Q1: Define Ijtihad, also highlight its contemporary importance in the light

of Islamic Fiqh.
Contemporary Importance of Ijtihad in the Light of Islamic Fiqh
In the modern era, Ijtihad plays a crucial role in addressing new challenges while
maintaining Islamic principles. Below are 15 arguments for its contemporary
importance, supported by references from the Quran and Sunnah:

1. Adapting to Modern Challenges

The world is evolving rapidly with advancements in technology, science, and
society. Ijtihad helps Muslims apply Islamic teachings to contemporary issues
such as artificial intelligence, bioethics, and space travel.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"And We have sent down to you the Book as clarification for all things..." (Surah
An-Nahl 16:89)

2. Ensuring Islamic Law Remains Dynamic

Islamic law (Shariah) is meant to guide all times and places. Through Ijtihad,
scholars ensure that Islamic rulings remain relevant and applicable.
📖 Hadith Reference:
The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬sent Mu’adh ibn Jabal to Yemen and asked how he would judge
matters. Mu’adh replied:
 By the Quran
 If not found in the Quran, then by the Sunnah
 If not found in both, then by Ijtihad
The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬approved his answer. (Sunan Abu Dawood 3592)

3. Resolving Contemporary Economic Issues

Islamic finance needs Ijtihad to address modern banking, cryptocurrency, and
global trade while maintaining Shariah compliance.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"Allah has permitted trade and forbidden interest (Riba)." (Surah Al-Baqarah
2:275)

4. Addressing Scientific and Medical Ethics

New medical advancements (e.g., organ transplantation, cloning, genetic
engineering) require Ijtihad to determine their permissibility in Islam.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right." (Surah Al-Isra
17:33)

5. Women’s Rights in Modern Society

Issues like women's education, political participation, and workplace roles need
Ijtihad to clarify their status in Islamic law.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women." (Surah
Al-Baqarah 2:228)

6. Balancing Tradition with Modern Governance

Islamic governance principles must evolve with modern legal and political systems
while staying true to Shariah.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"And those who have responded to [the needs of] their people, and whose affairs
are conducted through consultation." (Surah Ash-Shura 42:38)

7. Ijtihad in Technology and Media

The digital world, social media ethics, and artificial intelligence require Ijtihad to
ensure alignment with Islamic values.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"And do not conceal testimony, for whoever conceals it—his heart is surely sinful."
(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:283)

8. Interfaith Relations and Global Peace

In an interconnected world, Ijtihad helps shape policies on interfaith dialogue,
coexistence, and global peace.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"Allah does not forbid you from being kind and just to those who have not fought
you because of your religion." (Surah Al-Mumtahina 60:8)

9. Addressing Environmental and Climate Change Issues

Islamic teachings on environmental responsibility need Ijtihad to tackle global
warming, conservation, and sustainability.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"And do not commit abuse on the earth, spreading corruption." (Surah Al-Baqarah
2:60)

10. Reforming Islamic Education

Modern educational challenges require Ijtihad to integrate traditional Islamic
knowledge with contemporary sciences.
📖 Hadith Reference:
"Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim." (Sunan Ibn Majah 224)

11. Guiding Muslims in Non-Muslim Societies

Muslims living in non-Muslim countries require Ijtihad to practice Islam while
respecting local laws.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"And We have made you a just nation so that you will be witnesses over mankind."
(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:143)

12. Combatting Extremism and Misinterpretations

Terrorism and radicalism arise from misinterpretations of Islam. Ijtihad ensures a
balanced and authentic understanding of Islamic teachings.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"There is no compulsion in religion." (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256)

13. Protecting Human Rights and Justice

Human rights concerns, such as refugees, minority protection, and social justice,
require Ijtihad for proper Islamic responses.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when
you judge between people to judge with justice." (Surah An-Nisa 4:58)

14. Developing Ethical Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

As AI and automation grow, Ijtihad helps establish ethical guidelines in line with
Islamic teachings.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"And He taught Adam the names of all things." (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:31)

15. Strengthening Unity Among Muslim Nations

Political divisions among Muslim countries can be addressed through Ijtihad,
promoting unity based on Islamic principles.
📖 Quranic Reference:
"And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided."
(Surah Aal-e-Imran 3:103)
Q2: What is Self-purification and Ehsan? Explain it in the light of Quran
and Sunnah, also describe its individual and collective impacts.
Self-Purification (Tazkiyah) and Ehsan in the Light of Quran and Sunnah
1. Introduction
Self-purification (Tazkiyah) and Ehsan are two essential spiritual concepts in Islam
that guide a believer towards a righteous and moral life. Tazkiyah refers to the
purification of the soul from evil traits and the development of good character,
while Ehsan signifies excellence in worship and deeds with sincerity and devotion
to Allah. Both are deeply rooted in the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah, shaping
individual and collective aspects of life.

2. Self-Purification (Tazkiyah) in the Light of Quran and Sunnah

Tazkiyah (‫ )تزكية‬is the process of cleansing oneself from sins, immoral behavior,
and negative traits such as arrogance, hypocrisy, and greed, while developing
piety, sincerity, and righteousness.
Quranic References on Tazkiyah
1. Success in Purification
o “He has succeeded who purifies it (his soul), and he has failed who
corrupts it.” (Surah Ash-Shams 91:9-10)
2. Guidance and Purification by Allah
o “It is He who sent among the unlettered a Messenger from
themselves reciting to them His verses and purifying them and
teaching them the Book and wisdom.” (Surah Al-Jumu’ah 62:2)
3. Self-Purification Leads to Salvation
o “But the one who purifies himself will succeed.” (Surah Al-A‘la 87:14)

4. Avoidance of Evil and Attaining Righteousness

o “Indeed, the soul is inclined to evil, except for those upon whom my
Lord has mercy.” (Surah Yusuf 12:53)
5. Wealth and Purification
o “Take from their wealth a charity by which you purify them and cause
them increase.” (Surah At-Tawbah 9:103)
Hadith References on Tazkiyah
 6. Heart as the Source of Purity
o The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Verily, in the body there is a piece of flesh, if it
is sound, the whole body is sound; and if it is corrupt, the whole body
is corrupt. Verily, it is the heart.” (Sahih al-Bukhari 52, Sahih Muslim
1599)
7. Importance of Self-Purification
o The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The best among you are those who have the
best character.” (Sahih al-Bukhari 3559)
8. Repentance as a Form of Purification
o The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The one who repents from sin is like one who
did not sin.” (Sunan Ibn Majah 4250)
9. Dua for Purification
o The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬used to make dua: “O Allah! Grant my soul its piety
and purify it, You are the Best to purify it.” (Sahih Muslim 2722)
10.Seeking Knowledge for Purification
 The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “When Allah intends good for someone, He gives him
understanding of the religion.” (Sahih al-Bukhari 71, Sahih Muslim 1037)

3. Ehsan in the Light of Quran and Sunnah

Ehsan (‫ )إحسان‬means striving for excellence in worship and all aspects of life. It
refers to worshipping Allah as though we see Him, with sincerity, devotion, and
humility.
Quranic References on Ehsan
1. Definition of Ehsan
o “Indeed, Allah commands justice, good conduct (Ehsan), and giving
to relatives.” (Surah An-Nahl 16:90)
2. Allah’s Love for Those Who Do Ehsan
o “Indeed, Allah loves the doers of good (Muhsineen).” (Surah Al-
Baqarah 2:195)
3. Ehsan in Worship
o “And establish prayer and give zakah and bow with those who bow [in
worship and obedience].” (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:43)
4. Ehsan in Dealing with Others
o “And do good, indeed, Allah loves the doers of good.” (Surah Al-
Baqarah 2:195)
5. Paradise for Those Who Practice Ehsan
o “For those who have done good (Ehsan) is the best [reward] and
more.” (Surah Yunus 10:26)
Hadith References on Ehsan
6. Definition by the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
o The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Ehsan is to worship Allah as if you see Him, for
though you do not see Him, He sees you.” (Sahih al-Bukhari 50, Sahih
Muslim 8)
7. Ehsan in Everyday Life
o The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Allah has prescribed Ehsan in everything.”
(Sahih Muslim 1955)
 8. Allah’s Mercy on Those Who Show Ehsan
o The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Be merciful to those on the earth, and the One
above the heavens will be merciful to you.” (Sunan At-Tirmidhi 1924)
9. Ehsan in Family and Society
o The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The best of you is the one who is best to his
family.” (Sunan At-Tirmidhi 3895)
10.Ehsan in Business and Transactions
 The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The truthful and honest trader will be with the
Prophets, the truthful, and the martyrs.” (Sunan At-Tirmidhi 1209)

4. Individual and Collective Impacts of Self-Purification and Ehsan

Individual Impacts
1. Strengthens Faith (Iman) – Purifies the heart and increases closeness to
Allah.
2. Develops Patience and Gratitude – Leads to contentment and reliance
on Allah.
3. Enhances Character – Encourages honesty, humility, and kindness.
4. Leads to Inner Peace – Removes anxiety and negative emotions.
5. Increases Productivity – Encourages hard work and sincerity in actions.
6. Brings Allah’s Forgiveness – Leads to repentance and spiritual cleansing.
7. Protects from Sin – Develops self-control against temptations.
8. Improves Relationships – Encourages respect and kindness to others.
9. Grants Success in Both Worlds – Leads to Jannah (Paradise) and a
peaceful life.
10.Strengthens Moral Discipline – Encourages adherence to Islamic values.
Collective Impacts
1. Establishes Justice – Promotes fairness in society.
2. Reduces Corruption – Encourages honesty in governance and business.
3. Promotes Social Harmony – Develops a culture of kindness and
cooperation.
4. Strengthens Brotherhood – Unites people under common ethical values.
5. Encourages Welfare – Leads to charity and helping the needy.
6. Creates a Positive Society – Spreads love, forgiveness, and mercy.
7. Enhances Work Ethics – Encourages professionalism and integrity.
8. Protects from Crime – Reduces theft, dishonesty, and injustice.
9. Encourages Education – Leads to intellectual and spiritual development.
10.Brings Divine Blessings – Attracts Allah’s mercy and prosperity.
Q3: point our the motives of terrorism in Pakistan. How can the society
get rid of terrorism?
Motives of Terrorism in Pakistan
1. Religious Extremism
o Misinterpretation of religious teachings has fueled extremism.
 o Example: Groups like Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) use religion as a
justification for their violent actions.
2. Political Instability
o Frequent changes in government and weak governance create
opportunities for terrorist groups.
o Example: The instability after military and civilian governments'
transitions has led to security gaps.
3. Foreign Interference
o Neighboring and global powers have been accused of supporting
militant factions for their interests.
o Example: India’s alleged support for insurgencies in Balochistan.

4. Sectarian Violence
o Sunni-Shia conflicts have been a source of terrorism.

o Example: Attacks on Hazara Shia community in Quetta.

5. Economic Disparity
o Poverty and lack of economic opportunities push youth towards
extremism.
o Example: Poorly educated individuals are recruited by militant
organizations with financial incentives.
6. Weak Law Enforcement
o Inadequate policing and judicial inefficiency allow terrorism to thrive.

o Example: Failure to convict and punish arrested terrorists effectively.

7. Uncontrolled Madrassas
o Some religious schools promote extremist ideologies.

o Example: Madrassas linked to extremist organizations spreading hate

speech.
8. Border Security Issues
o Infiltration of terrorists due to porous borders with Afghanistan and
Iran.
o Example: Afghan-based militants attacking Pakistani border areas.

9. Media and Propaganda

o Online radicalization through social media and extremist websites.

o Example: ISIS propaganda influencing young minds worldwide.

10.Revenge and Personal Motives

 People who lose family members in conflicts sometimes join terrorist groups
for revenge.
 Example: Drone attacks killing civilians, leading to recruitment by extremist
groups.
11.Lack of Education
 Illiteracy makes people vulnerable to extremist ideologies.
 Example: Areas with low literacy rates, like FATA, have high militant
activities.
12.Drug and Arms Trafficking
  Terrorist groups fund their activities through illegal trade.
 Example: Opium production in Afghanistan fueling terrorist networks.

How Can Society Get Rid of Terrorism? (With Quranic and Hadith
References)
1. Promoting True Islamic Teachings
o Islam teaches peace and forbids terrorism.

o “Whoever kills a person [unjustly]… it is as though he has killed all

mankind” (Quran 5:32).
2. Strengthening Justice System
o A fair and speedy justice system discourages terrorism.

o The Prophet ( ‫ )ﷺ‬said: “The most beloved of people to Allah is the one
who brings benefit to others” (Hadith, Al-Mu'jam Al-Awsat).
3. Eliminating Poverty
o Economic stability reduces terrorism.

o “And give the relative his right, and [also] the poor and the
traveler…” (Quran 17:26).
4. Investing in Education
o Education helps people resist extremist ideologies.

o The Prophet ( ‫ )ﷺ‬said: “Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon

every Muslim” (Hadith, Ibn Majah).
5. Controlling Hate Speech
o Media and religious leaders should promote unity.

o “And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become
divided” (Quran 3:103).
6. Proper Regulation of Madrassas
o Religious institutions must be monitored to prevent extremism.

o The Prophet ( ‫ )ﷺ‬said: “The best of you are those who learn the
Quran and teach it” (Hadith, Bukhari).
7. Strong Law Enforcement
o Strict security measures and intelligence sharing are needed.

o “Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due
and when you judge between people to judge with justice” (Quran
4:58).
8. Ending Foreign Influence
o Pakistan must develop an independent counterterrorism strategy.

o “And never will Allah give the disbelievers over the believers a way
[to overcome them]” (Quran 4:141).
9. Reforming Prisons
o Jails should not be recruiting centers for extremists.

o The Prophet ( ‫ )ﷺ‬said: “Help your brother, whether he is an oppressor

or he is an oppressed one” (Hadith, Bukhari).
10.Using Media for Peace
  Media should counter extremist propaganda.
 “And do not spread corruption upon the earth after its reformation” (Quran
7:56).
11.Community Policing and Awareness
 Citizens should report suspicious activities.
 The Prophet ( ‫ )ﷺ‬said: “The believers, in their mutual kindness, compassion,
and sympathy, are just like one body” (Hadith, Bukhari).
12.National Unity and Religious Tolerance
 All sects and ethnic groups must work together against terrorism.
 “Indeed, the believers are brothers. So make settlement between your
brothers” (Quran 49:10).
By implementing these solutions, Pakistan can significantly reduce terrorism and
create a peaceful society.
Q4: Highlight the responsibility of a civil servant in the light of Islamic
teachings.
Responsibilities of a Civil Servant in the Light of Islamic Teachings
A civil servant holds a position of trust and responsibility in society. In Islam,
governance and public service are considered acts of worship if performed with
sincerity, justice, and accountability. Below are 20 arguments highlighting the
responsibilities of a civil servant based on Quranic verses and Hadith:
1. Establishing Justice
 Quran: "Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are
due and when you judge between people to judge with justice..." (Surah An-
Nisa 4:58)
 A civil servant must uphold fairness in decision-making and ensure that no
one is deprived of their rights.
2. Fulfillment of Trust (Amanah)
 Quran: "O you who have believed, do not betray Allah and the Messenger
or betray your trusts while you know [the consequence]." (Surah Al-Anfal
8:27)
 Holding public office is a trust that must not be misused for personal gain.
3. Avoiding Corruption
 Quran: "And do not consume one another’s wealth unjustly or send it [in
bribery] to the rulers in order that [they might aid] you to consume a
portion of the wealth of the people in sin..." (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:188)
 A civil servant must refrain from bribery and any form of financial
misconduct.
4. Serving People with Sincerity
 Hadith: "The leader of a people is their servant." (Sunan Abu Dawood 2858)
 A civil servant must consider themselves a servant of the people, not a ruler
over them.
5. Accountability in Governance
 Hadith: "Every one of you is a shepherd, and every one of you is
answerable with regard to his flock..." (Sahih al-Bukhari 893)
 Civil servants are accountable before Allah for their actions and governance.
6. Ensuring Welfare of the People
  Quran: "And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to
the worlds." (Surah Al-Anbiya 21:107)
 Civil servants should embody mercy and work for the well-being of the
people.
7. Implementing the Rule of Law Equally
 Hadith: "By Allah, if Fatimah (the daughter of Muhammad) stole, I would
cut off her hand." (Sahih Muslim 1688)
 No favoritism should be allowed in governance.
8. Promoting Honesty in Administration
 Quran: "And do not conceal testimony, for whoever conceals it—his heart is
indeed sinful..." (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:283)
 Civil servants must be honest in their dealings.
9. Avoiding Nepotism and Favoritism
 Hadith: "Whosoever appoints a man to a position whereas there is among
those more deserving of it, has surely betrayed Allah and His Messenger."
(Hakim, Mustadrak 7022)
 Merit, not favoritism, should determine appointments.
10. Protection of Public Wealth
 Hadith: "Some men misuse public property, and they will be thrown into
Hell on the Day of Judgment." (Sahih al-Bukhari 719)
 Public resources must not be wasted or stolen.
11. Avoiding Oppression and Injustice
 Quran: "And do not let hatred of a people prevent you from being just. Be
just; that is nearer to righteousness..." (Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:8)
 Civil servants should ensure fairness, even towards those they dislike.
12. Working Hard and Avoiding Laziness
 Quran: "And that there is not for man except that [good] for which he
strives." (Surah An-Najm 53:39)
 Civil servants should work diligently for the progress of society.
13. Ensuring Transparency
 Hadith: "Whoever cheats us is not one of us." (Sahih Muslim 101)
 Transparency in governance is crucial for earning public trust.
14. Encouraging Consultation (Shura)
 Quran: "...And those who have responded to [the need for] their leader,
establish prayer, and conduct their affairs by mutual consultation..." (Surah
Ash-Shura 42:38)
 Consulting experts and the public leads to better governance.
15. Protecting Human Rights
 Quran: "Whoever saves a life, it is as if he has saved all of mankind."
(Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:32)
 Civil servants must ensure the protection of life, dignity, and rights.
16. Ensuring Economic Justice
 Quran: "So that wealth does not merely circulate among the rich among
you..." (Surah Al-Hashr 59:7)
  Policies should ensure economic balance and reduce inequality.
17. Ensuring Security and Stability
 Quran: "And Allah invites to the Home of Peace and guides whom He wills
to a straight path." (Surah Yunus 10:25)
 A civil servant should work towards maintaining law and order.
18. Speaking the Truth to Authority
 Hadith: "The best jihad is a word of truth in front of a tyrannical ruler."
(Sunan Abu Dawood 4344)
 Civil servants should not support tyranny or injustice.
19. Avoiding Wastefulness in Public Spending
 Quran: "Indeed, the wasteful are brothers of the devils..." (Surah Al-Isra
17:27)
 Government resources should be utilized responsibly.
20. Spreading Kindness and Compassion
 Hadith: "Allah will not have mercy on him who is not merciful to people."
(Sahih al-Bukhari 6013)
 A civil servant should be compassionate and considerate towards the
people.
Q5: write a comprehensive note on Zakat system of Islam and its
spiritual, moral and social impacts.
The Zakat System in Islam and Its Impacts
Zakat is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and serves as a fundamental act of worship
that purifies wealth and supports the welfare of society. It is a mandatory
charitable contribution, usually 2.5% of a Muslim's savings and assets, given to
specific categories of people mentioned in the Quran. Zakat plays a crucial role in
the economic, spiritual, moral, and social dimensions of an Islamic society.
The Concept of Zakat
The word Zakat (‫ )زكاة‬comes from the Arabic root zakā, which means "to purify" or
"to grow." It is an obligation upon every financially able Muslim, and its primary
purpose is to assist the poor and needy while purifying the giver's wealth.
Allah commands in the Quran:
"Take from their wealth a charity by which you purify them and cause
them to increase, and invoke [Allah’s blessings] upon them. Indeed, your
invocations are reassurance for them." (Surah At-Tawbah 9:103)
1. Spiritual Impacts of Zakat
1. Purification of Wealth and Soul
Zakat purifies a believer’s wealth and heart from greed, miserliness, and
selfishness.
Quran Reference: "And establish prayer and give Zakat, and whatever
good you put forward for yourselves—you will find it with Allah." (Surah Al-
Baqarah 2:110)
2. Increases Barakah (Blessings) in Wealth
The act of giving Zakat brings divine blessings, ensuring wealth does not
deplete.
Hadith Reference: "Charity does not decrease wealth." (Sahih Muslim
2588)
3. Brings Nearness to Allah
Fulfilling the obligation of Zakat strengthens one’s connection with Allah.
Quran Reference: "Indeed, those who believe and do righteous deeds and
 establish prayer and give Zakat will have their reward with their Lord..."
(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:277)
4. Strengthens Faith (Iman)
Giving Zakat increases sincerity in worship and faith in Allah’s promises.
Hadith Reference: "Zakat is a bridge of Islam." (Al-Bayhaqi)
5. Develops a Sense of Gratitude
By recognizing Allah as the true provider of wealth, the giver becomes more
thankful.
Quran Reference: "And whatever you spend in good, He will replace it.
And He is the best of providers." (Surah Saba 34:39)
6. Protection from Hellfire
Zakat acts as a shield against Allah’s punishment.
Hadith Reference: "Protect yourself from Hell-fire even by giving a piece
of a date as charity." (Sahih Bukhari 1417)
2. Moral Impacts of Zakat
1. Develops Generosity
Zakat teaches selflessness and the importance of helping others.
Quran Reference: "And those in whose wealth there is a known right, for
the beggar and the deprived." (Surah Al-Ma’arij 70:24-25)
2. Eliminates Greed and Materialism
Zakat reduces attachment to worldly possessions and fosters humility.
Hadith Reference: "The hand that gives is better than the hand that
takes." (Sahih Muslim 1033)
3. Instills a Sense of Responsibility
It reminds wealthy individuals of their duty to care for the less fortunate.
Quran Reference: "Spend in the way of Allah and do not throw yourselves
into destruction by your own hands." (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:195)
4. Promotes Honesty and Integrity
A true believer pays Zakat sincerely, reinforcing honesty in financial
dealings.
Hadith Reference: "The honest merchant will be with the prophets, the
truthful, and the martyrs." (Tirmidhi 1209)
5. Brings Contentment and Inner Peace
The act of giving prevents envy and jealousy, leading to a peaceful heart.
Quran Reference: "And whoever is protected from the stinginess of his
soul—it is those who will be successful." (Surah Al-Hashr 59:9)
6. Develops Compassion and Empathy
Experiencing the joy of giving fosters deep concern for the suffering of
others.
Hadith Reference: "He is not a believer whose stomach is full while his
neighbor goes hungry." (Musnad Ahmad 9662)
3. Social Impacts of Zakat
1. Eradicates Poverty
Zakat provides financial assistance to those in need, reducing poverty.
Quran Reference: "Zakat expenditures are only for the poor and the
needy..." (Surah At-Tawbah 9:60)
2. Reduces Economic Inequality
Wealth circulation through Zakat minimizes the gap between the rich and
poor.
Hadith Reference: "It (Zakat) should be taken from the rich and
distributed among the poor." (Sahih Bukhari 1454)
3. Encourages Social Welfare
Zakat funds help build hospitals, schools, and infrastructure, benefiting
society.
 Quran Reference: "And help one another in righteousness and piety."
(Surah Al-Ma’idah 5:2)
4. Strengthens Brotherhood and Unity
The act of giving fosters love and solidarity within the community.
Hadith Reference: "The believers, in their love and mercy for one another,
are like one body." (Sahih Muslim 2586)
5. Prevents Crimes and Social Unrest
Zakat helps alleviate financial struggles, reducing theft and corruption.
Quran Reference: "Satan threatens you with poverty and orders you to
immorality, while Allah promises you forgiveness and bounty from Him."
(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:268)
6. Enhances Economic Stability
By ensuring wealth circulation, Zakat contributes to a more balanced
economy.
Hadith Reference: "When people withhold Zakat, rain is withheld from the
sky." (Ibn Majah 4019)
Q6: Describe, in detail, the basic characteristics of Islam civilization.
Islamic civilization is one of the most influential and enduring civilizations in
human history. Rooted in the teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah of Prophet
Muhammad (peace be upon him), it encompasses religious, social, political,
economic, and intellectual dimensions. Below are 20 key characteristics of Islamic
civilization, each supported by references from the Quran or Hadith:

1. Monotheism (Tawhid) - The Foundation of Islamic Civilization

Islamic civilization is built upon the absolute oneness of Allah (Tawhid), which
influences all aspects of life, governance, and ethics.
📖 "Say, ‘He is Allah, [who is] One, Allah, the Eternal Refuge.’" (Quran 112:1-2)
2. Justice and Equality (Adl wa Ihsan)
Islamic civilization is deeply committed to justice, ensuring fairness in social,
economic, and legal matters.
📖 "Indeed, Allah commands justice, good conduct, and giving to relatives and
forbids immorality, bad conduct, and oppression." (Quran 16:90)
3. Knowledge and Learning (Ilm)
The pursuit of knowledge is central to Islamic civilization, leading to the Golden
Age of scientific and intellectual advancements.
📖 "Read in the name of your Lord who created." (Quran 96:1)
📖 The Prophet (PBUH) said: "Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every
Muslim." (Ibn Majah 224)
4. Moral and Ethical Conduct (Akhlaq)
Islamic civilization upholds high moral standards, promoting honesty, patience,
and humility.
📖 "Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you."
(Quran 49:13)
📖 The Prophet (PBUH) said: "The best among you are those who have the best
manners and character." (Bukhari 3559)
5. Unity and Brotherhood (Ukhuwwah Islamiyyah)
Islam fosters a sense of unity and brotherhood, transcending racial and tribal
differences.
📖 "Indeed, the believers are but brothers, so make peace between your brothers."
(Quran 49:10)
📖 The Prophet (PBUH) said: "A Muslim is the brother of another Muslim." (Bukhari
2442)
6. Religious Tolerance
Islam encourages peaceful coexistence with followers of other faiths.
📖 "There is no compulsion in religion. The right course has become clear from the
wrong." (Quran 2:256)
7. Balanced Way of Life (Wasatiyyah)
Islamic civilization promotes moderation, avoiding extremes in all matters.
📖 "And thus We have made you a just community." (Quran 2:143)
8. Economic Justice (Zakah and Fair Trade)
Islamic civilization ensures economic equity through zakat, charity, and ethical
trade.
📖 "Establish prayer and give zakah." (Quran 2:110)
📖 The Prophet (PBUH) said: "The best earnings are from honest labor." (Ahmad
1574)
9. Strong Family System
The family is the cornerstone of Islamic civilization, emphasizing respect for
parents and marital harmony.
📖 "And We have enjoined upon man [care] for his parents." (Quran 46:15)
10. Scientific and Technological Contributions
Islamic civilization greatly advanced fields like medicine, mathematics, and
astronomy.
📖 "And He has subjected to you whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the
earth—all from Him." (Quran 45:13)
11. Justice in Governance (Shura - Consultation)
Islamic governance is based on consultation and justice.
📖 "And those who have responded to [their] tyrant and conducted their affairs by
consultation among themselves." (Quran 42:38)
12. Respect for Human Rights
Islam ensures the dignity and rights of every human being.
📖 "And We have certainly honored the children of Adam." (Quran 17:70)
13. Preservation of Life and Security
Islam emphasizes the sanctity of life and protection from harm.
📖 "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land—it is
as if he had slain mankind entirely." (Quran 5:32)
14. Art and Architecture
Islamic civilization has contributed significantly to architecture and calligraphy
while avoiding idol worship.
📖 "So observe what is in the heavens and the earth." (Quran 10:101)
15. Charity and Welfare (Sadaqah and Waqf)
Islamic civilization developed a strong welfare system to help the poor.
📖 "And they give food in spite of love for it to the needy, the orphan, and the
captive." (Quran 76:8)
16. Self-Discipline and Spiritual Development
Fasting, prayer, and self-control are core to Islamic civilization.
📖 "O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon
those before you that you may become righteous." (Quran 2:183)
17. War Ethics and Peace (Jihad for Justice)
Islamic civilization promotes peace and restricts unjust warfare.
📖 "But if they incline to peace, then incline to it [also] and rely upon Allah." (Quran
8:61)
18. Women's Rights and Dignity
Islam granted women rights in education, inheritance, and personal dignity.
📖 "And they (women) have rights similar to those (of men) over them in kindness."
(Quran 2:228)
19. Environmental Stewardship (Khilafah - Guardianship of Earth)
Islam teaches respect for nature and responsible use of resources.
📖 "And do not commit abuse on the earth, spreading corruption." (Quran 2:60)
20. Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) Role as a Role Model
The Prophet’s (PBUH) life serves as a model for individuals and societies.
📖 "There has certainly been for you in the Messenger of Allah an excellent
pattern." (Quran 33:21)
Q7: The Holy Prophet is the prophet of peace and safety. Explain with
arguments.
1. Sent as Mercy to All Creation
Allah declares that Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was sent as a mercy to the entire
universe.
📖 Qur'an:
"And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the worlds."
📖 (Surah Al-Anbiya, 21:107)

2. Peace and Kindness are Core Values

📖 Qur'an:
"And speak to people kindly..."
📖 (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:83)
The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬embodied this by always choosing peace, even when dealing with
enemies.

3. Prohibition of Compulsion in Religion

Islam rejects forced conversion, proving its peaceful nature.
📖 Qur'an:
"There is no compulsion in religion..."
📖 (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:256)

4. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬Forbade Killing Innocents

📖 Hadith:
"Do not kill women, children, old people, or those who are not fighting."
📖 (Sunan Abu Dawood, 2614)

5. His Forgiveness on Conquest of Makkah

Despite years of persecution, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬forgave his enemies when he
peacefully conquered Makkah, saying:
"No blame will be upon you today; you are free!"
📖 (Ibn Hisham, Seerat-un-Nabi, Vol. 4)

6. He Promoted Reconciliation
📖 Qur'an:
"And if they incline to peace, then incline to it [also]..."
📖 (Surah Al-Anfal, 8:61)
The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬always preferred peace over war.

7. His Treaty with Non-Muslims (Hudaybiyyah)

Instead of war, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬signed the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, ensuring
peace between Muslims and Quraysh.
📖 (Sahih al-Bukhari, 2731)

8. Emphasis on Spreading Peace

📖 Hadith:
"Shall I not tell you something that will make you love one another? Spread peace
(Salam) among yourselves."
📖 (Sahih Muslim, 54)

9. Islam Teaches Patience & Non-Violence

📖 Qur'an:
"And be patient over what they say and avoid them with gracious avoidance."
📖 (Surah Al-Muzzammil, 73:10)

10. Islam Forbids Terrorism

📖 Qur'an:
"Whoever kills a soul… it is as if he has killed all of humanity."
📖 (Surah Al-Ma'idah, 5:32)

11. He Taught Compassion Even in War

📖 Hadith:
"Do not kill monks in monasteries or those worshipping in churches."
📖 (Musnad Ahmad, 1723)

12. Kindness to Neighbors

📖 Hadith:
"He is not a believer whose neighbor is not safe from his harm."
📖 (Sahih al-Bukhari, 6016)

13. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬Loved Children & The Weak

📖 Hadith:
"He who does not show mercy to our young and does not respect our elders is not
one of us."
📖 (Sunan At-Tirmidhi, 1922)

14. Islam Protects Non-Muslims

📖 Hadith:
"Whoever oppresses a non-Muslim under Muslim rule, I will be his opponent on the
Day of Judgment."
📖 (Sunan Abi Dawood, 3052)

15. Islam Orders Justice for All

📖 Qur'an:
"Allah commands justice, good conduct, and giving to relatives and forbids
immorality, wrongdoing, and oppression."
📖 (Surah An-Nahl, 16:90)

16. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was the Most Tolerant

Even when he was insulted, he responded with patience and peace.
📖 Hadith:
"O Allah, forgive my people for they do not know!"
📖 (Sahih al-Bukhari, 3477)

17. Islam Forbids Attacking Places of Worship

📖 Hadith:
"Do not destroy synagogues or churches."
📖 (Sunan Abu Dawood, 2613)

18. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬Encouraged Peacemaking

📖 Hadith:
"Making peace between people is greater than [voluntary] fasting, prayer, and
charity."
📖 (Sunan Abu Dawood, 4919)

19. Islam Promotes Brotherhood

📖 Qur'an:
"The believers are but brothers, so make peace between your brothers."
📖 (Surah Al-Hujurat, 49:10)

20. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬Never Took Revenge

Despite suffering personal losses, he never sought revenge.
📖 Hadith:
"He never took revenge for himself, but only when Allah’s laws were violated."
📖 (Sahih al-Bukhari, 3560)

21. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬Advocated for Women’s Rights

📖 Hadith:
"The best among you is the one who is best to his wife."
📖 (Sunan At-Tirmidhi, 1162)

22. Islam Teaches Peaceful Coexistence

📖 Qur'an:
"To you is your religion, and to me is mine."
📖 (Surah Al-Kafirun, 109:6)