitute for invasive methods
D. Less experienced Inspectors can be utilized to replace the high demand experienced people

The accuracy of the results from a ""qualitative"" analysis is dependent on which of the following?
A. The accuracy of all collected data
B. The use of logic models
C. The background and expertise of the analysts
D. Environmental and atmospheric considerations

Quantitative risk analysis uses what type of model to depict combinations of events that could result
in severe accidents.
A. Logic models
B. Physical models
C. Conscious Models
D. Eccentric models

By dividing a process unit into systems, the equipment can be screened together saving time,
compared to treating each piece of equipment separately. Selection of the systems may be based on:
A. Volume of systems
B. Relative reliability of systems
C. Physical location of systems
D. Age of systems

Data Quality stresses the need for a knowledgeable individual to compare data from the inspections
to the expected deterioration mechanism and rate. This person may also compare the results with
previous measurements on that system, similar systems at the site or within the company. This is
called?
A. Engineer effectiveness mechanical evaluation
B. ISO-evaluation
C. Risk management
D. Validation step

By focusing on risks and their mitigation, RBI provides which of the following?
A. An understanding of how equipment is designed to operate
B. Better utilization of operating and inspection personnel
C. A better linkage between the mechanisms that lead to equipment failures and the inspection
approaches that will effectively reduce the associated risks
D. A better linkage between the mechanisms lead to equipment failures and the correct repair
approaches that will effectively return the equipment to service

For an RBI analysis, equipment is often grouped into systems, loops, or circuits where common
conditions exist. When conducting a systems within process units screening, selection of systems may
be based on all but one of the following.
A. Relative risk of the system
B. Relative COF of the system
C. Reliability of the system
D. Ease of access for inspection of the system

When establishing operating boundaries, startup and shut down conditions as well as emergency and
non-routine conditions should be reviewed for their potential effect on which of the following?
A. Consequence of failure
B. Consequence of failure and POF
C. POF
D. To identify areas where operating conditions need to be monitored such as a pressurization
sequence to prevent damage

When establishing operating boundaries, how should changes in the process resulting from abnormal
or upset conditions is evaluated?
A. They should be ignored due to their short term existence
B. They should be considered in the RBI assessment
C. They should be notification points for inspection personnel
D. They documented for consideration if potential mitigation is assessed

Quantitative risk analysis logic models generally consist of event trees and fault trees. Event trees
delineate initiating events and which of the following?
A. System successes and profits
B. System successes and failures
C. System successes and personnel failures
D. System successes and total run times

In reviewing the following, which is not covered by API RP 580?

A. Heat exchangers
B. Relief valves
C. Pressure vessels
D. Building structures

According to API RP 580, what is risk?

A. An event driven mechanism
B. A combination of the probability of some event occurring during a time period of interest and the
consequences associated with the event
C. The certainty of an event and the consequence
D. The evaluation of an event to compare the POF with likelihood
B

Equipment reliability programs can provide which of the following?

A. Input to the consequence analysis portion of a RBI program
B. Input to the probability analysis portion of the RBI program
C. Input to the recovery portion of the PHA program
D. Input to the operating parameters of adjacent equipment

Codes and standards such as API-510, 570, and 653 evolved to an inspection philosophy with elements
such as those listed below except which of the following?
A. Inspection interval based on some percentage of equipment life
B. Inspection interval based on manufacturer's proof tests
C. On-stream in lieu of internal inspection based on low deterioration rates
D. Consequence based inspection intervals

The ultimate goal of inspection is what purpose?

A. To promote better relationships with the surrounding communities
B. Safety and reliability of operating facilities
C. To provide gainful employment for inspection personnel
D. To determine which operating method is most economical

The purpose of establishing operational boundaries is which of the following?

A. To identify minor process parameters that will have little impact on deterioration
B. To identify who is responsible for operational up-sets
C. To identify areas in the operating unit that can be operated outside the boundary limits with no
impact on safety
D. To identify key process parameters that may impact deterioration

An evaluation of damage mechanisms and failure mode analysis should result in which of the
following?
A. List of credible damage mechanisms, rates and a ranking of failure modes.
B. list of credible damage mechanisms and damage modes resulting from the damage mechanisms.
C. List of credible damage mechanisms and a COF
D. Tabulation of credible damage mechanisms and proposed mitigation.

In an RBI analysis, reliable data has a relation to which of the following?

A. The planned cost of the mitigating inspection plan.
B. Which of the analysis' approaches to use
C. The relative accuracy of the RBI analysis
D. The type of personnel involved in the analysis

When evaluating sources of site-specific data, the RBI analysis can pull data from other established
resources. The reason for this is which of the following?
A. Data is going to be managed
B. Data should come from the same source for consistency
C. The same SME's supply the data for all initiatives
D. Much of the data overlaps

The RBI assessment may recognize risks that may be managed by actions other than inspection. Some
of these actions may include all but which of the following?
A. Chemical treatment of the process to reduce deterioration rates
B. Change metallurgy of components to reduce POF
C. Upgrade safety, detection, or loss limiting systems
D. Positive identification of the COF

When directing a facilities screening, RBI is typically conducted on what level?

A. The entire refinery or plant
B. A single component within a single piece of equipment
C. Multiple pieces of equipment
D. A single unit

Process unit screening may assign priorities based on each of the following except which one?
A. Relative risk of the process units
B. Relative economic impact of the process unit
C. Relative population density
D. Turnaround schedule

When establishing physical boundaries of an RBI assessment, equipment item screening is often
conducted to do which of the following?
A. Identify lower risk items
B. Identify equipment with critical life
C. Identify higher risk items
D. Identify items that are nearing half-life, and therefore in need of inspection

Can utility systems be included in and RBI assessment?

A. No, because this is covered by PSM
B. Yes, because the RBI assessment is being done for an overall optimization.
C. No, because this is a specific reliability problem associated with corrosion and fouling
D. Yes, because they typically require no inspection resources and do not impact the RBI results.

The unit run length of the process unit or pieces of equipment is an significant limit to consider for
what reason?
A. The RBI assessment may include the entire operational life
B. Inspection frequency may be time based rather than risk based.
C. The RBI assessment time period is limited by the API standards 510, 570, & 653
D. The unit run length has no bearing on an RBI assessment

Which of the following influences the uncertainty of risk associated with pressure equipment primarily
by improving information of the deterioration state and predictability of the POF?
A. System operating records
B. Comparison with equipment is similar service
C. Inspection
D. Published data

Inspection is a risk management activity that does which of the following?

A. May lead to higher costs in managing the risk
B. May lead to unnecessary downtime due to additional inspection time
C. May lead to risk reduction
D. May lead to decreased personnel requirement

The level of the unmitigated risk should be used to evaluate which of the following?
A. The cost of repair versus run to destruction
B. The criticality of performing the inspection
C. The number of inspectors to assign to the inspection activity
D. The amount of leakage permitted by jurisdictional authorities

Examples where inspection may not be appropriate to manage risks to accepted levels include all but
which of the following?
A. New equipment
B. Equipment nearing retirement
C. Consequence-dominated risks
D. Failure mechanisms where avoidance of failure primarily depends on operating within a define
pressure/temperature envelope

A
Facilities End of Life strategies focus on which one of the following?
A. on eliminating all inspection activity on the equipment
B. on eliminating maintenance activity on the equipment
C. Keeping the equipment in-service.
D. Inspection efforts on high risk areas

End of life inspection RBI strategies may be developed with fitness for service assessment of damaged
components using which of the following?
A. API RP - 582
B. The users process safety management program
C. API RP-579
D. API RP -578

Typically, a Risk Based assessment is done on which of the following?

A. On multiple pieces of equipment
B. On a single component
C. Annually
D. One-half the remaining life but not to exceed ten years

API RP 580 is targeted at the application of RBI in which of the following?

A. Pulp/paper industry and chemical process industries.
B. Facilities covered by OSHA with toxic or hazardous materials.
C. Hydrocarbon and chemical process industry .
D. Hydrocarbon and power utility industry.

Which of the following is the main product of the RBI assessment and management approach?
A. Plans that address ways to manage risks on an equipment level .
B. Plans that identify risk through risk management activities.
C. Plans that mitigate risk only through inspection efforts.
D. Plans to determine risk acceptance and risk analysis.

Concentrating on a smaller set of data should produce which of the following?

A. Inaccurate information
B. More accurate information
C. Identification of damage mechanisms.
D. No appreciable effect on the Risk Based Inspection program.

B
RBI is based on proven risk assessment and management principles however it will not compensate
for which one of the following except......?
A. Lack of sound engineering or operational judgment.
B. Not purchasing critical path equipment .
C. Inaccurate or missing information.
D. Lack of qualified personnel or teamwork.

Utilization of RBI provides a method for constantly improving the inspection of facilities and reducing
the risk associated with which of the following?
A. Operational upsets.
B. Improper repair activity.
c. Pressure boundary failures
D. Severe consequences.

Identification of the credible damage mechanism and failure modes for all equipment included in an
RBI study is essential for which of the follow reason?
A. To insure the quality and effectiveness of the risk analysis
B. To determine the SME's that should be present for the study
C. To insure that appropriate NDE techniques have been utilized in the past
D. To adopt a philosophy of COF

With an initial investment in inspection activities which of the following will be accomplished?
A. Risk generally is significantly reduced
B. Risk generally will not be reduced just allocated a lower factor
C. Risk generally will be eliminated
D. Risk generally will have no impact should failure occur

Quantitative risk analysis logic models generally consist of event trees and fault trees. Event trees
delineate initiating events and which of the following?
A. System successes and profits
B. System successes and failures
C. System successes and personnel failures
D. System successes and total run times

For all intents and purposes, a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) is best described as which of the
following?
A. A traditional risk analysis
B. Not applicable to the hydrocarbon and chemical process industry
C. Derived from both the qualitative and quantitative approaches
D. Best described as a non-traditional risk analysis

General thinning from corrosion generally leads to what type of failure? (Challenge Question)
A. Small Hole
B. Crack
C. Brittle Fracture
D. Larger leaks or rupture

The purpose of establishing operational boundaries is which of the following?

A. To identify minor process parameters that will have little impact on deterioration
B. To identify who is responsible for operational up-sets
C. To identify areas in the operating unit that can be operated outside the boundary limits with no
impact on safety.
D. To identify key process parameters that may impact deterioration

The POF is calculated with two considerations. Which of the two are they?
A. Deterioration mechanisms and Effectiveness of inspection program to identify the mechanism
B. The effectiveness of the inspection program to identify the deterioration mechanism, and the
corrosion engineer's ability to determine where the corrosion will occur
C. The effectiveness of the equipment used to detect the corrosion , and the rate of deterioration or
susceptibility
D. Equipment type and the credible deterioration mechanism(s)

When determining the deterioration susceptibility and rate, the best data will be derived from which
of the following?
A. Operating experiences where conditions could realistically be expected to occur in the equipment
under consideration
B. Previous Inspection Data
C. Experience with similar equipment
D. Published Data

Process Hazard Analysis risk assessments focus on the process unit design and operating practices and
their adequacy of the unit's current and anticipated operating conditions. RBI compliments the PHA by
which of the following?
A. Focusing on the mechanical integrity related damage mechanisms and risk management through
inspection
B. Focusing on the internal training programs of the RBI inspectors and their supervisors
C. Focusing on the design parameters to ensure the equipment is adequate for the selected process
D. Focusing on the availability of replacement parts or installed back up equipment

When assessing POF and defining frequency. How is frequency normally expressed?
A. Probability
B. Events per year
C. Duration
D. Susceptibility

RBI is not exclusively an inspection activity and requires the involvement of various segments of the
organization such as engineering, maintenance, and which of the following?
A. The jurisdiction where the pressure equipment is installed
B. The senior vice president of the owner company
C. Operations
D. The American Petroleum Institute

A concept of minimization that postulates that attributes (such as risk) can only be reduced to a
certain minimum under current technology and with reasonable cost. Is a definition of which of the
following?
A. Deterioration
B. Failure mode
C. Mitigation
D. ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practical )

Damage tolerance is defined as which of the following?

A. Termination of the ability of a system, structure, or component to perform its required function of
containment of fluid
B. The amount of deterioration that a component can withstand without failure
C. A decision to accept a risk
D. An analytical tool that organizes and characterizes potential accidents in a logical and graphical
manner

Established limits for process variables that can affect the integrity of the equipment if the process
operation deviates from the established limits for a predetermined amount of time is also known as
which of the following?
A. Best operating practices (BOP)
B. General operating practices (GOP)
C. Integrity operating window (lOW )
D. Engineering standard operations (ESO)
C

One approach of a quantitative probability analysis is to take a probabilistic approach. In this

approach:
A. Specific failure data is used to calculate a probability of failure
B. General failure data is used to calculate a probability of failure
C. Relative failure data is used to calculate a probability of failure
D. Generic failure data is used to calculate a probability of failure

Performing a RBI assessment can establish the susceptibility of equipment to deterioration such as all
of the following but one. Which one is not true?
A. Improper operation
B. Fatigue
C. Corrosion
D. Cracking

A risk assessment and management process that is focused on loss of containment of pressurized
equipment in processing facilities, due to material deterioration is a definition of which of the
following?
A. Risk management
B. Event tree
C. Risk mitigation
D. Risk based inspection

Several things are not covered by API RP 580. Which of the following is an example of something that
is covered by API RP 580?
A. Instrument and control systems
B. Elevated municipal water storage tank
C. Electrical systems
D. Structural systems

Risk reduction is defined as which of the following?

A. The act of mitigating a known risk to an acceptable level of risk
B. A process of selecting and implementing measures to modify a risk
C. A decision not to become involved in or action to withdraw from a risk situation
D. A process to assign values to the probability and consequence of a risk

By focusing on risks and their mitigation, RBI provides which of the following?
A. An understanding of how equipment is designed to operate
B. Better utilization of operating and inspection personnel
C. A better linkage between the mechanisms that lead to equipment failures and the inspection
approaches that will effectively reduce the associated risks
D. A better linkage between the mechanisms lead to equipment failures and the correct repair
approaches that will effectively return the equipment to service

API-580 damage mechanisms include which of the following:

A. Corrosion, Cracking, mechanical and metallurgical damage.
B. Erosion, cracking, mechanical and metallurgical damage,
C. Fatigue, corrosion, cracking and Erosion
D. Creep, corrosion, cracking and fatigue

Which of the following was given as an example of a failure mode?

A. Brittle fracture
B. Internal corrosion
C. Pitting
D. Metallurgical changes

...A

Regardless of what RBI approach is used, what two items are beneficial to the accuracy and quality of
an RBI analysis regarding the data input?
A. All data is averaged and standardized.
B. Input data is current, and validated by knowledgeable persons
C. All data is validated and attained by credible people.
D. Sensitivity analysis has been run on data, and bad data removed.

Which of the following would be the best example of setting a priority for RBI process units screening?
A. Equipment size and type.
B. Location of battery limits of units.
C. Turnaround schedule.
D. RBI team member availability.

In addition to the amount of equipment items included in the RBI analysis, which of the following best
describes why the resources and time required to implement an RBI assessment will depend on?
A. Ease of use of the RBI software.
B. Turnaround schedule for the assessed unit.
C. Risk of the assessed unit.
D. Availability and quality of necessary data and information.

D
When calculating the POF, what is needed for each deterioration type and failure mode?
A. Expected deterioration mechanism, rate or susceptibility, inspection data and effectiveness
B. Expected deterioration rate or susceptibility, inspection data and effectiveness
C. Expected deterioration rate or susceptibility, inspection data /effectiveness and risk level
D. Expected deterioration rate or susceptibility, inspection data / effectiveness, associated
inspection/maintenance costs

A risk based inspection program will be managed by:

A. Professional Engineer (PE)
B. Plant Inspectors and the software being utilized.
C. Management and process safety personnel
D. Plant inspectors and inspection engineers

The accuracy of the results from a "qualitative" analysis relies on which of the following?
A. The accuracy of all collected data
B. The use of logic models
C. The background and expertise of the analysts
D. Environmental and atmospheric considerations

If several inspections have been completed on an equipment item, which may be best reflect current
operating conditions?
A. The most recent
B. Short term corrosion rate.
C. Long term corrosion rate.
D. Experience with similar equipment

Understanding the damage mechanism is important for which of the following?

A. Analysis of the COF
B. Analysis of the POF
C. Ability to make decisions that can eliminate or reduce the consequence.
D. Analysis of the reassessment type

The probability and consequence analysis should be worked interactively. This is because the failure
mode primarily affects:
A. Deterioration tolerance
B. The magnitude of the consequences
C. The likelihood of failure.
D. The magnitude of the overall risk
B

Quantitative risk analysis uses what type of model to depict combinations of events that could result
in severe accidents.
A. Logical models
B. Conscious Models
C. Logic models
D. Physical models

When determining the POF, there are several sources for determining the amount of deterioration.
Which of the following is the best source?
A. Published data
B. Laboratory testing
C. Actual operating experience
D. Expert opinion

Failure mode primarily affects which of the following?

A. Magnitude of consequences
B. Duration of consequence
C. Consequence of failure
D. Susceptibility to damage.

The ability to state the rate of deterioration in specific process equipment is often not known with
confidence. Which of the following would not be a reason for this?
A. due to the inspector's expertise
B. due to the deterioration mechanism
C. due to imitations of inspection and test methods
D. due to the damage tolerance of the equipment

When conducting a Quantitate review, there are several approaches for data used to calculate the
POF. Which of the following is correct?
A. All data is evaluated and scrubbed.
B. Probabilistic and /or Industry, company or manufacturer failure data can be used.
C. In-situ testing or in-service monitoring should be considered as a mitigation.
D. All historic data should be considered, even if there was a change in service.

General thinning from corrosion generally leads to what type of failure?

A. Small hole
B. Crack
C. Brittle fracture
D. Larger leaks or rupture

In general, which of the following would most likely manage the consequence side of the risk
equation?
A. Management and process safety personnel
B. Plant inspectors and inspection engineers
C. The Dow Fire and Explosion Index.
D. The owner/user's insurance company

API-580 lists several units of measure in consequence analysis. Which of the following is not one of
those units of measure listed?
A. Safety
B. Environmental damage
C. Cost
D. Damage mechanism

In a consequence evaluation, a important part in determining the extent of the consequence is which
of the following?
A. Time of the consequence event
B. Detailed cost assessment
C. The volume of fluid released
D. Number and types of inspections

With regard to environmental consequences, the RBI program typically focuses on which of the
following?
A. Past environmental risks
B. Chronic risks from low-level emissions
C. Acute and immediate environmental risks
D. Operating personnel responsible for the release

When assessing the consequence of failure, RBI is mainly concerned with loss of containment failures.
However, other functional failures could be included. Which of the following would not be included?
A. Failure of Internal components of pressure containing equipment
B. Heat exchanger tube failure
C. Pressure relief device failure
D. Plant wide power failure.

D
Flammable events occur when both a leak and ignition occurs. Flammable events can cause damage in
which of the following two ways?
A. Oxygen depletion and thermal radiation
B. Thermal radiation and blast overpressure
C. Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) and blast overpressure
D. Arc radiation and blast overpressure

API-580 lists several units of measure in consequence analysis. Which of the following is not one of
those units of measure listed?
A. Safety
B. Environmental damage
C. Cost
D. Damage mechanism

This is commonly used as an indicator of potential consequences:

A. Costs
B. Risk
C. Probability (likelihood)
D. Extent to which an event is likely to occur within the time frame under consideration

The costs of environmental consequences are defined as which of the following?

A. Environmental Cost = Cost of Cleanup + fines - safety related fines.
B. Environmental Cost = Cost of cleanup + fines x other costs
C. Environmental Cost = Cost of fluid replacement + fines + other Costs
D. Environmental Cost = Cost of cleanup + fines + other Costs

Which of the following is not a category of fire and explosion events?

A. Vapor cloud explosion
B. Pool fire
C. Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)
D. Class B electrical fire

The main production consequences for RBI are which of the following?
A. Financial
B. The environmental impact to the surrounding area
C. The number of employees that must be laid-off
D. The increase in deterioration rates due to the consequence

A
In RBI, environmental consequences typically focus on what type of risks?
A. Only those that affect personnel
B. Acute and immediate rather than chronic
C. Only those that are "reportable"
D. Dynamic and sustained

Toxic release consequence is typically including all of the following but one. Which one does not
belong?
A. Population in the vicinity of the release
B. Volume of fluid released and toxicity
C. Ability to disperse under typical process and environmental conditions
D. The replacement cost of the toxic fluid

Flammable events - Most of the damage from a flammable event is caused by:
A. Blast overpressure
B. Thermal Radiation
C. Thermal radiation & blast overpressure
D. Thermal overpressure

Releases of other hazardous fluids, other than toxic, are of most concern in risk based inspection
assessments when they affect which of the following?
A. The corporation's bottom line
B. Personnel
C. Only the environment
D. Process equipment

Production (Business Interruption) consequences are measured in what terms of measure?

A. Loss of reputation
B. Financial
C. Loss of client base
D. Loss of supplier base

Failure mode primarily affects which of the following?

A. The magnitude of the consequences
B. The magnitude of the repair costs
C. The magnitude of the cost of replacement equipment
D. The magnitude of operational changes

A
In a consequence analysis, the maintenance and reconstruction impact is generally measured in
monetary terms. It typically includes repairs and _____________.
A. Equipment preventative maintenance cost
B. Logistics
C. Loss of production
D. Equipment replacement

Assumptions or estimates of input data can be utilized in which of the following manners?
A. Should never be made as exact data is required for risk management decisions
B. Should only be made by a third party engineering company
C. Are often used when consequence and/or probability of failure data are not known
D. Are rarely used when consequence and/or probability of failure data are not known

In most consequence evaluations, a key element in determining the magnitude of consequence is:
A. The volume of fluid released
B. Leak rate
C. Detection and isolation time
D. The failure mode

A risk matrix is one method of communicating the distribution of risks throughout a plant or process
unit. When more quantitative consequence and probability data are being used; which of the
following would provide more meaningful information?
A. As-built drawing
B. Isometric drawing
C. Risk plot
D. P&ID.

Toxic consequences are typically not derived from which of the following?
A. Thermal radiation
B. Population in the vicinity of the release
C. Detection and mitigation systems
D. Volume of fluid releases and toxicity

Inspection programs vary in their effectiveness for locating and sizing deterioration and thus fit which
of the following descriptions?
A. Are very ineffective in determining deterioration mechanisms
B. Do not rely on extensive use of nondestructive examination techniques
C. Provide little or no information pertaining to deterioration mechanisms
D. Vary in their ability to determine deterioration mechanisms
D

When calculating the Risk of a Fire, the consequence of that fire has been assessed at $1,000,000,
while the Probability of fire has been determined to be 0.0001 per year, what is the resulting Risk of
Fire?
$100/year
$200/year
$300/year
$500/year

The consequence of environmental damage is best understood by cost. Cost is determined by:
A. Fines
B. Method of clean-up
C. Cost for cleanup
D. All the above

Using the formula ""Risk of a specific consequence= (Probability of a Specific Consequence) X (Specific
Consequence)"" it is possible to calculate the risk for each specific consequence. Regarding this
statement, which of the following is a true statement?
A. The total risk is the sum of the minor risks for each specific consequence.
B. This formula cannot be used to determine total risk
C. The total risk is the sum of the individual risks for each specific consequence
D. The total risk is the sum of the individual risks plus probability of fire for each specific consequence

Toxic releases in RBI are addressed under what circumstances?

A. Only discussed & documented within the company
B. Are only addressed when they affect personnel
C. Only discussed when OSHA investigates
D. Evaluated when they are a reportable quantity

By focusing on risks and their mitigation, RBI provides which of the following?
A. Understanding of how equipment is designed to operate within the established IOW's
B. Improved relationship between inspection techniques and the damage mechanisms
C. A better linkage between the mechanisms that lead to equipment failures and the inspection
approaches that will effectively reduce the associated risks
D. A better linkage between the mechanisms lead to equipment failures and the code repairs designed
to reduce failure

C
For risks considered unacceptable, there are various mitigation categories. Which of the following is
not one of those categories listed in API-580?
A. Probability mitigation
B. Decommission
C. Assessment mitigation by utilizing Risk Acceptance
D. Inspection/condition monitoring

The probability of credible events leading up to the specific consequence ........

A. Identifies the active and credible deterioration mechanisms
B. Must be added to the deterioration mechanism and then factored into the probability of the
specific consequences occurring
C. Should be discounted since they were previously assessed during the RBI
D. Should be factored into the probability of the specific consequence occurring

With regard to environmental consequences, the RBI program typically focuses on which of the
following?
A. Past environmental risks
B. Chronic risks from low-level emissions
C. Acute and immediate environmental risks
D. Failure of the pressure relief system

Plant Inspectors or Inspection Engineers normally manage risk by managing the POF with inspection
and maintenance. Who has the ability to adjust the COF?
A. Process Safety Manager
B. Plant inspectors and Inspection Engineers
C. Management
D. Management, and process safety personnel

Part of using risk assessment in inspection and maintenance planning of equipment is all of the
following except which one??
A. Determining what to inspect
B. Determining where to inspect
C. Determining how to inspect
D. Determining who should inspect

What is a source for more information on risk acceptance?

A. A Comparison of Criteria for Acceptance of Risk
B. Dow Fire and Explosion Risk Index
C. EPA Risk Management Plan (RMP) Regulations
D. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.110, Criteria for Acceptance of Risk

In a consequence study, the maintenance and reconstruction impact is generally measured in financial
terms. It typically includes repairs and:
A. Production changes
B. Equipment upgrades
C. Loss of production
D. Equipment replacement

Once a sensitivity study is completed, the user has which of the following opportunities?
A. See which variables significantly influence plant throughput
B. See which variables significantly influence the risk value
C. See which equipment can be eliminated as being insignificant to the process
D. See the rate of deterioration and susceptibility

Flammable events occur when what two actions occur? 2014 MM

A. Leak and ignition
B. Source and failure mode exist
C. Ignition and damage mechanism(s) occur.
D. Thermal effects combine with a source

As the severity of the incident increases, what is the corresponding likelihood of the probability?
A. Increase
B. Remain constant
C. Remains proportional
D. Decrease

It is important to understand this linkage between the POF and the probability of possible resulting
incidents. The
probability of a specific consequence is tied to the severity of the consequence and may differ
considerably from the
probability of the equipment failure itself. Probabilities of incidents generally decrease with the severity
of the incident. For example, the probability of an event resulting in a fatality will generally be less than
the probability that the event will result in a first aid or medical treatment injury. It is important to
understand this relationship.

Materials that can cause burns include steam, hot water, acids and caustics. These are a concern, and
RBI classifies them as what type of Consequence of Failure?
A. Toxic release
B. Thermal release
C. Hazardous fluids
D. Environmental

The general formula for the probability of fire would be which of the following? 2014 MM
A. Probability of fire = Consequence of Ignition X Probability of ignition
B. Probability of Fire = (POF) X (likelihood of Ignition)
C. Probability of Fire= (Probability of ignition) X (COF)
D. Probability of Fire = (POF) X (Failure mode)

The consequence effects for loss of containment are generally considered to be in some specific
categories. Which of the following is not one of the categories generally evaluated?
A. Environmental Impact
B. Production Loss
C. Safety and Health Impact
D. Unit Value

In determining the Probability of a Specific Consequence, there will be other consequences that
should be addressed. Which of the following is a true statement? 2014 MM
A. Unit inspector's judgment should be used to eliminate non-credible failures
B. The mean average data should be used to eliminate non-credible failures
C. Engineering judgment and experience should be used to eliminate trivial cases
D. The POF should be used to eliminate non-credible failures

The consequence effects for loss of containment can usually be considered to be in several categories.
Which of the following is not considered as a typical category? 2014 MM
A. Safety and health impact
B. Production losses
C. Inspection and RBI reassessment costs
D. Maintenance and reconstruction costs

The following is a tool used by companies, and regulatory authorities as one method in determining
risk acceptance. 2014 MM
A. Risk criteria
B. Cost benefit analysis
C. Risk evaluation
D. Cost ratio comparison
B

There are several units of measure in consequence analysis. Which of the following is not one of those
units as described by RBI?
A. Health and safety
B. Affected area
C. Environmental damage
D. Alternate allocations of operating expenses

"Risk based inspection is expressed as which of the following?

A. A tool to provide an analysis of the risk of loss of containment of equipment
B. A tool to provide an analysis of the cost of replacement of equipment
C. A tool to provide an analysis for the length of time a turnaround will take
D. A tool to provide an analysis for the most cost effective operating parameters

Which of the following is a typical method of estimating downtime after a fire or explosion?
A. Factory Mutual (FM) Fire and Explosion Index
B. Dow Fire and Explosion Index
C. NFPA Fire and Explosion Index
D. API Recommended Practice - 579

The unit daily value could be on a revenue or profit basis. The downtime estimate would represent the
time required
to get back into production. The Dow Fire and Explosion Index is a typical method of estimating
downtime after a fireor explosion.

According to API RP 580, what is risk?

A. The probability of some hazard occurring during a general time period and the consequences
associated with the event.
B. A combination of the probability of some event occurring during a time period of interest and the
consequences associated with the event .
C. The certainty of an event happening and the consequences of the event on the surrounding
environment.
D. The acceptability of an event impacting a specific percentage of personnel, equipment, or the
environment which has been determined as collateral damage.

Risk reduction is defined as which of the following?

A. The act of mitigating a known risk to an acceptable level of risk .
B. A process of selecting and implementing measures to modify a risk.
C. A decision not to become involved in or action to withdraw from a risk situation.
D. A process to assign values to the probability and consequence of a risk.

A.

Codes and standards such as API-510, 570, and 653 evolved to an inspection philosophy with elements
such as those listed below except which of the following?
A. Inspection interval based on some percentage of equipment life...
B. Inspection interval based on manufacturer's proof tests .
C. On-stream in lieu of internal inspection based on low deterioration rates
D. Consequence based inspection intervals

By focusing on risks and their mitigation, RBI provides which of the following?
A. An understanding of how equipment is designed and the associated risk.
B. Better utilization of operating and inspection personnel on at risk equipment items.
C. A better association between the mechanisms that lead to equipment failures and the inspection
approaches that will reduce risk .
D. A better linkage between the mechanisms lead to equipment failures and the correct repair
approaches that will effectively return the equipment to service.

When calculating the Risk of a Fire, the consequence of that fire has been assessed at $2,000,000,
while the Probability of fire has been determined to be 0.00002 per year, what is the resulting Risk of
Fire?
A. $40/year
B. $20/year
C. $200/year
D. $400/year

When determining a dominant probability / consequence pair, it is not always necessary to include
every credible scenario in the analysis. With this in mind, this makes which one of the following
statements true?
A. Certain cases can be ignored if they are not related to the environment
B. Certain cases can be ignored if the Safety manager agrees
C. Certain cases can be ignored if the Safety manager agrees
D. Engineering judgment and experience should be used to eliminate trivial cases

The probability of credible events leading up to the specific consequence is expressed as which of the
following?
A. Should define the active and credible deterioration mechanisms
B. Should be factored into the probability of a general consequence occurring
C. Should be discounted since they were previously assessed during the RBI
D. Should be factored into the probability of the specific consequence occurring

If the probability and consequence (risk) is high enough to be unacceptable then which of the
following is true?
A. That process must be immediately shut down
B. The entire facility must be evacuated
C. Management personnel must be replaced
D. Mitigation action is recommended

In risk determination, assessment and management, is it true that risk acceptance may vary for
different risks?
A. Yes
B. Yes, but it must comply with OSHA standards
C. No, never
D. No, but API 580 is currently evaluating this decision

The volume of fluid released is typically derived form a combination of all of the following except
which one?
A. Best guess by experienced and trained operating personel
B. Volume of fluid available for release
C. Failure mode
D. Leak rate

The accuracy of the results from a ""qualitative"" analysis is dependent on which of the following?
A. The accuracy of all collected data
B. The use of logic models
C. The background and expertise of the analysts
D. Environmental costs

RBI is focused on a systematic determination of which of the following?

A. Total facility operating costs
B. Relative risks
C. Absolute risk
D. Average risk factors

Of all the Units of measure in a consequence analysis, which is the least developed among those
currently used for RBI?
A. Environmental damage
B. Affected area
C. Cost
D. Safety

A probability of failure can be determined, for each deterioration type and failure mode, by combining
all but which of the following?
A. The expected damage mechanism
B. Inspection data and inspection effectiveness
C. All the operating data from a similar process system
D. Rate or susceptibility

"A simple method for estimating the business interruption consequence uses which of the following
formulas?
"
A. Business Interruption= Process Unit Construction Value • Downtime (years)
B. Business Interruption= Process Unit Annual Value • Downtime (days)
C. Business Interruption= Process Unit Daily Value • Downtime (days )
D. Business Interruption

What is the purpose of a Sensitivity Analysis?

A. To determine what the environmental impact could be
B. To determine what environmental safeguards are in place
C. To determine what input variables deserve closer scrutiny versus others that may not have
significant effects
D. To determine the attitude of local "affected population" to any degree of environmental impact

Risk reduction is defined as which of the following?

A. Actions taken to lessen the probability of a particular risk.
B. A process of selecting and implementing measures to modify a risk
C. A decision not to become involved in or action to withdraw from a risk situation
D. A process to assign values to the probability and consequence of a risk

Activity with a potential for consequence. In a safety area, this is called a hazard.
A. Risk Identification
B. Source
C. Risk driver
D. Consequence
B

A concept of minimization that postulates that attributes such as risk can only be reduced to a certain
minimum under current technology and with reasonable cost.
A. Below the ISO-risk line
B. Above the ISO-risk line
C. As low as Reasonably Practical (ALARP)
D. As low as Possible with Current Technology (AlAPCT)

RBI can be used to optimize inspection costs that directly affect life cycle. Which of the following is not
an example of how RBI can assist in lowering overall life cycle costs through various cost benefit
assessments
A. RBI should enhance the prediction of failures caused by deterioration mechanisms
B. RBI is fundamentally based on the ability to have team based decisions
C. RBI can accurately identify where to inspect and what repairs / replacements to expect & T/A work
D. RBI can access the effects of changing to a more aggressive fluid

Inspection services identify, monitor and measure the damage mechanisms. Inspection also provides
which of the following?
A. A better understanding into the COF
B. Input in the prediction of when the deterioration will reach a critical point
C. The resources to document corrosion rates
D. An understanding of where and when corrosion will occur

The quantitative consequence analysis involves using a logic model depicting combinations of events
to represent the effects of failure on all of the following except which one?
A. The environment
B. Property
C. Toxic release
D. People

Risk reduction is defined as which of the following?

A. As low as regulations permit
B. As long as risk is possible
C. As low as reasonably practical
D. American legal assistance risk prevention

The consequence analysis in a risk based inspection program is performed for which of the following
reasons?
A. To define equipment that can be grouped for analysis
B. To provide discrimination between equipment items on the basis of the significance of potential
failure
C. To provide similarities between equipment items to minimize the significance of potential failure
D. To provide extensive history for future reassessment

In general, a risk based inspection program will be managed by:

A. Professional Engineer (PE)
B. Plant Inspectors and Operations engineers
C. Management and process safety personnel
D. Plant inspectors and inspection engineers

The ultimate goal of inspection is what purpose?

A. To provide an inspection plan
B. Safety and reliability of operating equipment
C. To identify inspection methods and techniques
D. Safety and reliability of operating facilities

With an initial investment in inspection activities which of the following will be accomplished?
A. Risk generally is significantly induced.
B. Risk generally will not be reduced
C. Risk generally will be slightly lowered
D. Risk generally is significantly reduced

The consequence effects for loss of containment are generally considered to be in all of the following
categories except:
A. Safety and Health impact
B. Modes of deterioration
C. Environmental impact
D. Production losses

Determination of inspection effectiveness should consider all but which of the following?
A. Equipment type
B. Risk tolerance of the equipment
C. Accessibility to expected deterioration areas
D. Rate of deterioration and susceptibility

B
The choice of RBI assessment is dependent on all of the following except which of the following?
A. Complexity of facilities and processes
B. Available resources
C. Objective of the study
D. Jurisdictional requirements

Enhancing the survivability of a facility to the consequence is best described as?

A. Risk tolerance
B. Risk identification
C. A mitigation activity that does not involve inspection
D. The goal of industry standards

One of the most important aspects of managing risk through RBI is which of the following?
A. Development and use of mitigation strategies
B. Acquiring qualified personnel for the RBI assessment.
C. Insuring the quality of all data
D. Adequately imputing all data into the RBI computer program

RBI is a Team Approach. Who on the team is responsible for assessing the effectiveness of past
inspections?
A. The Team Leader
B. The Equipment Inspector or Inspection Specialist
C. The Corrosion Specialist
D. The Inspector/Specialist and Corrosion Specialist

RBI is a Team Approach. Who on the team is responsible for providing recommendations on methods
of mitigating the POF (such as coatings/linings, etc.)?
A. The Team leader
B. The Equipment Inspector or Inspection Specialist
C. The Corrosion Specialist
D. The inspector/Specialist and Corrosion Specialist

What team member should preferably be a stakeholder in the facility/equipment being analyzed in
the RBI assessment?
A. Corrosion Specialist
B. Equipment Inspector or Inspection Specialist
C. Team Leader
D. Process Specialist
C

Focusing on a smaller set of data should result in which of the following?

A. Inaccurate information
B. More accurate information
C. Increased number of failures
D. No appreciable effect on the Risk Based Inspection program

What RBI team member is responsible for providing data on the occurrences when the process
deviated from the limits of the process operating envelope (IOW)?
A. Systems Control Engineer
B. Operations and Maintenance Personnel
C. Process Specialist
D. Management

Utilization of RBI provides a vehicle for continuously improving the inspection of facilities and
systematically reducing the risk associated with which of the following?
A. Operational upsets
B. Improper repair activity
C. Pressure boundary failures
D. Severe consequences

Inspection activities will increase information on the condition of the equipment. When inspection
activities have been performed, the results should be reviewed for which of the following reason?
A. The perform inspection grading
B. To determine if an RBI reassessment is necessary
C. To insure the same inspection procedures were performed at each inspection
D. To determine if prior assumptions were correct

What is a methodology whereby damage of flaws/imperfections contained within a component or

equipment item are assessed in order to determine acceptability for continues service.
A. RBI mitigation assessment
B. Fitness for service assessment
C. Inspection grading
D. Rerating

Which of the following are the primary work products of the RBI assessment and management
approach?
A. Plans that address ways to manage risks on an equipment level
B. Plans that address to manage personnel
C. Plans that address additional training requirements for operating personnel
D. Plans for the elimination of all risks to equipment

Equipment modification, redesign and rerating utilizing a MOC process can provide mitigation of which
of the following?
A. Risk assessment
B. POF
C. COF
D. ALARP

Emergency isolation capability can reduce all except which of the following?
A. Chronic Environmental releases
B. Toxic release
C. Explosion consequence
D. Fire consequence

Design of this mitigation system is critical, because under some circumstances they can enhance flame
speed.
A. Water Curtain
B. Spray Deluge
C. Emergency isolation
D. Fire monitors

The purpose of a water curtain is to?

A. Absorption of vapors
B. Absorption of vapors and dilution of insoluble vapors
C. Extinguish fire damage and minimize or prevent escalation
D. Provide an escape route for affected personnel

Results of a quantitative risk assessment are usually presented in what format?

A. numeric
B. analytical
C. detailed
D. accute

One RBI team member that should be full-time is: R2014 MM

A. Equipment Inspector or Inspection specialist
B. The Team Leader
C. The Process specialist
D. The Corrosion specialist

What has a group of systems arranged in a specific fashion to produce a product? R2014 MM
A. A process unit
B. A facility
C A corrosion loop
D. RBI software

RBI uses a team. Who on the team is accountable for providing the resources and follow-up system to
implement the risk mitigation choices? R2014 MM
A. Team Leader
B. Environmental and Safety Personnel
C. Equipment Inspector or Inspection specialist
D. Management

Water curtain design is critical for the following reason.

A. It must be located in "critical" areas for flame extinguishing
B. The water curtain can enhance flame speed under some circumstances
C. Spraying on hot thick walled vessels can promote Stress Corrosion Cracking
D. It must relieve at fire temperatures and not extreme operating temperature conditions

Who on the RBI team is responsible for providing recommendations on methods of mitigating the POF
(such as coatings/linings, etc.)? R2014 MM
A. The Team leader and Corrosion Specialist
B. The Equipment Inspector or Inspection Specialist
C. The Corrosion Specialist
D. The Inspector/Specialist and Corrosion Specialist

Risk Assessment teams should have specific training. The detailed training should cover which of the
following two subjects? R2014 MM
A. RBI methodology and the procedures being used for the RBI assessment
B. Procedures being used for the RBI assessment & the use of the Risk Assessment Diagram
C. Use of the Risk Assessment Diagram, and the method to determine the POF
D. How to determine POF & COF

A
Which of the following is the most desirable location for a water curtain? R2014 MM
A. Directly above the release location
B. Between the release location and ignition source
C. Directly above the potential ignition source
D. Between the ignition source and the emergency equipment

What is the process of integrating the most recent inspection data or other process and maintenance
alterations into the risk analysis? R2014 MM
A. RBI evaluation
B. RBI reassessment
C. RBI mitigation
D. RBI identification

When using RBI, a reassessment is required by which of the following? R2014 MM

A. FMEA
B. Jurisdictional codes and regulations
C. OSHA 1910.110
D. Governing inspection codes, and jurisdictional requirements

Blast-resistant construction may provide personnel protection from the effects of an explosion, It may
also be useful for which of the following?
A. Systems Control Engineer
B. Operations and Maintenance Personnel
C. Process Specialist
D. Management

When ranking consequences according to the amount of surface area of the plot plan that experiences
an effect greater than a pre-defined limiting value, it is typically assumed that personnel at risk are
which of the following?
A. Are the most experienced Operations/Maintenance people available.
B. Personnel are not factored into this COF calculation.
C. Are assumed to be evenly distributed throughout the unit.
D. Are going to be huddled in the specific area of the affected area.

Blast-resistant construction may provide personnel protection from the effects of explosion. It may
also be useful for:
A. Control cables in the area.
B. Instrument lines that are critical.
C. Emergency isolation
D. Enclosure for pressurized cylinders.

Although major may not have occurred, over time, small changes may occur and cumulatively cause
significant changes in the RBI assessment. Therefore, at a minimum, users should establish
reassessments based on which of the following prime parameter?
A. After "significant" changes
B. After a specific period of time
C. After implementation of risk mitigation strategies
D. During maintenance turnarounds

API-580 asks when to conduct a RBI reassessment and lists several times; one of which is ""After
Significant Changes"". It goes on to list all but which of these changes?
A. RBI premises
B. Litigation
C. Significant change in process
D. Damage mechanisms/rates/severities

A risk matrix is one method of communicating the distribution of risks throughout a plant or process
unit. When more quantitative consequence and probability data are being used; which of the
following would provide additional information? R2014 MM
A. HAZOP study
B. Fault tree
C. Risk plot
D. Failure mode and effect analysis

One goal of the Risk Analyst is to accomplish which of the following?

A. Provide training on RBI methodology.
B. Isolate low priority data identified by the sensitivity analysis
C. Evaluate the conformity of the software to API standards
D. Communicate the results of the RBI in an understandable way.

What is the process of including inspection data or other changes into the risk analysis?
A. Risk Management
B. Reassessment
C. Risk assessment
D. HAZOP

B
This has a mathematical definition as "a real number in the scale 0-1 attached to a random event."
A. Mitigation
B. Quantitative risk
C. Risk
D. Probability

RBI is a team method. Who on the team is responsible for evaluating the usefulness of historical
inspections?
A.The Team Leader and Risk Analyst
B. The Equipment Inspector or Inspection Specialist
C. The Corrosion Specialist
D. The Inspector/Specialist and Corrosion Specialist

The units for affected area consequence (square foot or square meters) do not convert into routine
experiences. One drawback is which of the following?
A. It does not include the business impact of failure.
B. It does not include the safety impact of failure.
C. A common unit of measure for environmental damage is not available with current technology.
D. It does not include the health impact of failure.

Categorizing costs sounds easy, but isn't always practical. Rather than using precise values, which of
the following can be utilized as an alternate. R2014 MM
A. Consequences may be placed into categories that have pre-defined economic ranges.
B. Utilization of a Quantitative approach to provide relevant information.
C. The Dow Fire and Explosion Index can be used.
D. Results from the sensitivity analysis that have been put into $$ ranges..

A
engineering judgment

The basis for a qualitative probability of failure analysis is:

damage mechanisms and inspection effectiveness

Regardless of whether a more qualitative or a quantitative analysis is used, the POF is determined by two
main considerations:

materials of construction

Combinations of process conditions and _____________________ for each equipment item should be
evaluated to identify active and credible damage mechanisms:

Risk criteria

Exchange or sharing of information about risk between the decision maker and other stakeholders. The
information may relate to the existence, nature, form, probability, severity, acceptability, mitigation, or
other aspects of risk.

failure mode

It is important to link the damage mechanism to the most likely resulting__________

COF

In general, an RBI program will be managed by plant inspectors or inspection engineers, who will
normally manage risk by managing the POF with inspection and maintenance planning. They will not
normally have much ability to modify the ____________________:

external environment

The consequence of loss of containment is generally evaluated as loss of fluid to

the____________________:

logic model

. A quantitative method involves using a _____________depicting combinations of events to represent

the effects of failure on people, property, the business and the environment :

accuracy

Results of a quantitative analysis are usually __________________:

precision

It is important to stress that the ____________ of the data should match the complexity of the RBI
method used :

accuracy

. The data quality has a direct relation to the relative _________________ of the RBI analysis:

precision
It is important to stress that the ____________ of the data should match the complexity of the RBI
method used :

Damage mechanisms

__________in the hydrocarbon process industry are addressed in API 571:

fail

Failure modes identify how the damaged component will_______________

corrosion specialist

The RBI team should consult with a ______________ to define the equipment damage mechanisms:

process

Identifying trace constituents (ppm) in addition to the primary constituents in a ____________can be

very important as trace constituents can have a significant affect on the damage mechanisms:

failure mode

Once a credible damage mechanism(s) has been identified, the associated _______________ should also
be identified:

damage

In some cases, damage by one mechanism may progress to a point at which a different mechanism takes
over and begins to dominate the rate of __________________:

loss of containment

The probability analysis in an RBI program is performed to estimate the probability of a specific adverse
consequence resulting from a ______________that occurs due to a damage mechanism(s):

truck off-loading

. It should be noted that damage mechanisms are not the only causes of loss of containment. Other
causes of loss of containment could include but are not limited to all EXCEPT the following:

What is RBI benefits.

(a) an overall reduction in risk for facilities and equipment assessed.

(b) An acceptance/understanding of the current risk.

process

Changes in the __________________, such as pressure, temperature or fluid composition, resulting from
unit abnormal or upset conditions should be considered in the RBI assessment:

completeness

The _______________ of the data should be consistent with the RBI method used:

input, calculations and output

An RBI study may use a qualitative, semi-quantitative and/or quantitative approach. A fundamental
difference among these approaches is the amount and detail of :

quantitative

Generally, a qualitative analysis using broad ranges requires a higher level of judgment, skill and
understanding from the user than a more ____________ approach:

QRA

________________ uses logic models depicting combinations of events that could result in severe
accidents and physical models depicting the progression of accidents and the transport of a hazardous
material to the environment:

detailed

The semi-quantitative analysis typically requires the same type of data as a quantitative analysis but
generally not as:

accuracy

The data quality has a direct relation to the relative _________________ of the RBI analysis:

high corrosion rates

As is true in any inspection program, data validation is essential for a number of reasons. Among the
reasons for inspection data quality errors are all of the following EXCEPT :

data validation

Unfortunately, when this __________________ step has not been a priority before RBI, the time
required to do it gets included with the time and resources necessary to do a good job on RBI, leaving
the wrong impression with some managers believing that RBI is more time consuming and expensive
than it should be :

codes and standards

The selection and type of _______________ used by a facility can have a significant impact on RBI
results:

application of RBI

Facilities approaching the end of their economic or operating service life are a special case where
_______________ can be very useful. The end of life case for plant operation is about gaining the
maximum remaining economic benefit from an asset without undue personnel, environmental or
financial risk:

on a single component

The scope of an RBI assessment may vary between an entire refinery or plant and a single component
within a single piece of equipment. Typically, RBI is done on multiple pieces of equipment (e.g. an entire
process unit) rather than______________________:
relative risk

If the scope of the RBI assessment is a multi-unit facility, the first step in the application of RBI is
screening of entire process units to rank ____________:

systems, loops, or circuits

It is often advantageous to group equipment within a process unit into ____________________ where
common environmental operating conditions exist based on process chemistry, pressure and
temperature, metallurgy, equipment design and operating history:

Block flow or process flow

_________diagrams for the unit may be used to identify the systems including information about
metallurgy, process conditions, credible damage mechanisms and historical problems:

equipment items

In most plants, a large percentage of the total unit risk will be concentrated in a relatively small
percentage of the____________________. These potential high-risk items should receive greater
attention in the risk assessment:

routine operations and upset

When emergency systems (e.g. flare systems, emergency shutdown systems) are included in the RBI
assessment, their service conditions during both ___________should be considered:

operational boundaries

The purpose of establishing _______________is to identify key process parameters that may impact
deterioration:

polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking

Process conditions during start-up and shutdown can have a significant effect on the risk of a plant
especially when they are more severe (likely to cause accelerated deterioration) than normal conditions,
and as such should be considered for all equipment covered by the RBI assessment. A good example
is____________________:

mass balance

The normal operating conditions may be most easily provided if there is a process flow model or
____________________ available for the plant or process unit:

team-based

An RBI assessment is a ______________________process:

state

Codes and legal requirements vary from one ____________________to another:

risks
From the understanding of ________________, an inspection program may be designed that optimizes
the use of inspection and plant maintenance resources:

inspection deferral

The results of managing and reducing risk are all of the following EXCEPT:

RBI assessment

Reducing inspection costs is usually not the primary objective of an__________________, but it is
frequently a side effect of optimization:

true

More effective infrequent inspections may be substituted for less effective frequent inspections:

greatest

RBI focuses efforts on areas where the ___________________risks exist :

POF

Changing metallurgy of components can reduce ___________:

COF

Changing metallurgy of components can reduce ___________:

minimized by design

An RBI assessment made on new equipment or a new project, while in the design stage, may yield
important information on potential risks. This may allow potential risks to be __________ and have a
risk-based inspection plan in place prior to actual installation:

manage risk

The objective of RBI is to direct management's decision process of prioritizing resources to

______________________:

POF

Impending failure of pressure equipment is not avoided by inspection activities unless the inspection
precipitates risk mitigation activities that change the ____________ :

inspection plan

The primary product of an RBI effort should be an _____________ for each equipment item evaluated:

unmitigated risk

For risks considered unacceptable, the plan should contain the mitigation actions that are recommended
to reduce the ________________ to acceptable levels:

579
The Fitness-For-Service assessment is often accomplished through the knowledge and expertise of the
inspector and engineers involved when deterioration is within 57. known acceptable limits, but on
occasion will require an engineering analysis such as those contained in API_______:

Absolute Risk is?

An ideal and accurate description and quantification of risk

equipment nearing retirement

,failure mechanisms (such as brittle fracture, fatigue) , consequence-dominated risks

Some risks cannot be adequately managed by inspection alone. Examples where inspection may not be
sufficient to manage risks to acceptable levels are:

ALARP

The risk-based inspection methodology is intended to complement other risk-based and safety
initiatives. The output from several of these initiatives can provide input to the RBI effort, and RBI
outputs may be used to improve safety and risk-based initiatives already implemented by organizations.
Below are examples of some of these other initiatives EXCEPT the following :

POF

Potential hazards identified in a PHA will often affect the ______________ side of the risk equation:

PSM

The RBI system will improve the focus of the inspection plan, resulting in a strengthened _____ program:

reliability

. Equipment ___________ programs can provide input to the probability analysis portion of an RBI
program:

Hazard

. A physical condition or release of hazardous material that could result from component failure and
result in human injury or death, loss or damage, or environmental degradation

mitigation

Limitation of any negative consequence or reduction in probability of a particular event.

Qualitative risk assessment

Methods that use engineering judgment and experience as the bases for the analysis of probabilities and
consequences of failure.

Qualitative risk analysis

An analysis that identifies and delineates the combinations of events and estimates the frequency of
occurrence for each combination and estimates the consequences.

Process hazard analysis

__________ uses logic models depicting combinations of events.

Event tree and fault tree

Quantitative risk analysis logic models generally consist of __________ and __________

Event tree

__________ delinate initiating events and combinations of systems successes and failures

quality data

The accuracy of any type of RBI analysis depends on what?

Excessive inspections can have what effect on risk level:

May cause the risk level to increase

Relative Risk

RBI is focused on a systematic determination of What type risk?

a)HAZOP Study b) PHA c)MI Programs

RBI is NOT a substitute for?

Risk Criteria is?

Terms of reference by which the significance of risk is assessed Can include associated costs and benefits,
socio-economic and environmental aspects, legal and statutory reqs

Implementation of RBI plans will?

Provide an overall reduction in risk for the facility and/or equipment

Provide an acceptance/understanding of the current risk
Identify equipment that does not require inspection or some other form of mitigation because of
acceptable level of risk

The ultimate goal of inspection is?

the safety and reliability of operating facilities

An equipment plan is?

The work product of the RBI assessment approach that address ways to manage risk.

Absolute Risk is?

An ideal and accurate description and quantification of risk

A Hazard is?

A physical condition or a release of a hazardous material that could result from component failure and
result in human injury or death, loss or damage, or environmental degradation. Hazard is the source of
harm.
Risk

Probability x Consequence=

Failure is?

Termination of the ability of a system, structure, equipment or component to perform its required
function of containment of fluid. ie loss of containment

What is the industry scope of API RP 580?

Hydrocarbon and chemical process industry

API RP 580 is intended to ?

Identify and clarify the essential elements of an RBI analysis and program

API RP 580's primary audience is?

Inspection and engineering personnel who are responsible for the mechanical integrity and operability
of equipment covered by this RP

Risk management plans should be adjusted when?

As new data becomes available or when changes occur

BLEVE

Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion

Loss of containment is generally evaluated as?

Loss of fluid to the external environment

RBI addresses an area of risk management not completely addresses in other risk management efforts
such as?

Process Hazards Analyses (PHA)

Integrity Operating Window (IOW)
Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)

RBI will not compensate for

inaccurate or missing information,

inadequate designs or faulty equipment installation,
operating outside the acceptable IOWs,
not effectively executing the plans,
lack of qualified personnel or teamwork,
lack of sound engineering or operational judgment.

RBI as a continuous improvement tool provides a vehicle to?

Improve inspection of facilities and systematically reduce the risk associated with pressure boundary
failures
An Event is?

Occurrence of a particular set of circumstances

Primary work products of the RBI assessment are:

plans that address ways to manage risk

Damage Tolerance is?

The amount of deterioration that a component can withstand without failing.

Mitigation is?

Limitation of any negative consequence or reduction in probability of a particular event.

Mitigation action is an appropriate response to?

When the probability and consequence combination (risk) is high enough to be unacceptable

Risk is?

The combination of the probability of some event occurring during a time period of interest and the
consequences, (generally negative) associated with the event.

Risk Reduction

The act of mitigating a known risk that is deemed to be too high to a lower, more acceptable level of risk
with some form of risk reduction activity

Effective risk based decision making can only take place when considering what?

COF & POF

What is the ISO-Risk line

A representation on a constant risk level.

Risk reduction is part of?

Risk management

Inspection Optimization

A point is reached where additional inspection activity begins to show a diminishing return and,
eventually, may produce very little additional risk reduction. If excessive inspection is applied, the level
of risk may even go up

With an initial investment in inspection activities, risk generally is?

significantly reduced.

The use of expert opinion is included in risk assessments occurs when?

In most regardless of type or level

QRA

Quantitative Risk Analysis

QRA 5 tasks are

System Id
Hazards id
Probability assessment
Consequence analysis
Risk Results

Semi quantitative Analysis results are given as?

consequence and probability categories or as risk numbers

Fit for Service Assessment

A methodology whereby damage or flaws/imperfections contained within a component or equipment

item are assessed in order to determine acceptability for continued service.

The results of a damage mechanisms and failure modes analysis for RBI should indicate:

1. A list of credible damage mechanisms, credible damage modes and a ranking of credible failure modes
2. A list of credible damage mechanisms, credible damage modes

The purpose of establishing operational boundaries is to?

identify key process parameters that may impact deterioration

Start-up and shutdown conditions as well as emergency and non-routine conditions should also be
reviewed for?

their potential effect on POF and COF.

The accuracy of results from a qualitative analysis is dependent on?

The background and expertise of the risk analysts and team members

Damage mechanisms include:

Corrosion, cracking, mechanical and metallurgical damage.

It is beneficial to the accuracy and quality of an RBI analysis to assure that the data is?

Up to date and validated by knowledgeable persons

Risk-based inspection

A risk assessment and management process that is focused on loss of containment of pressurized
equipment in processing facilities, due to material deterioration. These risks are managed primarily
through equipment inspection.

On POF a probabilistic approach use what type of data to calculate POF

specific failure data or expert solicitations

In most consequence evaluations, a key element in determining the magnitude of the consequence is?

the volume of
fluid released.

The total risk is

The sum of the individual risks for each specific consequence.

Flammable events can cause damage in two ways:

thermal radiation and blast overpressure.

The consequence analysis in an RBI program is performed to provide

discrimination between equipment items on the basis of the significance of a potential failure

Design is critical for flammables, since the _____________ can enhance flame speed under some
circumstances.

water curtain

Risk reduction

Actions taken to lessen the probability, negative consequences, or both associated with a particular risk.

The inspector/specialist and materials and corrosion specialist are responsible for
for assessing

The effectiveness of past inspections

In oil and gas industry, what is the most common used probabilistic assessment

Blend of Qualitative and Quantitate

Environmental Cost

Cost for Cleanup + Fines + Other Costs

Business Interruption

Process Unit Daily Value × Downtime (Days)

The RBI program typically focuses what toxic risks?

Acute and immediate danger

Maintenance impact will generally be measured in monetary terms and typically includes

repairs, and equipment replacement

Probabilities of incidents generally ____________ with the severity of the incident.

decrease
Probability of Fire

(Probability of Failure) × (Probability of Ignition)

Probability of No Fire

(Probability of Failure × Probability of Non-ignition) + Probability of No Failure

1x 10-5 power = 0.00001