HISTORY OF TIV
TIV AND HIS CHILDREN
Tiv had two children, Ipusu and Ichôngo. Ipusu, the first child, was born while Tiv
and his wife were on the farm. This was when Tiv was yet uncircumcised. An
ele#phant hunter from the neighbouring ethnic group ran into the couple with the
newborn baby. Seeing that Tiv was not circumcised, the hunter wondered and asked
Tiv how it was possible for him to have a child with his wife in the uncircum#cised
state.
# THE HISTORY OF THE TIV PEOPLE
Introduction
The Tiv people are one of the major ethnic groups in Nigeria, primarily living in
Benue State, with smaller populations in Taraba, Nasarawa, Plateau, and Cross River
States. The Tiv are hardworking farmers, traders, and warriors, known for their
hospitality, bravery, and rich cultural heritage.
Their history is passed down orally through storytelling, songs, and festivals.
Despite modernization, the Tiv people continue to uphold their traditions while
embracing education and development.
1. Origins of the Tiv
The Tiv people trace their origins to a great ancestor named Tiv. He had two sons:
- Ipusu (his first son).
- Ichôngo (his second son).
These two sons became the founding fathers of all Tiv clans. Every Tiv family today
can trace their roots to either Ipusu or Ichôngo. The name “Tiv” was first used by
neighboring ethnic groups to refer to his descendants. Over time, it became the
official name of the entire tribe.
2. Migration and Settlement
The Tiv were originally nomadic, meaning they moved from place to place in search
of good land for farming and settlement. Their journey began from the far north,
but they later migrated southward.
Key stages of their migration:
1. Living among the Fulani – The Tiv initially lived close to the Fulani but later
moved away to maintain their unique identity.
2. Settling at Ibenda Hill – Ibenda Hill is located in Turan Clan, in present-day
Kwande Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. It lies to the northeast of
Jato Aka, a well-known Tiv settlement.
This was one of their earliest settlements before moving further.
3. Moving to the Benue Valley – Eventually, they settled in what is today known as
Benue State, along the Benue River.
As they moved, the Tiv developed strong relationships with other tribes but also
faced conflicts, especially regarding land and marriage rights.
3. Tiv Culture and Traditions
The Tiv people have a rich and vibrant culture that is deeply connected to their
history, beliefs, and daily lives.
a) Facial Marks and Body Decorations
In the past, the Tiv marked their bodies to show identity, beauty, and strength.
These markings included:
- Abaji marks – Small raised scars beside the eyes.
- Kusa marks – Thin marks made with a sharp nail, borrowed from the Jukun people.
- Ukari marks – Deep scars on the cheeks, inspired by Wukari town.
Some Tiv women also had tummy and waist marks, which were believed to enhance
beauty and prevent the belly from becoming flabby after childbirth.
b) Circumcision (Ityôugh)
Circumcision was an important rite of passage for Tiv boys. Traditionally, it was
done at the age of 16 or older, and was believed to prepare young men for adulthood
and marriage. It was performed with herbal medicine to prevent excessive bleeding
and infection.
c) Farming and Food
The Tiv are skilled farmers and rely on agriculture for survival. They grow:
- Yams – Considered the king of crops in Tiv culture.
- Maize, millet, and sorghum – Used for making food like pap and porridge.
- Cassava – Used to produce garri and fufu.
Tiv farmers rotate their crops and practice shifting cultivation to ensure that the
soil remains fertile.
d) Hunting and Fishing
Before farming became widespread, the Tiv were great hunters and fishermen. They
used:
- Traps, spears, and bows to catch animals.
- Fishing baskets and hooks to catch fish from rivers.
Animals like antelope, bush pigs, and rabbits were common in Tiv land, and they
provided meat for families.
e) Music and Dance
Music is an important part of Tiv life. It is played during festivals , weddings,
and ceremonies.
The most famous Tiv dance is the Swange dance, known for its:
- Fast-paced foot movements.
- Body twists and bends.
- Energetic drum beats.
Some traditional Tiv musical instruments include:
- Kakaki – A long trumpet.
- Gbande – A set of drums.
- Ilyu – A wooden xylophone.
Music is used to tell stories, praise leaders, and entertain the community.
4. Marriage Customs
Marriage is highly valued in Tiv culture. In the past, there were three main types
of marriage:
a) Marriage by Exchange (Ikyôr)
- A family exchanged their daughter for another family’s daughter.
- There was no payment of bride price.
b) Marriage by Capture
- A man kidnapped a woman and later negotiated with her family.
- It often happened during wars or feasts.
c) Marriage by Bride Price (Modern Marriage)
- A man pays money and gifts to the bride’s family.
- This is the most common marriage practice today.
The Tiv people believe that marriage strengthens family bonds and ensures community
unity.
5. Leadership and Governance
In the past, the Tiv had no kings. Instead, they were ruled by elders and clan
leaders, who settled disputes and made decisions for the people.
However, during British colonial rule, the Tor Tiv (King of Tiv) was introduced.
The Tor Tiv is now the highest traditional ruler in Tiv land.
Today, the Tor Tiv plays an important role in:
- Preserving Tiv culture.
- Acting as a mediator in conflicts.
- Advising political leaders.
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Conclusion
The Tiv people have a rich and inspiring history. They are known for their hard
work, bravery, and deep cultural roots. Despite colonial influences and
modernization, they have preserved their identity and traditions.
Let us always be proud of our Tiv heritage and work together to keep our culture
alive!
"Mngu u Tiv ka u dedoo!" (May the Tiv people prosper!)
