ANALYSIS OF PATHOLOGICAL URINE
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Appearance Turbid Presence of Pus Cells in UTI
Turbid Fat globules in Chyluria
Color Yellow in Jaundice
Orange in Rifampicin
Brown in Hemoglobinuria
Black in Alkaptonuria
Volume Polyuria >3000 ml/day DM, DI
Oliguria <500 ml/day Dehydration, ARF,
Vomiting, Diarrhea
Anuria < 50 ml/day Postsurgical shock, Post
blood transfusion reactions
Odor Fruity smell in DKA
Foul smell in Bacterial infection
Mousy smell in PKU
PH Increase in Metabolic alkalosis, UTI,
Vomiting
Decrease in Metabolic Acidosis, Diabetic
ketoacidosis
Specific Increase in Acute glomerulonephritis, DM,
Gravity Dehydration
Decrease in Chronic glomerulonephritis, DI
TEST PROCEDURE OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Green
5 ml of Benedicts
BENEDICT Reagent + 8 drops Yellow
TEST of original solution. Orange
Boil it for 2 minutes Reducing sugars are present
and allow it to cool. Brick red (depending
on the conc. Of
reducing sugar in the
solution)
Principle: In Alkaline medium, cupric ions of the Benedicts solution are reduced to cuprous
ions by the reducing sugars, which ultimately form Cu2O as a red precipitate.
Fill up 3/4 of Test White Coagulum are
Tube with original formed at the upper Proteins (Albumin or Globulin
solution. Heat the part of test tube
HEAT upper part of ) or both are present.
solution. Add 2-3
COAGULATIO drops of 1% acetic
N TEST acid
Principle: When a protein is heated, its physical, chemical and biological properties are
changed due to breaking up of certain bond and the resultant change in the conformation of its
molecules. This process is known as denaturation. On addition of acetic acid proteins gets
coagulated.
5 ml original White precipitate or
solution in a test Proteins (Albumin or
SULPHOSALI tube, Add turbidity appears Globulin) or both are present.
CYLIC ACID sulphosalicylic acid
drop by drop,
TEST mixing after each
addition.
Principle: Proteins are amphoteric in nature, they behave as acid in alkaline medium and as
base in acidic medium. In the presence of sulphosalicylic acid, they act as a base and react with
the acid to form an insoluble salt, protein sulphosalicylate.
5 ml urine + Purple ring formed at Presence of
saturate with the junction of two ketone
ammonium sulfate + liquid bodies
ROTHERAS sodium
TEST nitroprusside +
shake + ammonia
along the side of test
tube
Principle : In Alkaline medium, Ketone bodies form a purple color complex
with sodium nitroprusside.
BENZIDINE 2-3 drop saturate Blue Green color Presence of Blood
TEST Benzidine solution + develop
add 3 ml sample + 4
drops H2O2
Principle: The test is based upon the peroxidase like activity of hemoglobin, which breaks up
hydrogen peroxide into water and nascent oxygen.
H2O2 ---- H2O + O
The nascent oxygen oxidizes the benzidine to form a blue green colored oxidized product.
HAY SULFUR Take two test tube
TEST and label them as Sulfur powder sinks Presence of Bile Salt
test(T) and to bottom
Control(C)
CONTROL 4-5 ml Urine sample Sulfur powder does Absence of Bile Salt
in a tube not sinks to bottom
4-5 ml Distilled
Water in a tube
Add a pinch of
sulfur powder on
surface to both the
tubes.
Principle: Bile salt reduce the surface tension of the solution to allow the sulfur powder to
sink.
FOUCHETS 10 ml urine, add two Yellow precipitate is Presence of Bile Pigment
TEST drops of saturated formed which later (Bilirubin, Biliverdin,
MgSO4 solution, 10 changes to blue or Bilicyanin)
ml of 10% BaCl2, green precipitate.
boil, Cool and filter.
Add a drop of
Fouchets (FeCl3 +
TCA) reagent to the
precipitate on the
filter paper.
Principle: BaCl2 reacts with sulfur to form barium sulfate. Bile pigments adsorbed on BaSO4
precipitate are oxidized to colored products by Fouchets reagent.
