MCQs on International Cultural Heritage Organizations and Standards

ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites)

1. 1. Which year was ICOMOS established?

 a) 1945
 b) 1954
 c) 1965
 d) 1972

Answer: c) 1965

Explanation: ICOMOS was established in 1965 as an advisory body to UNESCO for cultural
heritage conservation.

2. 2. Which international document forms the basis of ICOMOS?

 a) The Nara Document

 b) The Venice Charter
 c) The Athens Charter
 d) The UNESCO Convention

Answer: b) The Venice Charter

Explanation: The Venice Charter (1964) serves as the foundation of ICOMOS, outlining key
principles for conservation.

3. 3. What is the primary role of ICOMOS?

 a) Monitoring world trade policies

 b) Advising UNESCO on cultural heritage matters
 c) Developing economic policies
 d) Regulating global commerce

Answer: b) Advising UNESCO on cultural heritage matters

Explanation: ICOMOS plays a crucial role in providing expert advice to UNESCO on heritage
conservation.

4. 4. Which type of conservation does ICOMOS primarily focus on?

 a) Natural heritage conservation
 b) Architectural and archaeological conservation
 c) Commercial heritage
 d) Economic heritage

Answer: b) Architectural and archaeological conservation

Explanation: ICOMOS specializes in the preservation of built heritage and archaeological

sites.

5. 5. ICOMOS provides guidelines for which international recognition program?

 a) UNESCO World Heritage Sites

 b) Global Tourism Awards
 c) International Museum Network
 d) National Park Conservation

Answer: a) UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Explanation: ICOMOS evaluates cultural heritage sites for inclusion in the UNESCO World
Heritage List.

HRIDAY (National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana)

6. 6. When was HRIDAY launched?

 a) 2010
 b) 2015
 c) 2018
 d) 2020

Answer: b) 2015

Explanation: HRIDAY was launched in 2015 to enhance urban heritage in Indian cities.

7. 7. Which ministry oversees HRIDAY?

 a) Ministry of Culture
 b) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
 c) Ministry of Tourism
 d) Ministry of External Affairs

Answer: b) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

Explanation: HRIDAY is managed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, focusing on
urban heritage conservation.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

8. 8. What is the purpose of UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention?

 a) Regulating international trade

 b) Protecting cultural and natural heritage sites
 c) Managing global economic policies
 d) Overseeing military conflicts

Answer: b) Protecting cultural and natural heritage sites

Explanation: The World Heritage Convention aims to safeguard sites of exceptional cultural
and natural importance.

9. 9. How many types of UNESCO World Heritage Sites are there?

 a) One
 b) Two
 c) Three
 d) Four

Answer: c) Three

Explanation: There are three types of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: cultural, natural, and
mixed heritage sites.

Cultural Heritage Standards (ISO & CEN/TC346)

10. 10. Which organization sets global cultural heritage conservation standards?

 a) ISO
 b) CEN/TC346
 c) ICOM
 d) ICCROM

Answer: a) ISO

Explanation: ISO develops international standards, including those for cultural heritage
conservation.
11. 11. Which European organization focuses on cultural heritage conservation standards?

 a) CEN/TC346
 b) ISO 14001
 c) WTO
 d) WHO

Answer: a) CEN/TC346

Explanation: CEN/TC346 is a European standardization body specializing in heritage

conservation.

1. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites)

1. Which year was ICOMOS established?

o a) 1945
o b) 1954
o c) 1965
o d) 1972
o Answer: c) 1965
o Explanation: ICOMOS was founded in 1965 as an advisory body to
UNESCO for cultural heritage conservation.
2. Which international document forms the basis of ICOMOS?
o a) The Nara Document
o b) The Venice Charter
o c) The Athens Charter
o d) The UNESCO Convention
o Answer: b) The Venice Charter
o Explanation: The Venice Charter (1964) outlines the fundamental
principles of conservation adopted by ICOMOS.
3. What is the primary role of ICOMOS?
o a) Monitoring world trade policies
o b) Advising UNESCO on cultural heritage matters
o c) Developing economic policies
o d) Regulating global commerce
o Answer: b) Advising UNESCO on cultural heritage matters
o Explanation: ICOMOS provides technical and expert advice to UNESCO
on cultural heritage conservation.
4. Which type of conservation does ICOMOS primarily focus on?
o a) Natural heritage conservation
o b) Architectural and archaeological conservation
o c) Commercial heritage
o d) Economic heritage
o Answer: b) Architectural and archaeological conservation
o Explanation: ICOMOS specializes in protecting and conserving built and
archaeological heritage.
 5. ICOMOS evaluates cultural sites for which international program?
o a) UNESCO World Heritage Sites
o b) Global Tourism Awards
o c) International Museum Network
o d) National Park Conservation
o Answer: a) UNESCO World Heritage Sites
o Explanation: ICOMOS assesses cultural sites nominated for the
UNESCO World Heritage List.

2. HRIDAY (National Heritage City Development and Augmentation

Yojana)

6. When was HRIDAY launched?

o a) 2010
o b) 2015
o c) 2018
o d) 2020
o Answer: b) 2015
o Explanation: HRIDAY was launched in 2015 to promote heritage
conservation in Indian cities.
7. Which ministry oversees HRIDAY?
o a) Ministry of Culture
o b) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
o c) Ministry of Tourism
o d) Ministry of External Affairs
o Answer: b) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
o Explanation: HRIDAY is managed by the Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs.
8. What is the main goal of HRIDAY?
o a) Preserving forests
o b) Urban heritage conservation
o c) Exporting cultural artifacts
o d) Developing new urban centers
o Answer: b) Urban heritage conservation
o Explanation: HRIDAY aims to preserve cultural heritage in urban areas.

3. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization)

9. What is the purpose of UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention?

o a) Regulating international trade
 o b) Protecting cultural and natural heritage sites
o c) Managing global economic policies
o d) Overseeing military conflicts
o Answer: b) Protecting cultural and natural heritage sites
o Explanation: The World Heritage Convention helps safeguard sites of
outstanding cultural and natural importance.
10. How many types of UNESCO World Heritage Sites are there?

 a) One
 b) Two
 c) Three
 d) Four
 Answer: c) Three
 Explanation: There are three types of UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
Cultural, Natural, and Mixed Heritage Sites.

11. Which organization advises UNESCO on natural heritage conservation?

 a) ICOMOS
 b) ICCROM
 c) IUCN
 d) CEN
 Answer: c) IUCN
 Explanation: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
advises UNESCO on natural heritage conservation.

4. ICOM (International Council of Museums)

12. What is the primary role of ICOM?

 a) Managing trade agreements

 b) Overseeing international museum policies
 c) Managing financial regulations
 d) Setting legal frameworks for heritage sites
 Answer: b) Overseeing international museum policies
 Explanation: ICOM develops policies and standards for museums worldwide.

13. ICOM is responsible for which key document?

 a) The Venice Charter

 b) The Nara Document
 c) The ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums
 d) The Athens Charter
 Answer: c) The ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums
  Explanation: The ICOM Code of Ethics sets professional standards for
museums.

5. Cultural Heritage Standards (ISO & CEN/TC346)

14. Which organization sets global cultural heritage conservation standards?

 a) ISO
 b) CEN/TC346
 c) ICOM
 d) ICCROM
 Answer: a) ISO
 Explanation: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
develops global standards, including cultural heritage conservation.

15. Which European organization focuses on cultural heritage conservation

standards?

 a) CEN/TC346
 b) ISO 14001
 c) WTO
 d) WHO
 Answer: a) CEN/TC346
 Explanation: The European Committee for Standardization (CEN/TC346)
sets conservation standards in Europe.

16. What does CEN/TC346 focus on?

 a) Industrial safety
 b) Cultural heritage conservation
 c) Military operations
 d) Economic policies
 Answer: b) Cultural heritage conservation
 Explanation: CEN/TC346 specializes in the preservation and maintenance of
cultural heritage in Europe.

17. Which of the following is an important ISO standard for cultural heritage
conservation?

 a) ISO 9001
 b) ISO 14001
 c) ISO 21121
 d) ISO 11799
 Answer: d) ISO 11799
  Explanation: ISO 11799 provides guidelines for preserving and storing
archival material

6. ICO (International Cultural Organizations)

18. Which organization is responsible for intangible cultural heritage?

 a) ICOMOS
 b) UNESCO
 c) ICCROM
 d) WTO
 Answer: b) UNESCO
 Explanation: UNESCO works to safeguard intangible cultural heritage,
including traditions, languages, and rituals.

19. Which document guides the protection of intangible heritage?

 a) The Hague Convention

 b) The 2003 UNESCO Convention
 c) The Athens Charter
 d) The ICOM Code of Ethics
 Answer: b) The 2003 UNESCO Convention
 Explanation: The 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage protects non-physical heritage.

20. What is the function of ICCROM?

 a) It protects underwater cultural heritage

 b) It develops conservation techniques
 c) It regulates museum management
 d) It provides funding for tourism
 Answer: b) It develops conservation techniques
 Explanation: ICCROM is an intergovernmental organization that specializes in
conservation training and research.

7. Additional ICOMOS & Cultural Heritage Questions

21. ICOMOS is based in which country?

 a) United States
 b) France
 c) Germany
 d) Italy
 Answer: b) France
  Explanation: The headquarters of ICOMOS is in Paris, France.

22. Which of the following is NOT a function of ICOMOS?

 a) Advising UNESCO on cultural sites

 b) Managing world trade policies
 c) Conducting heritage conservation research
 d) Establishing cultural heritage charters
 Answer: b) Managing world trade policies
 Explanation: ICOMOS is focused on cultural heritage, not economic or trade
policies.

23. The Nara Document on Authenticity was developed in response to?

 a) The need for tourism regulations

 b) The increasing destruction of heritage sites
 c) The need to define cultural authenticity
 d) The expansion of digital heritage
 Answer: c) The need to define cultural authenticity
 Explanation: The Nara Document (1994) expands on the Venice Charter,
emphasizing cultural authenticity in conservation.

8. Additional HRIDAY & Indian Cultural Heritage Questions

24. Which of these cities is NOT included in the HRIDAY scheme?

 a) Varanasi
 b) Amritsar
 c) Bengaluru
 d) Kanchipuram
 Answer: c) Bengaluru
 Explanation: Bengaluru is not among the 12 cities covered under HRIDAY.

25. Which Indian heritage conservation program preceded HRIDAY?

 a) JNNURM
 b) AMRUT
 c) SMART Cities
 d) Swachh Bharat
 Answer: a) JNNURM
 Explanation: The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM) aimed at urban development before HRIDAY.
9. Additional UNESCO & World Heritage Questions

26. Which is the first Indian site to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage
List?

 a) Taj Mahal
 b) Ajanta Caves
 c) Qutub Minar
 d) Kaziranga National Park
 Answer: b) Ajanta Caves
 Explanation: The Ajanta Caves were among the first sites in India included in
1983.

27. Which organization works alongside UNESCO to protect underwater

cultural heritage?

 a) ICOM
 b) IMO
 c) ICCROM
 d) IUCN
 Answer: b) IMO
 Explanation: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) collaborates
with UNESCO for underwater heritage.

28. Which country has the highest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites?

 a) Italy
 b) China
 c) India
 d) France
 Answer: a) Italy
 Explanation: As of recent records, Italy has the most UNESCO-listed sites.

10. Additional Cultural Heritage Standards (ISO & CEN/TC346)

29. Which ISO standard deals with the environmental management of cultural
heritage?

 a) ISO 9001
 b) ISO 14001
 c) ISO 11799
 d) ISO 21121
 Answer: b) ISO 14001
  Explanation: ISO 14001 provides a framework for environmental
management, including heritage sites.

30. CEN/TC 346 focuses on which aspect of cultural heritage?

 a) Tourism regulations
 b) Conservation and maintenance
 c) International museum management
 d) Urban development
 Answer: b) Conservation and maintenance
 Explanation: CEN/TC 346 provides technical guidance on conservation
methods.

More Higher-Order Questions

31. Why is the Venice Charter significant?

 a) It standardizes museum collections

 b) It provides international conservation principles
 c) It governs trade laws for antiques
 d) It protects intangible heritage
 Answer: b) It provides international conservation principles
 Explanation: The Venice Charter (1964) is a key global reference for
conservation.

32. Which of these is NOT a function of ICCROM?

 a) Training conservation professionals

 b) Researching new conservation methods
 c) Enforcing global heritage laws
 d) Conducting site restoration projects
 Answer: c) Enforcing global heritage laws
 Explanation: ICCROM does not have legal enforcement powers.

33. Which international treaty focuses on preventing illicit trafficking of cultural

properties?

 a) 1970 UNESCO Convention

 b) 1992 European Heritage Convention
 c) 2003 Intangible Heritage Convention
 d) 1954 Hague Convention
 Answer: a) 1970 UNESCO Convention
 Explanation: The 1970 UNESCO Convention combats illegal trade in cultural
artifacts.
Final Set of MCQs

34. What does "CEN" stand for?

 a) European Committee for Standardization

 b) Conservation of European Nations
 c) Cultural Environment Network
 d) Council for Ecological Norms
 Answer: a) European Committee for Standardization

35. What is a key role of CEN/TC346?

 a) Setting heritage restoration guidelines

 b) Funding museum projects
 c) Regulating art markets
 d) Approving heritage funding
 Answer: a) Setting heritage restoration guidelines

1. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites)

1. Consider the following statements regarding ICOMOS:

o (A) It was established as an advisory body to UNESCO.
o (B) It primarily focuses on the conservation of natural heritage.
o (C) It evaluates cultural heritage sites for UNESCO's World Heritage List.
o (D) It is responsible for enforcing cultural heritage laws worldwide.

Which of the statements are correct?

o a) A and C only
o b) B and D only
o c) A, B, and C only
o d) All of the above
o Answer: a) A and C only
o Explanation: ICOMOS advises UNESCO and evaluates cultural sites but
does not enforce laws or focus on natural heritage.
2. Which of the following statements about the Venice Charter is correct?
o a) It focuses on intangible cultural heritage.
o b) It was adopted in 1964 and forms the basis of ICOMOS.
o c) It regulates the sale of cultural artifacts.
o d) It was developed by UNESCO for museum conservation.
o Answer: b) It was adopted in 1964 and forms the basis of ICOMOS.
o Explanation: The Venice Charter (1964) is a key international document
on architectural conservation.
2. HRIDAY (National Heritage City Development and Augmentation
Yojana)

3. Consider the following statements regarding HRIDAY:

o (A) It is implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in
India.
o (B) It aims at conserving natural heritage sites.
o (C) It focuses on infrastructure development around heritage sites in
selected cities.
o (D) The scheme includes a component for intangible cultural heritage.

Which statements are correct?

o a) A and C only
o b) B and D only
o c) A, C, and D only
o d) All of the above
o Answer: c) A, C, and D only
o Explanation: HRIDAY focuses on urban heritage and infrastructure
development but does not specifically target natural heritage.
4. Which of the following cities is NOT included in the HRIDAY scheme?
o a) Mathura
o b) Ajmer
o c) Bengaluru
o d) Amritsar
o Answer: c) Bengaluru
o Explanation: Bengaluru is not one of the 12 cities selected under
HRIDAY.

3. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization)

5. Consider the following statements regarding UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

o (A) Only cultural sites are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
o (B) Mixed heritage sites contain both cultural and natural elements.
o (C) The nomination process for heritage sites involves ICOMOS or IUCN
evaluations.
o (D) The designation of a site as a World Heritage Site guarantees
protection from destruction.

Which statements are correct?

 o a) A and B only
o b) B and C only
o c) C and D only
o d) A, B, and D only
o Answer: b) B and C only
o Explanation: UNESCO recognizes cultural, natural, and mixed
heritage sites; however, designation alone does not guarantee protection.
6. Which of the following statements about the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage
Convention is correct?
o a) It focuses solely on architectural conservation.
o b) It establishes a framework for both natural and cultural heritage
protection.
o c) It only applies to developed countries.
o d) It regulates international trade of cultural artifacts.
o Answer: b) It establishes a framework for both natural and cultural
heritage protection.
o Explanation: The 1972 World Heritage Convention recognizes and
protects both natural and cultural heritage globally.

4. ICOM (International Council of Museums)

7. Consider the following statements regarding ICOM:

o (A) ICOM is responsible for regulating museum entry fees worldwide.
o (B) ICOM develops professional standards for museum management.
o (C) It maintains an international database of stolen cultural objects.
o (D) It oversees the World Heritage Site designation process.

Which statements are correct?

o a) A and D only
o b) B and C only
o c) A, B, and C only
o d) All of the above
o Answer: b) B and C only
o Explanation: ICOM sets museum standards and runs the International
Observatory on Illicit Traffic in Cultural Goods but does not regulate
entry fees or oversee World Heritage sites.

5. Cultural Heritage Standards (ISO & CEN/TC346)

8. Consider the following statements about cultural heritage standards:

o (A) ISO 21121 focuses on sustainability management for heritage sites.
 o (B) CEN/TC346 is responsible for European conservation standards.
o (C) The ISO has no role in heritage documentation or conservation.
o (D) ISO 14001 provides guidelines for environmental management, which
includes heritage conservation.

Which statements are correct?

o a) A and B only
o b) A, B, and D only
o c) B and C only
o d) All of the above
o Answer: b) A, B, and D only
o Explanation: ISO and CEN/TC346 provide conservation guidelines; ISO
14001 covers environmental aspects, and ISO 21121 deals with
sustainable tourism at heritage sites.

Higher-Order Questions

9. Which of the following is a key challenge in heritage conservation?

o a) Over-reliance on digital documentation
o b) Conflicts between conservation and urban development
o c) Excessive government funding for conservation
o d) Lack of heritage sites worldwide
o Answer: b) Conflicts between conservation and urban development
o Explanation: Balancing modern development with conservation is a
major challenge.
10. Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to be considered in a heritage
impact assessment?

 a) The cultural significance of the site

 b) The site's potential for tourism revenue
 c) The environmental impact of proposed changes
 d) The local community's connection to the site
 Answer: b) The site's potential for tourism revenue
 Explanation: Heritage assessments prioritize cultural and environmental
impacts, not financial potential.

11. Which of the following is NOT a conservation principle in the Venice

Charter?

 a) Conservation should aim to retain historic authenticity.

 b) Restoration should be distinguishable from the original structure.
 c) A site's future economic use should be the main consideration.
 d) New additions should be reversible.
  Answer: c) A site's future economic use should be the main consideration.
 Explanation: Economic use is secondary to authenticity and preservation in
conservation principles.

1. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and

Sites)
1. Consider the following statements regarding ICOMOS:

 (A) ICOMOS is an advisory body to UNESCO on cultural heritage conservation.

 (B) It provides recommendations for the nomination of World Heritage Sites.
 (C) ICOMOS has legal authority to enforce conservation laws worldwide.
 (D) The organization was founded after the adoption of the Venice Charter.

Which of the statements are correct?

 a) A, B, and D only
 b) A and C only
 c) B and D only
 d) All of the above
 Answer: a) A, B, and D only
 Explanation: ICOMOS advises UNESCO, evaluates World Heritage
nominations, and was established in 1965 after the Venice Charter. It does not
enforce laws.

2. Which of the following is NOT a function of ICOMOS?

 a) Conducting research on cultural heritage conservation

 b) Developing international heritage conservation guidelines
 c) Regulating international trade in cultural artifacts
 d) Advising on the protection of historic sites
 Answer: c) Regulating international trade in cultural artifacts
 Explanation: ICOMOS focuses on conservation but does not regulate the trade
of artifacts—that falls under UNESCO and ICOM.

2. HRIDAY (National Heritage City Development and

Augmentation Yojana)
3. Consider the following statements regarding HRIDAY:

 (A) It aims to improve urban infrastructure in heritage cities.

 (B) The scheme covers both tangible and intangible cultural heritage.
  (C) HRIDAY is implemented by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
 (D) It promotes sustainable development through heritage-based urban planning.

Which statements are correct?

 a) A and B only
 b) A, B, and D only
 c) A and C only
 d) All of the above
 Answer: b) A, B, and D only
 Explanation: HRIDAY is implemented by the Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs, not ASI. It integrates heritage conservation with urban planning.

4. Which city is NOT included in the HRIDAY scheme?

 a) Dwarka
 b) Puri
 c) Jaipur
 d) Chennai
 Answer: d) Chennai
 Explanation: Chennai is not part of the 12 HRIDAY cities, whereas Dwarka,
Puri, and Jaipur are included.

3. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization)
5. Consider the following statements about the UNESCO World Heritage
List:

 (A) A site must meet at least one out of ten selection criteria to qualify.
 (B) The list only includes cultural heritage sites.
 (C) Sites inscribed on the list are automatically granted legal protection.
 (D) Some sites can be categorized as both cultural and natural heritage.

Which statements are correct?

 a) A and D only
 b) A, B, and D only
 c) B and C only
 d) All of the above
 Answer: a) A and D only
 Explanation: UNESCO recognizes cultural, natural, and mixed heritage sites.
Inscription does not guarantee protection.
6. Which of the following factors is considered when evaluating a site for
UNESCO World Heritage status?

 a) Cultural authenticity and historical significance

 b) The site's potential for tourism revenue
 c) Local government interest in listing the site
 d) The number of visitors per year
 Answer: a) Cultural authenticity and historical significance
 Explanation: UNESCO evaluates historical and cultural value, not commercial
factors.

4. ICOM (International Council of Museums)

7. Consider the following statements regarding ICOM:

 (A) It sets professional standards for museum management.

 (B) ICOM runs the Red List, which helps track stolen cultural objects.
 (C) ICOM has the authority to regulate museums globally.
 (D) It promotes ethical practices in museum operations.

Which statements are correct?

 a) A, B, and D only
 b) A and C only
 c) B and D only
 d) All of the above
 Answer: a) A, B, and D only
 Explanation: ICOM promotes museum ethics and tracks stolen artifacts but does
not have regulatory authority over museums.

5. Cultural Heritage Standards (ISO & CEN/TC346)

8. Consider the following statements about cultural heritage conservation
standards:

 (A) ISO 21121 focuses on sustainable management of heritage sites.

 (B) CEN/TC346 develops European conservation guidelines.
 (C) ISO 14001 includes environmental management policies for cultural sites.
 (D) ISO and CEN have overlapping roles in cultural heritage conservation.

Which statements are correct?

  a) A and B only
 b) A, B, and C only
 c) B, C, and D only
 d) All of the above
 Answer: d) All of the above
 Explanation: Both ISO and CEN develop conservation standards that
sometimes overlap.

6. Higher-Order Questions
9. Which of the following is a key challenge in heritage conservation?

 a) Lack of interest in digital documentation

 b) Conflict between development and conservation
 c) Excessive government funding
 d) Shortage of world heritage sites
 Answer: b) Conflict between development and conservation
 Explanation: Balancing modern development with heritage conservation is a
major challenge.

10. Which statement best describes the role of cultural heritage laws?

 a) They prohibit all forms of development around heritage sites.

 b) They ensure that heritage conservation aligns with international standards.
 c) They focus only on tangible heritage.
 d) They are voluntary guidelines rather than enforceable laws.
 Answer: b) They ensure that heritage conservation aligns with international
standards.
 Explanation: Cultural heritage laws preserve and protect sites following global
best practices.

11. Why is community involvement important in heritage conservation?

 a) It ensures better government funding.

 b) It prevents international organizations from interfering.
 c) It enhances long-term sustainability and protection of heritage.
 d) It reduces the importance of conservation experts.
 Answer: c) It enhances long-term sustainability and protection of heritage.
Explanation: Local communities play a crucial role in heritage management and
sustainable tourism. 1. How many criteria must a site meet to qualify for
UNESCO World Heritage status?

 a) 3
 b) 5
 c) 10
 d) 12
 Answer: c) 10
 Explanation: UNESCO defines 10 criteria—six for cultural heritage and four
for natural heritage. A site must meet at least one to be inscribed.

2. Which of the following is NOT a cultural heritage criterion for the

UNESCO World Heritage List?

 a) Representing a masterpiece of human creative genius

 b) Containing superlative natural phenomena
 c) Bearing an exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition
 d) Being an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement
 Answer: b) Containing superlative natural phenomena
 Explanation: This is a natural heritage criterion (Criterion vii). Cultural
criteria focus on human creativity, traditions, and architecture.

3. According to UNESCO, which of the following is a key condition for a

site’s inscription?

 a) National tourism revenue

 b) Integrity and authenticity
 c) Number of annual visitors
 d) Age of the site (must be over 500 years old)
 Answer: b) Integrity and authenticity
 Explanation: Sites must maintain integrity (wholeness and intactness) and
authenticity (genuine heritage value).

4. Which of the following best describes the natural heritage criteria for
UNESCO inscription?

 a) Sites must be at least 1,000 years old

 b) Sites must be recognized for biodiversity, ecosystems, or geological
importance
 c) Sites must have an associated cultural tradition
 d) Sites must be endorsed by the host country's tourism board
 Answer: b) Sites must be recognized for biodiversity, ecosystems, or geological
importance
  Explanation: Natural criteria focus on biodiversity, ecological processes,
geology, and scenic beauty.

5. What is an "Outstanding Universal Value" (OUV) in the context of

UNESCO heritage sites?

 a) A site that generates international tourism revenue

 b) A site of global cultural or natural significance, transcending national
boundaries
 c) A site with at least one ancient structure
 d) A site that has received funding from UNESCO
 Answer: b) A site of global cultural or natural significance, transcending national
boundaries
 Explanation: OUV means a site has exceptional global importance beyond
national or regional significance.

6. Which organization provides expert evaluations for cultural heritage

nominations?

 a) UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)

 b) ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites)
 c) IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
 d) UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization)
 Answer: b) ICOMOS
 Explanation: ICOMOS assesses cultural heritage sites, while IUCN evaluates
natural heritage sites.

7. What happens if a UNESCO World Heritage Site no longer meets its

criteria?

 a) The site is immediately removed from the list

 b) The site is placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger
 c) UNESCO takes over the site’s management
 d) The site receives increased funding automatically
 Answer: b) The site is placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger
 Explanation: Sites facing threats like war, urbanization, or environmental
damage are added to the Danger List before potential removal.

8. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for UNESCO cultural

heritage sites?

 a) Authenticity
 b) Integrity
 c) Proof of economic benefits
 d) Protection and management plan
  Answer: c) Proof of economic benefits
 Explanation: UNESCO evaluates historical, cultural, or natural importance,
not financial gain.

9. Which of these factors can lead to a site being removed from the
UNESCO World Heritage List?

 a) Changes in government policies

 b) Failure to maintain heritage values and integrity
 c) Low number of annual visitors
 d) Discovery of another similar site elsewhere
 Answer: b) Failure to maintain heritage values and integrity
 Explanation: UNESCO removes sites if they lose their Outstanding Universal
Value due to neglect, poor conservation, or uncontrolled development.

10. Which international convention provides the framework for the

UNESCO World Heritage List?

 a) The Venice Charter (1964)

 b) The Hague Convention (1954)
 c) The World Heritage Convention (1972)
 d) The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
 Answer: c) The World Heritage Convention (1972)
 Explanation: The 1972 World Heritage Convention established the framework
for protecting cultural and natural heritage worldwide.

UNESCO World Heritage List: Advanced-Level MCQs

1. Which of the following conditions must be met for a site to be included

in the UNESCO World Heritage List?

 (A) The site must possess Outstanding Universal Value (OUV).

 (B) It must fulfill at least one of the ten UNESCO selection criteria.
 (C) The site must be located in a country that has ratified the World Heritage
Convention.
 (D) The site must be at least 500 years old.

Choose the correct option:

 a) A, B, and C only
 b) A and D only
 c) B and C only
 d) All of the above
 Answer: a) A, B, and C only
  Explanation: A site must possess OUV, meet at least one criterion, and be in a
country that has ratified the 1972 Convention. Age is not a requirement.

2. Which of the following statements about "Integrity" as per UNESCO’s

evaluation criteria is true?

 a) It applies only to cultural heritage sites

 b) It ensures that a property has all necessary elements to express its value
 c) Integrity is a requirement for UNESCO-listed cultural sites but not for natural
sites
 d) A site with minor alterations automatically loses its integrity
 Answer: b) It ensures that a property has all necessary elements to express its
value
 Explanation: Integrity means a site retains all essential features needed to
convey its significance. It applies to both cultural and natural sites.

3. How does UNESCO define the concept of "Authenticity" in cultural

heritage sites?

 a) The site must remain unchanged since its creation

 b) The site must use only original materials for conservation
 c) The site must truthfully and credibly express its cultural value through form,
design, materials, and traditions
 d) A site loses authenticity if modern infrastructure is added nearby
 Answer: c) The site must truthfully and credibly express its cultural value
through form, design, materials, and traditions
 Explanation: Authenticity is about preserving the historical essence of a site,
even if restoration uses new materials.

4. Which UNESCO advisory body is responsible for evaluating the

nominations of natural heritage sites?

 a) ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and

Restoration of Cultural Property)
 b) ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites)
 c) IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
 d) UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
 Answer: c) IUCN
 Explanation: IUCN evaluates natural heritage sites, while ICOMOS
evaluates cultural sites, and ICCROM provides conservation training.
5. What is the primary function of the World Heritage Committee?

 a) To oversee tourism management at World Heritage Sites

 b) To monitor, evaluate, and decide on the inscription and protection of heritage
sites
 c) To finance the maintenance of World Heritage Sites
 d) To manage international trade of cultural artifacts
 Answer: b) To monitor, evaluate, and decide on the inscription and protection of
heritage sites
 Explanation: The World Heritage Committee administers the World Heritage
Convention, inscribes new sites, and assesses conservation status.

6. Which of the following is NOT considered a threat that could lead to a

site being placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger?

 a) Armed conflict
 b) Urbanization and development pressures
 c) Lack of tourism revenue
 d) Climate change
 Answer: c) Lack of tourism revenue
 Explanation: While tourism impacts sites, UNESCO focuses on threats like
conflict, natural disasters, climate change, and poor conservation.

7. Which of the following best describes the "Operational Guidelines for

the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention"?

 a) A set of legally binding rules for World Heritage conservation

 b) A framework providing criteria, procedures, and best practices for managing
World Heritage Sites
 c) A collection of case studies on heritage conservation
 d) A UNESCO financial policy document
 Answer: b) A framework providing criteria, procedures, and best practices for
managing World Heritage Sites
 Explanation: These guidelines outline criteria, nomination procedures, site
management, and conservation policies.

8. Which of the following can result in a site losing its UNESCO World
Heritage status?
  a) The site is over-visited by tourists
 b) The host country fails to submit annual reports
 c) The site undergoes irreversible changes that diminish its Outstanding Universal
Value
 d) The site receives excessive government funding
 Answer: c) The site undergoes irreversible changes that diminish its Outstanding
Universal Value
 Explanation: UNESCO removes sites that lose their authenticity, integrity, or
suffer irreversible damage.

9. What is the primary purpose of the List of World Heritage in Danger?

 a) To encourage immediate international assistance and corrective action

 b) To restrict tourism in affected areas
 c) To automatically delist sites after 5 years
 d) To limit national development projects
 Answer: a) To encourage immediate international assistance and corrective
action
 Explanation: The Danger List allows for increased monitoring and
emergency funding to address conservation threats.

10. A "Mixed Heritage Site" inscribed by UNESCO must meet:

 a) At least one cultural and one natural criterion

 b) The requirement of being over 1,000 years old
 c) Both integrity and authenticity standards
 d) The condition of not being located in an urban area
 Answer: a) At least one cultural and one natural criterion
 Explanation: Mixed sites demonstrate both cultural and natural significance
under at least one criterion from each category.

11. Which of the following is a significant challenge in World Heritage

conservation today?

 a) Over-reliance on digital documentation

 b) Conflicts between economic development and conservation
 c) Lack of sites with Outstanding Universal Value
 d) Decreasing international recognition of UNESCO’s authority
 Answer: b) Conflicts between economic development and conservation
  Explanation: Many heritage sites face destruction due to infrastructure
projects, tourism pressures, and real estate development.

12. Which of the following factors is NOT considered in a site's nomination

process?

 a) Legal protection and management frameworks

 b) Global comparative analysis with similar sites
 c) The number of tourists visiting the site annually
 d) Documentation of cultural and historical significance
 Answer: c) The number of tourists visiting the site annually
 Explanation: Tourism is not a criterion; UNESCO focuses on OUV, legal
protection, and global significance.

13. The process of nominating a site for the UNESCO World Heritage List
is initiated by:

 a) UNESCO
 b) The host country’s government
 c) The United Nations General Assembly
 d) Independent conservation organizations
 Answer: b) The host country’s government
 Explanation: Only a State Party to the World Heritage Convention can
nominate a site for inscription.

14. What is a “Tentative List” in the UNESCO World Heritage process?

 a) A preliminary list of sites a country intends to nominate in the future

 b) A list of sites at risk of being delisted
 c) A list of sites waiting for financial assistance
 d) A temporary designation before full inscription
 Answer: a) A preliminary list of sites a country intends to nominate in the future

15. How often does the UNESCO World Heritage Committee meet?

 a) Every two years

 b) Annually
 c) Every five years
  d) Only when necessary
 Answer: b) Annually

INTACT
1. Which document serves as the foundational legal framework for
INTACH's operations?

 a) INTACH Charter
 b) Memorandum of Association & Rules & Regulations
 c) INTACH Code of Conduct
 d) Guidelines for Chapters

Answer: b) Memorandum of Association & Rules & Regulations

Explanation: The Memorandum of Association & Rules & Regulations outlines

INTACH's objectives, governance structure, and operational guidelines, serving as its
foundational legal document.

2. According to INTACH's guidelines, what is the primary purpose of

'Listing' heritage properties?

 a) To document and preserve unprotected architectural heritage

 b) To generate tourism revenue
 c) To promote modern architectural designs
 d) To facilitate urban development projects

Answer: a) To document and preserve unprotected architectural heritage

Explanation: 'Listing' aims to document the fast-disappearing built heritage, ensuring

its preservation and raising public awareness about its significance.

intach.org

3. What is the role of the 'Governing Council' within INTACH?

 a) To oversee daily administrative tasks

 b) To manage financial transactions
 c) To formulate policies and provide strategic direction
  d) To conduct heritage walks and workshops

Answer: c) To formulate policies and provide strategic direction

Explanation: The Governing Council is responsible for setting policies and guiding the
strategic direction of INTACH, ensuring alignment with its mission and objectives.

4. Which of the following is NOT a criterion for selecting properties for

listing by INTACH?

 a) Historic significance
 b) Potential for commercial development
 c) Historic integrity
 d) Historic context

Answer: b) Potential for commercial development

Explanation: INTACH's selection criteria focus on historic significance, integrity, and

context, rather than commercial development potential.

intach.org

5. In the context of INTACH's conservation principles, what does 'adaptive

re-use' entail?

 a) Demolishing old structures to build new ones

 b) Preserving buildings without any modifications
 c) Repurposing historic buildings for contemporary use while retaining their
heritage value
 d) Converting heritage sites into commercial complexes

Answer: c) Repurposing historic buildings for contemporary use while retaining their
heritage value

Explanation: 'Adaptive re-use' involves repurposing historic structures to serve

modern functions, ensuring their preservation and continued relevance.

intach.org

6. What is the significance of the 'INTACH Charter' adopted in 2004?

 a) It focuses solely on natural heritage conservation

  b) It provides guidelines for conserving unprotected architectural heritage and
sites in India
 c) It outlines financial management practices for INTACH chapters
 d) It serves as a tourism promotion document

Answer: b) It provides guidelines for conserving unprotected architectural heritage and

sites in India

Explanation: The INTACH Charter offers comprehensive guidelines for the

conservation of India's unprotected architectural heritage and sites.

intach.org

7. According to INTACH's Code of Conduct, how should members

approach collaborations with other organizations?

 a) Commit to joint ventures without prior approval

 b) Ensure activities align with INTACH's objectives and seek guidance from the
Chapters Division
 c) Avoid any collaborations to maintain autonomy
 d) Focus solely on international partnerships

Answer: b) Ensure activities align with INTACH's objectives and seek guidance from
the Chapters Division

Explanation: Members are encouraged to collaborate with like-minded organizations,

ensuring such activities align with INTACH's mission and obtaining necessary approvals.

intach.org

8. What is the primary focus of INTACH's 'Listing Cell'?

 a) Conducting heritage walks

 b) Documenting and creating an inventory of heritage structures
 c) Organizing cultural festivals
 d) Managing financial accounts

Answer: b) Documenting and creating an inventory of heritage structures

Explanation: The Listing Cell is dedicated to identifying and documenting heritage

properties, forming the basis for conservation efforts.
9. Which principle emphasizes the use of local materials and traditional
technologies in conservation efforts?

 a) Modernization
 b) Sustainability
 c) Globalization
 d) Commercialization

Answer: b) Sustainability

Explanation: INTACH advocates for sustainable conservation practices, emphasizing

the use of local materials and traditional technologies to maintain authenticity and
support local economies.

intach.org

10. In INTACH's grading system for listed heritage buildings, what does
'Grade I' signify?*

 a) Buildings of minor local importance

 b) Structures suitable for demolition
 c) Heritage sites of exceptional national or historical significance
 d) Modern buildings without historical value

Answer: c) Heritage sites of exceptional national or historical significance

Explanation: 'Grade I*' denotes heritage sites of exceptional importance, warranting

the highest level of conservation and protection.

intach.org

11. According to INTACH's guidelines, what is the preferred approach

when modernizing historic buildings?

 a) Replacing traditional materials with modern alternatives

 b) Retaining the external image while allowing internal functional alterations
 c) Demolishing old structures to make way for new constructions
 d) Ignoring traditional building techniques

Answer: b) Retaining the external image while allowing internal functional alterations

Explanation: INTACH recommends preserving the external appearance of historic

buildings, permitting internal modifications to suit contemporary needs.
1. Which of the following statements about INTACH's approach to
adaptive reuse is/are correct?

 (A) Adaptive reuse is discouraged as it alters the original function of heritage

structures.
 (B) INTACH supports adaptive reuse to prolong the life of heritage buildings.
 (C) Any new use introduced must conform to the carrying capacity and
vulnerability of the heritage structure.
 (D) Modern materials should replace traditional ones during adaptive reuse.

Options:

 a) A and D only
 b) B and C only
 c) A, B, and C only
 d) B, C, and D only

Answer: b) B and C only

Explanation: INTACH advocates for adaptive reuse as a strategy to conserve

architectural heritage, ensuring that new uses align with the building's capacity and
vulnerability.

INTACH

2. According to INTACH's guidelines, which of the following is prioritized

during the conservation of unprotected architectural heritage?

 a) Complete modernization of the structure

 b) Retaining the continuity of original functions
 c) Demolishing and reconstructing with modern designs
 d) Replacing traditional materials with synthetic alternatives

Answer: b) Retaining the continuity of original functions

Explanation: INTACH emphasizes maintaining the original functions of heritage

structures to preserve their historical and cultural significance.

INTACH

3. Consider the following statements regarding INTACH's stance on

restoration:

 (A) Restoration aims to reinstate the integrity of architectural heritage.

  (B) Comprehensive documentation is required before and after restoration.
 (C) Restoration encourages the use of modern materials over traditional ones.
 (D) Replication of missing parts is discouraged in restoration projects.

Which of the above statements are correct?

 a) A and B only
 b) A, B, and C only
 c) B and D only
 d) A, C, and D only

Answer: a) A and B only

Explanation: INTACH's guidelines state that restoration should reinstate the integrity of
heritage structures, with thorough documentation and the use of traditional materials and
techniques.

INTACH

4. What is INTACH's perspective on the use of local materials and

traditional technologies in conservation?

 a) They should be replaced with modern substitutes for durability.

 b) Their use is preferred to maintain authenticity.
 c) They are considered outdated and inefficient.
 d) Their use is optional and based on availability.

Answer: b) Their use is preferred to maintain authenticity.

Explanation: INTACH advocates for the use of local materials and traditional
technologies to preserve the authenticity and integrity of heritage structures.

INTACH

5. According to INTACH's guidelines, when is replication considered an

appropriate conservation strategy?

 a) When original materials are unavailable

 b) To conserve unprotected historic buildings
 c) To modernize heritage structures
 d) When traditional craftspeople are unavailable

Answer: b) To conserve unprotected historic buildings

Explanation: INTACH considers replication appropriate, especially for conserving
unprotected historic buildings and encouraging traditional building practices.

INTACH

6. Which of the following best describes INTACH's approach to integrated

conservation?

 a) Focusing solely on the architectural aspects of heritage

 b) Integrating conservation with social and economic development
 c) Prioritizing urban development over heritage conservation
 d) Isolating heritage sites from community activities

Answer: b) Integrating conservation with social and economic development

Explanation: INTACH promotes integrating conservation efforts with the social and
economic aspirations of communities to ensure sustainable heritage management.

INTACH

7. Consider the following statements about INTACH's guidelines on

employment generation through conservation:

 (A) Conservation projects should employ local craftspeople.

 (B) Using traditional building materials can prolong economic viability.
 (C) Modern technology should replace traditional skills to enhance efficiency.
 (D) Outsourcing labor is preferred to reduce costs.

Which of the above statements are correct?

 a) A and B only
 b) A, B, and C only
 c) B and D only
 d) A and D only

Answer: a) A and B only

Explanation: INTACH emphasizes employing local craftspeople and using traditional

materials to sustain local economies and heritage skills.

INTACH
8. What is the primary purpose of INTACH's 'Guidelines for Listing of
Built Heritage'?

 a) To document and inventory heritage structures

 b) To provide financial assistance for restoration
 c) To promote tourism in heritage sites
 d) To modernize old buildings

Answer: a) To document and inventory heritage structures

Explanation: The guidelines aim to create a systematic inventory of built heritage to aid
in conservation planning and policy formulation.

chapter.intach.org

9. According to INTACH's guidelines, what should be the approach

towards modernizing the internal functions of a heritage building?

 a) Completely overhaul the external and internal structures

 b) Retain the external image while updating internal functions
 c) Replace traditional designs with contemporary architecture
 d) Demolish and reconstruct with modern materials

Answer: b) Retain the external image while updating internal functions

Explanation: INTACH recommends preserving the external appearance of heritage

buildings while allowing for necessary internal modernizations to meet contemporary
needs.

INTACH

10. In the context of INTACH's conservation philosophy, what does the

term 'jeernodharanam' signify?

 a) Complete reconstruction of heritage sites

 b) Symbiotic relationship between tangible and intangible heritage
 c) Replacement of old materials with new ones
 d) Demolition of dilapid

ANS C;PROCESS OF BRINGING BACK LIFE TO A DECAYED BUILT

FORM,REVIVING DIVINE SPIRIT EMBEDDED IN IT
1. Which of the following statements regarding INTACH's approach to
heritage conservation is correct?

 a) INTACH strictly follows global conservation guidelines without modifications.

 b) INTACH integrates both global and local conservation approaches to protect
India's heritage.
 c) INTACH primarily focuses on legal enforcement rather than community
participation.
 d) INTACH does not recognize intangible cultural heritage.
 Answer: b) INTACH integrates both global and local conservation
approaches to protect India's heritage.
 Explanation: INTACH follows international best practices but adapts them to
India’s socio-cultural context, emphasizing community-driven conservation.

2. Which of the following is NOT a key focus area of INTACH’s guidelines

for conservation?

 a) Restoration of monuments
 b) Demolition of culturally insignificant structures
 c) Promotion of heritage education
 d) Documentation of intangible heritage
 Answer: b) Demolition of culturally insignificant structures
 Explanation: INTACH promotes heritage conservation, adaptive reuse, and
education, rather than demolition.

3. According to INTACH, which of the following is a principle of heritage

conservation?

 a) Every structure older than 50 years must be restored completely.

 b) Conservation efforts should prioritize aesthetics over historical authenticity.
 c) Minimal intervention should be followed to retain historical integrity.
 d) Only state-owned properties qualify for conservation under INTACH.
 Answer: c) Minimal intervention should be followed to retain historical
integrity.
 Explanation: Minimal intervention is a core principle ensuring authenticity
and historical value are preserved.

4. Which INTACH guideline applies to the adaptive reuse of heritage

buildings?
  a) Adaptive reuse should maintain the building's original form and function.
 b) New additions must be indistinguishable from the original structure.
 c) Modern materials can replace traditional materials entirely for better longevity.
 d) Any modifications should respect the original character of the structure.
 Answer: d) Any modifications should respect the original character of the
structure.
 Explanation: Adaptive reuse allows modifications, but they must be sensitive to
heritage character and aesthetics.

5. Which of the following INTACH recommendations ensures sustainable

urban heritage conservation?

 a) Implementing height restrictions in historic zones

 b) Encouraging high-rise buildings to modernize urban heritage areas
 c) Replacing old markets with commercial complexes
 d) Prioritizing infrastructure projects over heritage conservation
 Answer: a) Implementing height restrictions in historic zones
 Explanation: Height restrictions prevent visual and structural disruption in
heritage areas.

6. Which international principles align closely with INTACH’s heritage

guidelines?

 a) Venice Charter (1964)

 b) Kyoto Protocol (1997)
 c) Washington Consensus (1989)
 d) UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)
 Answer: a) Venice Charter (1964)
 Explanation: The Venice Charter establishes principles of conservation and
restoration, aligning with INTACH’s philosophy.

7. INTACH’s recommendation on conservation of traditional water

structures includes:

 a) Replacing stepwells with modern water tanks

 b) Documenting and reviving traditional water harvesting systems
 c) Converting all historic water bodies into urban parks
 d) Demolishing old water reservoirs for new infrastructure
 Answer: b) Documenting and reviving traditional water harvesting systems
  Explanation: INTACH emphasizes reviving historical water systems as
sustainable solutions for water management.

8. According to INTACH, which method is most suitable for conserving

historic buildings?

 a) Completely rebuilding heritage structures using modern materials

 b) Using reversible interventions that do not damage original features
 c) Covering old structures with protective concrete layers
 d) Allowing natural degradation for authenticity
 Answer: b) Using reversible interventions that do not damage original
features
 Explanation: INTACH advocates for reversible conservation methods to
ensure preservation without permanent alterations.

9. In heritage impact assessments, INTACH recommends:

 a) Assessing only the economic value of the site

 b) Evaluating historical, architectural, and social impacts before development
projects
 c) Allowing urban development without heritage evaluations
 d) Demolishing sites with no clear economic benefits
 Answer: b) Evaluating historical, architectural, and social impacts before
development projects
 Explanation: Heritage Impact Assessments (HIA) consider multiple factors
before approving urban projects.

10. What does INTACH’s Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach

emphasize?

 a) Isolating heritage areas from urban development

 b) Integrating heritage conservation with urban planning
 c) Prioritizing modern architecture over historic structures
 d) Converting heritage sites into exclusive tourism zones
 Answer: b) Integrating heritage conservation with urban planning
 Explanation: The HUL approach balances urban growth with heritage
protection.
11. Which of the following is an INTACH-recommended strategy for
intangible heritage conservation?

 a) Digital documentation of oral traditions

 b) Banning traditional practices for modernization
 c) Replacing cultural festivals with global events
 d) Prohibiting community participation in heritage conservation
 Answer: a) Digital documentation of oral traditions
 Explanation: INTACH supports documenting and promoting intangible
cultural heritage for preservation.

12. What is INTACH’s stance on private ownership of heritage properties?

 a) Heritage properties must be nationalized

 b) Private owners should be encouraged to maintain and restore heritage buildings
 c) Private heritage buildings should be demolished for public use
 d) Private heritage properties are not considered for conservation
 Answer: b) Private owners should be encouraged to maintain and restore
heritage buildings
 Explanation: INTACH assists private owners in heritage conservation through
advisory and financial support.

13. What is the role of local communities in INTACH’s heritage

conservation efforts?

 a) Local communities have no role in heritage conservation

 b) Communities play a central role in conservation and decision-making
 c) Only INTACH experts make conservation decisions
 d) Communities are only involved in tourism promotion
 Answer: b) Communities play a central role in conservation and decision-
making
 Explanation: Community-driven conservation is a fundamental principle of
INTACH’s approach.

14. What does INTACH recommend for heritage structures that are
structurally unsound?

 a) Demolish and replace with modern buildings

 b) Strengthen using appropriate materials while preserving historical integrity
 c) Abandon them for natural decay
  d) Convert them into commercial spaces
 Answer: b) Strengthen using appropriate materials while preserving
historical integrity
 Explanation: INTACH prioritizes structural reinforcement without
compromising historical authenticity.

15. How does INTACH categorize heritage zones in India?

 a) Natural, Built, and Cultural heritage zones

 b) Residential and commercial zones only
 c) Only archaeological sites
 d) Zones based solely on tourism potential
 Answer: a) Natural, Built, and Cultural heritage zones
 Explanation: INTACH divides heritage into natural, built, and cultural
categories for effective conservation.