ANTIOQUIA, MHARVIN D.
HISTORY IS A DIALOGUE BETWEEN
HIS101 [ LESSON 1 ] THE EVENTS OF THE PAST AND
PROGRESSIVELY EMERGING FUTURE
HISTORY ENDS
“historia” means inquiry or knowledge -Past events are interpreted and become
acquired from investigation. predictor of new objectives.
● Political History HISTORY IS NOT ONLY NARRATION
● Social History BUT IT IS ALSO AN ANALYSIS
● Religious History -Not confined with narrative accounts
● Technologicall History
● Environmental History CONTINUITY AND COHERENCE ARE
● Linguistic History THE NECESSARY REQUISITES OF
● Military History HISTORY
● Medical History -It monitors the development of the
● Arts History society.
NATURE OF HISTORY HISTORY IS RELEVANT
-The significant event which have
HISTORY IS A STUDY OF THE influence the society.
PRESENT IN THELIGHT OF THE PAST
- The present owes its existence to the HISTORY IS COMPREHENSIVE
past. -It is not limited to one period of time or to
one country.
HISTORY IS THE STUDY OF MAN
-History deals with man’s struggle through RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
ages.
1. History helps understand
HISTORY IS CONCERNED WITH MAN people in the societies
IN TIME 2. History contributes to moral
-The series of events and each event understanding
happens at a given point in time. 3. History provides identity
4. Studying history is essential
HISTORY IS CONCERNED WITH MAN for good citizenship
IN SPACE 5. History is useful in the
-It talks about nations and human activities world of work
in the context of their physical and
geographical environment. PRIMARY SOURCES
● It is a first-hand evidence about an
HISTORY PROVIDES AN OBJECTIVE event, an object, a person, or work
RECORD OF HAPPENINGS of art.
-The data are original sources and make ● Original materials
them free from subjective interpretation. ● Historical and legal documents,
eyewitness account, results,
HISTORY IS MULTISIDED experiment, statistical data, pieces
-Not limited to one certain aspects of of creative writing, audio, video
man’s life. recording, speeches and art
objects.
● Interview, surveys, fieldwork and PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
internet communication ● Those are intended for public
distribution or use
● Newspapers, magazines, books,
SECONDAY SOURCES laws and literary works.
● It describe, discuss, interpret,
comment upon,analyse, evaluate, UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
summarize and process primary ● Different to locate as they kept in
sources. private
● Newspaper or popular magazines, ● These documents are confidential
books or movies or written article
evaluate someone else’s original Philippine Depositories
reasearch ● The foremost depository where
students of history can go to is the
LESSON 2 National Library of the Philippines
THE REPOSITORIES OF HISTORICAL (NLP).
SOURCES ● (1) Filipiniana Division and (2)
Microfilm Section.
HISTORY ● The Archdiocesan Archives of
● The American Historical Manila which is located in
Association-currently defines Arzobispado, Intramuros.
history as the never-ending ● Other depositories are the centers
process whereby people seek to established by local historical
understand the past and its many networks.
meanings.
● Aristotle once said, history is a Spanish Depositories
systematic account of a set of ● The Spanish government through
natural phenomena. the Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte
● Zeus Salazar, a notable historian launched the Portal de Archivos
and retired professor of the Españoles (PARES) which offers
University of the Philippines -“Ang free access to digitized copies of
Kasaysayan ay salaysay na may documents.
saysay para sa isang grupo ng tao
na may kakanyahan, identidad na 1. Archivo General de Indias (Seville)
nakasandig sa sariling wika at 2. ArchivoHistorico Nacional (Madrid)
kalinangan”. 3. Museo Naval de la Ministerio de Marina
(Madrid)
THEORIES IN INVESTIGATING
HISTORY Mexican Depository.
FACTUAL HISTORY- present basic ● The Philippines was a part of the
information (what, when, and who) Viceroyalty of New Spain, the
capital of which was situated in
SPECULATIVE HISTORY- beyond facts Mexico.
(why and how) and speculate cause and ● The ties between the two Spanish
effect. territories ended when Mexico
gained its independence in 1821.
● Because of this, a multitude
number of sources could possibly
be sitting in the Archivo General de ● An excavated piece of evidence
la Nacion de Mexico which can be consisting natural remains.
very useful to students.
MAIN TYPES OF WRITTEN SOURCES
BRITISH DEPOSITORY ● Primary sources
● For a brief period of time, that is ● Secondary sources
from 1762–1764, the British
occupied Manila. It was through UNWRITTEN SOURCES
this invasion that some historical
sources written during the Spanish ● Unwritten sources include the
period made its way to the British following:
Museum. (1) archaeological evidence;
● As a matter of fact, Jose Rizal took (2) oral evidence;
some time to research inside this (3) material evidence.
facility in an attempt to annotate
the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
of Antonio de Morga. ● Archaeological evidence refers to
remains such as artifacts and
ecofacts which help a historian in
AMERICAN DESPOSITORIES determining the culture of the area
● The proliferation of online archives where the evidence was found.
is also beneficial to researchers
who do not have the capacity to ORAL EVIDENCE
conduct research in any of the ● Oral evidence pertains to folk tales,
above-mentioned depositories. myths, legends, folk songs and
● Although many of their collections popular rituals.
are yet to be digitized, archive.org ● These sources might contain
and Project Gutenberg offer a wide information pertaining to the
array of scanned sources which culture of the people who created
are available for download. them.
● National Archives and Records
Service (NARS) MATERIAL EVIDENCE
● Library of Congress (Washington ● Material evidence includes
D.C.) photographs, art works, videos,
● Harvard University and sound recordings.
● Stanford University
Content Analysis
CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF ● Research method for studying for
HISTORICAL SOURCES studying primary sources such as
● Sources are defined as artifacts documents and communications
that have been left bythe past. artifacts, which can be text of
They exist either as (1) relics, (2) various formats, pictures, audio or
what we can call as remains, or (3) video.
as the testimonies of witnesses of
the past (Howell and Prevenier,
200).
● An artifact is a mute witness of the
period of its existence.
Klaus Krippendorf INTERNAL CRITICISM: THE TEST
● Which data analysed? OF CREDIBILITY
● How are the data defined? -After ascertaining the genuineness or
● From what the population are data originality of sources, the historian has to
drown? perform internal criticism in order to
● What is the most relevant content? determine their credibility.
● What are the boundaries of the
analysis? SOURCE CREDIBILITY
● What is to be measured? 1. Competence of the source in
telling the truth
2. Willingness of the source in telling
LESSON 3 the truth
TESTS OF AUTHENTICITY 3. Adequacy of data relayed by the
AND CREDIBILITY source
4. Reliability of the source when
HISTORICAL METHOD corroborated by other independent
-It is the process of thoroughly examining sources.
and critically analyzing the records and
survivals of the past. -According to Gottschalk (1950), in
examining the credibility of a source, the
HISTORIOGRAPHY historian or the skilled history researcher
-It to refers the process of reconstructing plays the role of a ―prosecutor, attorney
historical data that have already been for the defense, judge, and jury all in one.
tested by the method. But as a judge, he rules out no evidence
whatever if it is relevant. To him, any
HISTORICAL RESOURCES single detail of testimony is credible—even
-Historical sources include documents, if it is contained in a document obtained
artifacts, archeological sites, features, oral by force or fraud, or is otherwise
transmission, srone inscription, paintings impeachable, or is based on necessary
and oral history. evidence, or is from an interested
witness—provided it can pass the four
EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL tests‖ enumerated above.
SOURCES
● Credibility -An example to this is the alleged
● Authenticity Maragtas which was purported by Pedro
● Provenance Monteclaro. William Henry Scott (1984)
argued in his book Prehispanic Source
Authenticity means originality. In history, Materials for the Study of Philippine
it is more important to use original sources History that Maragtas was made by
than secondary sources because they Monteclaro based on suspicious oral and
provide raw data that have not been fabricated written sources.
subjected to the interpretation of
historians. Hoax Code of Kalantiaw
Written in 1413
Bizarre laws
Sa Aking mga Kabata ni Jose
Rizal 8. Testimonies of witnesses are credible if
the witnesses are mentally and
● Sa isang sulat ni Rizal sa kanyang emotionally fit at the time of the interview
Kuya Paciano mula sa Leipzig or declaration.
habang isinalin sa Tagalog ang 9. The source that does not conform to its
German play na William Tell ni milieu is considered a fabricated source.
Schiller, noong October 12, 1886,
25 years old na siya noon, “I LESSON 4
lacked many words, for example, Content and Contextual Analysis
for the word Freiheit or liberty. The of Selected Primary Sources
Tagalog word kaligtasan cannot be
used, because this means that Historical Method
formerly he was in some prison, ● process of systematically
slavery, etc. I found in the examining an account of what has
translation of Amor Patrio the noun happened in the past
malayá, kalayahan that Marcelo ● uses Historical Criticism to
del Pilar uses. In the only Tagalog evaluate Historical Sources
book I have —Florante — I don't ● Economic history, Social history,
find an equivalent noun.” Cultural history and Environmental
history
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS WITH ● Religious history, Medical history,
SOURCES Art history, Technological history,
1. Sources like relics, artifacts, remains, Linguistic history and Military
documents, and witnesses are accurate history
when proven to be authentic and credible.
Relics,artifacts, and remains, though, are Importance of Historical Method
more reliable while documents (or ● Finding Solutions for
narratives) and witnesses are more Contemporary Problems - Enables
detailed and specific. us to form solutions to
2. The authenticity of a source increases contemporary problems by seeking
the credibility of that source. very similar information in the
3. A primary source is more reliable than a present in to the past.
secondary one. ● Understanding the trends for
4. The credibility of a source is increased if present and future - Throws light
it is corroborated byn independent on the trends today and gives
sources. prediction on what might happen.
5. Sources would tend to be bias, ● Understanding importance and
especially to its provenance or to the one repercussions found in cultures -
who made it or held its custody. Stresses the relative importance
6. If sources like witnesses or their and the effects of the various
testimonies do not have immediate interactions that are to be found
interest or direct involvement to the event, within all cultures.
they become more credible than those ● Reevaluation of presented
who have interest or direct involvement. historical data and factoids – Every
7. If all independent sources agree to a information presented before is
certain event, then the event becomes reevaluated in relation to selected
usually acceptable or factual. hypotheses, theories, and
generalizations that aim to shed Santiago V. Alvarez
new light or verified information. FULL NAME : Santiago Álvarez y Virata
TITLE / NICKNAME : Kidlat ng Apoy
Content VS.Context BIRTH DATE : July 25, 1872
● Content Analysis– the subjects or BIRTH PLACE : Imus, Cavite
topics covered in a book or RELATIVE(S) : Mariano Álvarez (father,
document the matter dealt with in a 1818–1924); Nicolasa Álvarez (née Virata,
field of study. mother); Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro
● Main idea and Specific Information (Supremo, cousin-in-law, 1863-1897);
● Context Analysis– the parts of a Gregoria Bonifacio (née de Jesús, cousin,
written or spoken statement that 1875-1943); Pascual Álvarez (cousin,
precede or follow a specific 1861-1923)
passage, usually influencing its SPOUSE : Pat Granados
meaning or effect. CHILDREN: : Marta, Magdalena, Gabriel,
● the parts of a discourse that Pacita, Numeriano, Egmidio, Rosendo,
surround a word or passage and Virginia, Amalia, and Fidel
can throw light on its meaning. HIGHEST EDUCATION : College
● the interrelated conditions in which (Graduate degree) - Law
something exists or occurs POSITION : Delegado general
● Background Event, Background (representative) and Commander of the
Author and Type of source. Katipunan – Cavite Sector; president of
the Nacionalista party; presiding officer
CONTEXT during the TaftAdministration; leader of the
-Is the source credible? Aglipayan church
CONTENT ACHIEVEMENT(S) : Hero of the Battle of
-Is the information logical? Dalahican, Cavite; lawyer; founder of the
Nacionalista party; presiding officer of the
The Author’s Perspective Junta Magna de la Comisión de la Paz
● Background – a short history about (Great Council of the Peace Commission);
the author’s life one of the founders of the Philippine
● Point-of-View – perspective used Independent Church (Aglipayan); founder
by the author that determines the of the Makabuhay Association
approximate “distance” of the DATE of DEATH : October 30, 1930
author to the narrative he or she is (cause of death: paralysis)
writing.
● Argument – also called purpose; FIRST VOYAGE OF AROUND THE
the author’s stand or opinion in the WORLD BY MAGELLAN
narrative ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
● Attitude – almost similar to
Argument, but reflects the mood ● This book was taken from the
more, which is observed on how chronicles of contemporary
the author addressed his or her voyagers and navigators of the
argument 16th century.
● reflects the current situation and ● Wrote hid firsthand observation
emotion of the author in the and general impressions in the Far
material at the time it was written East.
or made. ● Landrones Island “Island of the
Thieves”
● Presently known “Marianas Island” - greatest combination [ education ]
● Pigafetta’s Travelogue is one of the - june 12, 1898 [ independence of spanish
most important primary sources period ]
● Reveals a several insights in the - july 4, 1946 [ independence of american
character of Philippines during the period ]
precolonial period
● Frame of mind in the age
exploration, which pervaded
Europe in the 15th and 16th
century.
ANALYSIS OF PIGAFFETA
● Most cited documents by historians
● Earliest detailed documentation
● Purest precolonial society
NOTES
HISTORY - Focus in Centuries
3 Branches of Government
Executive- President and vice president
Judiciary- practice the law
Legislative- The one who make a law
R.A. 4025 Rizal Law
NLP- Aug. 12, 1887 [ museo- biblioteca de
filipinas ]
NAP- MAY 12,2007 [ National Archives of
the philippines ] R.A. 9470
333 years colonization
1565-1898 [ Miguel Lopez De Legazpi ]
After 44 years spain cameback to
philippines
1521- battle of mactan
2 classification of concrete land
Imperialism- indirect/ trade
Colonial- direct/ war
Antonio de Morga
AMERICAN DEPOSITORIES
48 years 1898-1946
-First Teachers [ homo ]
