Advanced 1,2,3 Grupo 279

Tutoría
Examen de Certificación

Docente: Mg Edgard Ferrer

 Contenido
Objetivo ●
●
Present Tense/Past Tense
Modals/Infinitive or Gerund
● Relative Clauses/WH-Questions
Revisar y practicar el ● Comparatives, Superlatives
material referente al ● Conditionals
Examen de Certificación ● Question Tag/Object Pronouns
● Preposition Time and Place
● Passive Voice
Enlaces
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lusR8REVkcPgI
bdZok-pGnYj1VUKpSUD/view?usp=sharing
regular/irregular verbs

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1j1ts5hEggrmxrdvsI
eJKID1p2JWMQrF-/edit practice exercise 1
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1h9rJ9dR6hVzz175
x8yqgiYJ0ps2RJNuc/edit practice exercise 2
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FxzHhOQV55ovJB
D1hyTyKtiQGnl-qb_2/edit
exercise 3
Present Tenses: Present Simple, Present
Progressive, Present Perfect.
Present Simple
Simple Present tense
The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to describe habits, unchanging
situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements. The simple present tense is simple to form. Just use the base form
of the verb: (I take, you take, we take, they take) The 3rd person singular takes an -s at the end. (he takes, she takes)

Notes on the simple present, third person singular

In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
Examples
● For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
● For repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.
● For general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.
● For instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
● For fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March
● With future constructions
She'll see you before she leaves.
What are signal words for the Simple Present?
These words tell you what tense you have to use. For the Simple Present these are adverbs of frequency:

● always
● often
● usually
● sometimes
● seldom
● never

Other phrases of time can occur, like:

● every day
● every week
● every year
● on Mondays
Examples:
Present Progressive
Present Progressive
What is the English Present Progressive Tense?
The present progressive, also known as the present continuous tense, is formed with the verb be and the present participle
or -ing form of the main verb. We use this tense to talk about actions that are in progress at the time of speaking and
temporary actions. We can also use the present progressive to talk about future arrangements and plans.

Forming the Present Progressive Tense

The present progressive tense is formed like this:

"am," "is," or "are" + [present participle ("verb-ing")]

Signal Words: English Present Progressive Tense

Signal words can help us decide which tense to use. The signal words for the present progressive are:

■ at the moment
■ now, just now, right now
■ Listen!
When to use the English Present Progressive Tense
We use the present progressive tense to describe:

■ actions that are taking place at the present moment, i.e. now
■ Example:
■ Look! James is taking a picture of another tourist.
■ predetermined plans or appointments that have been made for the near future
■ Example:
■ He is meeting his friend Brad tonight.
■ actions that are only happening temporarily
■ Example:
■ James is travelling around Australia.
Brad is working there as a tour guide over the summer.
■ actions that are currently happening, but not at the moment of speaking
■ Example:
■ He is staying at a youth hostel.
■ situations that are changing
■ Example:
Examples:
Present Perfect Simple/
Present Perfect Progressive
 There are so many verb tenses in English. Some talk about what we do every day, what we did
yesterday, and what we are doing at the moment, but there is one tense that makes a connection
between the present and the past: the present perfect.

The present perfect is used to describe:

● An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.
● An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.
● When the time period referred to has not finished
● Actions were repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.
● Actions completed in the very recent past (+just)
● When the precise time of the action is not important or is not known.
Present Perfect Tense

Definition

The present perfect tense is formed by using the

present tense of the auxiliary verb:
● have
● has (third person singular pronouns)
along with the past participle of the “main” verb.
Present perfect is used to give general information about
something that happened in the past (anytime “before now”), but
which did not occur at a definitive point in time.

For example:

● “I have seen that movie already.”

● “She has been to Prague.”
● “They’ve decided where they want to go for their
honeymoon.”
What are signal words for the Present Perfect?
These words tell you what tense you have to use. For the Present Perfect the following words are used quite often:

● just
● yet
● never
● already
● ever
● so far
● up to now
● recently
● since
● for
EXERCISE
https://wordwall.net/es/resource/36282450/ingl
%c3%a9s/present-perfect-put-sentences-in-order
present perfect game
Tense Table
Past Simple
Simple Past Tense

Definition of the simple past tense

The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. The
simple past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past
and action duration is not important.

Examples

● John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

● My father died last year.
● He lived in Fiji in 1976.
● We crossed the Channel yesterday.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time
expressions
frequency: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work at seven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago
People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.

Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time: a week
ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
What are signal words for the Simple Past?
These words tell you what tense you have to use. For the Simple Past these are expressions of time in the past.

● yesterday
● last week
● a month ago
● in 2010
● this morning

Here are some examples:

● What did you do in your last holidays?

● His parents married in 2004.
● I didn't text my friend yesterday.
● Did you miss the bus this morning?
Modals
What are Modal Verbs?
Modal verbs are special verbs that help express a speaker’s attitude or opinion. They can also be used to express obligation,

permission, ability, possibility, and probability. Modal verbs are also called “helping verbs” because they help to express a mood or

attitude.

The most common modal verbs in English are “can,” “could,” “will,” “would,” “shall,” “should,” “may,” “might,” “must,” and “ought.” These
verbs are used to express the speaker’s attitude or opinion about something, as well as to express obligation, permission, ability,
possibility, and probability.
For example, the modal verb “can” is used to express ability. You can say, “I can speak English,” which means that you are able to

speak English. On the other hand, the modal verb “must” is used to express obligation. You can say, “I must study English,” which

means that you have an obligation to study English.

What Are 'Modals'?
'Modals' (also called modal verbs or modal auxiliary verbs) are special verbs that follow the main verb and modify its
meaning and function in a sentence. Modals serve a wide variety of communicative functions, such as expressing
probability, ability, obligation, willingness, and habits, as well as giving advice and permission.

Modal Verbs in English

The following is a list of modal verbs in English:

1. Can
2. Could
3. Shall
4. Should
5. Will
6. Would
7. May
8. Might
9. Must
MORE MODAL VERBS
Exercises
Examples of Modal Verbs in Sentences
To better understand how modals look like in English, let’s take a look at some examples:

● I can speak English.

● She must finish her homework.

● He should be here by now.

● We may go to the beach this weekend.

● They might be at the park.

● You ought to study more.

● She could have finished the project earlier.

● He would have arrived on time if he had left earlier.

Infinitive or Gerund
Gerund and Infinitive: What’s the Difference?
Knowing the difference between gerund and infinitive can save you from making costly grammar mistakes
when writing. In a nutshell, a word formed from a verb acting as a noun and ending in ing is a gerund.
Infinitive phrases – normally referred to as infinitives – are formed with the word to in front of a verb. Both
gerunds and infinitives can be subjects in sentences, and both gerunds and infinitives can serve as the object
of a verb. Now that you know how these two elements can work in similar ways, it’s time to note an important
difference in the gerund/infinitive equation: A gerund can be the object of a preposition; an infinitive cannot.

Examples of gerunds
Gerunds are formed with the letters “ing”. For example: • Thinking • Acting • Walking • Talking • Fishing •
Caring • Writing • Listening

Examples of infinitives
Infinitives are prefaced with the word “to”. For example: • To think • To act • To walk • To talk • To fish • To care
• To write • To listen Both Gerunds and Infinitives can act as the subject of a sentence: Thinking is something
that comes naturally. To think is something that comes naturally. You can use a gerund or an infinitive as the
object of a verb: I like fishing. I like to fish. Only a gerund can be the object of a preposition. An infinitive
Explanation
Exercise
https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1-b2/
gerund-or-infinitive/ Infinitive-gerund
Relative Clause /WH Questions
Defining relative clauses
As the name suggests, defining relative clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are
talking about. Take for example the sentence: Dogs that like cats are very unusual. In this sentence we understand that
there are many dogs in the world, but we are only talking about the ones that like cats. The defining relative clause gives us
that information. If the defining relative clause were removed from the sentence, the sentence would still be grammatically
correct, but its meaning would have changed significantly.

Defining relative clauses are composed of a relative pronoun (sometimes omitted), a verb, and optional other elements
such as the subject or object of the verb. Commas are not used to separate defining relative clauses from the rest of the
sentence. Commas or parentheses are used to separate non-defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence.
Who, which, where

We use who for people.

● He met the police officer who saved his life.

We use which for things and animals.

● He put on the suit which he wore for special occasions.

We use where for places.

● This is the hotel where we spent our honeymoon.

That

We can use that instead of who or which. But we often use who for people and which/that for things.

● He’s the neighbour who/that helped us to move out.

● Change the cable which/that connects the computer to the printer.
Ejercicios

https://docs.google.com/document/d/10tOjCrNInxcPN8C
38utZibsJ-HFmC_dv/edit WH QUESTIONS
● Comparatives/Superlatives
The comparative and the superlative

Comparative adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify (larger, smaller, faster,
higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this pattern:

Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).

The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below).

Examples
● My house is larger than hers.
● This box is smaller than the one I lost.
● Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog.
● The rock flew higher than the roof.
● Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" is understood)
Superlative adjectives
Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality (the tallest, the
smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects.

Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).

The group that is being compared with can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below).

Examples

● My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.

● This is the smallest box I've ever seen.
● Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.
● We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the rocks" is understood)
Conditionals
Think about this……..
What would you do if you had money?

I would travel the world if I had money.

If John had money, he would buy a new home for his

mother.
Conditionals
Conditionals are a type of sentence that express a hypothetical situation and its consequences.
They can be either real, meaning that the condition is likely or possible to happen, or unreal,
meaning that the condition is impossible or unlikely to happen.

The First Conditional

We use the first conditional to talk about a realistic situation in the present or future. The structure of the first
conditional is as follows:
Real Conditionals, Unreal Conditionals and Wishes

https://gs.ouponlinepractice.com/bookdata/engines/media/GS
2e_03/pdf/L3_15_Ref01.pdf
Here are some examples:

If you’re free later, we can go for a walk.

If they’re hungry, I’ll make some sandwiches.

If you’re not back by 5pm, give me a ring.

If he studies hard, he’ll do well in the exam.

If we arrive late, we must get a taxi.

He’ll call if he needs help.

Take a break if you’re tired.

The Second Conditional
We use the second conditional to talk about improbable or impossible situations in the present or future. Here
is the structure:

For example:

If I had more time, I’d exercise more. (But I don’t have more time so I don’t.)

If I were rich, I’d spend all my time travelling. (But I’m not rich so I can’t.)

If she saw a snake, she’d be terrified.

If he didn’t have to work late, he could go out with his girlfriend.

IMPORTANT OBSERVATION
The verb be
Note that the form of the verb in the if-clause is the same as the past tense form of the verb. There
is only one exception: the verb be becomes were for all persons.
I am → if I were If I were you, I wouldn’t invest in that company.
you are → if you were What would you do if you were in my position?
he is → if he were If Jake were here, he’d know what to do.
Question Tags
Definition
Verbs and Their Corresponding Question Tags
Simple past Tense
Examples
Examples
Object Pronoun
Object Pronouns
Comparing
Exercise
https://wordwall.net/es/resource/5079512/obje
ct-pronouns
Preposition: Time and Place
Prepositions of place – 'in', 'on', 'at'
Do you know how to use in, on and at to talk about location? Test what you know with interactive exercises
and read the explanation to help you.

Look at these examples to see how we use these prepositions.

Please put the book on the shelf.

They live in Helsinki.
You should keep milk in the fridge.
Mette is studying at the library.
Grammar explanation
We can use the prepositions in, on and at to say where things are. They go before nouns.

I am in the kitchen.
My dog likes sleeping on the sofa.
The children eat lunch at school.

in
We use in to talk about a place that is inside a bigger space, such as a box, a house, a city or a country.

The clothes are in the wardrobe.

The children are playing in the park.
There's a bookshop in the shopping centre.
We also use in with other physical locations such as:

in the world
in water / the sea / a river / a lake / a pool
in the mountains / the countryside / a valley / the forest
in a car / a taxi

on
We use on to talk about location on a surface.

The books are on the desk.

We live on the fifth floor.
There are pictures on the wall.
She likes to sit on the floor.
We also use on for lines (including rivers, borders, streets, etc.) and islands.

London is on the River Thames.

The Pyrenees are on the border of Spain and France.
There's a market on James Street.
I'd love to live on the Isle of Wight.

at
We use at in many common phrases, especially when we are talking about a place for a specific activity.

I'm at work.
She's working at home today.
The children are at school.
See you at the train station!
They're at the supermarket.
We also use at for addresses or exact positions.

I live at 15 Craig Street.

She's sitting at a desk.
He's waiting at the entrance.
Please sit at the back of the room.
Prepositions of time
We use many different prepositions for talking about time. Here we are
looking at: in, on, at.
Time and Place
Passive Voice
Passive Voice
"Voice" is a grammatical category that applies to verbs. Voice in English expresses the relationship of the
subject to the action. Voice has two values:

● active: the subject does the action

● passive: the subject receives the action

The active voice is the "normal" voice - the one that we use most of the time. In the active voice, the object
receives the action of the verb: Cats eat mice

The passive voice is less common. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb: Mice are
eaten by cats

Functions of the passive voice

Forming the passive voice
The passive voice in English is composed of two elements:
the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' + past participle

Look at these examples to see how the passive voice is used.

A lot of olive oil is produced in Italy.

This book was written by Angela Davis.
The suspect will be released tomorrow.
This product has not been tested on animals.
The Passive Voice and tenses
Exercise
https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1/active-passive-voice/
Reading link
Readings

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wN0WAqU9mF_a
wKu4sGKDD3sUZuQmZaGDKAvv5ATFYzE/edit
Extra Information
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs and To Be
 Gracias

Responsabilidad con pensamiento positivo