CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of transformer:-
1.1.1 Definition:-

A transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit
to another through the process of electromagnetic induction without changing the
frequency.

1.1.2 Working Principal:-

Fig. 1.1 principal of transformer

The working principle of a transformer is very simple. Transformer works on

principal of MUTUAL induction between two or more windings (also known as
coils) allows for electrical energy to be transferred between circuits. One winding
(also known as a coil) which is supplied by an alternating electrical source. The
alternating current through the winding produces a continually changing and
alternating flux that surrounds the winding. If another winding is brought close to
this winding, some portion of this alternating flux will link with the second
winding. As this flux is continually changing in its amplitude and direction, there
must be a changing flux linkage in the second winding or coil.According to
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, there will be an EMF induced in the
second winding. If the circuit of this secondary winding is closed, then a current
will flow through it. This is the basic working principle of a transformer.
1.2 Parts of Transformer:-
 Core of Transformer
 Winding of Transformer
 Transformer oil Tap Change
 Conservator
 Breather
 Cooling Tubes
 Buchholz Relay
 Drain off (Explosion Vent)

Fig. 1.2 Transformer

1.2.1 Core of Transformer:-
The core is used to support the winding in the transformer. It also provides a low
reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. It is made of laminated soft iron
core in order to reduce eddy current loss and Hysteresis loss.

Fig. 1.3 Core of transformer

1.2.2 Winding:-
There are two winding wound over the transformer core that are insulated from
each other. Winding consists of several turns of copper coils bundled together,
and each bundle is connected in series to form a winding.
1.2.3 Conservator tank:-
The conservator conserves the transformer oil. It is an airtight metallic,
cylindrical drum that is fitted above the transformer. The conservator tank is
vented to the atmosphere at the top, and the normal oil level is approximately in
the middle of the conservator to allow the oil to expand and contract as the
temperature varies. The conservator is connected to the main tank inside the
transformer, which is completely filled with transformer oil through a pipeline.

Fig. 1.4 Conservator tank

1.2.4 Breather:-

The breather controls the moisture level in the transformer. Moisture can arise
when temperature variations cause expansion and contraction of the insulating
oil, which then causes the pressure to change inside the conservator. Pressure
changes are balanced by a flow of atmospheric air in and out of the conservator,
which is how moisture can enter the system. If the insulating oil encounters
moisture, it can affect the paper insulation or may even lead to internal faults.
Therefore, it is necessary that the air entering the tank is moisture-free. The
transformer's breather is a cylindrical container that is filled with silica gel. When
the atmospheric air passes through the silica gel of the breather, the air's moisture
is absorbed by the silica crystals. The breather acts like an air filter for the
transformer and controls the moisture level inside a transformer. It is connected
to the end of breather pipe.

Fig.1.5 Breather

1.2.5. Tap Changer:-

The output voltage may vary according to the input voltage and the load. During
loaded conditions, the voltage on the output terminal decreases, whereas during
off-load conditions the output voltage increases. In order to balance the voltage
variations, tap changers are used. Tap changers can be either on-load tap
changers or off-load tap changers. In an on-load tap changer, the tapping can be
changed without isolating the transformer from the supply. In an off-load tap
changer, it is done after disconnecting the transformer. Automatic tap changers
are also available.
1.2.6 Cooling Tubes:-
Cooling tubes are used to cool the transformer oil. The transformer oil is
circulated through the cooling tubes. The circulation of the oil may either be
natural or forced. In natural circulation, when the temperature of the oil rises the
hot oil naturally rises to the top and the cold oil sinks downward. Thus the oil
naturally circulates through the tubes. In forced circulation, an external pump is
used to circulate the oil.
 Fig. 1.6 Cooling tubes

1.2.7 Buchholz Relay:-

The Buchholz Relay is a protective device container housed over the connecting
pipe from the main tank to the conservator tank. It is used to sense the faults
occurring inside the transformer. It is a simple relay that operates by the gases
emitted due to the decomposition of transformer oil during internal faults. It
helps in sensing and protecting the transformer from internal faults.

Fig 1.7 Buchholz Relay

1.2.8 Explosion Vent:-

The explosion vent is used to expel boiling oil in the transformer during heavy
internal faults in order to avoid the explosion of the transformer. During heavy
faults, the oil rushes out of the vent. The level of the explosion vent is normally
maintained above the level of the conservatory tank.

Fig. 1.10 Explosion vent

 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Protection and Monitoring of Transformer Using Arduino by Akshay R.
Thakare, Sneha S. Yadaw, Pushkar I. Vasekar3, Vanita M. Solanke, be student,
department of electrical engineering, Savitriba phule Pune University.

2.1.1 ABSTRACT:- In this paper, present an “Arduino based protection and

monitoring of transformer” main attention is to reduced or overcome the fault
occurred in the transformer. To prevent the transformer from the fault due to the over-
currents, temperature rise in transformers oil and over voltage we used relay and
sensor. In this protective methodology is implemented by using of Arduino controller.
It is cost powerful device and high speed of operation with greater accuracy. Load
current and transformer temperature are continuously monitored or sense by the
controller. If supply voltage and load current crosses the threshold value which are
previously set values in programmed and protection scheme operates and trips the
load.

2.1.2 DESCRIPTION:- Transformer is a static device which converts the voltage

from one level to other level without change in frequency and power. Load is
connected at secondary winding of the transformer it increases to the rated value. Due
to short circuit or suddenly increase in load can cause overloading, over-voltages and
overheating that can harmful to the transformer windings insulation and severe
damage can be occur on the secondary side of transformer. Transformer can cause
failure due to the different faults occur. Various faults like over currents, over voltage
faults, under voltage and also rise in temperature of transformer oil. So, for minimize
this above faults a high reliable and speed of operation of relay with more accuracy is
needed. In this paper a protection methodology is purposed that introduced the above
stated problems.

2.1.3 CONCLUSION:- From this project we can, calculate the current flowing
through the circuit and analyzed it. The C.T. is to use to measure the current and
displayed on the LCD display. The relay is used for tripping operation. When the fault
is occur due to overloading or over voltages then microcontroller will energies the
relay coil to trip the circuit. The temperature measure by using temperature sensor
which is interface with Arduino. The temperature increases more than the pre-set
value then the circuit will trip and the fan is ON.
2.2:- Transformer Protection by Using Arduino with GSM Modem Is Researched by
Prof. R. B. Pandhare, Mr. ParmanandWaghmare, Ms. Ashvini Gawande, Mr. Gopal
Bahekar, Ms. Rekha Ghate of electrical engineering department, international journal
of research in advent technology (IJRAT).

2.2.1 ABSTRACT:-Distribution transformer is a main element for electrical energy

transfer in electrical power systems. Prevent the distribution transformer damage due
to the overloading currents, over-heating of transformers oil and high voltage spikes.
So, relevant protection of transformer is very crucial for continuity of power supply.
In this protective strategy is implemented by using of Arduino controller that is cost
powerful device and tremendous high speed with high accuracy. The controller sense
the temperature of transformer and current of load continuously. The rating of voltage
and current reaches from its pre-set values, protection scheme operates and trips the
load. As temperature reaches to threshold value set in system, a fan would turn on for
the cooling of the heated transformer. During the testing a special type of transformer
that is i.e. autotransformer is used to vary the input voltage of the transformer to
generate over voltage and under voltage fault. To occur the over current fault we
increase load by using bulbs. If any emergency or aberrant conditions occur the
system sends information through SMS to the mobile phones, by using GSM Modem.
At the end, successful results have been justifying the proposed technique and identify
problems before any failure.

2.2.2 DESCRIPTION:-Transformer is electrical element that changes the voltage

from one level to other level without change in frequency. Transformer is more
expensive device in power system. As the load increase at secondary winding of the
transformer form its rated value. Due to short circuit or instantly increase in load can
cause overloading, over-voltages and overheating that can damage the insulation of
transformer windings and severe damage can be occur on the secondary side. The
various types of faults that cause the transformer failures are winding faults, faults due
to over currents, over voltage faults, earthing faults, insulation failure faults and
bushing flashover faults So, for overcome above problems a reliable and speedy
protection with more accuracy is needed. In this paper a protection scheme is
purposed that addresses the above stated problems. Power system protection is a vital
consideration in the design of an electrical power system. There is need to protect
electrical power components from dangerous faults. This is warranted by the need to
improve the life of the components, avoid dispersible expenditure in frequent
replacement of obsolete components and to ensure that there is a continuous supply of
power to serve the needs of the ever growing economy. This paper therefore seeks to
design a microcontroller based system that will intelligently monitor faults and
prompt a safety measure to protect the power transformer in case of power overload.

2.2.3CONCLUSION:- From this project

i. We can calculate the current flowing through the circuit and analyzed it.
The C.T. is used to measure the current and displayed on the LCD display.
ii. The relay is used for tripping operation. When the fault is occur due to
overloading or over voltages then microcontroller will energies the relay
coil to trip the circuit.
iii. The temperature measure by using temperature sensor which is interface
with Arduino. The temperature increases more than the pre-set value then
the circuit will trip and the fan is ON.

2.3:- Overcurrent Protection of Transformer by incorporating IDMT function with the

help of Arduino Uno Microcontroller Is researched by Ankit Agrawal department of
electrical engineering IFTM University, Moradabad,IRJET.

2.3.1ABSTRACT:-Power transformer is an important and vital part of the electrical

power system, there protection and continuous monitoring is very crucial for an
uninterrupted power supply. There are various types of relays available for protection
of transformer, one of the relay commonly known is IDMT relay. IDMT relays
usually uses eddy current effect for attaining inverse definite minimum time (IDMT)
relation but by using a microcontroller instead, will give relay more appropriate
operation and better time response. Here in this paper IDMT scheme is applied to the
relay through microcontroller. A current sensor is also developed which will give DC
output voltage in proportion to increasing load current and the same voltage levels are
being used for programming.

2.3.2 DESCRIPTION: -The function of power system protection relays is to detect

faults or unusual operating conditions and to instigate corrective action. Relays must
be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective action.
Apparently, a relay cannot prevent the fault but its primary purpose is to detect the
fault and take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or to the
system. The most common parameters which reflect the presence of a fault are the
voltages and currents at the terminals of the protected apparatus. The Protective relays
need reasonably accurate reproduction of the abnormal and normal conditions in the
power system for correct sensing and operation. This information input from the
power systems are usually through Current Transformer and Potential Transformer.
Also, for the past several years circuit breakers, fuse and electromechanical relays
were used for the security of power systems. The conventional protective fuses and
electrometrical relays present several draw backs. On the other hand, some researches
were conducted on relay which can be interfaced to microprocessors in order to
eliminate the drawbacks of the traditional protective techniques which led to various
improvements in transformer protection in terms of lower installation and
maintenance costs, better reliability, improved protection and control and faster
restoration of outages. Some scholars have also developed differential protection
scheme for transformer security by using two current transformers which are
connected at each side of transformer i.e. primary and secondary side. AC voltage
attained by these sensors is rectified to pure DC and the same is fed in to the
microcontroller for further process. By incorporating microcontroller in to protective
relays there are more flexible and remote operations are possible, like by shutting
down the equipment under fault condition with the help of radio communication. By
reviewing other relevant researches the IDMT scheme is proposed and developed with
the help of microcontroller in this paper.

2.3.3 CONCLUSION:- Use of micro controller in protective relays have many

advantages like more protection for less cost, wiring simplification, greater flexibility,
less maintenance requirements, reduction in panel space—less devices required, event
recording capability, ability to calculate and display distance to fault, data acquisition
for metering, built-in logic for control and automation, self-checking capability,
communication capability—ability to design enhanced protection schemes, capability
for remote interrogation and setting application, ability to change settings
automatically based on system conditions.
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY/PLAN OF WORK
3.1 FAILURE/FAULTS IN TRANSFORMER:-

There are mainly two types of faults are found in transformer.

3.1.1 External Fault

3.1.2 Internal Fault

3.1.1 EXTERNAL FAULTS CONSIST:-

a. Lighting strikes:-

b. Over load

c. Short circuit

d. Under frequency operation

3.1.2. INTERNAL FAULTS:-

Internal fault is further divided into two parts

3.1.2.1 Mechanical fault

3.1.2.2 Electrical fault

3.1.2.1 Mechanical Fault:-

a. Transformer cooling media faults,

b. Transformer tap changing faults

3.1.2.2 Electrical Faults:-

a. Core Fault

b. Tank Fault

c. Interturn Fault
 d. Temperature fault

e. Oil and winding Insulation Fault

f. Phase to ground fault

g. Phase to Phase fault

h. Over voltage fault

i. Over current Fault

3.1.2.2 ELECTRICAL FAULT:-

a. CORE FAULT:-

Fig 3.1 Core failure

In any portion of the core lamination is damaged, or lamination of the core is

bridged by any conducting material that causes sufficient eddy current to flow,
hence, this part of the core becomes over heated. Sometimes, insulation of bolt
fails which also permits sufficient eddy current to flow through the bolt and
causing overheating. This insulation failure in lamination and core bolts causes
severe local heating. This is desirable to detect the local over heating condition of
the transformer core before any major fault occurs. Excessive over heating leads to
breakdown of transformer insulating oil with evolution of gases. These gases are
accumulated in Buchholz relay and actuating Buchholz Alarm.
b. TANK FAULT:-

Fig 3.2 Tank fault

Tank faults resulting in loss of oil reduce winding insulation as well as producing
abnormal temperature rises.

c. INTERTURN FAULT:-

Fig 3.3 Interturn fault

Power transformer connected with electrical extra high voltage transmission

system, is very likely to be subjected to high magnitude. The voltage stresses
between winding turns become so large, it cannot sustain the stress and causing
insulation failure between inter – turns in some points. Also LV winding is stressed
because of the transferred surge voltage. Very large number of power transformer
failure arises from fault between turns. Inter turn fault may also be occurred due to
mechanical forces between turns originated by external short circuit.
e-i PHASE TO GROUND, PHASE TO PHASE, OVERVOLTAGE,
OVERCURRENT FAULTS :-

These all protection are provided to the transformer by using Arduino which is
explained below.

3.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT:-

Transformer is a static device which convert the voltage from one level to other
level without change in frequency and power. Load is connected at secondary
winding of the transformer it increases to the rated value. Due to short circuit or
suddenly increase in load can cause overloading, over-voltages and overheating
that can harmful to the transformer windings insulation and severe damage can be
occur on the secondary side of transformer. Transformer can cause failure due to
the different faults occur. Various faults like over currents, over voltage faults,
under voltage and also rise in temperature of transformer oil. So, for minimize this
above faults a high reliable and speed of operation of relay with more accuracy is
needed. In this paper a protection methodology is purposed that introduced the
above stated problems. Transformer protection is a important factor in the design
of an electrical power system.

3.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT:-

Arduino based protection and monitoring of transformer” main attention is to

reduced or overcome the fault occurred in the transformer. To prevent the
transformer from the fault due to the over- currents, temperature rise in
transformers oil and over voltage we used relay and sensor. In this protective
methodology is implemented by using of Arduino controller. It is cost powerful
device and high speed of operation with greater accuracy. Load current and
transformer temperature are continuously monitored or sense by the controller. If
supply voltage and load current crosses the threshold value which are previously
set values in programed and protection scheme operates and trips the load. For the
testing purpose, one special type of transformer used that is i.e. autotransformer.
By using this, we can change the supply voltage of the primary of transformer to
produce over voltage and under voltage fault. Also, to occur over-current fault we
rise the load by using drilling machine. At the end, successfully we have done this
project after clarifying the advanced technique and find out all problems before
any failure.
3.4. PLAN OF PROJECT:-

S.R. WORK DONE DATE

NO.

01. Title of the project decided 01/01/18

02. Registered in SSIP Program 15/01/18

03. Searched about the information related to our 18/01/18

project

04. First presentation given 02/02/18

05. Searched about specification of component 24/02/18

used

06. Second presentation given by us 12/03/18

07. Component list given to SSIP 28/03/18

08. Searched about basic information of Arduino 01/04/18

09. Some component taken by us from SSIP 19/04/18

10. Third presentation given by us 27/04/18

11. Prepared AEIOU,Ideation canvas 10/05/18

12. Filled PPR 1,2,3,and 4 22/05/18

13. Prepared Empathy and Product development 08/06/18

canvas

14. Filled PSAR 1,2,3,4 and 5 29/06/18

15. Prepared project report for sem-7 11/07/18

16. Learned programming for Arduino mega 20/07/18

17. Learnt Soldering 17/08/18

18. Transformer Testing For their working 30/08/18
condition

19. Assembled the components and prepared the 11/09/18

hardware model

20. Testing of hardware model for proper 28/10/18

connections

21. Filled PPR 1,2,3and 4 18/10/19

22. Filled PDE for 8thSem on PMMS portal 22/02/19

23. Started Working on Project report 25/02/19

24. Prepared and uploaded BMC canvas 28/03/19

25. Tested the hardware model finally for its 09/04/19

working without transformer

26. Finally tested the model with connecting 11/04/19

5KVA transformer

CHAPTER 4
 DESIGN
4.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

4.1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION:-

The system consists of following blocks:

LCD, Temperature sensor, voltage sensor, current sensor, relay, relay driver and
relay output.

1.Power circuit:-
Power Circuit consists of power supply block, relay and transformer. The supply
here available is of 230 volts AC, 50 Hz. Supply is given to transformer. The relay
power contacts gives output.

2.Control circuit:-
Control circuit consists of microcontroller, temperature sensor, current sensor,
voltage sensor, LCD display and relay driver. The microcontroller is supplied with
various input signals like voltage, current, and temperature by means of voltage
sensor, current sensor and temperature sensor. Controller run the program stored in
the program memory scans the inputs and updates the outputs in every cycle. If the
voltage of transformer is high than pre-set value the overvoltage fault is detected
by the transformer, similarly if voltage of transformer is low than the pre-set value
the undervoltage fault is detected by the transformer. If the temperature of the
transformer is high than the 70 degree Celsius the microcontroller gives warning
signal and if temperature exceeds 85 degree Celsius, controller trips circuit
breaker.

Current data available to controller is processed by the controller and if current

exceeds the maximum allowable current value the circuit breaker is tripped by the
controller with help of relay driver circuitry. The relay driver used here gives
enough power to operate a relay without damage to controller output pins. The
running status of the system is displayed in LCD screen which is also driven by
microcontroller.

4.2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

4.2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLATION:-
4.3 FLOWCHART:-

4.4 COMPONENT USED:-

Sr. Name of component Specification Quantity
no.
01. L.C.D. 16x2 01
02. Push button - 03
03. Sensor LM35 02
04. General purpose board 8*8 inch 01
05. P.T. 230-12v 02
06. C.T. 100:10 03
07. GSM module Sim 300 01
08. LED Red 02
09. Resistor 470 Ohm 10
10. Resistor 47K Ohm 10
11. Capacitor 1000 microfarad 05
12. Capacitor 100 microfarad 05
13. Buzzer - 01
14. Relay 12v 03
15. Bulb holder 230v/ 0watt 03
16. Diode IN4007 10
17. Voltage regulator 7805 02
18. Zener diode - 01
19 Wires - -
20. Flexible wire 230v -
21. 3 Pin Chord 230v 02
22. Soldering wire - -
23. Soldering iron - -
24. Arduino Mega - 01
25. Transformer 12v 01

4.4.1 EXPLANATION OF COMPONENT:-

1.GSM MODEM (SIM 300):-

Fig.4.2 GSM sim300

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A
wireless modem is like a dial-up modem. The basic difference between them is the
dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while the
wireless modem sends and receives data through waves. Like a GSM mobile
phone, a GSM modem also requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier to operate.

2. ARDUINO MEGA:-
Arduino is an open-source electronic platform based on easy to use hardware
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to
do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so
you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino
Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Fig.4.4 Arduino Mega

Analog I/O pins:-

The Arduino Uno board has 6 analog input and output pins from A0 to A5. The
pins are best used in case of the analog sensors. The analog pins can read the
analog signals from them like temperature, proximity, humidity etc and converts
them into digital values that can be read and processed by the microcontroller.

SPI Ports:-
The SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is considered for an expansion of the output.
In most of the cases the ICSP Pin as an small programming header in Arduino Uno
consist of RESET, SCK, MOSI, MISO, VCC and GND.

Power Indicator LED:-

When you power up the Arduino board, there must be an LED light up which will
indicate the board is powered up correctly. In case you don’t see the glowing light,
there must be something wrong with the connection you’ve made.

TX And RX Pin:-
In the Arduino board there are two LED’s labelled as TX (transmitter) and RX
(Receiver), same are labelled on the pin 0 and 1 respectively. These pins are used
for serial communication and the corresponding LED glowing indicated fi the data
is being sent by TX and if the data is being received by RX. The TX LED flashes
at the different frequency which depends on the baud rate being used by the
Arduino board to transmit.

Digital I/O Pins:-

Arduino board does have 14 digital i/o pins (input/output pins) out of which
contains 6 PWM output (Pulse width modulation). The digital pins can be
configured to read logic values such as 0 and 1 or can give logic (0 and 1) output
for different modules such as LEDs, Relays, etc. there is a symbol “~”
corresponding to the PWM pins. Additionally there is AREF which is used to set
an external reference voltage as the upper limit to the analog input pins. The
external reference voltage is usually in between 0 to 5 volts.

3. Relay:-

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such
as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.

CHAPTER 5
 IMPLIMENTATION OF PROJECT

5.1 HARDWARE IMPLIMENTATION :-

Fig 5.1 L.C.D Interfacing with Arduino

 Fig.5.2 CT Connections

Fig. 5.3 GSM Interfacing with Arduino

5.2 SOFTWARE IMPLIMENTATION:-

PROGRAM CODE:-

LiquidCrystal lcd(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); pinMode(relayy,OUTPUT);

#include <SoftwareSerial.h> pinMode(relayb,OUTPUT);

#include <CurrentTransformer.h> welcomemessage();

SoftwareSerial mySerial(10, 11); }

int relayr=3;

int relayy=2; void loop()

int relayb=1; {

const float ctRatio(1000); // current int vr = analogRead(A0);

transformer winding ratio
float voltager = vr * (5.0 / 1023.0);
const float rBurden(200); // current
transformer burden resistor value

const uint32_t int vy = analogRead(A1);

MS_BETWEEN_SAMPLES(5000);
float voltagey = vy * (5.0 / 1023.0);

int vb = analogRead(A2);
CT_Sensor ct0(A3, ctRatio, rBurden);
float voltageb = vb * (5.0 / 1023.0);
CT_Sensor ct1(A4, ctRatio, rBurden);

CT_Sensor ct2(A5, ctRatio, rBurden);

CT_Control ct;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(" R voltage :-");

lcd.print(voltager*230/1024);
void setup() {
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.print(" Y voltage :-");
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.print(voltagey*230/1024);
mySerial.begin(9600);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
ct.begin();
lcd.print(" B voltage :-");
pinMode(relayr,OUTPUT);
lcd.print(voltageb*230/1024); smssend();

if(vr <= 200)

{ if(vb <= 200)

lcd.setCursor(0,0); {

lcd.print(" R UNDER voltage"); lcd.setCursor(0,0);

digitalWrite(relayr,LOW); lcd.print(" B UNDER voltage");

smssend(); digitalWrite(relayb,LOW);

} smssend();

else if(vr >= 800) }

{ else if(vb >= 800)

lcd.setCursor(0,0); {

lcd.print(" R OVER voltage"); lcd.setCursor(0,0);

smssend(); lcd.print(" B OVER voltage");

digitalWrite(relayr,LOW); digitalWrite(relayb,LOW);

} smssend();

if(vy <= 200)

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print(" y UNDER voltage"); ct.read(&ct3, &ct4 ,&ct5);

digitalWrite(relayy,LOW); float i0 = ct3.amps();

smssend(); float i1 = ct4.amps();

} float i2 = ct5.amps();

else if(vy >= 800)

lcd.setCursor(0,0); if(io >= 50)

lcd.print(" y OVER voltage"); {

digitalWrite(relayy,LOW); lcd.setCursor(0,0);
 lcd.print(" R OVER current"); lcd.setCursor(0,1);

digitalWrite(relayr,LOW); lcd.print("college ");

smssend(); delay(2000);

else if(i1 >= 50)

{ lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.setCursor(0,0); lcd.print("Three Phase Fault");

lcd.print(" Y OVER current"); lcd.setCursor(0,1);

digitalWrite(relayy,LOW); lcd.print("Finding, Ardiuno and GSM ");

smssend(); delay(2000);

} }

else if(i2 >= 50)

lcd.setCursor(0,0); void smssend()

lcd.print(" B OVER current"); {

digitalWrite(relayb,LOW); mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); //Sets the

GSM Module in Text Mode
smssend();
delay(1000); // Delay of 1000 milli seconds
} or 1 second

mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+91800015
5289\"\r"); // Replace x with mobile number

delay(1000);

mySerial.println("3 phase transformer fault

detected");// The SMS text you want to
}
send

delay(100);
void welcomemessage()
mySerial.println((char)26);// ASCII code of
{ CTRL+Z

lcd.setCursor(0,0); delay(1000);

lcd.print("College Name "); }

 CHAPTER: - 6

RESULTS

6.1 EFFECT ON VOTAGE:-

Sr. Voltage to Arduino Relay’s status Load

no.
01. 0-165 volt Trips Disconnected
02. 165-280 volt Remain connected Connected
03. 280+ volt Trips Disconnected

6.2 EFFECT ON CUURENT:-

Sr. Current In C.T. Coil Relay’s status Load

no.
01. >5 Ampere Trips Disconnected
02. = 5 Ampere Remain connected Connected
03. < 5 Ampere Trips Disconnected

6.3 EFFECT ON LINE TO GROUND FAULT:-

Sr. Line to Ground Fault Relay’s status Load

no.
01 R-G Tips Disconnected
02. Y-G Trips Disconnected
03. B-G Trips Disconnected
6.4 EFFECT ON PHASE TO PHASE FAULT:-

Sr. Phase to Phase Fault Relay’s status Load

no.
01. R-Y Trips Disconnected
02. R-B Trips Disconnected
03. Y-R Trips Disconnected
04. Y-B Trips Disconnected
05. B-R Trips Disconnected
06. B-Y Trips Disconnected

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION
Here, we can conclude that by providing adequate methods of
protecting devices like our project we can increase the reliability
and reduce outages.
Reducing outages also reduce maintenance cost. Remote
indication by SMS decreases the downtime and re-establishment
of power supply can be done quickly.

CHAPTER 9

FUTURE SCOPE
freytjggf

CHAPTER 10
 BMC CANVAS

KEY PARTNERS :-

 Power Industry
 Government
 Small Industries
 Distributed Generators
 Marketing Partners

KEY ACTIVITIES :-

 Defining Abstract and Title

 Collecting Component
 Programming
 Assembling
 Preparing Literature Review
 Implementing Working Model
KEY RESOURCES :-

 Industrial
  Financial
 Man Power

VALUE PROPOSITIONS:-

 Less Costly
 Simple Mechanism
 Less Maintenance
 Equipment Protection
 Easy Installation
 Low Man Power

CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS:-

 Reliable
 Cost Effective
 Long Life

CHANNELS:-

 Advertisement
 Evaluation
 Direct Purchase

CUSTOMER SEGMENTS:-

 Power Industry
 Small Industry
 Distribution Transformer
 Power Transformer

COST STRUCTURE:-

 Component
 Programming
 Designing
 Hardware Cost
 Wiring Cost
REVENUE STREAM:-

 Low Man Power

 Less Maintenance
 Cost Effective

CHAPTER 11
REFERANCES

https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2018/05/power-transformer-protection-faults.html

https://www.google.com/search?
q=WINDING+of+transformer+material+INSULATION+FAILURE+IN+TRANSFORMER&oq=WINDING+of+tra
nsformer+material+INSULATION+FAILURE+IN+TRANSFORMER&aqs=chrome..69i57.25390j1j7&sourceid
=chrome&ie=UTF-8

https://circuitglobe.com/buchholz-relay.html

https://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-transformer-definition-working-principle-of-transformer/