EN209 – Energy and Sustainability
Sustainable Development Goals
Course Instructor:
Dr.Farrukh Khalid
School of Energy Science and Engineering, IITG
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17 Goals for People, for Planet
World leaders came together in 2015 and made a historic promise to secure the rights and well-being
of everyone on a healthy, thriving planet when they adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The 17 SDGs, the cornerstone of the Agenda, offer the most practical and effective pathway to tackle the
causes of violent conflict, human rights abuses, climate change and environmental degradation and aim to
ensure that no one will be left behind
The SDGs reflect an understanding that sustainable development everywhere must integrate economic growth,
social well-being and environmental protection
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https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/
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https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2023.pdf
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1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent
work for all
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Source: Rosen / Sustainable Development: A Vital Quest
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12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
Source: Rosen / Sustainable Development: A Vital Quest
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By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people
everywhere, currently measured as people living on less
than $1.15 a day
By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men,
women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its
dimensions according to national definitions
By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in
vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and
vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other
economic, social and environmental shocks and disaster
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/
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Target 1: By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by
all people, in particular the poor and people in
vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe,
nutritious and sufficient food all year round
• Prevalence of undernourishment
• Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the
population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale
(FIES)
Target 2: By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including
achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on
stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and
address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant
and lactating women and older persons.
• Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation
from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO)
Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of
age
• Prevalence of anaemia in women aged 15 to 49 years, by
pregnancy status (percentage)
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Target 3: By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular
women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal
access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and
opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment
• Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
• Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status
Target 4: By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices
that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for
adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively
improve land and soil quality
• Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2#progress_and_info
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Progress so far (latest 2023)
• The number of people facing hunger and food insecurity has been on the rise since
2015, with the pandemic, conflict climate change and growing inequalities
exacerbating the situation.
• In 2015, 589 million people were experiencing hunger, and by 2021, that number had
risen to 768 million.
• Projections show that by 2030, approximately 670 million people will still be facing
hunger – 8% of the world’s population, the same as in 2015
• Despite global efforts, too many children continue suffering from malnutrition and the
current annual rate of reduction in stunting must increase by 2.2 times to meet the
global target
https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2#progress_and_info
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Target 1
By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than
70 per 100,000 live births
• Maternal mortality ratio
• Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Target 2
By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children
under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce
neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births
and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live
births
• Under-five mortality rate
• Neonatal mortality rate
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Target 3
By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and
combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
• Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key populations
• Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population
• Malaria incidence per 1,000 population
• Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000 population
• Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases
Target 4
By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention
and treatment and promote mental health and well-being
• Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease
• Suicide mortality rate
Target 5
Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful
use of alcohol
• Coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, psychosocial and rehabilitation and aftercare services)
for substance use disorders
• Alcohol per capita consumption (aged 15 years and older) within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol
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Target 6
By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
• Death rate due to road traffic injuries
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Progress so far (latest 2023)
The pandemic and other ongoing crises are hindering progress in achieving SDG3, exacerbating
existing health inequalities and threatening progress towards universal health coverage
• 68 million children are known to be un- or under-vaccinated as of 2022 from TB and malaria increased
• This has been particularly challenging in low- and middle-income countries, where health systems were
already under-resourced before the pandemic
• The global maternal mortality ratio decreased only from 227 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in
2015 to 223 in 2020, still over three times higher than the target of 70 maternal deaths by 2030
• To meet the target, the annual rate of reduction needs to increase to 11% between 2020 and 2030
• Between 2015 and 2021, the global under-5 mortality rate fell by 12% from 43 deaths per 1,000 live
births in 2015 to 38 deaths and the global neonatal mortality rate fell from 20 to 18 deaths. In 2021, 5
million children died before reaching their fifth birthday—down from 6.1 million in 2015
• In 2021, 5 million children died before reaching their fifth birthday—down from 6.1 million in 2015
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• Of 200 countries and areas analysed, only 54 countries are not on track to meet the
target of lower than 25 deaths per 1,000 live births
• Among these countries, 37 countries will need to more than double their current rate of
progress or reverse a recent increasing trend to achieve the SDG target by 2030
• There were an estimated 247 million malaria cases globally in 2021, compared to 224
million in 2015. There were an estimated 619,000 malaria deaths globally in 2021
compared to 625,000 in 2020 and 568,000 in 2019
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By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and
quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and
effective learning outcomes
• Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at
the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary
achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and
(ii) mathematics, by sex
• Completion rate (primary education, lower secondary
education, upper secondary education)
By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early
childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that
they are ready for primary education
• Proportion of children aged 24–59 months who are
developmentally on track in health, learning and
psychosocial well-being, by sex
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By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical,
vocational and tertiary education, including university
• Participation rate of youth and adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the
previous 12 months, by sex
By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including
technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
• Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills,
by type of skill
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Progress so far (latest 2023)
Between 2015 and 2021, the school completion rate increased from 85% to 87% in primary, from 74%
to 77% in lower secondary and from 54% in 2015 to 58% in upper secondary education.
Participation rate in organized learning one year before the official primary entry age has stagnated at
around 75% since 2015, still far from the target of ensuring that all girls and boys have access to
quality pre-primary education by 2030.
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End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
• Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to
promote, enforce and monitor equality and
non-discrimination on the basis of sex
Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the
public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and
other types of exploitation
• Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15
years and older subjected to physical, sexual or
psychological violence by a current or former intimate
partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence
and by age
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Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage etc
• proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15
and before age 18
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Progress so far (latest 2023)
The world is not on track to achieve gender equality by 2030. At the global level, none of the 18
indicators “met or almost met” the targets and only one is “close to target.
At the current rate of progress, it is estimated that it will take up to 286 years to close gaps in legal
protection and remove discriminatory laws, 140 years for women to be represented equally in
positions of power and leadership in the workplace, and 47 years to achieve equal representation in
national parliaments
Based on data collected in 2022 in 119 countries, 55% of the countries lacked laws that prohibit direct and
indirect discrimination against women; half of the countries continued to lack quotas for women in the
national parliament;
One in five young women worldwide (19%) were married in childhood in 2022. Globally, the prevalence of
child marriage has declined from 21% in 2016
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By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and
affordable drinking water for all
• Proportion of population using safely managed drinking
water services
By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation
and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special
attention to the needs of women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations
• Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation
services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water
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By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of
hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially
increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
• Proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flows safely treated
• Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality
By 2030, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands,
rivers, aquifers and lakes
• Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time
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Progress so far (latest 2023)
Billions of people still lack access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene, despite improvement in the
provision of these basic services.
Water scarcity is a growing problem in many parts of the world, and conflicts and climate change are
exacerbating the issue.
In addition, water pollution is a significant challenge which affects both human health and the environment in
many countries.
Achieving universal coverage by 2030 will require a 6-fold increase in current global rates of progress on
drinking water, a 5-fold increase for sanitation, and an 8-fold increase for hygiene
Despite progress, 2.2 billion people still lacked safely managed drinking water services, 3.4 billion lacked safely
managed sanitation services, and 1.9 billion lacked basic hygiene services in 2022
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While the majority live in rural areas, the unserved population is decreasing in rural areas and stagnating
or increasing in urban areas.
Achieving universal coverage by 2030 will require an increase of 5 to 8 times the current rate
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By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern
energy services
• The proportion of the population with access to electricity
• Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and
technology
By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable
energy in the global energy mix
• Renewable energy share in the total final energy
consumption
By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy
efficiency
• Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP
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Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Access to electricity and clean cooking fuels has improved in many parts of the world, but 675 million people are still not
connected to those grids, and 2.3 billion still cook with unsafe and polluting fuels
Renewable sources power nearly 30 per cent of energy consumption in the electricity sector, but challenges remain in
heating and transport sectors
Developing countries experience 9.6 per cent annual growth in renewable energy installation, but despite enormous
needs, international financial flows for clean energy continue to decline
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To ensure access to energy for all by 2030, we must accelerate electrification, increase investments in renewable energy,
improve energy efficiency and develop enabling policies and regulatory frameworks
The global electricity access rate increased from 87% in
2015 to 91% in 2021, serving close to an additional 800
million people
In sub-Saharan Africa, due to population growth, the
number of people without access has remained stubbornly
stagnant since 2010, leaving 567 million without access in
2021.
Electrification can help increase educational attainment,
improve health care, support agriculture development,
reduce gender inequality, enhance climate action and
create business opportunities and jobs
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2023.pdf
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To change course and achieve universal access by 2030, the access rate must increase by 1 percentage point annually
between 2021 and 2030
Globally, in 2020, renewable sources accounted for
19.1% of total final energy consumption, representing
a 2.4-percentage-point increase from 2015
However, progress in the heating and transport
sectors has been limited over the past decade, as
upward trends in demand have outpaced the
deployment of renewables
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In 2021, around 2.3 billion people – 29% of the global
population – were still relying on inefficient and polluting
cooking systems, jeopardizing their health, limiting their life
opportunities, and damaging the climate and environment
Between 2015 and 2021, the proportion of people with access
to clean cooking fuels and technologies increased only by 7
percentage points
The region with the lowest access rates was sub-Saharan Africa,
where progress towards clean cooking has failed to keep pace
with growing populations, leaving a total of 0.9 billion people
without access in 2021
If current trends continue, only 77 per cent of the global population will have access to clean cooking solutions by
2030, leaving nearly 1.9 billion people behind, including 1.1 billion in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Global primary energy intensity, defined as the ratio of total energy supply to GDP
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• The amount of energy used per unit of wealth created – improved from 4.96 megajoules per dollar (2017
purchasing power parity) in 2015 to 4.63 in 2020, representing an average annual improvement rate of
1.4 per cent
• The rate of improvement in primary energy intensity, which had already slowed in recent years, dropped
to 0.6% in 2020.
• This makes it the worst year for energy intensity improvement since the global financial crisis.
• Annual improvement through 2030 must now average 3.4% to meet the target of SDG.
• This slowdown was influenced by a shift in the economic structure during Covid towards more energy-
intensive industrial production, combined with only modest rates of technical efficiency improvements, in
the context of low energy prices.
• Prioritizing energy efficiency in policy and increasing investment can help the world achieve energy and
climate targets
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QUESTIONS…
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