HISTORY

 derived from the Greek word “historia” which means knowledge

obtained through inquiry and investigation
 branch of knowledge that deals with significant events that
happened in the past having a continuous, systematic narrative of
events as relating to a particular people, country, and period
usually written as a chronological account
 “Ang KASAYSAYAN ay SALAYSAY hinggil sa nakaraan o nakalipas
na may SAYSAY – kahulugan, katuturan, at kabuluhan – sa
SARILING LIPUNAN at KULTURA o Kabuuang kinabibilangan. Ito ay
inuulat gamit ang mga konsepto at kategorya ng SARILING
kultura.” – Zeus A. Salazar (1999)

HISTORY VS. Past VS. PRE HISTORY

PAST

 Involves everything that ever happened since the dawn of time –

every thought and action of man or woman on earth, every leaf
that fell in the tree, and every chemical change in the universe and
others

HISTORY

 Is a process of interpreting evidence or records from the past in a

thoughtful and informed way. It is the narrative that gives
meaning, sense, and explanation to the past in the present.

PREHISTORY

 The period of human activity prior to the invention of writing

systems

RELEVANCE OF HISTORY:
To Ourselves:

1. History nurtures personal identity. It enables people to

discover their own place in the stories of their families,
communities, and nation.
2. History teaches critical 21st century skills and independent
thinking. The practice of history teaches research, judgment of
the accuracy and reliability of sources, validation of facts and
awareness of multiple perspectives and biases.

To our Communities:
 1. History lays the groundwork for strong, resilient
communities. No place really becomes a community until it is
wrapped in human memory: family stories, tribal traditions, civic
commemorations.
2. History is a catalyst for economic growth. People are drawn to
communities that have preserved a strong sense of historical
identity and character.

To our Future

1. History helps people craft better solutions that engage

citizens. At the heart of democracy is the practice of individuals
coming together to express views and take action.
2. History inspires local and global leaders. History provides
leaders with inspiration and role modes for meeting the complex
challenges that face our communities, nation, and the world.

SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA

HISTORICAL SOURCES – are those materials from which the historians
construct meaning

Historical data are categorized into primary and secondary sources.

PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES

Created at the time of an event, or Created after event; sometimes a long

very soon after time after something happened

Created by someone who saw or Often uses primary sources as

heard an event themselves examples

Expresses an opinion or an argument

Often one-of-a-kind or rare
about a past event

Give firsthand, original, and Provide valuable interpretation of

unfiltered information historical events

Examples: autobiography, memoirs, Examples: bibliographies, periodicals

diaries, personal letters, interviews, (newspaper, magazine and journal),
survey and fieldwork, photographs, literature reviews and review articles
speeches and oral histories (movie review and book reviews)

*TERTIARY SOURCES – provide third-hand information by reporting ideas

and details from secondary sources. Examples are general references such as
dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanac and atlases, crowd sources Wikipedia,
YouTube, message boards and social media sites like Twitter and Facebook
and different search sites.

HISTORICAL METHOD
 The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and
survivals of the past.
 Uses Historical Criticism to evaluate historical sources

IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL METHOD

1. Finding solutions for contemporary problems: Enables us to

form solutions to contemporary problems by seeking verisimilar
information in the present in to the past
2. Understanding the trends for present and future: Throws
light on the trends today and gives prediction on what might
happen
3. Understanding importance and repercussions found in
cultures: Stresses the relative importance and the effects of the
various interactions that are to be found within all cultures.
4. Re-evaluation of presented historical data and facts: Every
information presented before is reevaluated in relation to selected
hypotheses, and generalizations that aim to shed new light or
verified information.

HISTORICAL CRITICISM

 Evaluation of documents or different accounts

Aim:

1. Find out whether a document or idea is acceptable as authentic or

not
2. Eliminate errors and to know the truth

EVALUATION OF HITORICAL SOURCES

1. CREDIBILITY - defined as "the quality or power of inspiring belief".

Credible sources, therefore, must be reliable sources that provide
information that one can believe to be true.
2. AUTHENTICITY - refers to the proven fact that something is
legitimate or real
3. PROVENANCE - refers to the sources of information, such as
entities and processes, involved in producing or delivering an
artifact

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

 also known as LOWER CRITICISM

  authenticates evidence and establishes texts in the most accurate
possible form
 identify the genuineness of a document
 involves authorship and textual circumstances

EXTERNAL CRITICISM: TESTS OF AUTHENTICITY

1. Anachronistic Document Date - determining the date of the

document to see whether they are anachronistic (i.e. being out of
time)
2. Author - determining the author's manuscript (handwriting), which
includes signature and seals
3. Anachronistic Style - determining whether the idiom,
orthography (conventional spelling), or punctuation is anachronistic
4. Anachronistic Event Reference - determining whether the event
mentioned is too early, too late, or too remote/distant
5. Provenance or Custody - determining its genuineness
6. Semantics - determining the meaning of the text, phrase,
sentence, or word
7. Hermeneutics - determining the ambiguity (i.e. open to more
than one (1) interpretation: vague)

INTERNAL CRITICISM

 also known as HIGHER CRITICISM

 looks within the data itself to try to determine the truth facts and
the reasonable interpretation
 refers to the accuracy of the contents within a document
 trustworthiness
 veracity
INTERNAL CRITICISM: TEST OF CREDIBILITY

1. Author's Identification - determining the author's reliability,

mental processes, personal attitude, and relationships
2. Date Approximation - determining the event's date that must be
verisimilar, if not exact, to the actual date
3. Ability to Tell the Truth - determining the witness' nearness to
the event, competence, and degree of attention to attain
verisimilar facts.
4. Willingness to Tell the Truth - determining if the author
consciously or unconsciously tells falsehoods
5. Corroboration - determining if the piece of information receives,
supports, orconfirms a theory or finding, usually referring to
historical facts

IMPORTANCE OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CRITICISM

 Use of unverified, falsified, and untruthful historical sources can

lead to equally false conclusions
 Without thorough criticisms of historical evidences, historical
deception and lies will be highly probable
 TO AVOID HISTORICAL DISTORTION
CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

CONTENT VS. CONTEXT

CONTENT CONTEXT
 The material given to us
 The given interpretation of
that is left for
the content
interpretation

 The parts of a discourse

 The subjects or topics
that surround a word or
covered in a book or
passage and can throw
document
light on its meaning

 The interrelated conditions

 The matter dealt within a
in which something exists
field of study
or occurs

CONTENT ANALYSIS VS. CONTEXT ANALYSIS

CONTENT ANALYSIS CONTEXT ANALYSIS

 It considers specifically the
 A systematic evaluation of time, place, situation
the primary source that where the primary sources
enable an individual to were written. The analysis
present and develop an as well includes the
argument based on his author’s background,
understanding of the authority on the subject
evidences from his and intent, and its
readings relevance and meaning to
people and society today

Things to Consider when doing

Context Analysis
Things to Consider when doing
Content Analysis:
 Background of the Event
 Background of the Author
 Main Idea of the Document
 Author’s Intention/Purpose
 Specific Information
 Relevance/Contribution to
the Present Times
THE AUTHOR’S PERSPECTIVE

The author’s perspective consists of the background, point of view, argument

and attitude.

 The author’s background consists of the author’s early life, his

educational attainment, and the kind of environment he or she
grew up with.
 The point-of-view is the way how the author addresses the
content to the reader. It can be first- person, second-person, or
third-person
 The author also expresses his or her content with an argument in
mind. This is the main theme the author intends for the readers to
see his or her side of the story
 The author’s attitude reflects the tone or mood of the material at
hand. It reflects the current situation in the material at the time of
its conception, or the current emotions the author was feeling
when he made the material

Customs of the Tagalog

By: Juan de Plasencia, OSF
Introduction

This literary work reflects the customs of the Tagalog which provides us with a
background of their lifestyle, beliefs, and traditions during the early times.
This literature is important as it preserves the customs and beliefs of the
Filipinos that reflect who we were and influence who we are today. The text
foregrounds two important figures: the observer (de Plasencia) himself, with
his own background,

subjectivities, and biases; and the observer’s subject (Tagalogs), seen as the
“Other". In colonial situations, the relationship of these figures – the colonizer
and the colonized – flows in both but unequal directions; the former being
dominant, while

the latter is the inferior one. Plasencia's Customs of the Tagalogs has very
essential and interesting until now. Like, who wouldn't want to know about the
customs of the Tagalogs before?
Author’s Background

A Spanish priest of the Franciscan Order, he spent most of his missionary life
in the Philippines, where he founded numerous towns in Luzon and wrote
several religious and linguistic books. Plasencia is reported to have arrived in
the Philippines in 1578 and joined forces with another missionary, Fray Diego
de Oropesa. They both started preaching around Laguna de Bay and Tayabas,
Quezon where he founded several towns. In the following years, they also put
up a large number of towns in the provinces of Bulacan, Laguna, and Rizal
including Caliraya, Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Lilio (Liliw), Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumban,
Pangil, Siniloan, Morong, In Antipolo, In Taytay, and Meycauayan. He wrote a
number of books intended to promote the understanding of both the Spanish
language among the natives and the local languages among the missionaries,
to facilitate the task of spreading Christianity. Plasencia is believed to have
authored the first book printed in the Philippines, the Doctrina Christiana,
which was not only printed in Spanish but also in Tagalog, in both Latin
scripts, and the commonly used Baybayin script of the natives of the time,
and it even had a version in Chinese.

Historical Context of the Document

It was written in the year 1589 during the Spanish Colonial Period. After
receiving the Lordship’s letter, Plasencia wished to reply immediately; but he
postponed his answer in order that he might first thoroughly inform himself in
regard to the People’s request, and to avoid discussing the conflicting reports
of the Indians. Therefore, he collected Indians from different districts – old
men, and those of most capacity; and from them, he had obtained the simple
truth, after weeding out much foolishness, in regard to their government,
administration of justice, inheritance, slaves, and dowries.

Historical Content

The work of Plasencia is considered by many historians as an example of a

friar account. This kind of writing is one of the most common
contemporaneous accounts during the early part of the Spanish period. The
original text of Plasencia’s Customs of the Tagalogs is currently kept in
Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain. There is also a duplicate copy of it
in the Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental, in Madrid, Spain. The original text of
Plasencia’s Customs of the Tagalogs is currently kept in Archivo General de
Indias in Seville, Spain. There is also a duplicate copy of it in the Archivo

Franciscano Ibero-Oriental in Madrid, Spain. In the Philippines, an English

version of it appeared in volume VII of the Blair and Robertson collections.
Another English translation of it was published as part of the volume for the
pre-Hispanic Philippines of

the Filipiniana Book Guild series and what will be presented below is from this
version. There is several historical information in the document of Plasencia:
Social System, Government, Laws, Inheritance, Property, Marriage and
Customs, Religious Beliefs and Practices, The Twelve Disciples of Darkness,
Superstitious Beliefs, and Burial.
Social System.

In the Social System, the social class of Filipinos prior to Spanish colonization,
the Chieftain (Datu) is the highest, followed by Nobles (Maharlika) and
Commoners (Aliping Namamahay), and the Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilir) as the
lowest in the hierarchy of the society. Datu was the chief and captain of wars
who governed them and to whom they obeyed and reverenced. Individuals
who were identified as Maharlika were the free-born and did not pay any tax
or tribute to the Datu. Aliping Namamahay were the married, who served their
master and lived in their own houses and lords of their property and gold.
Aliping Namamahay served their master in his house and on his cultivated
lands, and they may be sold.

Government and Laws.

Barangay is a term pertaining to a unit of government. It is a group of people

consisting of 30 to 40 families and is being ruled and governed by a Datu.
Datu's function includes law implementation, ensuring peace and order, and
giving protection within his control as well as settling individual disputes in the
court together with the council of leaders. They had laws by which they
condemned to death a man of low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of a
chief; likewise, witches, and others of the same class. They condemned no
one to slavery unless he merited the death penalty.

Inheritances.

The succession of thrones played a part in the inheritances of the Filipinos at

that time. The Datu transfers his position to his 1st son; if the 1st son dies, the
2nd son succeeds the father; in the absence of male heirs, it is the eldest
daughter who becomes the chieftain.

Property.

The chief in some villages had also fisheries, with established limits, and
sections of the rivers for markets. No one could fish without paying unless he
belonged to the chief's barangay. The lands on the mountain ridges are not
divided but owned in common by the barangay. The lands inhabited were
divided among the whole barangays. At the time of the rice harvest, any
individual or any particular barangay, although he may have come from some
other village, if he commences clearing any land may sow it.

Marriage and Customs.

The first part of courtship was referred to as Paninilbihan. If the man
succeeded in the courtship, he asked for the parent's permission and had to
satisfy several conditions:

give a dowry, pay the panghihimuyat, pay the wet nurse bigay-suso, pay the
parents himaraw, or bribe for the relatives called sambon. Marriages
belonging to different social classes were not common during those times.
There are also various instances of

divorcement which grounds include adultery, abandonment by the husband,

insanity, and cruelty. The cases of divorce in relation to dowry depend on who
acted in the divorce. If the wife initiates the divorce before childbirth and has
married another, all her dowry and an equal additional amount go to the
husband. If the wife does not marry after leaving the husband, the dowry has
to be returned to the husband. If the husband leaves his wife, he loses only
half of the dowry and the rest is returned. If he possessed children during the
divorce, the whole dowry and fine went to the children and was held by their
grandparents or relatives.

Religious Beliefs and Practices.

Filipinos had traditional beliefs even in the precolonial period. They believe in
the immortality of the soul and life after death. They worship various Gods
that are associated with their environment. The existence of the number of
gods of whom they made offerings are some of the following: Bathalang
Maycapal -Creator, Agni-Fire God, Idinayale-God of agriculture, Lalahon-
Goddess of Harvest, Sidapa-God of Death,

Siginarugan-God of Hell, Balangaw-Rainbow God, Diyan Masalanta-Goddess of

Love, and Mandarangan-War God. Their beliefs included animals, sun, moon,
and even rocks along the seashore adored. There was no old tree to which
they did not attribute divine honors. Diseases were thought to be caused by
the temper of the

environmental spirits. The Anitos or Diwata are adored private idols to whom
permission was asked from them to go. They were believed to have
jurisdiction over mountains and open country, sowed fields, and seas. By
carving on ivory or gold called licha or larawan, it is being made to keep a
memory of the dead.

The Twelve Disciples of Darkness.

When Spanish friars arrived to evangelize the Philippines, they spread

propaganda about indigenous beliefs as a strategy for converting natives to
Catholicism. Anything the friars didn’t understand was deemed "unChristian"
and evil. They found no written records on the native religion because
everything was based on oral tradition which was passed down through
generations.

1. Catolonan, commonly known all over the Philippines, was either a

man or a woman. These priests were honorable one among the
natives and were held ordinarily by people of rank, this rule being
general in all the islands.
2. Mangagauay, these priests even induced maladies by their charms,
which in proportion to the strength and efficacy of the witchcraft,
are capable of causing death.
3. Manyisalat, these priests had the power of applying such remedies
to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives,
and in fact could prevent them from having intercourse with the
latter.
4. Mancocolam, whose duty was to emit fire from himself at night,
once or oftener each month. This wallows in ordure and filth which
falls random houses.
5. Hocloban, which originates in Catanduanes is a powerful witch who
causes death, can heal as well, and can destroy a home.
6. Silagan which originated in Catanduanes eats a liver and causes
violence and death.
7. Magtatangal is a creature whose head separates and body walks
with the intention of showing himself to people.
8. Osuang, which is equivalent to” sorcerer” says that they have seen
him fly and that he murdered men and ate their flesh.
9. Mangagayoma made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and
wood, which would infuse the heart with love.
10. Sonat, which is equivalent to” preacher” was his office to help one
to die, at which time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of
the soul.
11. Pangatahojan was a soothsayer and predicted the future. This
office was general in all the islands.
12. Bayoguin signified a” cotquean,” a man whose nature inclined
toward that of a woman or termed as homosexual.

Superstitious Beliefs.

The Filipinos’ superstitious beliefs were evidenced by their idea of creatures

such as Tiyanak, Kapre, Tikbalang, Dwende, and Aswang. It is also referred to
as the belief in the magical power of amulets and charms such as gayuma or
love potion, anting-anting and kulam. Most of them thought that the spirit of
the dead can incarnate itself in animals. The Pre-Spanish Filipinos said that
those who are stabbed to death, eaten by crocodiles, or killed by arrows climb
on a rainbow to heaven and evolve into gods

Burials. This burial ceremony included burying their dead in certain wooden
coffins, in their own houses. They bury the dead, gold, cloth, and other
valuable objects - saying that if they depart rich, they will be well received in
the other world, but coldly if they go poor.
Kartilya ng Katipunan
By: Emilio Jacinto

KKK- Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga anak ng Bayan

 The most important organization formed in the Philippine History

 It was only Katipunan who envisioned: A united Filipino nation that
would revolt against the Spaniards
 The total independence of the country from Spain.

Background of the Author:

 Emilio Jacinto y Dizon (December 15, 1875 - April 16, 1899) was
one of the highest-ranking officers during the Philippine Revolution.
 He is a child of Mariano Jacinto, and Josefa Matanza Dizon He
attended San Juan de Letran College when he embarked on his
college career but later attended the University of Santo Tomas to
study law.
 He joined the secret society Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, better known as the Katipunan,
at the age of 19.
 He served as the advisor on fiscal matters and secretary to Andres
Bonifacio. He edited the revolutionary newspaper of the Katipunan
called Kalayaan under the pseudonym 'Dimasilaw' and used the
monicker 'Pingkian' in the secret society.
 Identified as the Brain of the Katipunan, he authored the Kartilya
ng Katipunan on April 15, 1897
 Bonifacio appointed Emilio Jacinto as a commander of the
Katipunan in Northern Luzon. Jacinto was 22 years old,
 He died of Malaria at the young age of 24 in the town of
Magdalena, Laguna.

Content Analysis:

The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan code of conduct. It contains

fourteen rules that instruct the way Katipunero should behave, and which
specific values should he uphold. Generally, the rules stated in the Kartilya
can be classified into two:

 The first group contains the rules that will make the member an
upright individual.
 The second group contains the rules that will guide the way he
treats his fellow men.
Taught in schools and universities, the Kartilla is the best-known of all
Katipunan texts. Making manifest the KKK’s principles and teachings, it was
printed as a small pamphlet for new members. It is the only document of any
length set in print by the Katipunan prior to August 1986 that is known to be
still extant. The earliest reference to the Kartilla yet found is in the minutes of
a Supreme Assembly meeting held in December 1895. Whether it is the KKK
branches or the individual recruits who are to be charged this amount is not
clear, and nor is it known whether the title phrase ------ “To those who want to
join this Katipunan”- Truly means recruits, or in practice

should be taken to mean, “To those who have joined this Katipunan”.

Authorship of the Kartilla has always been credited to Emilio Jacinto, and there
is little doubt this attribution is sound: it dates back to the Sensacional
memoria of Isabelo delos Reyes, whose sources included several seniors of
KKK veterans, and it has

never been challenged. Bonifacio, the story goes, had originally intended that
his “Decalogue” should be printed and handed to new recruits, but then read
Jacinto’s Kartilla and decided it was superior. The two texts, though, are not
comparable. Bonifacio seeks only to enumerate the duties of Katipunan
members, Jacinto couches his primer, four times as long, rather as a
statement of aspirations and ethical

values. Bonifacio lists ten obligations; Jacinto presents twelve “guiding

principles” and fourteen “teachings”.

Rule in the Kartilya ng Katipunan (MGA ARAL NANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA

A.N.B.)

1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na

kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong
makamandag.
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at
hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig
sa kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa't pangungusap sa
talagang Katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao'y
magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa'y higtan sa dunong, sa
yaman, sa ganda..., ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa
sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili
sa puri.
 6. Sa taong may hiya, salita'y panunumpa.
7. Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahon; ang yamang nawala'y
magyayaring magbalik; nguni't panahong nagdaan na'y di na muli
pang magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino'y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at
matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng
asawa't mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang
patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din.
11. Ang babai ay huag mong tingang isang bagay na libangan lamang,
kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong
kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang
kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata't nagiwi sa iyong
kasangulan.
12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huwag
mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao'y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong
at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkapring KAHALILI NG DIOS, wala sa
mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na
tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika,
yaong may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal
at puri; yaong di napaaapi't di nakikiapi; yaong marunong
magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa baying tinubuan.
14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw
ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupaan, at
sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang
magkalahi't magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang
mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa'y labis
nang natumbasan.

As the primary governing document that determines the rules of conduct in

the Katipunan, properly understanding the Kartilya ng Katipunan will thus help
in understanding the values, ideas, aspirations, and even the ideology of the
organization.

Analysis of the "Kartilya ng Katipunan":

This primary source needs to be analyzed in terms of content and context.

1. As a document written for a fraternity whose main purpose is to

overthrow a colonial regime, we can explain the content and
provisions of the Kartilya as a reaction and response to certain
value systems that they found despicable in the present state of
things that they struggled against.
 2. Further, one can analyze the values upheld in the document as
consistent with the burgeoning rational and liberal ideas in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
3. In contemporary eyes, the Katipunan can be criticized because of
these provisions. However, one must not forget the context in
which the organization was born.
4. Kartilya was instructive not just of the Katipunan's conduct toward
other people, but also for the members' development as individuals
in their own rights.

In conclusion, the proper reading of the Kartilya will reveal a more thorough
understanding of the Katipunan and the significant role that it played in the
revolution and in the unfolding of Philippine history.

First Voyage Around the World

Antonio Pigafetta
Contextual Analysis
Historical Background
15th century –18th century - Age of Extensive Colonialism and
Mercantilism in Europe

MOTIVES OF EXPLORATION

God- To spread Christianity to no new lands and convert indigenous

(Natives) papulation

Gold- Pursuit wealth through trades

- In search for precure metals and stones

Glory- Ambition of explores to achieve.

Fame national prestige and honor

By discovering for their empire.

Rivalry between Spain and Portugal - Treaty of Tordesillas (Line of

demarcation)

 Spain – Land from West

 Portugal – Land from East

Portuguese explorer

Born on 1480 in Sabrosa, Portugal

Known for leading the first

expedition to successfully
circumnavigate the globe

Propose to find a westward route to

the Spice Islands

 1517 – King Manuel I of

Portugal rejected Magellan’s
proposal
 1518 – Magellan went to Spain
and was welcomed by King
Charles I

Fernão de Magalhães or Ferdinand Magellan/Magallanes

Magellan’s Voyage and Expedition (Armada de Molucca)
(September 20, 1519 - September 6, 1522)

 Sailed with 5 ships Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepción, Santiago,

and Victoria

Carrack - Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion and Victoria

Caravel - Santiago

 Caravels were pivotal in early exploration, known for their speed,

agility, and ability to sail close to the wind, making them ideal for
navigating the uncharted waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the
African coast. (can go to shallow waters)
 Carracks were larger, sturdier vessels designed to endure long sea
voyages and carry substantial cargo
 Only Trinidad, Concepcion and Victoria reached the Philippines
 Concepcion was burned before leaving the Philippines in May 1521
Magellan’s Companion

 Enrique de Malacca (Taprobane) – slave; interpreter

 Antonio de Pigafetta – chronicler or writer of their journey
 Pedro de Valderama – priest
 Juan Sebastian de Elcano – replacement of Magellan
 Soldiers

Background of the Author

Antonio Lombardo or Francisco

Antonio Pigafetta

Venetian scholar born around 1491

in Vicenza, Republic of Venice

Belonged to a rich family in his city

Studied astronomy, geography and

cartography and during his younger
years worked in the ships owned by
the Knights of Rhodes

Served as Ferdinand Magellan’s

assistant

One of the 18 men who completed

the expedition, returning to Spain in
1522, under the command of Elcano

Pigafetta’s journal written during

their expedition in 1519 – 1522,
consisting of 203 pages; accounting
everything that seemed fascinating
and foreign to him

 The First Voyage Around the

World
 Published after he died
 About Magellan’s travel
 Trail of the so-called Magellan
route heading to the Spice
Islands
 Accurate ethnographic and
geographical account of the
first circumnavigation of the
globe
  Description of the people,
countries, goods, and even the
languages that were spoken in
the journey in the pre-colonial
Philippines

Author’s Intention / Purpose

1. To discover, research and achieve knowledge about nautical
technology, cartography and astronomy.
2. As the scribe, he was tasked to record details and information
during the expedition.

4 Versions of the Expedition

1. Maximilianus Transylvanus - De Moluccis Insulis (The Moluccas
Islands) - subject matter is the same as that of Pigafetta’s book but
it is not an eyewitness account because the author is not part of
the expedition
2. Francisco Albo (Victoria’s pilot) - His work is the shortest and it
focused mainly on the location of the expedition on certain dates.
3. Peter Martyr d’ Anghiera - From 1511 to 1530, he wrote accounts of
the Spanish explorations of the New World which he divided into
“decades.” The fifth decade appeared in 1523 and it recounted the
conquest of Mexico and the circumnavigation of the world by
Magellan
4. Antonio Pigafetta’s account - His manuscript were never printed;
the longest and most comprehensive among the 4 versions that
dealt with the Magellan expedition

Relevance
1. Proved that the earth is not flat but an oblate sphere
2. Demolished the myth that there is boiling water at the Equator
3. Portuguese route is not only way to the Spice Islands
4. Brought to the attention of the Europeans that on the other side of
the American continent exists a large body of water which Magellan
named Pacific Ocean (Mar Pacifico)
5. Important details about the conditions of the Visayan Islands in the
16th century
6. Source of historical information about the beginning of Christianity,
First Mass and Blood Compact in the Philippines
7. Narrative of the first Filipino (Cilapulapu) who led the resistance
movement against Spanish rule and successfully thwarted the first
attempt of the Spaniards to take control of the Philippines.

Content
Socio-Cultural Conditions
  Natives lived in small, self-governing communities without
centralized authority.
 They had distinct beauty standards, such as blackening and
reddening their teeth, which they found attractive.
 The natives were skilled in fishing and farming, consuming foods
like coconuts, potatoes, bananas, sugar cane, and fish.
 They had specific customs and rituals, such as ceremonial meals
and unique adornments for both men and women, consecration of
animals and mourning practices, indicating a developed culture
and a rich spiritual life tied to nature.
 Houses were constructed of wood and bamboo, elevated above the
ground, with floors made of wooden beams and rooms furnished
with palm-leaf mats. They were ingenious in using available natural
resources, displaying resourcefulness despite their simple lifestyle.
 They used primitive weapons, such as spears tipped with
fishbones, and they displayed a curious mixture of bravery and
naivety, as seen in their interactions with the Spaniards—
sometimes approaching the ships to trade, other times showing
hostility.
 Settlements were usually small clusters of houses, with royals
living in larger and more decorated homes. The design of homes
reflected both practicality and an adaptation to the tropical
environment.
 Chewing betel nut is a practice in Visayas. (“People in those parts
of the world are constantly chewing a fruit (which they call
areca and resembles a pear): they cut that fruit into four parts,
then wrap it in the leaves of a tree of theirs (which they call
bettle and which resemble the leaves of the mulberry), and mix it
with a little lime, and when they have chewed it thoroughly, they
spit it out; it makes the mouth exceedingly red.”)

Political Structures

 Decentralized political structure among the natives, with various

chieftains and kings ruling independently over their respective
islands
 Hierarchical nature of native societies
 There was no overarching authority, and each island or community
maintained its own governance and defense.
 Alliances and rivalries between chieftains were common, and
political power was often reinforced through wealth (gold
ornaments and tattoos), displays of strength, and strategic
marriages.
 There were instances of conflict among chieftains, and alliances
were often made through trade or mutual support against common
enemies.

Kings and Queens

The kings and chiefs - grandly adorned, often wearing gold earrings, armlets,
and intricately embroidered cloths; had tattoos covering their bodies,
symbolizing status and bravery.
Rajah Humabon - short, fat, and tattooed with designs made through
burning; wore only a cloth around his waist but would also be seen with ornate
accessories such as a silk veil on the head and precious gems in their
earrings.

 Silk - proof that they have traded with China

Rajah Colambu - grandly adorned and the most handsome among his
people, has long, black hair, wears a silk veil, and large golden earrings, wears
embroidered cotton cloth covering him from waist to knees. long-handled gold
dagger hangs at his side, with a carved wood scabbard, has three gold spots
on each tooth, giving the appearance of gold-bound teeth. He is perfumed
with storax and benzoin, has an olive skin tone, and is heavily tattooed.

 Pieces of gold, the size of walnuts are found in his island, dishes
and parts of his house are made of gold.

Queens - young, beautiful, and elegantly dressed, wearing cloths of black and
white with crowns of palm leaves resembling the tiaras of popes, adorned with
distinctive accessories, such as large hats and gold jewelry.

Royal Lifestyle and Residences

 Royal houses were elevated, large, and built similarly to

commoners’ homes but were furnished more lavishly. They had
spaces designed for hosting and entertaining guests, such as
bamboo platforms and mats, and often kept numerous slaves and
attendants.
 The kings’ and queens’ daily activities included hosting meals,
engaging in rituals, and overseeing their domains, demonstrating
both leadership and hospitality.

Common People

 Typically went naked, with men wearing small palm-leaf hats and
women covering their private parts with strips of bark or cloth
made from tree fibers.
 Both men and women were olive-skinned but were born white, and
they commonly anointed their bodies and hair with coconut and
beneseed oil, which was believed to protect them against the sun
and wind.
 Women were described as delicate, beautiful, and often lighter in
complexion compared to the men. They generally did not work in
the fields but stayed home, engaged in weaving mats, baskets, and
other household items.

Religious Beliefs

 The natives were largely animistic or atheistic, worshiping no

formal deities, and performed various rituals with a focus on
natural elements.
 Abba - regarded as the most revered among the idols
 Ceremonies involving old women consecrating animals like swine
were prevalent, reflecting deep-rooted beliefs and
 superstitions.These rituals often involved consecrating food,
offering sacrifices, and invoking natural elements.
 There were no formal temples or organized worship; instead,
spirituality was interwoven into daily life and social customs,
reflecting a deep connection to nature.
 They demonstrated a strong community bond, coming together to
mourn their dead or celebrate with food and drink, highlighting a
close-knit social structure.
 The arrival of the Spaniards introduced Christianity, which some
natives, including their leaders, began to adopt. This was often
done as a political gesture, aiming to gain favor and alliance with
the powerful European visitors.
 The Spaniards used Christian symbols, rituals, and promises of
protection to persuade the natives, and many of the conversions
were marked by grand ceremonies and the erection of crosses.

Cross - no harm would befall them or their property, captured men will be
set free, protection thunder, lightning, and storms.

Economic Activity

1. Subsistence Economy
2. Trade and Barter - Trade was conducted both within and between
islands, with gold, rice, and other local produce being common
commodities. Zubu (Cebu) was the largest and busiest port,
bustling with trading activities.

Characteristics of the Spaniards

Military Aggression and Superiority

1. They exhibited military superiority, using advanced weaponry like

crossbows and firearms to intimidate and control the natives.
2. They demonstrated their power through violent acts, such as
burning villages and retaliating against theft by natives, reflecting
a colonial mindset.
3. They often linked political alliances with religious conversion,
promising military aid to those who accepted their faith.

Cultural Arrogance and Superiority Complex

1. The Spaniards often displayed a sense of cultural superiority,

dismissing native customs as inferior or barbaric.
2. They were called heathens - refer to those who practice animism,
polytheism, or other non-Abrahamic faith implying ignorance,
barbarism, or a lack of moral or civilized behavior, suggesting that
such individuals are outside the accepted norms or values of the
speaker's belief system.

Eurocentrism - Pigafetta’s narrative reflects the Eurocentric worldview of the

period, depicting the natives as “heathens” and their practices as primitive
compared to European norms. The Spaniards viewed their mission as both a
commercial and religious endeavor, often justifying their aggressive actions as
part of a divine mission to civilize and convert.
Diplomatic Engagements and Strategic Alliances

1. The Spaniards engaged in diplomacy with local leaders, offering

gifts and trading European goods to establish relations.
2. They used displays of strength, such as firing artillery, as a means
of both intimidation and demonstrating friendship, manipulating
native rulers to secure provisions and allies.
3. Their attempts to dominate and convert were typical of early
colonial strategies that mixed diplomacy with coercion.

Important Events
1. September 20, 1519- beginning of first voyage round the world

2. March 16, 1521 - landed in Zzamal

3. March 18, 1521 - Homonhon ( ‘the watering-place of good signs, for there
were the first signs of gold), ‘the Archipelago of San Lazaro,’ - discovered on
the Sunday of St Lazarus

4. March 29, 1521 (Holy Friday) - First blood-compact in the Philippines

5. March 31, 1521 - First mass in the Philippines presided by Fr. Pedro de
Valderama

6. Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521) - Conflict with Lapu-Lapu, the chieftain of
Mactan Island, who refused to submit to Spanish authority or convert to
Christianity

The document clearly portrays the Philippines as a land of great natural

wealth, abundant resources, and skilled, resourceful people. The availability of
gold, fertile lands, diverse flora and fauna, and a strategic position for trade all
contribute to the image of the Philippines as a rich and prosperous land during
Magellan’s time. This richness is evident not only in material wealth but also
in the cultural practices and ingenuity of the people.
It captures the challenges faced by the crew, including theft by natives,
violent skirmishes, and the eventual death of Magellan in the Battle of
Mactan.

Content Analysis of First Voyage

FIRST STOP ON THE FAR EASTERN PART
Landrones Island

Was called “Island of Thieves” because the villagers keep taking

items from their ship.

Thire Caravel was also stolen.

What did they do?

Magellan’s people burned 50 houses of the locals.

Location: South East of Japan, South West of Hawaii, North of New Guinea
and East of the Philippines.

----

Magellan crossed the international date line thus adding a day to their original
date in the book of Antonio Pigafetta.

Enrique – translator, slave

-----

DICSCOVERY OF THE PHILIPINES

March 17,1521 (o.g March 16, 1521)

Arrived first in Zamal (Samar)

o They just so it but did not approach the island

Humuno (Homonhon) Their first land in Philippines

o They instead went to this inhabited Island.

o Set up 2 tents for their sick members.
o They also killed 2 swine (pigs)
o They named the entire philipines as “Islands of Saint Lazaros” because
they discovers it during the celebration of saint Lazaros.
March 18

o Saw 9 men approaching the approaching them. The men came from
Zuluan. These men were happy to see Magellen
o Magellan invited the m9 men to the ship.
o They had exchange gifts.
o Spaniards gave: Red hat. Mirror, comb, and bells
o Phippinos: guilt head fish, jar of wine, babana, fig fruit, coconut
o Natives explained a lot of things to Magellan and named some islands
o Magellan ask for food supply.
o The natives agreed and said they will return in 4 days.
o In this island they saw a spring water and that has the cleanest water
they have ever seen with that they called it “ Acquada da li buoni
Senial” means The watering place of Goods signs.

March 22

o The men arrived in two boats they gave: coconuts, oranges, a jar of
rice and the rooster
o They sold the items
o Magellan and his crew senior of the nine men who is an old man who
was painted wearing 2 gold earrings with other gold armlets and
kerchief on their head
o Michael and his crew stayed in home for one week

March 23 to March 24

o Magellan visited the sick daily offering coconut water

o Pigafetta wrote the nearby residence has large earrings sometimes so
large they would pass their arms through them. Their clothes were
minimal