for everyday products.

In addition, many countries

The birth of industry expanded their armies and placed huge orders for
armaments and uniforms. In order to keep up with the
At the end of the 18th century, agriculture developed
production of goods, Great Britain began to look for more
most rapidly in Great Britain. Modern agricultural tools
efficient methods of production. This is how industry was
and methods of plant cultivation were used there.
born. The technical inventions of the Enlightenment had a
Increasingly large areas were designated for pastures for
decisive influence on its development, especially the
cattle and sheep - their wool was the basic raw material
steam engine constructed in 1763 by Scotsman James
in the weaving for which Great Britain was famous. Due
Watt [read: James Watt]. Thanks to the steam engine,
to these changes, the number of small farmers
British manufactories gradually transformed into
decreased. They had to seek employment in cities or
factories, or plants
emigrate to overseas colonies.

In Great Britain and its colonies, the population grew

rapidly in the second half of the 18th century, and with it Manufactory - a plant where work is performed manually
the demand for food increased by employees responsible for a specific stage of
production

using the work of people and machines. In this way they

could produce faster, more and cheaper. These changes,
called industrialization, had such a great impact on I ALREADY KNOW THIS
people's lives and the economy that they are called the
industrial revolution. At that time, the most dynamically 1. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the
developing areas of the British economy were: second half of the 18th century. Under the influence of
new technical solutions and production methods,
-Textile and fabric industry - fabrics were one of Great changes occurred in the economy and people's lives
Britain's main exports;
2. The steam engine, designed in 1763 by James Watt,
-Metallurgy - the demand for iron, necessary for the found application in industry. Thanks to it, manufactories
production of weapons and machines, increased; were transformed into factories, i.e. plants using the
work of people and machines.
-Mining – instead of charcoal, hard coal began to be used
in the iron smelting process; 3. The development of industry and transport was fastest
in such areas as textiles and mining. The extraction of
-Transport - the appearance of ships and locomotives
hard coal used in metallurgy and to power steam engines
powered by steam engines enabled the transport of
increased. Thanks to ships and locomotives with steam
goods easier and faster than before.
engines, transport also developed.

4. New inventions in electricity and telecommunications

revolutionized the production and transmission of
information in the 19th century.
Industrial Revolution in Europe In Eastern Europe, the industrial revolution did not
proceed as quickly as in the west of the continent. The
The industrial revolution that began in Great Britain reason was the feudal laws in force since the Middle Ages,
spread to other European countries in the first half of the which prevented peasants from moving to cities. As a
19th century. Coal mining and metallurgy were developing result, only a few industrial centers were established there
in Belgium. In turn, agriculture still dominated the by the mid-19th century.
economy of France, and industry was concentrated in only
a few large centers, such as Lyon. Intensive industrial
development occurred in the German states, especially in
Prussia: in the Ruhr area - one of the most important
industrial centers in Europe - and in Silesia.

The birth of electrical engineering Consequences of the industrial revolution

From the beginning of the 19th century, interest in The mass use of devices powered by steam engines and
electricity and its possible applications in everyday life electricity caused major changes in the economy and
grew. The breakthrough came with the discoveries of the people's lives. In this way, an industrial civilization was
British physicist Michael Faraday. The results of his created in the 19th century. The increase in production
discoveries were used to construct electric motors. This also led to a revival of trade. To facilitate the transport of
solution opened the next stage of the industrial goods, new railway lines and roads were built throughout
revolution in the second half of the 19th century. At that Europe.
time, electrical devices were created to improve
production. Electric lighting also extended the working The development of industry was accompanied by
day. Electricity also revolutionized the transmission of rapid urbanization, or the rapid growth of cities. More
information. In 1837, the American Samuel Morse and more rural residents flocked to them, finding
[pronounced: mors] perfected the telegraph. This device employment in industry. During this period, the capitals
was used to transmit messages over distances using of many European countries expanded even several times
electrical impulses flowing in wires. and gained the rank

metropolis. As a result of such rapid changes, air and river

pollution increased. As industry flourished, capital gained
in importance, i.e. financial resources that were invested -
for example in the purchase of machinery - to increase
profits. Monetary transactions contributed to the
development of banks and the stock exchange. As a result
of these changes, a socio-economic system called
capitalism was created, which is based on:

-Private property,

-Personal freedom,

-Freedom of competition,

-Limited state intervention in the economy.

Metropolis - here: a large city that is the administrative,

economic and cultural center of a region or country.