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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Meriam, J. L. (James L.)

Engineering mechanics / J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige.—7th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN: 978-0-470-61473-0
ISBN: 978-0-470-91787-9 (BRV)
1. Mechanics, Applied. I. Kraige, L.G. (L. Glenn) II. Title.
TA350.M458 2006
620.1—dc 2006003346
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Foreword

This series of textbooks was begun in 1951 by the late Dr. James L. Meriam. At that
time, the books represented a revolutionary transformation in undergraduate mechanics
education. They became the definitive textbooks for the decades that followed as well as
models for other engineering mechanics texts that have subsequently appeared. Published
under slightly different titles prior to the 1978 First Editions, this textbook series has al-
ways been characterized by logical organization, clear and rigorous presentation of the the-
ory, instructive sample problems, and a rich collection of real-life problems, all with a high
standard of illustration. In addition to the U.S. versions, the books have appeared in SI ver-
sions and have been translated into many foreign languages. These texts collectively repre-
sent an international standard for undergraduate texts in mechanics.
The innovations and contributions of Dr. Meriam (1917–2000) to the field of engineer-
ing mechanics cannot be overstated. He was one of the premier engineering educators of
the second half of the twentieth century. Dr. Meriam earned his B.E., M. Eng., and Ph.D.
degrees from Yale University. He had early industrial experience with Pratt and Whitney
Aircraft and the General Electric Company. During the Second World War he served in the
U.S. Coast Guard. He was a member of the faculty of the University of California–Berkeley,
Dean of Engineering at Duke University, a faculty member at the California Polytechnic
State University–San Luis Obispo, and visiting professor at the University of California–
Santa Barbara, finally retiring in 1990. Professor Meriam always placed great emphasis on
teaching, and this trait was recognized by his students wherever he taught. At Berkeley in
1963, he was the first recipient of the Outstanding Faculty Award of Tau Beta Pi, given pri-
marily for excellence in teaching. In 1978, he received the Distinguished Educator Award
for Outstanding Service to Engineering Mechanics Education from the American Society
for Engineering Education, and in 1992 was the Society’s recipient of the Benjamin Garver
Lamme Award, which is ASEE’s highest annual national award.
Dr. L. Glenn Kraige, coauthor of the Engineering Mechanics series since the early
1980s, has also made significant contributions to mechanics education. Dr. Kraige earned
his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees at the University of Virginia, principally in aerospace engi-
neering, and he currently serves as Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. During the mid-1970s, I had the singular
v
vi Foreword

pleasure of chairing Professor Kraige’s graduate committee and take particular pride in the
fact that he was the first of my forty-five Ph.D. graduates. Professor Kraige was invited by
Professor Meriam to team with him and thereby ensure that the Meriam legacy of textbook
authorship excellence was carried forward to future generations. For the past three
decades, this highly successful team of authors has made an enormous and global impact on
the education of several generations of engineers.
In addition to his widely recognized research and publications in the field of spacecraft
dynamics, Professor Kraige has devoted his attention to the teaching of mechanics at both
introductory and advanced levels. His outstanding teaching has been widely recognized and
has earned him teaching awards at the departmental, college, university, state, regional, and
national levels. These include the Francis J. Maher Award for excellence in education in the
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, the Wine Award for excellence in uni-
versity teaching, and the Outstanding Educator Award from the State Council of Higher
Education for the Commonwealth of Virginia. In 1996, the Mechanics Division of ASEE
bestowed upon him the Archie Higdon Distinguished Educator Award. The Carnegie Foun-
dation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for Advancement and Support of
Education awarded him the distinction of Virginia Professor of the Year for 1997. During
2004–2006, he held the W. S. “Pete” White Chair for Innovation in Engineering Education,
and in 2006 he teamed with Professors Scott L. Hendricks and Don H. Morris as recipients of
the XCaliber Award for Teaching with Technology. In his teaching, Professor Kraige stresses
the development of analytical capabilities along with the strengthening of physical insight and
engineering judgment. Since the early 1980s, he has worked on personal-computer software
designed to enhance the teaching/learning process in statics, dynamics, strength of materials,
and higher-level areas of dynamics and vibrations.
The Seventh Edition of Engineering Mechanics continues the same high standards set
by previous editions and adds new features of help and interest to students. It contains a
vast collection of interesting and instructive problems. The faculty and students privileged
to teach or study from Professors Meriam and Kraige’s Engineering Mechanics will benefit
from the several decades of investment by two highly accomplished educators. Following
the pattern of the previous editions, this textbook stresses the application of theory to
actual engineering situations, and at this important task it remains the best.

John L. Junkins
Distinguished Professor of Aerospace Engineering
Holder of the George J. Eppright Chair Professorship in Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
 Preface

Engineering mechanics is both a foundation and a framework for most of the branches
of engineering. Many of the topics in such areas as civil, mechanical, aerospace, and agricul-
tural engineering, and of course engineering mechanics itself, are based upon the subjects
of statics and dynamics. Even in a discipline such as electrical engineering, practitioners, in
the course of considering the electrical components of a robotic device or a manufacturing
process, may find themselves first having to deal with the mechanics involved.
Thus, the engineering mechanics sequence is critical to the engineering curriculum.
Not only is this sequence needed in itself, but courses in engineering mechanics also serve
to solidify the student’s understanding of other important subjects, including applied math-
ematics, physics, and graphics. In addition, these courses serve as excellent settings in
which to strengthen problem-solving abilities.

Philosophy
The primary purpose of the study of engineering mechanics is to develop the capacity
to predict the effects of force and motion while carrying out the creative design functions
of engineering. This capacity requires more than a mere knowledge of the physical and
mathematical principles of mechanics; also required is the ability to visualize physical con-
figurations in terms of real materials, actual constraints, and the practical limitations
which govern the behavior of machines and structures. One of the primary objectives in a
mechanics course is to help the student develop this ability to visualize, which is so vital to
problem formulation. Indeed, the construction of a meaningful mathematical model is
often a more important experience than its solution. Maximum progress is made when the
principles and their limitations are learned together within the context of engineering
application.
There is a frequent tendency in the presentation of mechanics to use problems mainly
as a vehicle to illustrate theory rather than to develop theory for the purpose of solving
problems. When the first view is allowed to predominate, problems tend to become overly
idealized and unrelated to engineering with the result that the exercise becomes dull, acad-
emic, and uninteresting. This approach deprives the student of valuable experience in for-
mulating problems and thus of discovering the need for and meaning of theory. The second
vii
viii Preface

view provides by far the stronger motive for learning theory and leads to a better balance
between theory and application. The crucial role played by interest and purpose in provid-
ing the strongest possible motive for learning cannot be overemphasized.
Furthermore, as mechanics educators, we should stress the understanding that, at best,
theory can only approximate the real world of mechanics rather than the view that the real
world approximates the theory. This difference in philosophy is indeed basic and distinguishes
the engineering of mechanics from the science of mechanics.
Over the past several decades, several unfortunate tendencies have occurred in engineer-
ing education. First, emphasis on the geometric and physical meanings of prerequisite mathe-
matics appears to have diminished. Second, there has been a significant reduction and even
elimination of instruction in graphics, which in the past enhanced the visualization and repre-
sentation of mechanics problems. Third, in advancing the mathematical level of our treat-
ment of mechanics, there has been a tendency to allow the notational manipulation of vector
operations to mask or replace geometric visualization. Mechanics is inherently a subject
which depends on geometric and physical perception, and we should increase our efforts to
develop this ability.
A special note on the use of computers is in order. The experience of formulating prob-
lems, where reason and judgment are developed, is vastly more important for the student
than is the manipulative exercise in carrying out the solution. For this reason, computer
usage must be carefully controlled. At present, constructing free-body diagrams and formu-
lating governing equations are best done with pencil and paper. On the other hand, there
are instances in which the solution to the governing equations can best be carried out and
displayed using the computer. Computer-oriented problems should be genuine in the sense
that there is a condition of design or criticality to be found, rather than “makework” prob-
lems in which some parameter is varied for no apparent reason other than to force artificial
use of the computer. These thoughts have been kept in mind during the design of the
computer-oriented problems in the Seventh Edition. To conserve adequate time for problem
formulation, it is suggested that the student be assigned only a limited number of the
computer-oriented problems.
As with previous editions, this Seventh Edition of Engineering Mechanics is written with
the foregoing philosophy in mind. It is intended primarily for the first engineering course in
mechanics, generally taught in the second year of study. Engineering Mechanics is written in
a style which is both concise and friendly. The major emphasis is on basic principles and
methods rather than on a multitude of special cases. Strong effort has been made to show both
the cohesiveness of the relatively few fundamental ideas and the great variety of problems
which these few ideas will solve.

Pedagogical Features
The basic structure of this textbook consists of an article which rigorously treats the par-
ticular subject matter at hand, followed by one or more Sample Problems, followed by a group
of Problems. There is a Chapter Review at the end of each chapter which summarizes the main
points in that chapter, followed by a Review Problem set.

Problems
The 89 Sample Problems appear on specially colored pages by themselves. The solu-
tions to typical statics problems are presented in detail. In addition, explanatory and
cautionary notes (Helpful Hints) in blue type are number-keyed to the main presentation.
There are 1058 homework exercises, of which approximately 50 percent are new to the
Seventh Edition. The problem sets are divided into Introductory Problems and Representative
 Preface ix

Problems. The first section consists of simple, uncomplicated problems designed to help stu-
dents gain confidence with the new topic, while most of the problems in the second section are
of average difficulty and length. The problems are generally arranged in order of increasing
difficulty. More difficult exercises appear near the end of the Representative Problems and are
marked with the symbol 䉴. Computer-Oriented Problems, marked with an asterisk, appear in
a special section at the conclusion of the Review Problems at the end of each chapter. The an-
swers to all problems have been provided in a special section near the end of the textbook.
In recognition of the need for emphasis on SI units, there are approximately two prob-
lems in SI units for every one in U.S. customary units. This apportionment between the two
sets of units permits anywhere from a 50–50 emphasis to a 100-percent SI treatment.
A notable feature of the Seventh Edition, as with all previous editions, is the wealth of
interesting and important problems which apply to engineering design. Whether directly
identified as such or not, virtually all of the problems deal with principles and procedures
inherent in the design and analysis of engineering structures and mechanical systems.

Illustrations
In order to bring the greatest possible degree of realism and clarity to the illustrations,
this textbook series continues to be produced in full color. It is important to note that color
is used consistently for the identification of certain quantities:

• red for forces and moments

• green for velocity and acceleration arrows
• orange dashes for selected trajectories of moving points

Subdued colors are used for those parts of an illustration which are not central to the
problem at hand. Whenever possible, mechanisms or objects which commonly have a cer-
tain color will be portrayed in that color. All of the fundamental elements of technical illus-
tration which have been an essential part of this Engineering Mechanics series of textbooks
have been retained. The author wishes to restate the conviction that a high standard of
illustration is critical to any written work in the field of mechanics.

Features New to This Edition

While retaining the hallmark features of all previous editions, we have incorporated
these improvements:

• All theory portions have been reexamined in order to maximize rigor, clarity,
readability, and level of friendliness.
• Key Concepts areas within the theory presentation have been specially marked and
highlighted.
• The Chapter Reviews are highlighted and feature itemized summaries.
• Approximately 50 percent of the homework problems are new to this Seventh Edition.
All new problems have been independently solved in order to ensure a high degree of
accuracy.
• New Sample Problems have been added, including ones with computer-oriented
solutions.
• All Sample Problems are printed on specially colored pages for quick identification.
• Within-the-chapter photographs have been added in order to provide additional
connection to actual situations in which statics has played a major role.
x Preface

Organization
In Chapter 1, the fundamental concepts necessary for the study of mechanics are
established.
In Chapter 2, the properties of forces, moments, couples, and resultants are developed
so that the student may proceed directly to the equilibrium of nonconcurrent force systems
in Chapter 3 without unnecessarily belaboring the relatively trivial problem of the equilib-
rium of concurrent forces acting on a particle.
In both Chapters 2 and 3, analysis of two-dimensional problems is presented in
Section A before three-dimensional problems are treated in Section B. With this arrange-
ment, the instructor may cover all of Chapter 2 before beginning Chapter 3 on equilib-
rium, or the instructor may cover the two chapters in the order 2A, 3A, 2B, 3B. The latter
order treats force systems and equilibrium in two dimensions and then treats these topics
in three dimensions.
Application of equilibrium principles to simple trusses and to frames and machines is
presented in Chapter 4 with primary attention given to two-dimensional systems. A suffi-
cient number of three-dimensional examples are included, however, to enable students to
exercise more general vector tools of analysis.
The concepts and categories of distributed forces are introduced at the beginning of
Chapter 5, with the balance of the chapter divided into two main sections. Section A treats
centroids and mass centers; detailed examples are presented to help students master early
applications of calculus to physical and geometrical problems. Section B includes the special
topics of beams, flexible cables, and fluid forces, which may be omitted without loss of conti-
nuity of basic concepts.
Chapter 6 on friction is divided into Section A on the phenomenon of dry friction and
Section B on selected machine applications. Although Section B may be omitted if time is
limited, this material does provide a valuable experience for the student in dealing with
both concentrated and distributed friction forces.
Chapter 7 presents a consolidated introduction to virtual work with applications lim-
ited to single-degree-of-freedom systems. Special emphasis is placed on the advantage of the
virtual-work and energy method for interconnected systems and stability determination.
Virtual work provides an excellent opportunity to convince the student of the power of
mathematical analysis in mechanics.
Moments and products of inertia of areas are presented in Appendix A. This topic helps
to bridge the subjects of statics and solid mechanics. Appendix C contains a summary re-
view of selected topics of elementary mathematics as well as several numerical techniques
which the student should be prepared to use in computer-solved problems. Useful tables of
physical constants, centroids, and moments of inertia are contained in Appendix D.

Supplements
The following items have been prepared to complement this textbook:

Instructor’s Manual
Prepared by the authors and independently checked, fully worked solutions to all odd
problems in the text are available to faculty by contacting their local Wiley representative.

Instructor Lecture Resources

The following resources are available online at www.wiley.com/college/meriam. There
may be additional resources not listed.
 Preface xi

WileyPlus: A complete online learning system to help prepare and present lectures, assign
and manage homework, keep track of student progress, and customize your course content
and delivery. See the description at the back of the book for more information, and the web-
site for a demonstration. Talk to your Wiley representative for details on setting up your
WileyPlus course.

Lecture software specifically designed to aid the lecturer, especially in larger classrooms. Writ-
ten by the author and incorporating figures from the textbooks, this software is based on the
Macromedia Flash platform. Major use of animation, concise review of the theory, and numer-
ous sample problems make this tool extremely useful for student self-review of the material.

All figures in the text are available in electronic format for use in creating lecture presen-
tations.

All Sample Problems are available as electronic files for display and discussion in the
classroom.

Acknowledgments
Special recognition is due Dr. A. L. Hale, formerly of Bell Telephone Laboratories, for
his continuing contribution in the form of invaluable suggestions and accurate checking of
the manuscript. Dr. Hale has rendered similar service for all previous versions of this entire
series of mechanics books, dating back to the 1950s. He reviews all aspects of the books, in-
cluding all old and new text and figures. Dr. Hale carries out an independent solution to
each new homework exercise and provides the author with suggestions and needed correc-
tions to the solutions which appear in the Instructor’s Manual. Dr. Hale is well known for
being extremely accurate in his work, and his fine knowledge of the English language is a
great asset which aids every user of this textbook.
I would like to thank the faculty members of the Department of Engineering Science
and Mechanics at VPI&SU who regularly offer constructive suggestions. These include
Saad A. Ragab, Norman E. Dowling, Michael W. Hyer, J. Wallace Grant, and Jeffrey N.
Bolton. Scott L. Hendricks has been particularly effective and accurate in his extensive
review of the manuscript.
The following individuals (listed in alphabetical order) provided feedback on recent
editions, reviewed samples of the Seventh Edition, or otherwise contributed to the Seventh
Edition:

Michael Ales, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy

Joseph Arumala, University of Maryland Eastern Shore
Eric Austin, Clemson University
Stephen Bechtel, Ohio State University
Peter Birkemoe, University of Toronto
Achala Chatterjee, San Bernardino Valley College
Jim Shih-Jiun Chen, Temple University
Yi-chao Chen, University of Houston
Mary Cooper, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo
Mukaddes Darwish, Texas Tech University
Kurt DeGoede, Elizabethtown College
John DesJardins, Clemson University
Larry DeVries, University of Utah
Craig Downing, Southeast Missouri State University
xii Preface

William Drake, Missouri State University

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University
Amelito Enriquez, Canada College
Sven Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology
Wallace Franklin, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy
Christine Goble, University of Kentucky
Barry Goodno, Georgia Institute of Technology
Robert Harder, George Fox University
Javier Hasbun, University of West Georgia
Javad Hashemi, Texas Tech University
Robert Hyers, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Matthew Ikle, Adams State College
Duane Jardine, University of New Orleans
Mariappan Jawaharlal, California State University, Pomona
Qing Jiang, University of California, Riverside
Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University
Robert Kern, Milwaukee School of Engineering
John Krohn, Arkansas Tech University
Keith Lindler, United States Naval Academy
Francisco Manzo-Robledo, Washington State University
Geraldine Milano, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Saeed Niku, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo
Wilfrid Nixon, University of Iowa
Karim Nohra, University of South Florida
Vassilis Panoskaltsis, Case Western Reserve University
Chandra Putcha, California State University, Fullerton
Blayne Roeder, Purdue University
Eileen Rossman, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo
Nestor Sanchez, University of Texas, San Antonio
Scott Schiff, Clemson University
Joseph Shaefer, Iowa State University
Sergey Smirnov, Texas Tech University
Ertugrul Taciroglu, UCLA
Constantine Tarawneh, University of Texas
John Turner, University of Wyoming
Chris Venters, Virginia Tech
Sarah Vigmostad, University of Iowa
T. W. Wu, University of Kentucky
Mohammed Zikry, North Carolina State University

The contributions by the staff of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., including Editor Linda Ratts,
Senior Production Editor Sujin Hong, Senior Designer Maureen Eide, and Senior Photograph
Editor Lisa Gee, reflect a high degree of professional competence and are duly recognized.
I wish to especially acknowledge the critical production efforts of Christine Cervoni of
Camelot Editorial Services, LLC. The talented illustrators of Precision Graphics continue to
maintain a high standard of illustration excellence.
Finally, I wish to state the extremely significant contribution of my family. In addition to
providing patience and support for this project, my wife Dale has managed the preparation of
the manuscript for the Seventh Edition and has been a key individual in checking all stages
 Preface xiii

of the proof. In addition, both my daughter Stephanie Kokan and my son David Kraige have
contributed problem ideas, illustrations, and solutions to a number of the problems over the
past several editions.
I am extremely pleased to participate in extending the time duration of this textbook
series well past the sixty-year mark. In the interest of providing you with the best possible
educational materials over future years, I encourage and welcome all comments and sugges-
tions. Please address your comments to kraige@vt.edu.

Blacksburg, Virginia
xiv Chapter 5 Distributed Forces

Contents

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO STATICS 3
1/1 Mechanics 3
1/2 Basic Concepts 4
1/3 Scalars and Vectors 4
1/4 Newton’s Laws 7
1/5 Units 8
1/6 Law of Gravitation 12
1/7 Accuracy, Limits, and Approximations 13
1/8 Problem Solving in Statics 14
1/9 Chapter Review 18

CHAPTER 2
FORCE SYSTEMS 23
2/1 Introduction 23
2/2 Force 23
SECTION A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FORCE SYSTEMS 26
2/3 Rectangular Components 26
2/4 Moment 38
2/5 Couple 50
2/6 Resultants 58
xiv
 Contents xv

SECTION B THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORCE SYSTEMS 66

2/7 Rectangular Components 66
2/8 Moment and Couple 74
2/9 Resultants 88
2/10 Chapter Review 99

CHAPTER 3
EQUILIBRIUM 109
3/1 Introduction 109
SECTION A EQUILIBRIUM IN TWO DIMENSIONS 110
3/2 System Isolation and the Free-Body Diagram 110
3/3 Equilibrium Conditions 121
SECTION B EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE DIMENSIONS 145
3/4 Equilibrium Conditions 145
3/5 Chapter Review 163

CHAPTER 4
STRUCTURES 173
4/1 Introduction 173
4/2 Plane Trusses 175
4/3 Method of Joints 176
4/4 Method of Sections 188
4/5 Space Trusses 197
4/6 Frames and Machines 204
4/7 Chapter Review 224

CHAPTER 5
DISTRIBUTED FORCES 233
5/1 Introduction 233

SECTION A CENTERS OF MASS AND CENTROIDS 235

5/2 Center of Mass 235
5/3 Centroids of Lines, Areas, and Volumes 238
5/4 Composite Bodies and Figures; Approximations 254
5/5 Theorems of Pappus 264
xvi Contents

SECTION B SPECIAL TOPICS 272

5/6 Beams—External Effects 272
5/7 Beams—Internal Effects 279
5/8 Flexible Cables 291
5/9 Fluid Statics 306
5/10 Chapter Review 325

CHAPTER 6
FRICTION 335
6/1 Introduction 335

SECTION A FRICTIONAL PHENOMENA 336

6/2 Types of Friction 336
6/3 Dry Friction 337
SECTION B APPLICATIONS OF FRICTION IN MACHINES 357
6/4 Wedges 357
6/5 Screws 358
6/6 Journal Bearings 368
6/7 Thrust Bearings; Disk Friction 369
6/8 Flexible Belts 377
6/9 Rolling Resistance 378
6/10 Chapter Review 387

CHAPTER 7
VIRTUAL WORK 397
7/1 Introduction 397
7/2 Work 397
7/3 Equilibrium 401
7/4 Potential Energy and Stability 417
7/5 Chapter Review 433

APPENDICES
APPENDIX A AREA MOMENTS OF INERTIA 441
A/1 Introduction 441
A/2 Definitions 442
 Contents xvii

A/3 Composite Areas 456

A/4 Products of Inertia and Rotation of Axes 464

APPENDIX B MASS MOMENTS OF INERTIA 477

APPENDIX C SELECTED TOPICS OF MATHEMATICS 479

C/1 Introduction 479

C/2 Plane Geometry 479
C/3 Solid Geometry 480
C/4 Algebra 480
C/5 Analytic Geometry 481
C/6 Trigonometry 481
C/7 Vector Operations 482
C/8 Series 485
C/9 Derivatives 485
C/10 Integrals 486
C/11 Newton’s Method for Solving Intractable Equations 489
C/12 Selected Techniques for Numerical Integration 491

APPENDIX D USEFUL TABLES 495

Table D/1 Physical Properties 495

Table D/2 Solar System Constants 496
Table D/3 Properties of Plane Figures 497
Table D/4 Properties of Homogeneous Solids 499

INDEX 503

PROBLEM ANSWERS 507

This page intentionally left blank
 Conversion Factors
U.S. Customary Units to SI Units
To convert from To Multiply by

(Acceleration)
foot/second2 (ft/sec2) meter/second2 (m/s2) 3.048  101*
inch/second2 (in./sec2) meter/second2 (m/s2) 2.54  102*
(Area)
foot2 (ft2) meter2 (m2) 9.2903  102
inch2 (in.2) meter2 (m2) 6.4516  104*
(Density)
pound mass/inch3 (lbm/in.3) kilogram/meter3 (kg/m3) 2.7680  104
pound mass/foot3 (lbm/ft3) kilogram/meter3 (kg/m3) 1.6018  10
(Force)
kip (1000 lb) newton (N) 4.4482  103
pound force (lb) newton (N) 4.4482
(Length)
foot (ft) meter (m) 3.048  101*
inch (in.) meter (m) 2.54  102*
mile (mi), (U.S. statute) meter (m) 1.6093  103
mile (mi), (international nautical) meter (m) 1.852  103*
(Mass)
pound mass (lbm) kilogram (kg) 4.5359  101
slug (lb-sec2/ft) kilogram (kg) 1.4594  10
ton (2000 lbm) kilogram (kg) 9.0718  102
(Moment of force)
pound-foot (lb-ft) newton-meter (N 䡠 m) 1.3558
pound-inch (lb-in.) newton-meter (N 䡠 m) 0.1129 8
(Moment of inertia, area)
inch4 meter4 (m4) 41.623  108
(Moment of inertia, mass)
pound-foot-second2 (lb-ft-sec2) kilogram-meter2 (kg 䡠 m2) 1.3558
(Momentum, linear)
pound-second (lb-sec) kilogram-meter/second (kg 䡠 m/s) 4.4482
(Momentum, angular)
pound-foot-second (lb-ft-sec) newton-meter-second (kg 䡠 m2/s) 1.3558
(Power)
foot-pound/minute (ft-lb/min) watt (W) 2.2597  102
horsepower (550 ft-lb/sec) watt (W) 7.4570  102
(Pressure, stress)
atmosphere (std)(14.7 lb/in.2) newton/meter2 (N/m2 or Pa) 1.0133  105
pound/foot2 (lb/ft2) newton/meter2 (N/m2 or Pa) 4.7880  10
pound/inch2 (lb/in.2 or psi) newton/meter2 (N/m2 or Pa) 6.8948  103
(Spring constant)
pound/inch (lb/in.) newton/meter (N/m) 1.7513  102
(Velocity)
foot/second (ft/sec) meter/second (m/s) 3.048  101*
knot (nautical mi/hr) meter/second (m/s) 5.1444  101
mile/hour (mi/hr) meter/second (m/s) 4.4704  101*
mile/hour (mi/hr) kilometer/hour (km/h) 1.6093
(Volume)
foot3 (ft3) meter3 (m3) 2.8317  102
inch3 (in.3) meter3 (m3) 1.6387  105
(Work, Energy)
British thermal unit (BTU) joule (J) 1.0551  103
foot-pound force (ft-lb) joule (J) 1.3558
kilowatt-hour (kw-h) joule (J) 3.60  106*

*Exact value
 SI Units Used in Mechanics
Quantity Unit SI Symbol

(Base Units)
Length meter* m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
(Derived Units)
Acceleration, linear meter/second2 m/s2
Acceleration, angular radian/second2 rad/s2
Area meter2 m2
Density kilogram/meter3 kg/m3
Force newton N ( kg 䡠 m/s2)
Frequency hertz Hz ( 1/s)
Impulse, linear newton-second N䡠s
Impulse, angular newton-meter-second N䡠m䡠s
Moment of force newton-meter N䡠m
Moment of inertia, area meter4 m4
Moment of inertia, mass kilogram-meter2 kg 䡠 m2
Momentum, linear kilogram-meter/second kg 䡠 m/s ( N 䡠 s)
Momentum, angular kilogram-meter2/second kg 䡠 m2/s ( N 䡠 m 䡠 s)
Power watt W ( J/s  N 䡠 m/s)
Pressure, stress pascal Pa ( N/m2)
Product of inertia, area meter4 m4
Product of inertia, mass kilogram-meter2 kg 䡠 m2
Spring constant newton/meter N/m
Velocity, linear meter/second m/s
Velocity, angular radian/second rad/s
Volume meter3 m3
Work, energy joule J ( N 䡠 m)
(Supplementary and Other Acceptable Units)
Distance (navigation) nautical mile ( 1,852 km)
Mass ton (metric) t ( 1000 kg)
Plane angle degrees (decimal) ⬚
Plane angle radian —
Speed knot (1.852 km/h)
Time day d
Time hour h
Time minute min
*Also spelled metre.

Selected Rules for Writing Metric Quantities

1. (a) Use prefixes to keep numerical values generally between 0.1 and 1000.
SI Unit Prefixes (b) Use of the prefixes hecto, deka, deci, and centi should generally be avoided
Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol except for certain areas or volumes where the numbers would be awkward
1 000 000 000 000  1012 tera T otherwise.
1 000 000 000  109 giga G (c) Use prefixes only in the numerator of unit combinations. The one exception
1 000 000  106 mega M
1 000  103 kilo k is the base unit kilogram. (Example: write kN/m not N/mm; J/kg not mJ/g)
100  102 hecto h (d) Avoid double prefixes. (Example: write GN not kMN)
10  10 deka da 2. Unit designations
0.1  101 deci d (a) Use a dot for multiplication of units. (Example: write N 䡠 m not Nm)
0.01  102 centi c
(b) Avoid ambiguous double solidus. (Example: write N/m2 not N/m/m)
0.001  103 milli m
0.000 001  106 micro  (c) Exponents refer to entire unit. (Example: mm2 means (mm)2)
0.000 000 001  109 nano n 3. Number grouping
0.000 000 000 001  1012 pico p Use a space rather than a comma to separate numbers in groups of three,
counting from the decimal point in both directions. Example: 4 607 321.048 72)
Space may be omitted for numbers of four digits. (Example: 4296 or 0.0476)
Engineering Mechanics
Volume 1

Statics
Seventh Edition
Another Random Scribd Document
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Les Bijoux
Indiscrets, or, The Indiscreet Toys
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Title: Les Bijoux Indiscrets, or, The Indiscreet Toys

Author: Denis Diderot

Release date: May 6, 2017 [eBook #54672]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LES BIJOUX

INDISCRETS, OR, THE INDISCREET TOYS ***
Les Bijoux Indiscrets.
OR,

The Indiscreet Toys.

By
 Denis Diderot.
Translated from the Congese Language.
Printed at Monomotapa.

In Two Volumes.
Adorned with Copper-Plates.

TOBAGO:
Re-printed for Pierrot Ragout, with the
Approbation of M——l S——xe,
MDCCXLIX.

And sold by R. Freeman, near St. Paul's;

and at all the Booksellers.
 Frontispiece French edition 1749

TO ZIMA.

Zima, embrace the moment. The Aga Narkis entertains your mother,
and your governess is upon the watch in a balcony for your father's
return: take, read, fear nothing. But even tho' the Bijoux indiscrets
should be found behind your toilet, do you think it would be a
matter of wonder? No, Zima, no; it is well known, that the Sopha,
the Tanzai, and the Confessions have been under your pillow. Do
you hesitate still? Know then, that Aglaé has not disdained to set her
hand to the work, which you blush to accept. "Aglaé," say you, "the
sober Aglaé!"—The same. While Zima was straying with, or perhaps
contriving how to get rid of the young Bonza Alleluia; Aglaé amused
herself innocently, by relating to me the adventures of Zaide,
Alphana, Fannia, &c.—furnished me with the few strokes, which
please me in the history of Mangogul, revised it, and pointed me out
the means of making it better: for if Aglaé is one of the most
virtuous and least edifying women in Congo; she is likewise one of
the least jealous of wit, and one of the most witty. Can Zima now
think, that it becomes her to play the scrupulous? Once more, Zima,
take, read, read all; even without excepting the narrative of the
Rambling Toy, which may be interpreted to you, without any
expence to your virtue, provided the interpreter be neither your
spiritual director nor your lover.

CONTENTS.

Preface
Chap. I. Birth of Mangogul.
Chap. II. Education of Mangogul.
Which may be regarded as the first of this
Chap. III.
History.
Chap. IV. Evocation of the Genius.
Chap. V. Mangogul's dangerous temptation.
Chap. VI. First Trial of the Ring, or Alcina.
Chap. VII. Second Trial of the Ring, or the Altars.
Chap. VIII. Third Trial of the Ring, or the private Supper.
Chap. IX. The state of the Academy of Sciences at Banza.
Less learned and less tedious than the preceding.
Chap. X.
Continuation of the Academical Sitting.
Chap. XI. Fourth Trial of the Ring, or the Echo.
Chap. XII. Fifth Trial of the Ring, or Play.
Chap. XIII. Sixth Trial of the Ring, or the Opera at Banza.
Chap. XIV. Orcotomus's Experiments.
Chap. XV. The Bramins.
Chap. XVI. The Muzzles.
Chap. XVII. The two Devouts.
Chap. XVIII. The Toyman's Return.
Chap. XIX. Seventh Trial of the Ring, or the stifled Toy.
Chap. XX. Eighth Trial of the Ring, or the Vapors.
Chap. XXI. Ninth Trial of the Ring, or Things lost and found.
Chap. XXII. A sketch of Mangogul's Moral Philosophy.
Chap. XXIII. Tenth Trial of the Ring, or the Dogs.
Chap. XXIV. Eleventh Trial of the Ring, or the Pensions.
Chap. XXV. Twelfth Trial of the Ring, or a Law-Case.
Chap. XXVI. Mirzoza's Metaphysical Essay, or the Soul.
Chap. XXVII. Sequel of the preceding Conversation.
Chap. XXVIII. Thirteenth Trial of the King, or the little Mare.
 Mangogul's Dream, or a Voyage into the Region
Chap. XXIX.
of Hypotheses.
Chap. XXX. Fourteenth Trial of the Ring, or the Mute Toy.
Chap. XXXI. Was Mangogul in the right?
Chap. XXXII. The fifteenth Trial of the Ring, or Alphana.
Chap. XXXIII. Sixteenth Trial of the Ring, or the Petits-maitres.
Chap. XXXIV. Seventeenth Trial of the Ring, or the Comedy.
Chap. XXXV. Conversation on Literature.
Eighteenth and nineteenth Trials of the Ring, or
Chap. XXXVI.
the flatted Spheroïd, and Girgiro the entangled.
Chap. XXXVII. Mirzoza's Dream.
Twenty-first and twenty-second Trials of the Ring,
Chap. XXXVIII.
or Fricamona and Callipiga.
Chap. XXXIX. Dreams.
Chap. XL. Twenty-third Trial of the Ring, or Fannia.
Chap. XLI. The History of Selim's Travels.
Twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth Trials of the Ring,
Chap. XLII. or, the Masquerade, and Sequel of the
Masquerade.
Chap. XLIII. Selim at Banza.
Twenty-sixth Trial of the Ring, or the Rambling
Chap. XLIV.
Toy.
Chap. XLV. Cydalisa.
Chap. XLVI. Twenty-seventh Trial of the Ring, or Fulvia.
Prodigious Events of the Reign of Kanaglou,
Chap. XLVII.
Mangogul's Grand-father.
Chap. XLVIII. Twenty-eighth Trial of the Ring, or Olympia.
Twenty-ninth Trial of the Ring, or Zuleiman and
Chap. XLIX.
Zaide.
Chap. L. Platonic Love.
Chap. LI. Thirtieth and last Trial of the Ring, or Mirzoza.

[Transcribers' Note: Chapters I.-XXI. of the second volume of the 1749 publication have
been renumbered XXXI.-LI. Illustrations weren't present in the copy of the English edition
we used, we added those from the original French (at Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de
France.]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. Cupid in Bed (frontispiece).

2. Man, Woman and Cupid, or Folly, Imagination, and Love.
3. Evocation of the Genius.
4. Dogs and Lady in Bed.
5. The Mare, &c.
6. The Bubble-blower.
7. Women walking on their hands.
8. Man and Lady on a Sopha (Zuleiman).
 Imagination takes the feather from the hand of folly, and love dictates.

The Indiscreet Toys.

CHAP. I.

Birth of Mangogul.

Hiaouf Zeles Tanzai had already reigned long in great Chechianea,

and this voluptuous prince still continued to be the delight of his
subjects. Acajou king of Minutia had undergone the fate predicted by
his father: Zulmis was no more: the Count De —— was still living:
Splendidus, Angola, Misapouf and some other potentates of the
Indies and Asia were carried off by sudden deaths. The people tired
of obeying weak sovereigns, had shaken off the yoke of their
posterity; and the descendants of those unfortunate monarchs
rambled unknown, or not regarded, in the provinces of their
empires. The grandson of the illustrious Scheherazad was the only
one who maintain'd his throne: and he was obeyed in Indostan by
the name of Schach Baam, at the time when Mangogul was born in
Congo. Thus it appears, that the death of several sovereigns was the
mournful epoch of his birth.
His father Erguebzed did not summon the Fairies round the cradle of
his son; because he had observed, that most of the princes of his
time, who had been educated by these female intelligences, were no
better than fools. He contented himself with ordering his nativity to
be calculated by one Codindo, a person fitter for a portrait than an
acquaintance.
Codindo, was head of the college of Soothsayers at Banza, the
ancient capital of the empire. Erguebzed had settled a large pension
on him, and had granted to him and his descendants, on account of
the merit of their great uncle, who was an excellent cook, a
magnificent castle on the frontiers of Congo. Codindo was appointed
to observe the flight of birds, and the state of the heavens, and to
make a report thereof at court: which office he executed very
indifferently. If it be true, that they had at Banza the best theatrical
pieces, and the worst play-houses in all Africa; in return they had
the most beautiful college in the world, and the most wretched
predictions.
Codindo, informed of the business for which he was summoned to
Erguebzed's palace, set out much embarrassed; for the poor man
could no more read the stars than you or I. He was expected with
impatience. The principal lords of the court were assembled in the
appartment of the great Sultana. The ladies, magnificently dress'd,
stood round the infant's cradle. The courtiers were hurrying to
congratulate with Erguebzed on the great things, which he was
undoubtedly on the point of hearing concerning his son. Erguebzed
was a father, and thought it quite natural, to discern in the unform'd
lines of an infant, what he was to be. In fine, Codindo arrived. "Draw
near," says Erguebzed to him: "as soon as heaven had granted me
the prince before you, I ordered the instant of his birth to be exactly
registered, and without doubt you have been informed of it. Speak
sincerely to your Master, and tell him boldly the destiny which
heaven has reserved for his Son."
"Most magnanimous Sultan," answered Codindo, "the prince, born of
parents equally illustrious and happy, can have no other than a great
and fortunate destiny: but I should impose on your highness, if I
plumed myself with a science which I do not possess. The stars rise
and set for me as for the rest of mankind; and I am not more
enlightened in futurity by their means, than the most ignorant of
your subjects."
"But," replied the Sultan, "are you not an astrologer?"
"Magnanimous prince," answered Codindo, "I have not that honour."
"What the devil are you then?" says the old, but passionate
Erguebzed. "An Aruspex! By the heavens I did not imagine, that you
had so much as thought of it. Believe me, Seigneur Codindo, suffer
your poultry to feed in quiet, and pronounce on the fate of my son,
as you lately did on the cold of my wife's parrot."
Codindo immediately drew a glass out of his pocket, took the infant's
left ear, rubb'd his eyes, turn'd his spectacles again and again,
peep'd at that ear, did the like to the right ear, and pronounced,
"that the young prince's reign would be happy, if it proved long."
"I understand you," replied Erguebzed: "my son will do the finest
things in the world, if he has time. But, zounds! what I want to have
told me is, that he will have time. What matter is it to me, after he is
dead, that he would have been the greatest prince upon earth, had
he lived. I have sent for you to cast my son's horoscope, and you
make me his funeral oration."
Codindo assured the prince, that he was sorry he was not more
knowing; but beseeched his highness to consider, that his knowledge
was sufficient for the little time he had been a conjurer. In effect, the
moment before, what was Codindo?

CHAP. II.

Education of Mangogul.

I will pass lightly over Mangogul's first years. The infancy of princes
is the same with that of the rest of mankind; with this difference,
however, that princes have the gift of saying a thousand pretty
things, before they can speak. Thus before Erguebzed's son was full
four years old, he furnished matter for a volume of Mangogulana.
Erguebzed, who was a man of sense, and was resolved that his
son's education should not be so much neglected as his own had
been, sent betimes for all the great men in Congo; as, painters,
philosophers, poets, musicians, architects, masters of dancing,
mathematicks, history, fencing, &c. Thanks to the happy dispositions
of Mangogul, and to the constant lessons of his masters, he was
ignorant in nothing of what a young prince is wont to learn the first
fifteen years of his life; and at the age of twenty he could eat, drink,
and sleep, as completely as any potentate of his age.
Erguebzed, whose weight of years began to make him feel the
weight of his crown, tired with holding the reins of the empire,
frighted at the disturbances which threatened it, full of confidence in
the superior qualifications of Mangogul, and urged by sentiments of
religion, sure prognostics of the approaching death or imbecility of
the great, descended from the throne, to seat his son thereon: and
this good prince thought he was under an obligation of expiating, by
a retirement, the crimes of the most just administration, of which
there is any account in the annals of Congo.
Thus it was, that in the year of the world 15,000,000,032,000,021,
of the empire of Congo 390,000,070,003, began the reign of
Mangogul, the 1,234,500 of his race in a direct line. Frequent
conferences with his ministers, wars carried on, and the
management of affairs, taught him in a very short time what
remained for him to know at getting out of the hands of his
pedagogues; and that was somewhat.
However, in less than ten years Mangogul acquired the reputation of
a great man. He gained battles, stormed towns, enlarged his empire,
quieted his provinces, repaired the disorder of his finances, restored
arts and sciences, raised edifices, immortalized himself by useful
establishments, strengthened and corrected the legislative power,
even founded academies; and, what his university could never
comprehend, he executed all these great things, without knowing
one word of Latin.
Mangogul was not less amiable in his Seraglio than great on the
throne. He did not take it into his head to regulate his conduct by
the ridiculous customs of his country. He broke the gates of the
palaces inhabited by his women; he drove out those injurious guards
of their virtue; he prudently confided in themselves for their fidelity:
the entrance into their appartments was as free for men as into
those of the canonesses of Flanders; and doubtless their behaviour
as decent. Oh! how good a Sultan he was! There never was his
equal, but in some French romance. He was mild, affable, chearful,
gallant, of a charming figure, a lover of pleasures, cut out for them,
and contained more wit and sense in his head, than had been in
those of all his predecessors put together.
'Tis easy to judge that, with such uncommon merit, a number of the
sex aspired to make him their conquest: Some few succeeded.
Those who miss'd his heart, endeavour'd to console themselves with
the grandees of the court. Young Mirzoza was of the number of the
former. I shall not amuse myself with detailing the qualities and
charms of Mirzoza: the work would be without end, and I am
resolved that this history shall have one.

CHAP. III.

Which may be regarded as the first of this history.

Mirzoza had already fixed Mangogul for some years. These lovers
had said, and a thousand times repeated, all that a violent passion
suggests to persons who have the most wit. They were got as far as
confidences, and they would impute it to themselves as a crime, to
conceal the most minute circumstance of their lives from each other.
These singular suppositions, "If heaven, which has placed me on the
throne, had given me an obscure low birth, would you have deign'd
to descend down to me, would Mirzoza have crown'd me?" "Should
Mirzoza happen to lose the few charms which she is thought to
have, would Mangogul love her still?" These suppositions, I say,
which exercise the fancy of ingenious lovers, which sometimes make
tender lovers quarrel, and frequently oblige the most sincere lovers
to tell untruths, were quite worn out between our pair.
The favorite, who possess'd in a supreme degree, the necessary and
uncommon talent of making a good narrative, had drained the
scandalous history of Banza. As she had not the best constitution,
she was not always disposed to receive the Sultan's caresses, nor he
always in the humour of offering them. In short, there were some
days, in which Mangogul and Mirzoza had little to say, hardly any
thing to do, and in which, without any diminution of love, they
amused themselves but indifferently. Those days were rare indeed,
but there were some; and this was one of them.
The Sultan was carelessly stretch'd on a sopha, opposite to the
favorite, who was knotting in silence. The weather did not permit
them to take a walk. Mangogul would not venture to propose a party
of piquet; and this posture had lasted near a quarter of an hour,
when the Sultan, yawning several times, said, "It must be allowed,
that Geliotta sung like an angel." "And that your highness is tired to
death," answered the favorite. "No, Madam," replied Mangogul,
endeavouring to smother a yawn, "the minute that one sees you, is
not that of tiresomeness." "If that is not a polite compliment, 'tis no
body's fault but your own," rejoin'd Mirzoza: "but you ponder, you
are absent, you yawn. Prince, what ails you?" "I know not," said the
Sultan. "But I guess," continued the favorite. "I was eighteen, when
I had the good fortune to please you. It is full four years since you
began to love me. Eighteen and four make twenty-two. Therefore I
am now very old." Mangogul smiled at this calculation. "But if I am
no longer worth any thing for pleasure," added Mirzoza, "I will at
least demonstrate that I am very good for advice. The variety of
amusements which attend you, has not been able to secure you
against disgust. You are disgusted. Prince, there is your disease." "I
do not allow, that you have hit it off," says Mangogul: "but
supposing you have, do you know a remedy?" Mirzoza answered the
Sultan, after a moment's pause, that his highness seem'd to take so
much pleasure at the narratives she made him of the gallantries of
the town, that she was sorry she had no more to relate to him, or
that she was not better informed of those of the court; that she
would have tried that expedient, till she thought of somewhat better.
"I think it a good one," says Mangogul: "But who knows the stories
of all those fools; and tho' they were known to any, who could relate
them like you?" "Let us learn them however," replied Mirzoza.
"Whosoever it be that tells them, I am certain that your highness will
gain more by the matter, than you will lose by the form." "I shall join
with you, if you please, in fancying the adventures of the court
ladies very diverting," says Mangogul: "but tho' they were to be a
hundred times more so, what does that avail, if it be impossible to
come at them?" "There may be a difficulty in it," answers Mirzoza,
"but in my opinion, that is all. The Genius Cucufa, your relation and
friend, has done greater things. Why do you not consult him?" "Ah,
joy of my heart!" cried the Sultan, "you are an admirable Creature. I
make no doubt but the Genius will employ all his power in my
favour. This moment I shut myself up in my closet, and invoke him."
Accordingly Mangogul arose, kissed the favorite on the left eye,
pursuant to the custom of Congo, and departed.
 Evocation of the Genius.

CHAP. IV.

Evocation of the Genius.

The Genius Cucufa is an old hypochondriac, who fearing lest the

concerns of the world, and dealings with the rest of the genii, might
prove an obstacle to his salvation, took refuge in the Void; in order
to employ himself quite at leisure on the infinite perfections of the
great Pagoda, to pinch, scratch and make notches in his flesh, to fret
himself into madness, and starve himself to death. In that place he
lies on a straw mat, his body tuck'd up in a sack, his flanks squeez'd
with a cord, his arms crossed on his breast, and his head sunk into a
hood, which suffers nothing to issue but the end of his beard. He
sleeps, but one would think him in contemplation. All his company is
an owl which nods at his feet, some rats which gnaw his mat, and
bats which hover round his head. The manner of evoking him, is, by
repeating, to the sound of a bell, the first verse of the nocturnal
office of the Bramins: then he lifts up his hood, rubs his eyes, puts
on his sandals, and sets out. Figure to yourself an old Camaldolian
Monk carried in the air by two large horn-owls, which he holds by
the legs. In this equipage it was, that Cucufa appear'd to the Sultan.
"May the blessing of Brama be within these walls," says he, bowing.
"Amen," answered the prince. "What do you want, my son?" "A very
small matter," says Mangogul; "to procure me some pleasure at the
expence of the court ladies." "Oh, my son!" replied Cucufa, "you
have a larger appetite than a whole monastery of Bramins. What do
you pretend to do with this troop of extravagants?" "To learn from
themselves their present and past adventures, that is all." "But that
is impossible," says the Genius. "To have women confess their
adventures, is a thing that never was, nor ever will be." "Yet it must
be," added the Sultan. At these words, the Genius scratching his ear,
and combing his long beard with his fingers, fell to thinking. His
meditation was short. "My child," said he to Mangogul, "I love you,
you shall be satisfied." Instantly he plunged his right hand into a
deep pocket made under his arm-pit on the left side of his frock,
and, together with images, bless'd beads, little leaden pagoda's, and
musty sweatmeats, drew out a silver ring, which Mangogul at first
took for one of St. Hubert's rings. "You see this ring," said he to the
Sultan, "put it on your finger, my child: every woman, at whom you
shall level the stone, will relate her intrigues in a plain, audible voice.
Do not imagine however, that 'tis by the mouth that they are to
speak." "By what then will they speak?" says Mangogul. "By the
frankest part about them, and the best instructed in those things
which you desire to know," says Cucufa; "by their Toys." "By their
Toys," replies Mangogul bursting into laughter; "that is particular.
Talking Toys! That is an unheard extravagance." "My son," said the
Genius, "I have performed many greater prodigies for your
grandfather: therefore depend on my word. Go, and may Brama
bless you. Make a good use of your secret, and remember that there
are ill-placed curiosities." This said, the old hypocrite nodded his
head, pull'd his hood over his face, took his horn-owls by the legs,
and vanish'd in the air.

CHAP. V.

Mangogul's dangerous Temptation.

Scarcely was Mangogul in possession of Cucufa's mysterious ring,

when he was tempted to make the first trial of it on the favorite. I
forgot to mention, that besides the vertue of obliging the Toys of
those women, on whom he turn'd the stone, to speak, it had that
also of rendering the person invisible, who wore it on the little finger.
Thus could Mangogul transport himself in the twinkling of an eye to
a thousand places where he was not expected, and with his own
eyes see many things, which are frequently transacted without
witnesses. He had nothing more to do than to put on his ring, and
say "I desire to be in such a place," and he was there in an instant.
Behold him then in Mirzoza's bed-chamber.
Mirzoza, who gave over all hopes of the Sultan's company, was in
bed. Mangogul approach'd her pillow softly, and saw by the
glimmering light of a night taper, that she was asleep. "Good," say
he, "she sleeps, let us quickly shift the ring on another finger,
resume our natural shape, turn the stone on this fair sleeper, and
awake her Toy a little while.—But what stops me?—I tremble.—Is it
possible that Mirzoza?—No, it is not possible, Mirzoza is faithful to
me. Fly from me, injurious suspicions, I will not, I ought not to heed
ye." He said, and put his fingers on the ring: but taking them off as
hastily as if it had been fire, he cried within himself. "What do I do,
wretched man! I insult Cucufa's advice. For the sake of satisfying a
silly curiosity, I am going to run the hazard of losing my mistress and
my life. If her Toy should be in the humor of talking extravagantly, I
should never see her more, and I should dye of grief. And who
knows what a Toy may have in its soul?" Mangogul's agitation made
him in some measure forget himself: he pronounced these last
words pretty loud, and the favorite awoke. "Ah, Prince," said she,
less surprized than charmed at his presence, "you are here. Why did
you not send me notice? Must you condescend to wait for my
awaking?"
Mangogul answered the favorite by relating the success of his
interview with Cucufa, shew'd her the ring, and did not conceal one
of its properties from her. "Ah! what a diabolical secret has he given
you!" cry'd Mirzoza. "But pray, Prince, do you intend to make any
use of it." "How," said the Sultan, "do I intend to use it? I shall begin
by you, if you argue with me." At these terrible words the favorite
turn'd pale, trembled, recover'd herself, and conjured the Sultan by
Brama, and all the Pagoda's of the Indies and Congo, not to try the
experiment on her of a secret power, which indicated a diffidence of
her fidelity. "If I have been constantly honest," continued she, "my
Toy will not speak a word, and you will have done me such an injury
as I shall never forgive. If it happens to speak, I shall lose your
esteem and heart, and that will make you run distracted. Hitherto
you have, in my opinion, found your account in our connection; why
would you run the risk of breaking it off? Prince, believe me. Follow
the advice of the Genius; he has had great experience, and advices
of Genius are always good to follow."
"This is exactly what I was saying to myself," answered Mangogul,
"when you awoke. And yet if you had slept two minutes longer, I
cannot answer for what might have happened."
"What would have happened," says Mirzoza, "is, that my Toy would
have given you no information, and that you would have lost me for
ever."
"That may be," replied Mangogul; "but now that I have a full view of
the danger which I incurred, I solemnly swear to you by the eternal
Pagoda, that you shall be excepted from the number of those, on
whom I shall turn the ring."
At these words Mirzoza brightened up, and fell to joking at the
expence of the Toys which the Prince should hereafter interrogate.
"Cydalisa's Toy," said she, "has many stories to tell, and if it be as
indiscreet as its mistress, it will not require much intreaty. Haria's
Toy is no longer of this world, and your highness will obtain no tales
from it of fresher date than the days of my grandmother. As for that
of Glauce, I believe it is a proper one to be consulted. She is a
coquet and pretty." "And for that reason precisely it is," replied the
Sultan, "that her Toy will be mute." "Why then," said the Sultana,
"apply to that of Phedima, she is ugly, and loves gallantry." "Yes,"
continued the Sultan; "and so ugly, that one must be as ill-natured
as you, to accuse her of gallantry. Phedima is sober; 'tis I who say it,
and who know something of the matter." "As sober as you please,"
replied the favorite, "but she has a sort of grey eyes that speak the
contrary." "Her eyes belye her," said the Sultan warmly. "You tire my
patience with your Phedima. Might not one say, that there is no
other Toy but this to examine." "But may I presume, without
offending your highness," added Mirzoza, "to ask which is the first
you intend to honour with your choice." "We shall see anon," said
Mangogul, "in the circle of the Manimonbanda, (the Congese name
of the great Sultana). We shall have a good deal of work upon our
hands and when we happen to be tired of the Toys of my court, we
may chance make a tour thro' Banza. Possibly we may find those of
the city women more reasonable than those of dutchesses."
"Prince," said Mirzoza, "I have some acquaintance with the former,
and can assure you, that they are only more circumspect." "We shall
soon hear from them: but I cannot refrain from laughter," continued
Mangogul, "when I think on the confusion and surprize of these
women at the first words of their Toys, ha, ha, ha! Remember,
delight of my soul, that I shall expect you at the great Sultana's, and
that I shall make no use of my ring till you are come." "Prince," said
Mirzoza, "I rely on the promise you have made me." Mangogul
smiled at her allarm, reiterated his promise, sealed them with kisses,
and retired.

CHAP. VI.

First Trial of the Ring.

Alcina.

Mangogul arrived before her at the great Sultana's, and found all the
ladies very busy at cards. He survey'd all those, whose reputation
was established, fully resolved to try his ring on one of them, and his
only difficulty was in the choice. While, he was in suspence by whom
to begin, he spied a young lady of the household of the
Manimonbanda in a window. She was toying with her husband;
which appear'd singular to the Sultan, inasmuch as they had been
married above eight days. They had made their appearance in the
same box at the Opera, in the same coach at the Bois de Boulogne,
they had finished their visits; and the fashion of the times exempted
them from loving or even meeting each other. "If this Toy," says
Mangogul, "is as silly as its mistress, we shall have a diverting
soliloquy." At this instant the favorite appear'd. "Welcome," said the
Sultan to her in a whisper. "I have cast my lead, waiting for you."
"And on whom?" ask'd Mirzoza. "On that couple which you see
sporting in that window," answer'd Mangogul with a wink. "Well set
out," replied the favorite.
Alcina, for that was the young lady's name, was sprightly and pretty.
The Sultan's court had few women more amiable, and not one of a
gayer disposition. One of the Sultan's Emirs had filled his head with
her. He was not left in ignorance of what the chronicle had published
concerning Alcina: the report alarm'd him, but he followed the
custom: he consulted his mistress about it. Alcina swore, that it was
pure calumny invented by some coxcombs, who would have been
silent, if they had had any reason for talking; but however, that
there was no harm done, and that he was at full liberty to believe it
or not, as he thought proper. This answer, delivered with an air of
confidence, convinced the amorous Emir of his mistress's innocence.
He closed the affair, and assumed the title of Alcina's husband with
all its prerogatives.
The Sultan levelled his ring at her. A loud burst of laughter, which
seized Alcina at some comical saying of her husband, was suddenly
cut short by the operation of the ring; and immediately a murmuring
noise was heard under her petticoats. "Well, now I am titled. Truly I
am glad on't. Nothing like having a rank. If my first advices had
been heeded, I should have been provided with something better
than an Emir: but yet an Emir is better than nothing." At these
words all the ladies quitted the game, to seek from what quarter the
voice issued. This movement made a great noise. "Silence," says
Mangogul, "this deserves attention." They obeyed, and the Toy
continued. "One would be apt to think, that a husband is a guest of
great importance, by the precautions which are taken to receive him.
What preparatives! What profusion of myrtle water! Another
fortnight of this regimen would have demolished me. I had
disappear'd, and the Emir might have sought lodgings elsewhere, or
have shipped me off for the island Jonquille." Here my author says,
that all the ladies grew pale, look'd at each other in deep silence,
and grew vastly serious; which he ascribes to their fear, lest the
conversation should grow warm, and become general. "Yet,"
continued Alcina's Toy, "in my opinion the Emir did neither require
nor stand in need of so many formalities: but I must still
acknowledge the prudence of my mistress. She guarded against the
worst, and I was treated for the great lord as for his little page."
The Toy was on the point of continuing its extravagant harangue,
when the Sultan, observing that this strange scene shock'd the
modest Manimonbanda, interrupted the orator by turning off the
ring. The Emir had vanish'd at the first words of his wife's Toy.
Alcina, without being disconcerted, pretended to take a nap: mean
while the ladies whispered that she had the vapours. "Yes," says a
Petit-maitre, "—— Vapours: Ch——y calls them hysterics, as much as
to say, things which come from the lower region. For this case he
has a divine elixir; it is a principle, principiating, principiated, which
revives——which——I will propose it to the lady." The company
laugh'd at this gibberish, and our Cynic resumed. "Nothing more
true, ladies: I, who speak, have used it for a deperdition of
substance." "A deperdition of substance, good marquiss," said a
young person, "pray what is that?" "Madam," replied the marquiss,
"it is one of those casual accidents which happen——but every body
knows it."
By this time the pretended drowziness went off. Alcina sat down to
play with as much intrepidity as if her Toy either had not spoken a
word, or had made the finest speech in the world. Nay, she was the
only lady that play'd without distraction. This sitting was worth a
considerable sum to her. The rest did not know what they were
about, could not count the dots on the cards, forgot their
reckonings, neglected their good luck, dealt wrong, and committed a
hundred other mistakes, of which Alcina took the advantage. In fine,
they broke up play, and every one withdrew.
This adventure made great noise not only at court and in town, but
all over Congo. Epigrams were handed about on it. The discourse of
Alcina's Toy was published, revised, corrected, enlarged and
commented by the Agreeables of the court. The Emir was
lampoon'd, and his wife immortalized. She was pointed at in the
play-house, and followed in the public walks. People flock'd about
her, and she heard them buzzing: "Yes, 'tis she: her Toy made a
discourse two hours long." Alcina bore her new reputation with
admirable tranquillity. She listened to these expressions, and many
more, with a serenity, which the rest of the women could not shew.
They were every moment under apprehensions of some indiscretions
being committed by their Toys: but the adventure of the following
chapter compleated their confusion.
As soon as the company had broke up, Mangogul gave his hand to
the favorite, and conduced her to her appartment. She was far from
having that lively chearful air, which seldom quitted her. She had lost
considerably at play, and the effect of the dreadful ring had plunged
her into a pensiveness, out of which she was not yet thoroughly
recovered. She knew the Sultan's curiosity, and she had not
sufficient confidence in the promises of a man less amorous than
despotic, to be free from uneasiness. "What ails you, my soul's
delight?" said Mangogul. "You are pensive." "I played with bad luck
without example," answered Mirzoza. "I lost the possibility. I had
twelve tableaux, and I don't think I mark'd three times." "That is
vexatious," replied Mangogul; "but what think you of my secret?"
"Prince," said the favorite, "I persist in deeming it diabolical.
Doubtless it will amuse you, but that amusement will be attended
with dismal consequences. You are going to spread discord in every
family, undeceive husbands, throw lovers into despair, ruin wives,
dishonour daughters, and raise a thousand other hurly-burlys. Ah!
Prince, I conjure you.——" "By the light," said Mangogul, "you
moralize like Nicole! I would be glad to know why the concern for
your neighbour touches you so to the quick. No, no, madam; I will
keep my ring. And what do I matter those husbands undeceived,
those lovers thrown into despair, those wives ruined, those
daughters dishonoured, provided I amuse myself. Am I then a Sultan
for nothing? Good night, madam, we must hope that future scenes
will be more comic than the first, and that you will take more
pleasure in them by degrees." "I do not believe it, sir," replied
Mirzoza. "And for my part, I promise you, that you will find pleasant
Toys, nay, so pleasant, that you cannot refuse giving them audience.
And what would you do, if I sent them to you in quality of
ambassadors? I will if you desire it, spare you the trouble of their
harangues; but as to the recital of their adventures, you shall hear it
either from their own mouths or mine. 'Tis a determined point; and I
can abate nothing of it. Resolve to familiarize yourself with these
new speech-makers." At these words he embraced her, and went
into his closet, reflecting on the trial he had made, and devoutly
thanking the Genius Cucufa.

CHAP. VII.

Second trial of the Ring.

The Altars.

The next evening there was to be a private supper in Mirzoza's

appartment. The persons invited came early. Before the prodigy of
the preceding day, people came by inclination; this night they came
purely out of politeness. All the ladies had an air of constraint, and
spoke in monosyllables. They were upon the watch, and expected
every moment, that some Toy would join in conversation.
Notwithstanding their itch of bringing Alcina's odd adventure on the
carpet, none of them dared to undertake opening the topic. Not that
they were restrained by her presence: tho' included in the supper-
list, she did not appear; it was judged that she had a swimming in
her head. However, whether it was that they became less
apprehensive of danger, as the whole day long they had heard no
body speak but from the mouth; or whether they affected to appear
courageous, the conversation revived, the women most suspected
composed their countenances, put on an air of assurance, and
Mirzoza ask'd the courtier Zegris, if he knew any entertaining news.
"Madam," replied Zegris, "you have been informed of a match
between the Aga Chazour and young Siberina: I assure you it is
broke off." "Upon what account?" interrupted the favorite. "On
account of a strange voice," continued Zegris, "which Chazour says
he heard at the toilet of his princess. Since yesterday, the Sultan's
court is full of people, who go with their ears cock'd, in hopes of
catching, I can't say how, such declarations, as most certainly the
persons concerned have no inclination to make them."
"That is silly," replied the favorite. "Alcina's misfortune, if it be one,
is far from being averred. We have not got to the bottom——"
"Madam," interrupted Zelmaida, "I have heard her most distinctly.
She spoke without opening her mouth. The facts were well
articulated, and it was not very difficult to guess whence this
extraordinary sound issued. I assure you, that I should have died,
were I in her place."
"Died!" replied Zegris. "Folks survive other sorts of accidents."
"How?" cried Zelmaida. "Can there be a more dreadful one than the
indiscretion of a Toy? Well, there is no medium left. One must either
renounce gallantry, or resolve to pass for a woman of pleasure."
"Indeed," said Mirzoza, "the option is severe." "No, no, madam,"
replied another lady, "you will see that women will fix their
resolution. They will allow Toys to prate as much as they please; and
will go their own way, without troubling themselves with what the
world shall say. And after all, what does it signify, whether it be a
woman's Toy or her lover that proves indiscreet? Are things less
exposed?"
"Upon a serious consideration of the whole affair," continued a third,
"if a woman's adventures must be divulged, 'tis better it should
happen by her Toy than her lover."
"The notion is singular," said the favorite; "and true," replied she
who had broach'd it: "for, pray, observe that a lover is generally
dissatisfied, before he becomes indiscreet, and therefore tempted to
be revenged by exaggerating every thing: whereas a Toy talks
without passion, and adds nothing to the truth."
"For my part," said Zelmaida, "I am not of that opinion. In this case
it is not so much the importance of the depositions, as the strength
of the evidence, that ruins the criminal. A lover, who by his discourse
dishonours the Altar, on which he has sacrificed, is a kind of impious
person, who deserves no credit: but if the altar lifts up its voice,
what answer can be made."
"That the altar knows not what it says," replied the second. Monima,
hitherto mute, broke silence, in order to say in a dragging, lazy tone:
"Ah! let my Altar, since you call it so, speak or be silent, I fear
nothing from its talk."
Mangogul enter'd that very instant, and Monima's last words did not
escape him. He levell'd his Ring at her, and her Toy was heard to cry
out: "Do not believe her, she lies." Her female neighbours, gazing at
each other, ask'd whose Toy it was that made this answer. "'Tis not
mine," said Zelmaida; "nor mine," said another; "nor mine," said
Monima; "nor mine," said the Sultan. Every one, and the favorite
among the rest, persisted in the negative.
The Sultan, taking the advantage of this incertainty, and addressing
the ladies, said: "You have Altars then? Pray, how are they feasted?"
As he was speaking, he nimbly turn'd his Ring successively on all the
women except Mirzoza; and every one of their Toys answering in its
turn, these words were heard in different tones. "I am frequented,
batter'd, abandon'd, perfum'd, fatigu'd, ill serv'd, disgusted, &c."
They all spoke their word, but so precipitately, that no just
application could be made. Their jargon, sometimes rumbling,
sometimes yelping, accompanied with loud laughs of Mangogul and
his courtiers, made a noise of a new kind. The ladies agreed with a
very grave air, that it was very diverting. "How," said the Sultan,
"sure we are too happy, that the Toys deign to speak our language,
and furnish half the expence of the conversation. Society must be a
considerable gainer by this duplication of organs. Possibly we men
shall speak also in our turn, by something else besides our mouths.
Who knows? What agrees so perfectly well with Toys, may happen
to be destin'd to make questions and responses to them:
nevertheless my anatomist is of a different opinion."

CHAP. VIII.

Third trial of the Ring.

The Private Supper.

Supper was served up, the company sate down at table, and at first
they diverted themselves at Monima's charge: all the women
unanimously agreed that her Toy had spoke first; and she must have
sunk under this confederacy, had not the Sultan taken her part. "I do
not pretend," said he, "that Monima is less gallant than Zelmaida;
but I believe her Toy has more discretion. Besides, when the mouth
and Toy of a woman contradict each other, which to believe?" "Sir,"
replied a courtier, "I know not what Toys will say hereafter; but
hitherto they have explain'd themselves on a subject, which is very
familiar to them. As long as they shall have the prudence to speak of
nothing but what they understand, I shall believe them as so many
oracles." "Others," said Mirzoza, "of greater authenticity might be
consulted." "Pray, madam," replied Mangogul, "what interest can
these have in disguising the truth? Nothing but a chimæra of honour
could be their motive: but a Toy has none of these chimæras. That is
not the place of prejudices." "A chimera of honour," said Mirzoza,
"prejudices! If your highness had been exposed to the same
inconveniences with us, you would become sensible, that whatever
touches virtue, is far from being chimærical." All the ladies,
encouraged by the Sultana's answer, insisted that it was superfluous
to put them to certain proofs; and Mangogul, that these proofs were
generally dangerous at least.
This conversation ushered in the champagne: it moved briskly
round, they plied it close, and it warmed the Toys. Then it was that
Mangogul had intended to resume his frolicks. He turn'd his ring on
a very gay sprightly young lady, who sate pretty near him, and
directly opposite to her husband: and immediately issued from under
the table a plaintive noise, a weak languishing voice, which said:
"Oh, how I am harrassed! I can bear it no longer, I am at death's
door." "How, by the Pagoda Pongo Sabiam," cried Husseim, "my
wife's Toy speaks, and what can it say?" "We are going to hear,"
answered the Sultan.——"Prince, you will permit me not to be of the
number of its auditors," replied Husseim; "for if any thing ridiculous
drop'd from it, do you think?"——"I think you are a fool," said the
Sultan, "to alarm yourself at the prattle of a Toy: do we not know a
good part of what it can say, and may we not guess the rest? Sit
down, then, and endeavour to divert yourself."
Husseim sat down, and his wife's Toy began to prate like a magpye.
"Shall I eternally have this huge Flandrian Valanto? I have seen
some who have made an end; but this man"——At these words
Husseim arose in a fury, snatch'd up a knife, sprang to the other side
of the table; and would have pierced his wife's breast, if his
neighbours had not prevented him. "Husseim," said the Sultan, "you
make too much noise: the company cannot hear. Might not one say,
that your wife's Toy is the only one that has not common sense? And
what would become of these ladies, if their husbands were of your
humour? How! you are out of your wits for a pitiful little adventure
of one Valanto, who never made an end. Return to your seat,
behave like a man of honour; see that you watch yourself, and not
commit a second failure before a prince, who admits you to his
pleasures."
While Husseim, stifling his rage, was leaning on the back of a chair,
his eyes shut, and his hand on his forehead; the Sultan dexterously
levell'd his Ring, and the Toy went on. "Valanto's young page would
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