1

"UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL: ANALYZING THE KEY DRIVERS

OF OVERALL GROWTH IN SUDHUR PASCHIM REGION"

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

The Sudhur Paschim region of Nepal has the potential to become a major economic hub due to its
abundance of natural resources and strategic location. However, the region's development has been hindered
by a number of factors. In order to unlock the region's potential and promote economic growth, it is
important to identify the key drivers of growth and development in the region. The constitution of Nepal has
divided Nepal into 7 provinces. The Sudurpaschim (Far-Western) province is one of them which consists of
5 districts in the Seti zone and 4 districts in the Mahakali zone of an earlier development region. It covers the
area of 19874 sq Km +335 sq km (Kafle, 2020). It is the sixth largest province among the 7 provinces of
Nepal. Geographically, this province encompasses the Himalayas, hills, and the Tarai region
(https://jp.nepalembassy.gov.np/geography-of-nepal/). The eastern border of this province is shared by
Surkhet, Dailekh, Kalikot, and Mugu districts of Karnali Province, as well as Bardia district of Lumbani
Province. To the west and south lies India, while to the north are Humla district of Karnali Province and the
China. From the perspective of climate, all types of air currents, ranging from the hot monsoon to the tundra,
are found in this province. This province ranges from 109 meters to 7,132 meters in altitude and extends
from 28° 22" to 30° 09" North latitude and 80° 03" to 81° 25" East longitude ( Bhattarai, 2017). The highest
point of this province is the Himalayas at 7,132 meters and the lowest point is in Kailali district at 109 meters
above sea level (Bhattarai, 2017). The most speaking language of the area is Nepali whereas Dotel,
TharuBaitadali, Achammi, Bhaghangi, Magar, Bajurali and Maithaliare the other major vernacular. Mostly,
the people are Hindu and other thick numbers of people believe in Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and other
nature worship. This province of the Nepal is governed by the provincial government and Kamal Bahadur
Shah from Nepali Congress is the incumbent chief minister of the province.

There are a total of 88 local units, including 1 sub-metropolitan city, 33 municipalities, and 54 rural
municipalities, and a total of 734 wards in this province (National population and housing census 2021). In
addition, there are 16 election constituencies for federal assembly members and 32 election constituencies
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for provincial representatives. The constitution allows for a total of 53 members in the provincial assembly,
including proportional representation.

In this province, Seti and Mahakali are the major rivers. Other tributary rivers include Chameliya,
Budhiganga, Durganga, Surnaya, Dhikagad, Hoprigad, Rangun, Doteli Gad, Spal Gad, Khuvatya, Mohana,
Shhesaiya, Banara, and more. Among the major lakes in this area, the Ghodaghodilake in Kailali district is
famous and is listed as a World Heritage site, along with being known for its religious significance. Jhimruk
lake, Vedakotlake, Aalitallake in Dadeldhura district, and Khaptad lake in the border between Doti, Achham,
Bajhang, and Bajura districts are some other major lakes in this area that are popular tourist destinations
(National population and housing census 2021).

There are many religious sites in this state. Among them are the DotiKhaptad, AchhamRamaroshan,
BajuraBadimalika, BajhangTapovan, Rishikund and Surmasarovar, BaitadiRaulakedar and Sigas,
DarchulaMalikarjun, Latithan, Gallakedar and Hunainath, KailaliBehda Baba, and more.

The study focuses on identifying the key drivers of overall growth in the region, which suggests that
the research will aim to investigate the factors that have contributed to the region's development and
economic progress. The study involves a comprehensive analysis of the economic and social factors that
have influenced the region's growth. It also involves an examination of the region's natural resources,
infrastructure, investment, education, health, and other relevant factors. The study gathers data from primary
and secondary sources, such as government reports, academic journals to gain a better understanding of the
drivers of growth in the Sudhur Paschim region. The findings of this study can be used to inform policy
decisions and development initiatives aimed at promoting economic growth and improving the standard of
living in the region.

1.2 Aim

To examine Key Drivers, identify the key challenges and recommend a suitable strategic approach
for sustainment of Sudurpaschim Pradesh (SPP).

1.3 Scope

This paper makes an effort to analyze following aspects of Sudurpaschim province.

(a) Demography and Health and Social aspects

(b) Civil Society and Communication

(c) Resource and Economics

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(d) Governance

(e) Security and Order

(f) Suitable strategic approach for sustainment

CHAPTER II

DEMOGRAPHY AND HEALTH

2.1 Demography

According to the 2078 census, the total population of Sudhur Paschim Province is 2,694,783, with
1,272,786 males and 1,421,997 females. The province has a population density of 138 and a growth rate of
0.52 (National population and housing census 2021). The sex ratio is 89.51%. The total number of
households is 577,102, and the average household size is 4.67. A table below shows the comparative
population indicators among the provinces.

Table No.1: Population situation in Sudhur Paschimand other provinces

S.No Province Population population Percentage Density Birth Rate
1 Koshi 4961412 17% 192 0.861
2 Madhesh 6114600 21% 633 1.19
3 Bagmati 6116866 21% 301 0.19
4 Gandaki 2466427 8.5% 115 0.25
5 Lumbani 5122078 17.6% 230 1.24
6 Karnali 1688412 5.8% 60 0.7
7 Sudurpaschim 2694783 9.2% 138 0.52
8 National 29164578 198 0.92

The Bagmati Province has the highest population among the provinces listed in the table, while the
Karnali Province has the lowest population. Sudurpaschim province is ranked sixth in terms of population.
Additionally, Sudhur Paschim has the fifth highest birth rate among the provinces, with a rate of 0.52.

Age group distribution: Around 31% of the population is below the age of 15, while 6.5% is above
the age of 65. The remaining 62.5% of the population is between the ages of 15 and 65, which means that
this province has a relatively active and youthful population. However, only 18.60% of youth fall under
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economically active age group of 30-49 years age group (National population and housing census 2021). It
indicates that overall income based on human resource of this Pradesh is weak in comparison to Bagmati
province which has 33.49% youth under this age group. As per Nepal labour force survey, 2017/2018,
unemployment rate is 11.5%. Population under absolute poverty line is 33.9% which is alarming situation in
comparison to average value 18.7% of Nepal (Central Bureau of Statistics 2021)

Age-wise Population Distribution in Far-West Province

2.2 Social Aspect

On May 28, 2008, Nepal's newly elected Constituent Assembly abolished the 240-year-old monarchy
and declared the country a Federal Democratic Republic. The leaders began redrawing the political map of
Nepal, which resulted in the formation of seven provinces. However, there were disagreements about how to
delineate the provinces. Eventually, the Sudhur Paschim province was formed intact from the erstwhile Far
Western development region, while the other provinces were created through a combination of different
regions. The people of Sudhur Paschim had been agitating for a separate province, as they shared a common
 5

language, culture, religion, food habits, and other aspects. This shared identity created a strong bond among
the people of the region.

2.3 Caste and Ethnicity

The Sudurpaschim province, like other provinces, boasts a diverse population in terms of caste and
ethnicity. The people residing in the terai, hilly, and mountain regions belong to different ethnic groups,
making this province small in size yet rich in diversity. The majority of the population is comprised of
various ethnic groups such as Chettri, Tahru, Brahmin-hilly, Kami, Damai, Magar, Thakuri, Sarki, Lohar,
and others. More than 44.09% of people are Chhetri followed by Tharu and Brahmin with 17.15% and
11.90% respectively.

Khas Aryas make up the largest social group in the province with 60% population share, followed by
Tarai Janajatis including Tharus at 17.2%. Hill Dalits make up 12.9% of the province’s total population.
Khas Arya and hill Dalit groups together make up 72.9% of the total population. Other minor social groups
are hill Janajati (3.5%) and Madhesi (1.6%). In total, the population of hill origin makes up 76% against 19%
of population of Terai origin. This province is dominated by
population from hilly region.

2.4 Language

Doteli language is the most prominent language of this

Pradesh. Around 30.45% people speak Doteli language followed by
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Nepali and Tharu with 30.18% and 17.01% respectively. Additionally, there are other vernacular languages
spoken in the region.

2.5 Religion

Most of the people living in this Pradesh are Hinduism covering 97.23% and rest are Christianity,
Buddhism and others.

2.6 Education

The province has a total of 3,167 schools with a student population of 537,457, comprising 277,186
girls and 260,271 boys. The schools are staffed by 11,840 teachers across all levels of education. The literacy
rate of the province is 76.2%, with 85.4% of males and 68.2% of females being literate.

In terms of literacy, the province ranks fifth among all the provinces. For comparison, the literacy
rates according to census of 2078of Sudurpaschim and other provinces are as follows:

Table No.3:Literacy Rate

S.no Provinces Average Literacy rate Male Female Remark

1 Koshi 79.7 86.1 73.6
2 Madhesh 63.6 72.5 54.7
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3 Bagmati 82 88.3 76
4 Gandaki 81.7 88.8 75.3
5 Lumbani 78 85.2 71.7
6 Karnali 76 83.3 69.4
7 Sudurpaschim 76.2 85.4 68.2
The literacy rate of Sudurpaschimis comparatively optimal but the literacy rate of female population
is not satisfactory.

2.7 Health

According to the Department of Health Services (DoHS) Annual Report 2018/19, Sudurpaschim
province has 15 public hospitals, 16 Primary Health Care Centres (PHCCs), 378 health posts, 57 Urban
Health Centers, and 43 community health units. These facilities cater to a total of 463,542 individuals
seeking health services, including emergency care, routine check-ups, and inpatient treatment. However, the
province faces challenges in the health sector, such as inadequate medical facilities per capita, as well as
shortages in health personnel, medicines, and equipment.

There are 471 health facilities within this Pradesh. However, under 5 years age mortality rate is
highest in comparison to rest other province. As per Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016, mortality
rate is 69/1000. It indicates that the shortages of well trained health care providers, well equipped health
facilities and medicines or not aware in delivery system.

Source: Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016

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Median age of first birth is 19.8 and is very close to the average value of Nepal 20.4. It indicates that
people are aware in family planning though mortality rate is high.

About 18% and 20% female and male respectively are infected with HIV/AIDS which is slightly in
higher side in comparison to average value of Nepal. It could be because of seasonal migration towards India
in search of employment opportunity.

The major diseases and health problems of the province are upper respiratory track infection,
gastritis, headache, lower respiratory track-infection, falls, injuries and fractures. The life expectancy rate of
the province stands at 68.6. The fertility rate of the province is 2.2.

2.8 Malnutrition

According to the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey of 2016, 36 percent of children under five
were stunted, nine percent wasted, and 28 percent of children were underweight in Sudurpaschim Province.
One of the leading causes of malnutrition among children is poverty.

To improve nutrition, the government has provided Rs 400 monthly nutritional allowances for all children
from the Dalit community and in the hilly districts of Bajhang, Bajura, Achham and Baitadi. But health
workers believe that the amount meant to feed nutritious food to children is not being used as intended.
 9

2.9 Drinking water

About 40.30% of population has access to tap/piped water, 39.84% from tube well and rest from
other sources. Around 52.71% of does not have toilet, 30.90% population has flush toilet. It shows that most
of the population are habitual in open defecation and awareness to enhance and facilitate for flush toilet is
required.

2.10 Migration Pattern

Many people in this province migrate to India for work and other reasons, with 74.5% of the male
population and 25.5% of the female population living abroad. The seasonal out-migration trend towards
India is significant in this Pradesh. The average age of migrants is 28.6 years. Agricultural yield of Bajura
and Bajhang are sufficed only for six months. Migration has become a long-standing tradition between
sudurpashcim village and parts of India. Most of the migrants are employed in informal sector like car
washing, security, house decoration, self generation, etc. For many people, migration is not an exceptional
but integral part of their lives 1. A significant number of labour forces go to India as a seasonal migration. It
indicates that their livelihood and income has strong bondage with neighbourhood country India.

In Bajura, the recent study of the Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty
Alleviation showed that 71.1 percent of the population in the district is living under poverty. Out of 21,711
households, 6,393 families are living under extreme poverty, the study showed.

Janak Rokaya, ward chairman of Swamikartik Khapar Rural Municipality-1, says that most
households in the local unit have difficulty managing two meals a day.

“When the whole family is hungry, the nutrition level in children becomes less of a priority. A
majority of the children are malnourished here but no proper study has been conducted on the matter,”
Rokaya said. (Source: Kathmandu Post, April 01, 2023)

CHAPTER III

CIVIL SOCIETY AND COMMUNICATION

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3.1 Civil Society

Sudurpaschim province is known for its cultural and linguistic diversity, with several ethnic groups
living in the region. Civil society organizations play an important role in the province, working towards
various social and economic issues. Some of the notable civil society organizations in Sudurpaschim
province include the Sudurpaschim Women's Development and Advocacy Centre (SPWDAC), the
Sudurpaschim Community Development Programme (SPCDP), and the Sudurpaschim Rural Development
Programme (SPRDP).

Civil societies play a crucial role in Sudurpaschim province in various ways. Firstly, they help to
enhance democracy and complement the development of the province. Secondly, they restrict unnecessary
interest and intervention by different actors and players. Thirdly, they resist any form of evil that can happen
in the society. Fourthly, they work towards transforming the socio-economic conditions of the people in the
region. Finally, civil societies often involve volunteers who contribute their time, expertise, and resources
towards various causes and issues. Overall, civil societies are an essential part of Sudurpaschim province's
social fabric and play a vital role in promoting positive change and development in the region.

3.2 NGOs and INGOs

There are also several NGOs and INGOs working in the province, aiming to address various issues
such as poverty, health, education, and human rights. Some of the notable NGOs and INGOs working in the
Sudurpaschim province include:

(a) ActionAid: ActionAid is an INGO working in the province, focusing on women's rights,
education, and livelihoods.

(b) CARE Nepal: CARE Nepal is an INGO working towards poverty reduction, food security,
and climate change adaptation in the region.

(d) Save the Children: Save the Children is an INGO working towards the protection of children's
rights, education, and health in the province.

(e) World Vision: World Vision is an INGO working towards improving the lives of children and
their families through education, healthcare, and livelihoods.

(f) Caritas Nepal: Caritas Nepal is an INGO working towards disaster response and relief,
education, health, and livelihoods in the region.
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These organizations have been working towards addressing various social and economic issues in the
province, such as improving access to education and healthcare, reducing poverty, promoting human rights
and gender equality, and responding to disasters and emergencies.

It's important to note that the performance of NGOs and INGOs in the region can vary depending on
various factors, such as the local context and the specific program or intervention. It's recommended to
consult with local authorities and experts to get a more accurate and up-to-date understanding of their work
performances.

3.3 Media

Sudurpaschim province of Nepal has a diverse range of media outlets, including print, broadcast, and
digital media. 215 print media are registered in press council and 82 FMs are broadcasting.

Print media outlets in the region include newspapers such as KhabarSudurpaschim, SudurSandesh,
and SudurSamachar. These newspapers cover a wide range of local, regional, national, and international
news and issues.

Broadcast media in the province includes both radio and television stations. Some of the popular
radio stations in the region are Radio Sudurpaschim, Radio Nepal Baitadi, and Radio Doti. These radio
stations broadcast news, music, and other programs in various local languages. Similarly, some of the
popular television channels in the region are Setopati Television, Sudur TV, and News24 Nepal. These
television channels broadcast news, entertainment, and educational programs in local languages as well.

In addition to traditional media, digital media is also becoming increasingly popular in the region.
Several online news portals such as KhabarhubSudurpaschim and Online KhabarSudurpaschim provide up-
to-date news and information about the region.

Overall, the media landscape in Sudurpaschim province is diverse and dynamic, providing a range of
sources for news, information, and entertainment to the people of the region.

CHAPTER IV

RESOURCE AND ECONOMY

4.1 Economy
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The Sudurpaschim province government has announced an estimated budget of Rs 36.746 billion for
the fiscal year 2078/79, with Rs 12.295 billion allocated for recurrent expenditure and Rs 24.147 billion for
capital expenditure. The province's economy is largely dependent on agriculture and forestry, which provide
a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and contribute 32.9% to the GDP. Industrial activity is
limited, accounting for only 13.8% of GDP, while the service sector accounts for 53.3% of provincial GDP.
According to the Economic Survey (2078), Sudurpaschim Province contributes 7.0% to the national GDP
and has an economic growth rate of 4.9% for the fiscal year 2078/79.

4.2 Mineral

Several signs and indications of mineral and ore deposits have been seen and recognized in this
province, and some of them have been utilized for small-scale manufacturing. However, despite these
findings, conclusive scientific research and evidence supporting large-scale extraction have yet to be found.
The minerals deposits found and their status are presented in the following table.

Table No.4: Minerals availability in Sudurpaschim

S.no District Minerals Availability

1 Darchula, Dadeldhura, Bhajgang and Bajura Copper Found, use traditionally
Doti, Baitadi, Bhajhang, Darchula, Dadeldhura, Found, initial test and
2 Kailali, Bajura, Accham Gold collection
3 Baitadi, Bhajhang, Darchula, Iron Found, use traditionally
4 Baitadi, Bhajhang, Dadeldhura, Bajura, Accham Lead Found
5 Doti and Bhajhang Lithium Found
6 Doti, Dadeldhura and Bhajhang Tin Found
7 Baitadi, Bhajhang, Darchula and Bajura Uranium Found
8 Baitadi, Bhajhang and Dadeldhura Zinc Found
9 Bhajhang and Dadeldhura Arsenic Found
10 Bhajhang Chromium Found
11 Bhajhang Cobalt Found
12 Baitadi Lime stone Found

4.3 Agriculture
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Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood in Sudurpaschim Pradesh, but the percentage of
agricultural households with land and the average size of agricultural land holdings are declining. Major
crops include paddy, wheat, maize, winter potato, garlic, mustard, and winter and summer vegetables. Few
agricultural households use improved seed and chemical fertilizer, and most farmers still use locally made
equipment. Mechanization of agriculture is at an early stage, and about one-third of the land is still not
irrigated. The productivity of paddy in the province is 3.46 MT per ha, below the national average
productivity of 3.8 MT per ha. According to the Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture, and
Cooperative, major food crops were cultivated in 316,789 hectares of land in fiscal year 2074/75 BS,
compared to 363,793 hectares in fiscal year 2078/79. The productivity of food crops has increased from 2.7
metric tons per hectare to 3.7 metric tons per hectare, and production of paddy and wheat has increased by
3.5%. However, the hilly and mountainous districts, particularly Bajura, Bajhang, Darchula, Baitadi, and
Achham, face food deficits. Seasonal migration to India in search of labor opportunities is a common coping
mechanism among food-insecure people.

Major crops of Sudhur Paschim (metric ton)

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Paddy Maize Millet Vegetable Fruits and Spices

76/77 77/78 78/79

4.4 Hydropower

As of Falgun 2078, the national electricity access has reached 94% of the population, while in the Far
West Province it is 71.07%, and the total national electricity production is 2,230 megawatts, with the Far
West Province contributing 52 megawatts.

4.5 Industry

In this province, there are industries such as edible oil, processed milk, wheat flour, rice, sugar,
timber, soap, bricks, and turpentine, among others.
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During the first six months, it was observed that the maximum capacity utilization was in the
industries producing bricks, soap, and sugar. However, the capacity utilization of industries producing rosin,
processed milk, and rice was extremely low. There are 32558 small & cottage and mini industries in the
Province registered under department of industry. Similarly, there are 2670 companies registered under
company act in the province. The average capability utility of production factory is 34.99%. There are rise in
industrial output in this year expect in the production of mustard oil.

There is increased in number of hotels and lodges. The hospitality sector has increased by 6.52% in
the first six month of this fiscal year.

Although there is great potential for tourism development in this province, the lack of transportation
and promotion has hindered the growth of the industry. The locations with tourism potential in this province
include Khaptad, Ramaroshan, Ghodaghodi Lake, Betakot Lake, Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Sipal
mountain range and various temples and monasteries.

4.6 Road Network

Upto the end of Falgun of the fiscal year 2078/79, 64,617 kilometers of roads were constructed at the
national level, including 46,441 kilometers of gravel roads, 13,629 kilometers of blacktop roads, and 4,547
kilometers of dirt roads. In the same period, in the Far West Province, 5,475 kilometers of roads were
constructed, including 4,557 kilometers of dirt roads, 1,196 kilometers of blacktop roads, and 222 kilometers
of gravel roads

4.7 Financial Service

In Sudurpashchim Province, there are a total of 825 branches operating of financial institutions,
including 324 Commerce Bank branches, 47 Development Bank branches, 6 Financial Company branches,
448 Microfinance Institution branches , and 29,886 cooperatives, representing 7.2% of the total banking and
commercial institutions in the country.

4.8 Foreign Employment

According to the monthly labor approval details of the Foreign Employment Department in these
Province 10,317 individuals have obtained labor approvals for foreign employment. This number represents
approximately 3% of the total number of individuals who obtain labor approvals for foreign employment
from all over the country. The primary destination for foreign employment in this Province is India, which is
 15

estimated to host between 500,000 to 700,000 individuals from the province, although the exact number is
not certain.

4.9 FDI

By the end of the fiscal year 2077/78, a proposal of Rs. 2.49 billion foreign investment has been
made for a total of 62 projects in the Far Western Province of Nepal, with a total cost of Rs. 4.80 billion, out
of which the proposed foreign investment accounts for 52%. In terms of individual projects, foreign
investment proposals have been made in Kanchanpur for 23 projects, 19 projects in Kailali, 8 in Baitadi, 4 in
Achham, and 3/3 in Darchula and Dadeldhura, and 1/1 in Doti and Bajhang.The estimated cost of these
projects is highest in Kailali, with Rs. 2.98 billion, and the least in Doti with Rs. 10 million foreign
investment. As of the end of the month of Falgun in the fiscal year 2078/79, there were 5,385 industries
approved for foreign investment at the national level, while in the Far Western Province there were only 50
such industries.

4.10 Challenges in Economy

Due to the lack of firm income generation mechanism for the youths in agricultural, industry
production and other services, people are more rely on the labor markets of neighboring states of India as
result of unemployment locally.

The development of regional industries and entrepreneurship has been slow due to the shortage of
exploration, processing, and research in areas with enormous potential in this state.

The financial development and literacy in the villages and towns struggling with geographical
constraints are the main challenges, and creating the necessary infrastructure, investment, and loan
management, as well as developing skilled human resources, are essential for expanding financial access.

Due to the lack of agricultural inputs, natural disasters management, rapid urbanization causing the
burden on arable land, and other factors, the task of making the state self-reliant in agricultural production by
commercializing production has been challenging.

The development of regional industries and entrepreneurship has been slow due to the shortage of
exploration, processing, and research in areas with enormous potential in this state.
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The financial development and literacy in the villages and towns struggling with geographical
constraints are the main challenges, and creating the necessary infrastructure, investment, and loan
management, as well as developing skilled human resources, are essential for expanding financial access.

4.11 Possibilities for economic development

It is possible to expand the pocket areas of cash crops, determine appropriate pricing, and expand
production through modern technology under the leadership of this province. There is a high possibility of
increasing exports by replacing imports. The total potential for irrigation in the Rani JamaraKulariya
Irrigation Project, which has been organized as a national pride event, is 38,300 hectares until the year 2078
B.S. (2021-2022 A.D.), and the total potential for irrigation in the Mahakali Irrigation Project is 15% (work
to construct the canal) until 2078 B.S. (2021-2022 A.D.) in 33,520 hectares of land. As physical progress has
been made, these projects can be completed on time with less weather dependence, increasing the
productivity of arable land and agricultural production, as well as accelerating industrial development.

There is ample potential for industrial development by giving priority to the construction of necessary
infrastructure (industrial areas, industrial villages, roads, electricity, etc.). The development of tourism as a
basis for internal and external tourism can be achieved by developing historical, religious, cultural, and
natural areas within the province.

The construction of the Mahakali Highway, Seti Highway, and Khutiya-Dipayal-Chainpur-Urai

Highway in the northern and southern corridors has reduced transportation costs and increased competitive
capacity due to improved connectivity.

The upgrading of Kailali'sGeta Airport and the reconstruction of other airports in the state's other
districts, including those in hilly areas, have made air transportation in the region more accessible. This is
expected to boost economic activities in the region, including tourism.

As a result, the establishment of a medical college near Geta Airport in the near future is expected to
provide easy access to healthcare services and eliminate the need for people to travel to other areas for
medical education.

The construction of a 14.2 km six-lane road from Mohana Bridge to Attariya is in its final phase, and
once completed, it is expected to make transportation in the region more accessible and provide easy access
to the border between Nepal and India.
 17

A concrete bridge spanning 800 meters in length is being constructed over the Mahakali River and a
dry port has been built in Bhujel of Kanchanpur. After the construction of the bridge, trade with India is
expected to become easier and it will also facilitate the transportation of goods to and from the Dodhara-
Chandani area. In addition, there is a great potential for commercialization of local products such as
vegetables in the area, and it is expected that cooperation will be extended to support the marketing of these
local products.

In the Darchula district of this province, there are ongoing projects to construct an 8.5 MW Nau Gad
hydropower project, an 8 MW Upper Nau Gad small hydropower project, and a 40 MW Upper Chameliya
hydropower project. Additionally, in private investment, there is an ongoing construction of three projects
under the Kalanga River in the Bajhang district, which is expected to produce about 70 MW of electricity.

There is a possibility of producing hydropower in significant amounts from rivers such as Mahakali,
Seti, Chameliya, Budhi Ganga, Kalanga, etc. in this province. The Chameliyariver has already started
generating 30 MW of hydropower. It is estimated that the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project on the
Mahakali River will produce about 5,040 MW, and the Western Seti Hydropower Project will produce 750
MW. These projects, if completed, will not only solve the electricity problems in the entire Far-Western
province but also have the potential to export electricity and earn foreign currency.

CHAPTER V

GOVERNANCE

5.1 Governance

Sudurpashchim Pradesh (Far-West Province) is one of the seven provinces established by the new
constitution of Nepal which was adopted on 20 September 2015. Initially known as Province No. 7, the first
elected Provincial Assembly adopted Sudurpashchim Province as the permanent name for the province in
September 2018.The province is coterminous with the former Far-Western Development Region, Nepal. The
Governor serves as the head of the province, while the Chief Minister is the head of the provincial
government. The head of the judiciary is the Chief Judge of the Dipayal High Court. The Provincial
Assembly of Sudurpashchim Province has a unicameral legislature, like all other provinces in Nepal, and is
temporarily housed at the District Coordination Committee Hall in Dhangadhi.

The province is divided into nine districts: Kanchanpur, Dadeldhura, Darchula, Baitadi, Bajhanag,
Bajura, Accham, Doti, and Kailali. These districts are further divided into municipalities or rural
 18

municipalities, including one sub-metropolitan city, 33 municipalities, and 54 rural municipalities in the
province.

The Provincial Assembly of Sudurpashchim Province has 53 provincial assembly constituencies and
16 House of Representative constituencies. Out of 53 members in the Provincial assembly, 32 were elected
directly, and 21 were selected from the proportional representation system. Currently, the Nepali Congress,
CPN (Maoist Centre), CPN (UML), NagrikUnmukti Party, CPN (Unified Socialist), RastriyaPrajatantra
Party, and an independent member hold 19, 11, 10, 7, 4, 1, and 1 seat(s) respectively in the Assembly. Hon.
BhimBahadurBhandari from CPN (Maoist Centre) and Koili Devi Chaudhary from CPN (UML) serve as the
speaker and vice-speaker of the Assembly, respectively. Rajendra Singh Rawal from CPN (UML) is the
leader of the Opposition.The current Governor, Chief Minister, and Chief Judge of the province are Devraj
Joshi, Kamal Bahadur Shah, and NripaDhwajNiraula, respectively. Chief Minister Kamal Bahadur Shah,
with the support of 41 members in the Assembly, has formed the government in Sudurpaschim province with
the following Cabinet of Ministers:

(a) Chief Minister- Hon. Kamal Bahadur Shah

(b) Minister of Internal Affairs - Hon. Kamal Bahadur Shah

(c) Minister of Economic Affairs- Hon. Naresh Kumar Shahi

(d) Minister of Physical Infrastructure development- Hon. PrakashBahadurDeuba

(e) Minister of Industries, Tourism, Forest and Environment - Hon. Kamal Bahadur Shah

(f) Minister of Social Development- Hon. Kamal Bahadur Shah

(g) Minister of Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives - Hon. Kamal Bahadur Shah

The political turmoil is rampant in the Nepalese politics and the politics of the Sudurpaschim
province cannot remain untouched. The incumbent coalition government is formed after dissolving earlier
coalition of CPN (UML), Maoist and other small parties.The newly formed government has not yet
deliberately functions and yielded any conducive result.

CHAPTER VI
SECURITY AND ORDER
6.1 Security
 19

The issue of security and order in Sudhur Paschim province of Nepal has been a growing concern in
recent years. The province, which shares a long border with India, has witnessed various forms of criminal
activities such as smuggling, human trafficking, and drug abuse. Additionally, the region has been affected
by political instability, ethnic tensions, and insurgency movements in the past.

To address these challenges, the Nepalese government has taken several measures to enhance security and
maintain law and order in the province. This includes increasing the presence of security forces, establishing
police stations and checkpoints, and conducting joint patrols with Indian security forces along the border.

Province is also influenced by poverty, education, unemployment and health problem including
aforementioned challenges. There are numerous security threats like demands of identity politics raised by
ethnic and regional groups, extremism, corruption, transit hub of the narcotics, increasing culture of violence,
crime and disregard to law and order, human trafficking and the politicization of government institutions.
Apart from these challenges highway obstruction for minor reasons, the clash between the party youth
organizations, miserable jail conditions, domestic and gender-based violence, messy immigration system and
cross-broader crimes are the main challenges to be handled (Rai, 2021). Different kinds of crises that vary
from flood to earthquake to landslides are also critical problems on rising.

The security challenges are handled by ministry of Internal affairs under Chief Minister. The front
institutions responsible for dealing with such security threats are Nepal police, armed police and Nepal
Investigation department. The manpower resources of these organizations in the Sudurpaschim province are
as follows.

Table No.5: Details Of other Security force in the province

S.no. District Nepal Police APF NID Remark

1 Dadeldhura 305 205 13
2 Doti 858 200 12
3 Kanchanpur 864 705 20
4 Achham 367 160 12
5 Bajura 270 50 9
6 Baitadi 275 211 15
7 Bhaghang 304 71 8
8 Darchula 397 621 15
9 Kailali 1439 1031 60
(Source. Datas received from Sudhur Paschim Division HQs)
 20

The organization set up of Nepal police in Sudurpaschim province as show in below chart.

Sudurpaschim Province Police Office, Dhangadi

Province Training Center ,Dipyal District Police Office, kailali Province Police School,
Dhangadi
Province Traffic Office, Attaria District Police Office, Kanchanpur
Disaster management Coy,
Mahendranagar
Province Armed Police Bn, District Police Office, Doti
Djangadi
District Police Office, Dadeldhura
Province Riot control Police,
Mahindranagar
District Police Office, Baitadi

District Police Office, Darchula

District Police Office, Accham

District Police Office, Bhajang

District Police Office, Bajura

(Source. Datas received from Sudhur Paschim Division HQs)

Likewise, the organization set up set up of Armed Police Force in Sudurpaschim province is as follow.

No. 7 BaidyanathBde, Kailali

No. 34 BnHq, No. 35 BnHq, No. 36 BnHq, 7 X Coys

Kailali Kanchapur Doti

(Source. Datas received from Sudhur Paschim Division HQs)

The Armed police force is providing the border security in the province. There is the open border
between India and Nepal. Likewise, there are two border posts with China. Armed police force is monitoring
and regulating the border and trans-border activities establishing 52 border outposts in the province.
 21

Similarly, the Sudurpaschim division of Nepal army is deployed in the province with the total strength of
6199. There are two infantry Brigade under the division.

6.2 Security Challenges

Security threats in this province are more likely to stem from internal than external factors, with the
most prominent being displacement, trans-border crime environmental dangers, food security and health
problems. Some of the major threats of the provinces are appended below.

(a) Traditional/Conventional threat: Skirmishes between the people and administration of both
side of borders appeared time and again but possibility of military confrontation is practically none.
Recently, the local of the Darchula district has pelted stone on the unilateral construction of wall on
far bank of the Mahakali river channelizing the natural flow of the river which might cause flooding
and erosion the Nepali side (Bhattarai, 2018). These incident caused irk on the public and
administration of both side but there was no any military involvement on the issue.

(b) Trans-border crime: Sudurpaschim province shares its border with India and China, which can
lead to issues such as cross-border crime, smuggling, and illegal immigration.

(c) Ethnic and political tensions: However, the lack of relevant policies, political stability,
politically eroded efficacies of security agencies, impunity and lack of transitional justice.
Sudurpaschim province is home to several ethnic groups, and there have been instances of ethnic and
political tensions in the region (Rai, 2021).

(d) Lack of security infrastructure: Some areas in the Sudurpaschim province may lack adequate
security infrastructure, such as police stations and checkpoints, which can contribute to security
challenges.

(e) Natural disasters: Sudurpaschim province is prone to natural disasters such as floods,
landslides, and earthquakes, which can disrupt security and exacerbate existing challenges.

Some possible solutions to address these security challenges may include:

 22

(a) Capacity Building: The capacity of provincial parliament should be strengthened to ensure
proper democratic control and oversight of the security sector

(b) Strengthening security infrastructure: This can involve building more police stations and
checkpoints, as well as providing police officers with better training and resources. The police and
other public security actors should be professionalized to make them more effective and more
democratic.Training and capacity building should be provided for law enforcement agencies as well as
civil society organizations.

(c) Improving cross-border cooperation: Since Sudurpaschim province shares a border with India,
improving cooperation between Nepalese and Indian authorities can help address issues such as cross-
border crime and illegal immigration.

(d) Ameliorating inter-ethnic and inter-caste relation: Encouraging cooperation between different
ethnic and caste groups in the region can help reduce tensions and promote peace.

(e) Investing in disaster preparedness: Investing in disaster preparedness and response can help
minimize the impact of natural disasters on security and infrastructure. Awareness to the people and
training to the responder helped a lot.

It's important to note that addressing security challenges requires a comprehensive approach that takes
into account the local context and involves various stakeholders, including the government, civil society, and
local communities.

CHAPTER VII

SUITABLE STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR SUSTAINMENT OF SUDURPASCHIM PRADESH

7.1 Strategic approach

Sustaining the Sudurpaschim province of Nepal will require a comprehensive strategic approach that
considers the various aspects of the province, including its geography, demography, social, cultural,
economic, security, and governance aspects. Here are some suggestions for a suitable strategic approach:
 23

(a) Geographic Considerations: The Sudurpaschim province consists mountainous, hilly and terai
region with diverse geography, which can be both an opportunity and a challenge for its development. A
brief suitable strategic approach should consider the following:

(i) Developing infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and airports to improve access to remote
areas.
(ii) A national pride project “Darchula-Tinker road” is under construction by Nepali Army since
2078. Sufficient budget to be allocated to ongoing Darchula-Tinker road in order to connect
Tinker pass with Darchula as early as possible in order to open the trade route from Tibet
side. This road not only facilitates the people living in Chhangru, Tinker settlements but also
opens avenues to Kuti, Navi, Gunji area if Nepal-India border issue is settled in future (Rai,
2021). Ultimately, will enhance to uplift the economic conditions of the Sudurpaschim
province as a whole.
(iii) Investing in renewable energy sources such as hydropower and solar power to reduce
dependence on fossil fuels and ensure sustainable development.
(iv) Developing tourism by promoting the province's natural beauty, cultural heritage, and
adventure activities.

(b) Demographic consideration: The Sudurpaschim province has a relatively young population, which
can provide a demographic dividend if harnessed properly. A brief suitable strategic approach should
consider the following:

(i) Investing in education and vocational training to provide young people with the skills needed
for the job market.
(ii) Promoting entrepreneurship and innovation to create employment opportunities for young
people.
(iii) Developing youth-led initiatives that can harness the energy and creativity of young people to
drive social and economic development.
(iv) The Sudurpaschim province has a high rate of migration, both within the province and to
other regions of Nepal and neighboring countries. It needs to address the push factors that
lead people to migrate, such as lack of economic opportunities, poor social services, and
ethnic conflict.
 24

(c) Social and Cultural Considerations: The Sudurpaschim province has a diverse population with
various ethnicities and languages, and preserving its unique cultural heritage is essential. A brief suitable
strategic approach should consider the following:

(i) Promoting inclusive and equitable development that benefits all communities and reduces
disparities. Development packages are to be focused addressing to all ethnic group with
special attention to Tharu communities to maintain harmonious environment within the
province (Rai, 2021).
(ii) Investing in education and healthcare to improve the quality of life and human development
index.
(iii) Preserving cultural heritage sites and promoting traditional arts and crafts.

(d) Economic Considerations: The Sudurpaschim province is one of the least developed provinces
of Nepal, and sustainable economic development is critical to its growth. Abrief suitable strategic
approach should consider the following:

(i) Developing the agriculture sector by promoting modern farming techniques, providing market
access, and improving irrigation facilities.
(ii) Developing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by providing access to finance,
technology, and training.
(iii) Developing industrial parks and special economic zones to attract domestic and foreign
investment.
(iv) The province has to promote its touristic place and explore many other having potentiality.
(v) Deliberate plan and investment in hydropower to harness its benefits.

(f) Governance Considerations: The Sudurpaschim province has a decentralized system of governance,
and effective governance is critical to its development. A brief suitable strategic approach should
consider the following:

(i) Strengthening the capacity of local governments by providing training, resources, and
technical assistance.
(ii) Promoting transparency and accountability in public institutions by promoting citizen
participation, media freedom, and anti-corruption measures.
 25

(iii) Promoting regional cooperation and coordination among different levels of government to
ensure coherence and consistency in policies and programs.

(g) Security Considerations: The Sudurpaschim province is a border region and faces security
challenges related to cross-border crimes and conflicts. A brief suitable strategic approach should
consider the following:

(i) Strengthening the security apparatus by increasing the number of police and border security
forces and improving their training and equipment.
(ii) Promoting cross-border cooperation with neighboring countries to prevent and combat
transnational crimes.
(iii) Addressing the root causes of social conflicts and promoting reconciliation among different
communities.
(iv) Awareness and education to leaders and people on security matters.

A suitable strategic approach for the sustainable development of the Sudurpaschim province of Nepal
should consider the interplay of the province's geography, demography, social, cultural, economic, security,
and governance aspects. A comprehensive approach that addresses the root causes of development
challenges and promotes inclusive and sustainable development can ensure long-term prosperity in the
province.

7.2 Conclusion

Nepal is land locked between the nuclear possessed countries and conventional threats from them
seem unlikely imminent but the country needs to prepare for all sorts of threats. After the promulgation of
Nepal as Federal Republic, the country is delineated in 7 provinces. The SudhurPashim province which lies
far western corner is very remote and unique in its own features. Based on the geography, social, cultural,
economic, governance, and security agencies of Sudurpaschim province, it is evident that there are several
challenges. The province is characterized by rugged terrain, which makes it vulnerable to natural disasters
such as landslides and floods. The social and cultural diversity of the region also poses challenges to
governance and social stability. In addition, the economic situation in the province is challenging, with a
high poverty rate and limited access to basic services such as education and healthcare. The governance
situation in the province also needs improvement, with issues of corruption and political instability. The
 26

presence of various security agencies such as the Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, and Nepal Army is
essential in maintaining law and order in the region. However, there are still challenges facing these agencies
in terms of capacity and resources.

Overall, the security situation in Sudurpaschim province is complex and multi-faceted, requiring a
comprehensive and integrated approach to address the various challenges facing the region. The provincial
government, civil society organizations, and security agencies must work together to address the social,
economic, and governance issues facing the province. In addition, it is essential to invest in building the
capacity of security agencies, providing them with adequate resources and training to enhance their
effectiveness in maintaining law and order in the region. With a concerted effort from all stakeholders, it is
possible to improve the security situation in Sudurpaschim province and promote peace, stability, and
development in the region.
 27

References

Dahal, R. P., Sapkota, B. P., & Gautam, M. (2018). Natural resources and regional development in Nepal:
An overview of Sudhur Paschim Province. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 11(1), 1-12.

Bhattarai, B. (2017). Infrastructure development and economic growth in Nepal: A case of Sudhur Paschim
Province. South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance, 6(2), 237-258.

Acharya, G. P., Sharma, S. R., & Paudel, P. R. (2018). Investment potential in the Sudhur Paschim Province
of Nepal. Journal of Business and Management, 20(1), 1-15.

Karki, P. R., Paudel, P. R., & Aryal, K. (2019). Water resources and regional development in Nepal: A case
of Sudhur Paschim Province. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 8(2), 11-20.

Pant, K. R., Thapa, R. B., & Bhattarai, P. (2015). Education and economic development in Nepal: A case of
Sudhur Paschim Province. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(16), 122-131

Kafle, A. (2020). Nepal's New Map: Politics, Nationalism, and Territory. Journal of Asian Security and
International Affairs, 7(2), 169-181.

Thapa, R. (2021). Nepal's New Map: The Contours of Identity and Territoriality. In Nepal's Foreign Policy
Challenges (pp. 141-160). Springer.

Rai, S. (2021). Nepal's new map and its implications. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs,
8(1), 55-67.

Nepal, B. (2021). Nepal's New Map and India-Nepal Border Disputes: The Way Forward. The Indian
Journal of Political Science, 82(1), 223-239.

Pant, A. (2020). New map, old disputes: Nepal and India's border tensions. East Asia Forum Quarterly,
12(3), 16-17.

National population and housing census 2021 (National report). Government of Nepal, National Planning
Commission Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from
https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/National%20Report_English.pdf

Central Bureau of Statistics. (2020). National Report. Retrieved from

https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/National%20Report_English.pdf

Social Networks and Migration. Far Western Nepalese Labour Migrants in Delhi by Susan Thieme. Culture,
Society, Environment; 7; Münster: LIT, 2006. ISBN 3825892468.

Kathmandu Post, 28 Sept. 2021 & April 01. 2023

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Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016, Ministry of Health, GoN

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Appendix A

Health issues Media Coverage

 29

“Poor families use the money to meet their household expenses,” said Deepak Shah, health coordinator of
Bajura's Budhiganga Municipality. “That’s why it’s hard to eradicate malnourishment in poor families.”

In Sudurpaschim Province, three nutrition rehabilitation centres are currently in operation on the premises
of Seti Provincial Hospital in Dhangadhi, Mahakali Provincial Hospital in Kanchanpur and Dadeldhura
Hospital.

In the last fiscal year, 114 severely acute malnourished children received treatment in Seti, 113 received
treatment in Mahakali and 63 in Dadeldhura hospitals.

There are only 10 beds each in the rehabilitation centres of Seti and Mahakali. Geeta Bista, in charge at Seti
rehabilitation home, said, “Sometimes, malnourished children have to wait their turn for treatment due to
the shortage of beds. We would be able to treat more children if we increase the bed capacity.”

According to the Provincial Health Directorate, 145 outpatient departments for malnourished children have
been established in nine districts of Sudurpaschim Province.

“Malnourished children receive treatment and nutritious food from these departments. If children cannot
be treated there, they will be referred to the rehabilitation centres in Dhangadhi, Mahendranagar and
Dadeldhura for further treatment,” said Minraj Joshi, nutrition focal person of the health directorate.

Source: The Kathmandu Post, 28 Sept. 2021