Can feedmillers in Asia learn from experiences and from counterparts elsewhere to minimise CO2
SESSION 5:
emissions from the feed production process?
FUTURE PROOFING AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES WITH AQUAFEEDS
Brett D. Glencross
Technical Director
IFFO The Marine Ingredients Organisation
United Kingdom
Email: Bglencross@iffo.com
Brett D. Glencross Danny Miller
Technical Director Sustainability and ESG
Future Directions for Marine Ingredients
IFFO The Marine Lead Specialist,
Ingredients Aquaculture
Organisation
Abstract World Wildlife Fund
UK USA
Before the year 2000, it was considered standard to make feeds mostly from marine ingredients
Title: Future
such as Directions
fishmeal Title:
and fish oil. Perspectives
It was common on to formulate a shrimp or marine-fish feed using >50%
for Marine
marine Ingredients
ingredients. ESG and
However, we its Role
were in of the finite limits of marine ingredients and work
aware
had already begun across the world
Aquafeed to find alternative protein and lipid resources. Significant
Production
investment was spent seeking fishmeal and fish oil replacement and some significant outcomes
were achieved. Consequently, the sustainability context of using marine ingredients became the
new mantra, while the sustainability of the new alternatives was just assumed.
About TARS
The science of sustainability assessment has also evolved considerably and we have moved on
The Aquaculture
from simplistic Roundtable Series®
indices like the (TARS) initiated
fish-in:fish-out in ratio
(FIFO) 2011 to
is amore
stakeholder-driven effort like
holistic assessments to life
facilitate the sharing and exchange of information and experiences for a common goal, to equipofthe
cycle assessment (LCA) analyses. In doing so, we have come from a position with high levels
marine ingredients that had a pretty good sustainability footprint; with low discharge, low energy
industry with the next phase of growth. It is a platform for all – public, private sector, academia,
use, and little to no reliance land or freshwater and moved to a “terrestrial” approach which has
government and non-government
a comparatively organizations
higher sustainability cost; withtoincreased
share newdemand
knowledge, deliberate
for energy, on critical
higher footprint
issues, and identify strategies for improvement – to ensure a sustainable aquaculture industry
and uses substantially more land and freshwater. When we further consider the level for
of third-
party certification of the different resources in terms of responsible sourcing and traceability, then
the next generation.
marine TARS isstand
ingredients clearly designed
above asthe
a series
othersofwith
roundtable
more than sessions
50% oftoglobal
focusmarine
on specific sectors
ingredient
ofproduction
the industry.coming from third-party certification scheme approved producers [www.marin-trust.
com/statistics].
In the past ten years, TARS covered the following sectors: Aquafeeds in 2011, 2015 & 2019; Shrimp
So, if the story is not (totally) about sustainability, then what was the original reason we began
Aquaculture in 201 2, 2014, 2016, 2018 & 2021; and Finfish Aquaculture in 2013 & 2017.
using alternatives for in the first place? It was actually based on the recognition of constraints to
expanding the availability of marine ingredients as aquaculture feed demand grew.
TARS 2022 is supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the following
industry
Recent sponsors.
data shows that global fishmeal and fish oil production are beginning to grow again
on the back of increased by-product utilisation from both direct-human-consumption fisheries
and notably aquaculture production. So, if aquaculture production keeps growing at its current
trajectory, what if we can repurpose all the by-products from that sector as it continues to grow
as well. Could this show that we would have a growing resource base from which to make future
fishmeal and fish oils?
In this presentation, I will present the latest data and observations to show how marine ingredients
are increasingly becoming strategic ingredients in the aquaculture feed sector, and how circularity
is an increasing contributor to the resource based underpinning marine ingredient supply into the
future.
-end-
95
2022.10.07
Brett Glencross
Technical Director
Future Directions for
Marine Ingredients
Still One of Nature’s Best Nutrient Sources
Production (kTonnes)
Source: IFFO 2022
Global Supply
Production (kTonnes) Production (kTonnes)
A Strategic Ingredient, No Longer Bulk Nutrient Supply
Global Aquafeed Production (Million Tonnes)
Fishmeal Use in Aquafeed (Million Tonnes)
Source: IFFO 2022
Changing Ingredient Base = Changing Issues
Changing Expectations
Data:IFFO 2022 (collated from industry and academic sources) - Nutritious
- Enhanced Qualities
- Safe
- Low Cost
Increasing Carbon Footprint Future? - Responsible
What Does Sustainability Mean in Fisheries?
• The maximum sustainable yield
(MSY) for a given fish stock means
the highest possible annual catch
that can be sustained over time,
by keeping the stock at the level
producing maximum growth.
• The MSY refers to a hypothetical
equilibrium state between the
exploited population and the
fishing activity
Effective Fisheries Management is Critical
• Most fisheries in developed
nations of the world are
now managed by
independently set quotas
based on targeting a MSY.
• Modern fishers are
regulated to operate within
those quota systems.
• There has been a BIG shift
in fisheries management
over the past 20 years.
Small Pelagic Fisheries Are Considered Well Managed
• Global small pelagic fisheries (anchoveta,
sardine, herring, etc) are sustaining their
biomasses at expected levels.
• A reduction in fishing pressure has been
central to that success.
• Small pelagics are among the MOST
sustainable of all fisheries.
The Evolution of Sustainability Metrics
But all are simplistic
assessments of a
complex issue
https://www.iffo.com/evolution-sustainability-metrics-marine-ingredients-new
Life Cycle Assessment Approach to Impact Analysis
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) aims to
compare the full range of
environmental effects assignable to
products and services by
quantifying all inputs and outputs
of material flows and assessing
how these material flows affect the
environment.
• Based on compiling an inventory of
relevant energy and material
inputs and environmental releases
• Increasingly seen as the
“mainstream” way to establish
environmental credentials.
Low Carbon Footprint Ingredients
• Increasingly of importance is the
environmental footprint of feed
ingredients.
• The Global Feed Lifecyle-
Assessment Institute (GFLI) acts
as an independent database on
close to 1000 ingredients.
• A simple examination of the
Global Warming Potential
(Carbon footprint) shows that
marine ingredients compare very
favourably.
All data based on GFLI ReCiPe Economic allocation
to products based on RER (European Sourcing)
All Ingredients Have Sustainability Trade-Offs
100000
Pea PC
BSF Larvae
Mealworm
10000 Soybean conc.
Land Use, m2/a
Increasing Land Use
1000
Single cell bac.
Whitfish BP
Blue whiting
100 Methantrophic bac. Sandeel
Poultry BP
Sprat
Herring BP Herring
10 Macroalgae Capelin
Mackerel BP Bubble size: relative
biomass Anchovy meal carbon footprint
Data courtesy of Dr Richard Newton; University of Stirling
1
0.01 1 100 10000 1000000
Biotic Resource Use, kg C
Increasing Biotic Resource Use (BRU)
Role of Certification Programs
The MSC Fisheries
Recognition
Standard is used in Aquaculture
to assess if a
fishery is well-
managed and
sustainable.
The MarinTrust Standard is a tool that
enables producers in the marine
ingredients industry to demonstrate
responsible practice at individual factories.
Let’s Consider Scale
Volume of Certified Production Percent of Global Production
Metric Tonnes Source: MarinTrust, April 2021
No Such Thing as Waste
• The majority of fish caught and farmed is
for human consumption, but less than
50% of that is eaten.
• Fisheries that were once considered
forage species are now being redirected to
food (DHC), but still supply by-products.
Data: Kontali 2022
By-Products Increasingly Important
• By-product resources currently supply
about 32% of all FMO ~2.0Mtonnes.
• Aqua: 770 ktonnes
• Fishery: 1242 ktonnes Source: IFFO 2022
Marine Ingredient Supply Is Growing From By-Products
19% 24% 29%
SOURCE: FAO SOFIA 2020
How Finite are These Resources Really?
Source: FAO SOFIA Report 2022 Source: FAO SOFIA Report 2022
Summary
§ Still the Nutritional Benchmark
• Marine ingredients remain highly cost effective sources of important nutrients.
• Supplies have stabilised over the past 10-years.
• Seen as “strategic” ingredients, no longer a bulk supply of nutrients.
§ Leading Sustainability
• Sustainability remains paramount to the industry.
• Small pelagics fisheries are considered among the MOST sustainable of all fisheries.
• Sustainability metrics are moving towards more holistic forms like LCA that show marine
ingredients have some significant advantages.
§ Ensuring Responsible Supply
• Marine ingredients are one of the most independently certified of all feed ingredients.
• By-Products are becoming a major contributor to production (No such thing as waste).
• Circularity is going to become increasingly important to the industry.
• Increasing aquaculture production provides avenues for sector growth.
www.iffo.com
Dr Brett Glencross - Technical Director
22 Amelia Street | London | SE17 3BZ | United Kingdom
bglencross@iffo.com | www.iffo.com
