THE PUNDITS – LIVE MOCK 6

DIGITAL NOTES OF ENGLISH

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 GRAMMAR

CONCEPT 1: Don't use very, more or most with these adjectives - Impossible, universal,
eternal, chief, ideal, supreme, perfect, unique, excellent, full, empty, entire, dead, free,
circular, rectangular etc.
Incorrect Sentence: "This is the most perfect solution to the given problem."
Correct Sentence: "This is the perfect solution to the given problem."

Concept 2: Forms of "Lie" and "Lay" with Meanings :

Verb Meaning Present Past Past Present

Participle Participle
Lie To recline or rest [लेटना] Lie Lay Lain Lying

Lay To put or place something down Lay Laid Laid Laying

[रखना]

Concept 3: "Neither/Either/Each + of + Plural Noun" always takes a singular verb

because these words refer to one out of a group.
Example - Neither of the players was able to complete the challenging obstacle course."
 IMPORTANT VOCABULARY

• Foreseeable – पूर्ाा नुमाननत – Something that can be predicted or expected.

Example: "The economic crisis was foreseeable due to poor policies."

• Fascinate – मोनित करना/ आकनषात करना – To attract or hold someone’s attention deeply.

Example: "The magician’s tricks never fail to fascinate the audience."

• Counterfeit – नकली – A fake or imitation, especially money or goods.

Example: "The police seized a large amount of counterfeit currency."

• Destitute – अत्यंत गरीब / र्ंनित – Extremely poor or completely lacking something.

Example: "After losing his job, he became destitute and had nowhere to live."

• Boastful – घमंडी / डींग मारने र्ाला – Talking with pride about oneself.

Example: "He was very boastful about his achievements."

• Divulge – प्रकट करना / उजागर करना – To reveal or disclose information

Example: "She refused to divulge the details of the confidential meeting."

• Heretic – नास्तिक / नर्धमी – A person against established religious or societal norms.

Example: "Scientists who challenged religious doctrines were often labelled as heretics."

• Cynic – कटु आलोिक – A person who doubts or distrusts commonly accepted beliefs

Example: "As a cynic, he questioned every political promise."

• Obese – मोटा / अत्यनधक र्ज़नी – Having excessive body fat.

Example: "Doctors advise a healthy diet and exercise to prevent becoming obese."

• Intestate – "नबना र्सीयत के मरने र्ाला" – A person who dies without having a legal will.

Example: "Since he died intestate, his property was distributed according to the law."

• Irreverent – "असम्मानजनक – Showing a lack of respect for someone or something.

Example: "His irreverent comments about religion offended many people."

• Testate – "र्सीयत बनाकर मरने र्ाला" – A person who dies having made a valid will.

Example: "Her father died testate, his assets were distributed as per his wishes."

• Narcissist – "आत्ममुग्ध व्यस्ति" – A person who has an excessive interest in himself

Example: "He is such a narcissist that he only talks about himself in every conversation."

• Derelict – "लार्ाररस / बेसिारा व्यस्ति" – A person without a home, job, or property.

Example: "The old factory was abandoned, and a few derelicts took shelter there."

• Iconoclast – "परं पराओं का नर्रोधी" – A person who criticizes or opposes established

beliefs, traditions, or institutions.

Example: "He was considered an iconoclast for challenging the religious customs of his

time."

• Impregnable – "अजेय / अभेद्य" – Something that cannot be broken into or defeated.

Example: "The fortress was so well built that it was impregnable to enemy attacks."
 CONFUSING WORDS

• Sever – "काटना / अलग करना" – To cut off or separate something.

Example: "He decided to sever all ties with his former employer."

• Severe – "गंभीर / कठोर" – Extremely bad, serious, or strict.

Example: "The country is facing a severe economic crisis."

• Sewer – "गटर / नाली" – An underground drainage system for waste water.

Example: "The city workers repaired the broken sewer line."

• Saviour – "रक्षक / उद्धारकताा " – A person who rescues or saves someone from harm.

Example: "The firefighter was hailed as a saviour after rescuing the trapped family."

PREPOSITIONS

• At – पर – Used to indicate a specific place or point.

Example: "The train is arriving at platform number 4."

• On – के ऊपर – Used when something is physically on top of a surface.

Example: "The suitcase is on the platform."

• Before – पिले – Used to indicate time or order.

Example: "The train arrived before the scheduled time."

 • Upon – के ऊपर – Similar to “on,” but more formal and used for actions happening on a

surface.

Example: “He stepped upon the stage.”

PHRASAL VERBS

• Called off – रद्द करना – To cancel an event or meeting.

Example: "The football match was called off due to heavy rain."

• Called out – निल्लाना / बुलाना – To shout or summon someone.

Example: "She called out for help when she saw the fire."

• Called up – बुलाना / फोन करना – To telephone someone or summon for a duty.

Example: "He was called up for military service."

• Called in – मदद के नलए बुलाना – To request someone's presence, often for help.

Example: "The manager called in an expert to resolve the issue."

 IDIOMS

"Long run" – "अंततः / दीर्घकाल में" - over a long period of time or eventually.

It refers to outcomes or consequences that become clear after a significant period has

passed.

Origin of the Idiom: The phrase "in the long run" originates from discussions about time,

suggesting that while things may be uncertain or challenging in the short term, their true

impact or result will be seen in the future.

Example: "Hard work always pays off in the long run."

Hindi: "कडी मेिनत का फल अंततः नमलता िी िै ।"

By the Skin of One’s Teeth – बहुत ही मुश्किल से बचना या सफल होना - to narrowly escape

a difficult situation or to succeed by a very small margin.

It is often used when someone barely avoids failure or danger.

Origin of this Idiom: This phrase comes from the Bible [Job 19:20], where Job describes

his suffering by saying, "I am escaped with the skin of my teeth." Since teeth do not have

skin, the phrase metaphorically emphasizes an extremely close escape or success.

Example: "He managed to pass the exam by the skin of his teeth."

[This means he barely passed the exam, likely by just one or two marks.]

Hindi Translation: "र्ि बहुत िी मुस्तिल से परीक्षा पास कर पाया।"

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