The history of mathematics is concerned with the origins of mathematical

discoveries, as well as previous mathematical methods and notation. Mathematics is

the science concerned with the logic of shape, amount, and order. Math is existing in all
aspects of our daily lives. It serves as the foundation for all aspects of our daily life,
including mobile gadgets, architecture, art, money, engineering, and even sports.
Mathematics helps us comprehend the world. Our universe would be incomplete without
mathematics. It plays a big part in our everyday lives, and studying and learning its
history would be a tremendous benefit to us humans since we can gain a deeper grasp
of mathematics and how it grow throughout time in various periods and mathematicians
in history.

Mathematics in the 10th Century

In the 10th century, Islamic scientists worked on three main mathematical

projects: completing arithmetic algorithms, developing algebra, and extending geometry.
The first of these endeavors resulted in the creation of three comprehensive numeration
systems, one of which was finger arithmetic used by scribes and treasury officials. This
ancient arithmetic system, which spread throughout the East and Europe, used mental
arithmetic and a method of storing intermediate solutions on the fingers to enhance
memorization.

A second widespread method was base-60 numeration, which was borrowed

from the Babylonians by the Greeks and became known as astronomers’ arithmetic.

The third system was Indian arithmetic, which eastern Islam replaced with its
basic numeral forms, including the zero.

Islamic Mathematics in the 12th Century

In the 12th century, physician al-Samawʿal completed al-Karajī’s algebra work and
introduced a systematic approach to decimal fractions for approximating irrational
values. In his approach of obtaining roots of pure equations, xn = N, he employed what
is now known as Horner’s method to expand the binomial (a+y)n. In the late 12 th
century, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī developed a method for approximating the positive roots
of arbitrary equations, similar to François Viète’s discovery in 16th century France. The
essential step here was not the overall concept, but rather the invention of the numerical
methods required to implement it.

The 17th Century

The 17th century, often known as the scientific revolution, witnessed the
consolidation of Copernican heliocentric astronomy and the development of inertial
physics through the works of Johannes Kepler, Galileo, René Descartes, and Isaac
Newton. This was also a time of great activity and innovation in mathematics. Advances
in numerical processing, the development of symbolic algebra and analytic geometry,
and the invention of differential and integral calculus all contributed to a considerable
expansion of mathematical subject fields. By the end of the 17th century, analysis-
based research had surpassed ancient Greek geometry as the primary focus of
advanced mathematics. This program would expand in close partnership with physics,
notably mechanics and theoretical astronomy, during the next century. The new
mathematics distinguished itself from classical geometry by making extensive use of
analytic methods, embracing applied fields, and taking a pragmatic approach to logical
rigour problems.

Mathematics in the 19th Century

The majority of the great abstract mathematical ideas used today originated in
the 19th century, therefore any historical account of the time period should include
references to extensive treatments of these issues. However, mathematics advanced so
dramatically during this time that any account must be selective. Nonetheless, certain
major qualities stand out. The expansion of mathematics as a profession coincided with
a sharpening split between mathematics and the physical sciences, and communication
between the two topics occurs today across a defined professional boundary. As a
result of this separation, mathematics gained far higher standards of rigor, no longer
relying on its scientific import for validity. It was also free to evolve in ways that had little
to do with applicability. Some of these pure creations have shown to be unexpectedly
practical, while the focus on rigour has resulted in a whole fresh understanding of the
nature of mathematics and logic. Furthermore, many remaining mathematical concerns
gave way to the more conceptual methods that gained popularity.

Euclid

He was an ancient Greek mathematician and geometer. He is known as the

"Father of Geometry". Euclid, the most famous mathematician of Greco-Roman
antiquity, is best known for his treatise on geometry, The Elements. Proclus, a Greek
philosopher, discusses Euclid's life and achievements in his "summary" of important
Greek mathematicians. He asserts that Euclid was an educator in Alexandria during
Ptolemy I Soter's reign (323-285 bce). He was referred to as Megarensis by medieval
translators and editors because he was commonly confused with Eukleides of Megara,
a philosopher who lived around a century before Plato.

Pythagoras

He was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and the creator of the Pythagorean

brotherhood, which, despite its religious orientation, generated ideas that influenced
Plato and Aristotle's thought and helped to shape mathematics and Western logic.

Isaac Newton

Newton’s contributions to mathematics were viewed as advances in every branch

of mathematics discovered during his lifetime. He was one of two people, along with
German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who are credited with developing the foundation of
calculus. Unfortunately, during his lifetime and until Leibniz’s death, the two
mathematicians and others who followed them engaged in a jealous conflict that split
them rather than acknowledging their respective contributions to the creation of
calculus.

Archimedes

In ancient Greece, he was the most well-known mathematician and inventor. His
discovery of the connection between a sphere's circumscribing cylinder and its surface
and volume makes him especially notable. His most famous contributions are the
invention of the Archimedes screw, which is still in use today, and a hydrostatic notion.

Mathematics can be applied in our BSED Major in Math course in our subjects
such as Mathematics in the Modern World, History of Mathematics and in College and
Advanced Algebra. In Algebra it is important that we know Algebra formulas so that we
can answer Algebraic Equations correctly. In the History of Mathematics, we need to
know where mathematics came from and how it evolved.

I’m expecting that all of our lessons will be made easier so that we can
understand the lessons faster even if it’s difficult. I’m expecting that there will be at least
a little fun in our learning in Mathematics in the Modern World so that the lesson will still
be fun even if it is difficult. I’m expecting to learn to solve math problems quickly. I’m
expecting that everyone will be comfortable in the classroom so that they can focus
properly on the lesson. I’m expecting to learn many lessons not only in MMW but also in
life.
References

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, June 21). Pythagoras. Encyclopedia

Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pythagoras

Gray, J. John , Berggren, . John L. , Knorr, . Wilbur R. , Fraser, . Craig G. and Folkerts, .
Menso (2024, August 4). Mathematics. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/mathematics

Isaac Newton (2015) Isaac Newton’s Discoveries and Theories

https://www.isaacnewton.org

Toomer, G. J. (2024, August 20). Archimedes. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Archimedes

Waerden, B. Leendert van der and Taisbak, . Christian Marinus (2024, August 2).
Euclid. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Euclid-
Greek-mathematician