leading to your destination

Answer: B
Multiple-Choice Questions (Items 1–30)
6. Algorithms are:
1. Which of the following is NOT part of A. Intuitive mental shortcuts
the problem-solving cycle? B. Trial-and-error strategies
A. Strategy formulation C. Guaranteed solutions to problems
B. Problem identification D. Informal speculative techniques
C. Creativity enhancement Answer: C
D. Evaluation
7. Which heuristic involves analyzing
Answer: C
the end goal and minimizing the gap
2. Divergent thinking involves: between it and the current state?
A. Narrowing down multiple A. Means–ends analysis
possibilities to one solution B. Generate and test
B. Generating multiple alternative C. Working backward
solutions D. Divergent thinking
C. Using only algorithms to solve a Answer: A
problem
8. Which term refers to viewing a
D. Focusing exclusively on the problem
problem only in the context of prior
space
experience?
Answer: B
A. Mental set
3. Which type of problem has clear B. Functional fixedness
paths to a solution? C. Divergent thinking
A. Well-structured problems D. Gestalt insight
B. Ill-structured problems Answer: A
C. Insight problems
9. What does incubation facilitate in
D. Heuristic problems
problem-solving?
Answer: A
A. Recovery from fatigue
4. In the string problem, which B. Retrieval of new information
principle is demonstrated? C. Release from mental set
A. Mental set D. All of the above
B. Functional fixedness Answer: D
C. Divergent thinking
10. Insight problem solving involves:
D. Synthesis
A. Trial and error
Answer: B
B. Sudden understanding of the
5. What is an example of working problem
backward? C. Routine problem-solving strategies
A. Buying properties in Monopoly to D. Testing multiple hypotheses
win Answer: B
B. Remembering the last time you
11. What type of transfer occurs when
used your keys to locate them
solving a previous problem helps solve
C. Solving a math problem step by
a new one?
step
A. Negative transfer
D. Choosing between airline routes
B. Insight transfer
C. Positive transfer 2. Algorithms | B. Intuitive
D. Heuristic transfer shortcuts
Answer: C
3. Insight | C. Sudden
12. Which theory emphasizes intrinsic understanding
motivation in creativity?
4. Heuristics | D. Multiple
A. Process approach
alternative solutions
B. Environment approach
C. Personality approach 5. Incubation | E. Break from
D. Psychometric view problem-solving
Answer: C

1. Problem-Solving Steps
Modified True or False (Items 31–45)
Situation: Jane has been assigned a
31. Ill-structured problems have clear group project where the team is
paths to solutions. (False: Ill- struggling to decide on a research
structured problems lack clear paths.) topic. They’ve tried brainstorming but
feel stuck.
32. Functional fixedness can prevent
Question:
problem-solving by limiting how one
Which step of the problem-solving
views an object’s use. (True)
cycle should Jane’s group revisit to
33. Means-ends analysis involves address their struggle?
working backward from the goal state
 A. Problem identification
to the initial state. (False: It involves
minimizing the gap between the  B. Strategy formulation
current and goal states.)
 C. Monitoring progress
34. Mental set refers to a sudden
realization of the solution to a  D. Evaluation
problem. (False: This describes Answer: A. Problem identification
insight.)
35. Divergent thinking narrows
multiple solutions to one. (False: It 2. String Problem
generates multiple solutions.)
Situation: Maria finds herself in a
room with two ropes hanging from the
ceiling. Each rope is just short enough
Matching Type (Items 46–60) that she cannot reach both at the
Column A | Column B same time. She has a chair, a mop,
and some duct tape available.
1. Divergent thinking | A. Question:
Guaranteed solution through What heuristic is best applied to solve
steps this problem?
 A. Means–ends analysis
  B. Working backward 5. Insight Problems
 C. Generate and test Situation: A prisoner in a tower has a
rope that is half the length required to
 D. Functional fixedness
escape. He manages to escape
Answer: C. Generate and test without additional tools.
Question:
Which type of problem-solving
3. Obstacles to Problem Solving approach is likely used in this
scenario?
Situation: Sam needs to fix his
broken remote. He has rubber bands,  A. Non-Gestaltist view of insight
a coin, and a screwdriver but struggles  B. Gestaltist view of insight
to figure out how to use these items
creatively.  C. Means–ends analysis
Question:
 D. Generate and test
Which problem-solving obstacle is Sam
experiencing? Answer: B. Gestaltist view of insight
 A. Functional fixedness
 B. Mental set 6. Algorithms
 C. Negative transfer Situation: During a math test, Leah is
tasked to solve a complex equation.
 D. Incubation
She decides to follow a formula step
Answer: A. Functional fixedness by step to arrive at the solution.
Question:
What problem-solving strategy is Leah
4. Creativity and Environment using?

Situation: Sarah is tasked with  A. Heuristics

developing a unique marketing  B. Algorithms
strategy for her company. To boost her
creativity, her manager gives her time  C. Divergent thinking
off to work in a quiet, scenic location.
 D. Mental set
Question:
Which creativity theory does this Answer: B. Algorithms
situation best align with?
 A. Psychometric view
7. Expertise and Problem Solving
 B. Process approach
Situation: John, an experienced chess
 C. Personality approach player, is playing against a beginner.
He quickly recognizes patterns in the
 D. Environmental approach
game and predicts the beginner’s
Answer: D. Environmental approach moves.
Question:
What aspect of expertise is John Answer: B. Incubation
displaying?
 A. Synthetic ability
10. Negative Transfer
 B. Better schemas
Situation: Alice learned to drive in a
 C. Functional fixedness country where the steering wheel is on
the left side. She struggles to adapt to
 D. Divergent thinking
a car with the steering wheel on the
Answer: B. Better schemas right side.
Question:
What type of transfer is Alice
8. Heuristics in Everyday Life experiencing?

Situation: Linda is traveling to a new  A. Positive transfer

city. She doesn’t have GPS but decides  B. Negative transfer
to follow a straight road assuming it
will eventually lead her to the city  C. Insight problem
center.
 D. Functional fixedness
Question:
Which heuristic is Linda applying? Answer: B. Negative transfer
 A. Means–ends analysis
 B. Working forward  B. Negative transfer
 C. Working backward  C. Insight problem
 D. Generate and test  D. Functional fixedness
Answer: B. Working forward

9. Incubation Period I. Multiple Choice (20 items)

Situation: Max has been working on a 1. What does the prescriptive model of
tough puzzle for hours with no decision-making describe?
progress. He decides to take a walk to A. How decisions should ideally be
clear his mind. made
Question: B. How decisions are actually made
What cognitive process might help C. The emotional aspects of decisions
Max during his walk? D. The consequences of decisions
 A. Functional fixedness 2. In the story of Howard’s dilemma,
why did Howard dismiss the advice of
 B. Incubation
the philosopher?
 C. Insight A. He believed the problem was trivial
B. He thought rational models were
 D. Trial-and-error insufficient for personal dilemmas
C. He had already made his decision 9. Which reasoning process is used to
D. He disliked decision trees draw general conclusions from specific
cases?
3. Which heuristic involves selecting
A. Deductive reasoning
an option that meets a satisfactory
B. Inductive reasoning
cutoff rather than the optimal choice?
C. Logical syllogisms
A. Representativeness heuristic
D. Confirmation bias
B. Satisficing
C. Elimination by aspects 10. What does overconfidence in
D. Availability heuristic decision-making often lead to?
A. Increased accuracy
4. Which is NOT a symptom of
B. Unrealistic optimism
groupthink?
C. Rational conclusions
A. Open-mindedness
D. Accurate judgments
B. Rationalization
C. Squelching dissent
D. Formation of "mindguards"
II. Situational Questions (10
5. What bias causes people to items)
perceive a relationship between
11. You are offered two jobs: one with
unrelated events?
a higher salary but longer commute
A. Anchoring bias
and another closer to home but with a
B. Availability heuristic
lower salary. Which heuristic might
C. Illusory correlations
you use to decide quickly?
D. Gambler’s fallacy
12. A group project decision leads to
6. What does the gambler's fallacy
overlooking alternative ideas because
suggest?
the leader discourages dissent. What
A. Random events have no patterns
groupthink symptom is this?
B. Probability of success increases
after failures 13. An employee guesses their
C. Outcomes are independent of past company’s revenue for the year based
events on the previous quarter’s figures.
D. Past events determine future Which heuristic applies here?
outcomes
14. A student decides not to
7. Deductive reasoning ensures participate in a debate because they
accuracy when: misjudge their speaking abilities.
A. Rules of logic are followed Which bias could influence this
B. Assumptions are uncertain decision?
C. Personal beliefs are involved
D. Conclusions are subjective 15. A gambler believes they are "due
for a win" after losing several rounds
8. The anchor-and-adjustment in a row. Which cognitive bias does
heuristic begins with: this demonstrate?
A. A rational analysis of data
B. A randomly chosen starting point
C. An initial approximation (anchor) III. Identification (10 items)
D. A comparison of probabilities
16. A model describing how decisions enough"
are made in reality. 28. Gambler's fallacy | C. Belief that
17. A heuristic where decisions are random events are dependent on past
based on stereotypes or outcomes
representational similarity. 29. Illusory correlation | D. Perceiving
18. A false belief that a past random relationships that don't exist
event affects the likelihood of future 30. Groupthink | E. Group decision-
outcomes. making without alternative ideas
19. The cognitive tendency to
prioritize evidence that supports one’s
preexisting beliefs. I. Multiple Choice (20 items)
20. The theory that humans have
evolved to process social rules 1. What does the prescriptive model of
efficiently. decision-making describe?
Answer: A. How decisions should
ideally be made
IV. Modified True or False (10 2. In the story of Howard’s dilemma,
items) why did Howard dismiss the advice of
the philosopher?
21. Decisions based on heuristics are
Answer: B. He thought rational
always irrational.
models were insufficient for personal
22. Anchoring bias involves forming
dilemmas
conclusions based on a single
significant clue. 3. Which heuristic involves selecting
23. The elimination-by-aspects an option that meets a satisfactory
heuristic allows for multiple cutoff rather than the optimal choice?
alternatives to be considered Answer: B. Satisficing
simultaneously.
24. Groupthink enhances decision- 4. Which is NOT a symptom of
making by encouraging diverse groupthink?
perspectives. Answer: A. Open-mindedness
25. Deductive reasoning can lead to 5. What bias causes people to
conclusions that are 100% accurate if perceive a relationship between
the premises are true. unrelated events?
Answer: C. Illusory correlations

V. Matching Type (10 items) 6. What does the gambler's fallacy

suggest?
Directions: Match each concept in Answer: B. Probability of success
Column A with its description in increases after failures
Column B.
7. Deductive reasoning ensures
Column A | Column B accuracy when:
26. Satisficing | A. Judging Answer: A. Rules of logic are followed
probabilities based on stereotypes
27. Representativeness heuristic | B. 8. The anchor-and-adjustment
Selecting an outcome that is "good heuristic begins with:
Answer: C. An initial approximation III. Identification (10 items)
(anchor)
16. A model describing how decisions
9. Which reasoning process is used to are made in reality.
draw general conclusions from specific Answer: Descriptive model
cases?
17. A heuristic where decisions are
Answer: B. Inductive reasoning
based on stereotypes or
10. What does overconfidence in representational similarity.
decision-making often lead to? Answer: Representativeness heuristic
Answer: B. Unrealistic optimism
18. A false belief that a past random
event affects the likelihood of future
outcomes.
II. Situational Questions (10
Answer: Gambler’s fallacy
items)
19. The cognitive tendency to
11. You are offered two jobs: one with
prioritize evidence that supports one’s
a higher salary but longer commute
preexisting beliefs.
and another closer to home but with a
Answer: Confirmation bias
lower salary. Which heuristic might
you use to decide quickly? 20. The theory that humans have
Answer: Satisficing evolved to process social rules
efficiently.
12. A group project decision leads to
Answer: Evolutionary view
overlooking alternative ideas because
the leader discourages dissent. What
groupthink symptom is this?
IV. Modified True or False (10
Answer: Squelching of dissent
items)
13. An employee guesses their
21. Decisions based on heuristics are
company’s revenue for the year based
always irrational.
on the previous quarter’s figures.
Answer: False
Which heuristic applies here?
Answer: Anchoring-and-adjustment 22. Anchoring bias involves forming
heuristic conclusions based on a single
significant clue.
14. A student decides not to
Answer: True
participate in a debate because they
misjudge their speaking abilities. 23. The elimination-by-aspects
Which bias could influence this heuristic allows for multiple
decision? alternatives to be considered
Answer: Overconfidence simultaneously.
Answer: False
15. A gambler believes they are "due
for a win" after losing several rounds 24. Groupthink enhances decision-
in a row. Which cognitive bias does making by encouraging diverse
this demonstrate? perspectives.
Answer: Gambler’s fallacy Answer: False
25. Deductive reasoning can lead to
conclusions that are 100% accurate if
the premises are true.
Answer: True

V. Matching Type (10 items)

Directions: Match each concept in
Column A with its description in
Column B.
Column A | Column B
26. Satisficing | B. Selecting an
outcome that is "good enough"
27. Representativeness heuristic | A.
Judging probabilities based on
stereotypes
28. Gambler's fallacy | C. Belief that
random events are dependent on past
outcomes
29. Illusory correlation | D. Perceiving
relatio nships that don't exist
30. Groupthink | E. Group decision-
making without alternative ideas