GENERAL EDUCATION - ETHICS

MODULE 1
WORKSHEETS #1

A.Y 2021-2022

Prepared by:

DEO J. GALVEZ, LPT

Course Instructor
 UNIT I: BASIC CONCEPTS

Overview:
This unit gives you an idea about the Differences between Moral and Non-Moral
Standards, Moral Dilemmas, the four branches of ethics, the moral agent
together with the universal values. It will also help you to analyze the Six Stages
of Moral development by Lawrence Kohlberg.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the unit, I am able to:
1.Determine what the difference between Moral and Non-moral
standards;
2.Analyze what is moral dilemma and it’s three levels;
3.Evaluate the six stages of Moral Development;
4.Differentiate the four branches of ethics; and
5.List down the strength and weaknesses of Filipino Moral
Character.

Setting Up:
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:

A. Directions: Answer the given question base on your existing

knowledge about the lesson.
1. Recall a personal experience in dealing with problems and analyze
how they are rooted in Filipino qualities. In hindsight, recommend
how you could have done things differently.

B. Directions: Read/watch the given articles by following their links

(URL). You may download them directly by clicking the links. After
reading/watching the articles, let us find out how well do you
comprehend the lesson. State the most important facts you derived
from those materials. Retrieved from Front learners.
1. Life of Adolf Hitler: Evolution of Evil
a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dd-gdHis6i4

1. Life of Nelson Mandela

b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_yA2ZkS-PA
Lesson Proper

Differences Between Moral and Non-Moral Standards

Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that deals with the
questions and standards of what is right and what is wrong. It discusses the
different systems of moral values and principles that determine what are
acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. It also involves ideals, moral obligations
and prohibitions that people have to observe, follow and respect. Ethics came
from the Latin word ethos which means character or moral nature. When you say
character or moral nature, the character or moral nature of a person is greatly
affected by his or her personal principles and experiences by the belief and value
system of his or her surroundings.
Non-Moral Standards refer to the rules that affect the choice of a person but are
not linked to moral or ethical considerations, similar with ethics people use value
judgment in dealing with these aspects. Consequently, they can also affect the
way a person develops her moral principles and guidelines but they do not
necessarily have moral implications. These are the list of Non-Moral Standards,
aesthetics, rules in games, laws, personal experiences and principles, etiquette,
recipe or formula, religion and lastly traditions or norms,
Moral Standards refer to the rules or set of guidelines that affect the choices of a
person and his or her belief system and decision-making process in problems and
situations that beg the question of what is morally right and wrong. The
characteristics of Moral Standards are the following, concern with the welfare of
beings, reliance on reasoning and not on authority, overriding or hegemonic,
impartial, fair and just and lastly special emotions and vocabulary.
Now let us see and discuss the Characteristics of Moral Standards, number one
is concern with the welfare of beings, in moral standards it deals with matters
that can seriously injure or benefit the welfare of beings such as in war, child
abuse, rape, fraud, murder, and theft while in Non- moral standards it talks
about what is wrong but their concerns do not necessarily affect one’s life or
well-being, number two is reliance on reasoning and not on authority in Moral
standards it is rely on reasoning and not on authoritative individuals to support
and justify their cause while in Non-Moral perspective it is in the context of law
and religion they do not need to be based on a valid and sound reasoning,
number three is Overriding or Hegemonic the take precedence over other
standards and considerations like non-moral standards and self-interest, number
four is impartial, fair and just it simply means that there is no exemption to the
moral standards, if A is morally right for a certain person P, then it is morally
right for anybody relevantly similar to P, and lastly number five is special
emotions and vocabulary moral standards are associated with special emotions
such as guilt, remorse, and shame and vocabulary such as right, good, wrong,
evil, moral, amoral and immoral.
Moral Dilemmas
A moral dilemma is a situation that begs an agent to choose between two
alternatives with equal weight wherein both alternatives are either good or both
are evil, but the agent cannot do both or all actions. In this situation, no matter
what the agent chooses you will be left with a moral failure but not choosing
anything impose greater harm or loss for the agent.

For example, Brian is on a crew ship when a fire broke and the ship must
be abandoned. The lifeboats are carrying more people than they were designed
to carry. The lifeboat he’s in is sitting dangerously low in the water and can
potentially sink if added with more weight.
There are still other people swimming around them begging to be saved.
They are asking him to throw the rope so that they can go up the lifeboat;
however, the boat will sink if more people will come abroad. Now, should Brian
throw the rope to the people or keep the rope so that lifeboat will not sink. In
this dilemma here are some of the conflicts that plagued Brian throughout the
decision-making process, number one is if he will help who are swimming their
boat will sink and all of them die, number two is if he did not throw the rope then
those who are in the water will die and lastly number three is if he can sacrifice
himself and help one person but he is not willing to sacrifice himself either.

The following are the basic concepts of Moral Dilemma; personal

advocates, society, culture religion, family and friends and lastly are education
and experiences. Now let us proceed to the three levels of moral dilemma, first
you have Individual Dilemma, second you have Organizational Dilemma and
third is Structural Dilemma.

The first level of Moral dilemma starts with the personal and individual
interaction of people with situations in their daily lives. In this level, conflict
arrives when a person is asked to choose between two important values for him
or her for example, choosing between one’s duties to his or her family one’s love
for another person. The second level is Organizational Dilemma unlike individual
dilemma this dilemma is encountered by institutions, business, or organizations
in their decision- making process, at this level the dilemmas that the
organizations’ experiences usually affect more than one person and they can be
part of the internal group or part of an external stakeholder.

For example, Zee has been in a coma for 8 months she only lives through
support machines and she never showed any sign of improvement and he never
responded to any stimulus given to her. In four other hospitals, there are four
patients who are in need of healthy organs such as kidney, heart, lungs and liver.
They are in a critical stage and in need of transplants immediately. Patient XTZ
is a match for all the patients but removing his organs will cause him death.
However, without his organs, the four patients will all die. Now, is it okay to kill
someone to benefit more people? How do you choose who to save and who to
sacrifice? In the given example aside from the family members, doctors, hospital,
sometimes even judges usually help family members decide for the unconscious
patients who cannot observe their autonomy over’s one body and life. However,
decision over this kind of cases bring up more ethical questions like the
following; When do you consider someone to be dead or still alive? When do
families and the institution stop waiting for a comatose patient to wake up? Who
has the authority to decide over the life of someone who is in the comatose
stage? If the call of duty of the doctor is to save lives, will a recommendation
from the institution conflict with the principle? It is ethical to kill one person to
benefit the many? How do we choose who to save and who to sacrifice? The last
level of dilemmas deals with structural dilemmas that affect a network of
institutions and operative theoretical paradigms like universal care, juvenile
laws, and immigration. Unlike organizational dilemmas, this type of dilemma can
affect a community and even a society at large.

Hence, these are also the most complicated dilemmas that people face.
For example, the issue of undocumented immigration has been widely discussed
in different countries especially since President Donald Trump of America,
openly criticized it and created measures to stop it and even sent back some
immigration to their home countries. However, even if a lot of American citizens
have same sentiments as he does, a growing number of oppositions claim that it
is inhumane to send back immigration from their homes especially those who
moved to America out of circumstances like extreme poverty, persecution and
war, at the same time many immigrants have families, wives, husbands, and
children who will be left once they leave the country. What do you think about
this problem?

Freedom as a Foundation for Moral Acts

People face different moral dilemmas and issues in your everyday lives.
When you listen to the news, you hear about unending debates about topics like
abortion, freedom of expression, and war. Then you start asking who is right and
who is wrong. If you are experiencing this kind of dilemma, you might be one of
two things; you have the freedom to engage in a discussion about an issue, but
like most people, you resort to a subjective and oftentimes biased understanding
of an issue.

There are four parts of Ethics, Descriptive Ethics, Normative Ethics, Meta
Ethics and Applied Ethics. First up you have Descriptive Ethics it is the thing
that individuals really accept to be correct or wrong and it thinks about various
moral standards utilized in over a wide span of time. Next is Normative Ethics it
is the thing that individuals should do, a prescriptive moral and it talks about
how individuals can settle on what is ethically right you have three segments of
Normative morals this are Virtue Ethics which is centers around one's character
and kindness, second parts are Deontology it is obligation morals or all out
objective and good absolutism and in conclusion is, Consequentialism it is
centers around the outcomes of an activity. Meta Ethics it doubts the
significance of goodness, morals and profound quality including how individuals
can realize what is valid or bogus and ultimately is, Applied Ethics it is the
utilization of moral hypotheses in various open and private issues like
medication, business and so on.

Thomas Beauchamp and James Childress had Four Principles in terms of

Normative Ethics; these are Respect to Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-
maleficence and Justice. First you have Respect to Autonomy it means the
acknowledgement that every person has the right to make choices to hold views
and to act based on one’s value and beliefs as long as the person is conscious
and has proper understanding of the matter on hand. Second is Beneficence it is
the promotion of doing as much goodness as possible refers to the acts of
kindness, compassion and generosity. Third is non-maleficence it is the
avoidance of any unjustifiable and unnecessary harm and lastly is Justice which
means the distribution of resources equally and fairly.

The Moral Agent

Culture is the shared and learned patterns of behaviors, interactions,
symbolisms, and values of a group of people that manifest in your religion, food,
clothing, language, marriage, social habits, music, arts and customs. It reflects
the identity of a particular group of people. There are many cultures in the world
and they can be different from each other.
These differences in cultural patterns create a widely diverse belief and value
systems across the world which makes it harder to develop an absolute moral
guideline for anyone. A principle can be seen critical in the survival of the people
in one culture while it can also be seen negatively and unacceptable by another
culture. Hence, the rise of the concept of cultural relativism.
Cultural Relativism is the disposition that sees a general public's way of
life inside the setting of the general public's issues and openings. It expresses
that there is nothing of the sort as general realities in light of the fact that
various perspectives and esteeming. Coming up next are the case regarding
Cultural relativism, first is various social orders have distinctive good codes,
there is no target standard that can be utilized to pass judgment on one cultural
code superior to another, the ethical code of our own general public has no
extraordinary status, it is only one among many, there is no well- known fact in
morals that is there is no ethical certainties that hold for all individuals
consistently, the ethical code of a general public, figures out what is directly
inside that society, that is if the method of a general public says that a specific
activity is correct, at that point that activity is directly in any event inside that
society, and ultimately is it is simple pomposity for you to attempt to pass
judgment on the lead of different people groups. We ought to receive a
disposition of resistance toward the acts of other cultures. For instance, The
Callatian accepted that it was the privilege to eat their dead while the Greeks
consider the thought shocking and wrong. Presently which good code is correct
and which isn't right? Which is the ethical method of rewarding the dead? Would
it be a good idea for us to acknowledge the reason this is only a matter of
sentiment?

There are Advantages and Dangers in Cultural Relativism, cultural

relativism teaches everyone to be more open-minded and respectful of other
cultures. It calls out of discrimination against race, nationality, and culture and
opens more opportunities for everyone. However, the danger with this arises
when we are called to a position to judge a practice that is repressive and
sometimes even harmful towards a group of people. People are more reluctant to
interfere in the customs of other people. For example, in Middle East women are
regarded as second class to men. Laws governing them are stricter and they
have less rights and privileges compared to men. Now, it is part of their culture
to be overly repressive with women that there are even apps allowing husband
and father to monitor their wives and daughter’s actions and were about.
Cultural reformation like what happened during the time of the crusades
when Western cultures destroyed native cultures under the name of religion and
politics are considered wrong because it is wrong to see one culture as inferior
to another, hence, promoting cultural preservation at the same time. Cultural
relativism always uses the context of the culture as a premise. An action is
considered right if its right under the context of the person’s culture even if it is
wrong in another’s culture.

Cultural relativism pushes people to look beyond their own cultures and
be less xenocentric and ethnocentric as they can see the similarities and
differences of the culture. As James Rachel (2004) said, this points out that it is a
mistake to overestimate the number of differences between cultures, not every
moral rule can vary from society to society. However, it makes it harder to define
exactly a culture because cultures can overlap with each other and have
similarities. Although it is possible to find a unique practice but cultural
relativism makes identification of cultures more fluid than before.

In summary, adopting the attitude of cultural relativism teaches a person

how to be tolerant and respectful of different cultures. It teaches a person to be
more understanding and to always look for the context of the moral code or
principle being held. However, cultural relativism is not immune to criticisms. It
is difficult to use as an argument in ethics because it’s premises root from the
matter of opinion of a culture. Thus, it is purely dependent on the cultural
standards that the problem or issue belongs to.

According to the article, The Filipino Moral Character has strengths and
weaknesses just like any other culture. It also emphasized the need to preserve
some aspects of the Filipino culture but at the same time highlights the parts
that need improvement. The following are the Strengths of Filipino Moral
Character pakikipag-kapwa tao, family orientation, joy and humor, flexibility,
adaptability, and creativity, hard work and industry, faith and religiosity, ability
to survive. The following are the weaknesses of the Filipino Moral Character
extreme personalism, extreme family-centeredness, lack of discipline, passivity
and lack of initiative, colonial mentality kanya- kanya syndrome.

In order to understand how you can develop virtue as a habit, you need to
understand these three topics; Universal Values, Moral Character, and Moral
Development.

Universal Values you often hear about character building but do you really
understand the meaning of it? How can you say that a trait is virtuous? And most
importantly, how can we really make sure that as you develop your character
you are also developing your moral compass? Character building often talks
about universal values. Universal values are values that have the same worth or
level of importance across cultures and ethical principles. In principle, these
universal values are conducts that every rational person wants to follow. The
following are the common universal values; Integrity, Peace, Freedom, Human
Dignity, Social Progress, Equal rights, Responsibility, Compassion, Loyalty,
Innovativeness, and Intuitiveness. Have you ever wondered why you have to
apply these common universal values in our lives? Imagine a world without a
concept of respect for human life. What kind of world do you have? How do you
feel about it? Would you like to live in this kind of world? Now imagine a world
where people respect and love each other. What can you observe in this world?
Imagine being in a relationship with a partner who always lies to you, how do
you feel about this kind of relationship? Would you prefer it if both of you are
honest with each other? Do you think you can be honest all the time?

The thought experiments showed us how an application of a particular

value system can affect the sense of security of the people involved. A world
without respect for human life can result in a chaotic environment where people
are always afraid of their own lives or possessions. On the other hand, a
relationship that is not based on honesty does not really differentiate it from a
relationship with a stranger where we cannot fully trust the person. So why do
you need to have universal values? In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle wrote that
virtue is both intellectual and moral for it requires time and experience to be
developed and can only come as a result of habit.

The excellence of character is defining by the combination of qualities that

make an individual the sort of ethically admirable person (Howiak. 2005). In the
article “A Short List of Universal Values”, Richard Kinnier, Jerry Kernes and
Therese Dautheribes (2000) said that the call for a list of universal values is
becoming more urgent because of the future of human survival may depend on
it.

According to Kinnier, 2000, a standard of agreed-upon rules might serve

to recover worldwide communication and cooperation. “Ringer contended that
without some all-inclusive principles you are left with no real way to denounce
savagery, physical torment, mutilation, spouse beating, kid misuse, subjection,
murder or annihilation, on the off chance that they are a piece of ongoing
practice and social customs of a gathering.” (Kinnier et al,2000). In a lecture by
UN secretary- General Kofi-Annan (2003) in Germany he said why do you need to
have universal values? Now you can conclude that universal values are
important for the survival of human species because it pushes people to protect
themselves by protecting and not inflicting harm to other people. Respect, care,
and compassion for other people to create a more peaceful and cooperative
environment. On the other hand, greed, gluttony, anger, and selfishness push
people to create disagreement and conflict among people.

Moral Character, look back at your childhood which parts and elements of
your lives do you think to have the most impact on your current belief system
and moral character? The relationship of a person’s individual acts and moral
character is circular which means that one affects the other. Your individual acts
become your habits which molds your moral character. Meanwhile, your moral
character is manifested in your decisions, attitudes and acts.
Lawrence Kohlberg developed the Six Stages of Moral Development that hopes
to understand how moral reasoning changes as a person grows old and matures.
The following are the Six Stages of Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg;

Level 1 Pre-Conventional Morality age 9 years old and below, in this level the
primary focus of an individual is the self, people don’t have a personal code of
Morality yet, they follow the standards and rules that adults teach to them, the
Moral codes are mostly dependent on the avoidance of punishment, under this
level is the Stage 1 and Stage 2 of Moral Development. Stage 1 is Obedience and
Punishment Orientation in this stage right and wrong is determined by
punishment and authority, the physical and mental consequences of action
indicate the goodness or badness of behavior, and Moral rightness is equivalent
to obedience.
Stage 2 is Individualism and Exchange start to learn about individuality and
satisfaction of one’s desire, moral rightness is equivalent to the idea of giving
and take, the principle of equality and resolution of conflicts.
Level 2 Conventional Morality under adolescence to middle age, people start
to internalize the moral standards of the groups they belong to and reasoning is
usually based on the norms of their groups, under this level is the Stage 3 and
Stage 4 of Moral Development. Stage 3 is Good Interpersonal Relationship the
right and wrong is determined by the approval of others and conformity to
norms, good behavior is determined by praise, peer pressure is also prominent
at this stage and deviance and indifference are treated as sins and Moral
rightness is equivalent to “conformity and acceptance”. Stage 4 Maintaining the
Social Order a person becomes more aware of laws and societal norms and
wants to be a good citizen.

Level 3 Post-Conventional Morality under adults, and not everyone reaches

this level, individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles and moral
reasoning is based on individual rights and justice, under this level is the Stage 5
and Stage 6 of Moral Development. Stage 5 Social Contract and Individual
Rights you understand that even if norms and laws exist, they might not be
always morally right, you learn how to use logic, abstract thinking, and moral
principles to determine what is right and wrong. Stage 6 the Universal Principles
you develop your own ethical guidelines and the willingness to defend it even if
it means going against the majority of the people, you believe that a person is
not mean but an end and a very few numbers of people have reached this level.

ASSESSING
LEARNING

Activity 1
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Identify what is being
described in the statement and write your answers on the space provided before
each number. 2 points each
1. These are moral dilemmas that are experienced and resolved on the
individual level.

2. It speaks of code or system of behavior in regards to standards of right

or wrong behavior.

3. Type of dilemmas involved situations in which a difficult choice has to

be made between two courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a
moral principle.

4. The branch of philosophy that studies morality or the rightness or

wrong of human conduct.

5. These tell us what is or is not allowed in a particular context or

situation.
 6. These are rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations.

7. Only they can possess or practice values such as love, honor, social

relationships, forgiveness, compassion, and altruism.

8. These refer to cases involving network or institutions and operative

theoretical paradigms.

9. These refer to ethical cases encountered and resolved by social

organizations.

10. This cannot be said to be moral for it has no freedom or choice but to

work according to what is commanded based on its built-in program.

11. Ethics is considered as a normative study of human actions for it is

concerned with norms of human conduct.

12. Rules generate a stable system that provides justice, in which even the

richest and most powerful have limitations on what they can do.

13. non-normal standards are not the only rules or principles in society,

but they take precedence over other considerations, including aesthetic,

prudential, and even legal ones.

14. Morality requires and allows choice, which means the right to choose

even differently from our fellows.

15. Most philosophers hold that unlike animals, human beings possess

some traits that make it possible for them to be moral.

16. Dealing with human actions and reasons for action, ethics is also

concerned with character.

17. The word ‘ethics’ is derived from Latin ethos, which means ‘character’,

or, in plural, ‘manners.

18. Moral dilemmas arise even in professional work.

19. Copyright and patents help protect people’s intellectual

property.

20. Basic examples of moral standards include rules of etiquette, fashion

standards, rules in games, and various house rules.

Activity 2

Name:
Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Answer the given question based on your existing knowledge about
the lesson. 15 points (content & relevance)

1. Pick four from the following topics and identify four arguments, two for in
favor and two for opposing. In two paragraphs, write down your own
opinion about the chosen topic.

1. universal health care

2. free education
3. lowering of the age for juvenile law
4. animal rights
5. the Facebook dilemma

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Activity 3
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:

Directions: Answer the following questions concisely. 3 points each (content

& relevance)
1.Differentiate the three levels of Moral Dilemma. Site an example.
 INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA
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ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA
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STRUCTURAL DILEMMA
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2. Think of personal dilemma that you’ve encountered before and write down the
details.
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3.What is moral dilemma? Cite an example.

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Activity 4

Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Identify what is being
described in the statement and write your answers on the space provided before
each number. 2 points each
1. These are moral dilemmas that are experienced and resolved on the
individual level.
2. It speaks of code or system of behavior in regards to standards of right
or wrong behavior.
3. Type of dilemmas involved situations in which a difficult choice has to
be made between two courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a
moral principle.
4. The branch of philosophy that studies morality or the rightness or
wrong of human conduct.
5. These tell us what is or is not allowed in a particular context or
situation.

6. These are rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations.

7. Only they can possess or practice values such as love, honor, social
relationships, forgiveness, compassion, and altruism.

_____8. These refer to cases involving network or institutions and operative

theoretical paradigms.
9. These refer to ethical cases encountered and resolved by social
organizations.
10. This cannot be said to be moral for it has no freedom or choice but to
work according to what is commanded based on its built-in program.

Activity 5
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:

Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Identify what is being

described in the statement and write your answers on the space provided before
each number. 2 points each
1. What people actually believes to be right or wrong.
2. It discusses how people can decide on what is morally correct.
3. It questions the meaning of goodness, ethics and morality including how
people can know what is true or false.
4. It is the application of ethical theories in different public and private
matters.
5. It focuses on one’s character and benevolence
6. It focuses on the consequences of an action.
 7. It is the acknowledgement that every person has the right to make
choices and to hold views.
8. It refers to the acts of kindness, compassion and generosity.
9. It is the avoidance of any unjustifiable and unnecessary harm.
10. It is the distribution of resources equally and fairly.
11. It is the capacity to see the interconnectedness of things and the logic
behind the processes involved.
12. It is the principle of detaching oneself from any form of bias and
prejudice in order to come up with an objective.
13. It is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions and standards
of what is right and what is wrong.
14. It determines what is acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
15. It is the absence of necessity, coercion or constraint in choice or
action.
 Activity 6

Name:
Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Elaborate the Thomas Beauchamp and James Childress “The Four
Principles”, site an example.

THE FOUR PRINCIPLES DEFINITION (2 points) EXAMPLE (3 points)

1.Respect for Autonomy

2.Beneficence

3.non-maleficence

4.Justice

Activity 7

Name:
Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Differentiate the Four Branches of Ethics and site an example. 3
points each (content & relevance)
1. Descriptive Ethics
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2. Normative Ethics
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3. Meta Ethics
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4. Applied Ethics
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Activity 8
Name:
Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Identify what is being
described in the statement and write your answers on the space provided before
each number. 2 points each item.
_____1. It is shared and learned patterned of behaviors, interactions and values
of a group of people.
2. It is the attitude that views a society’s culture within the context of the
society’s problems and opportunities.
3. Filipino people regard others with dignity and respect.
4. Filipinos possess a genuine and deep love for family.
5. Filipinos have fun and cheerful approach to the ups and downs of life.
6. It is the tendency that every Filipino has to be superficial and even
somewhat flighty.
7. It is the acknowledgement that every person has the right to make
choices and to hold views.
8. Filipinos lacks of patriotism and active awareness.
9. This manifest in the tendency to give personal
interpretations to actions.
10. Filipinos will take two or three jobs in order to feed their families.
Activity 9
Name:
Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: State the Filipino Moral Character Strengths and Weaknesses. 20
points (content & relevance)

STRENGHTS WEAKNESSES
Activity 10
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: _ Date:
Directions: Answer the questions concisely. 5 points each (content &
relevance)
1. Elaborate Cultural Relativism Advantages and Dangers by siting more examples.
a. Cultural Relativism Advantages
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b. Cultural Relativism Dangers
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