NAS 26
NEPAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 26
Accounting and Reporting by Retirement
Benefit Plans
CONTENTS
from paragraph
NEPAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 26
ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING BY RETIREMENT
BENEFIT PLANS
SCOPE 1
DEFINITIONS 8
DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLANS 13
DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS 17
Actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits 23
Frequency of actuarial valuations 27
Financial statement content 28
ALL PLANS 32
Valuation of plan assets 32
Disclosure 34
EFFECTIVE DATE 37
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Nepal Accounting Standard 26 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit
Plans (NAS 26) is set out in paragraphs 1–38. All the paragraphs have equal
authority. NAS 26 should be read in the context of the Preface to Nepal Financial
Reporting Standards and the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting.
NAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides
a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit
guidance.
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Nepal Accounting Standard 26
Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans
Scope
1 This Standard shall be applied in the financial statements of retirement benefit
plans where such financial statements are prepared.
2 Retirement benefit plans are sometimes referred to by various other names,
such as ‘pension schemes’, ‘superannuation schemes’ or ‘retirement benefit
schemes’. This Standard regards a retirement benefit plan as a reporting entity
separate from the employers of the participants in the plan. All other Standards
apply to the financial statements of retirement benefit plans to the extent that
they are not superseded by this Standard.
3 This Standard deals with accounting and reporting by the plan to all participants
as a group. It does not deal with reports to individual participants about their
retirement benefit rights.
4 NAS 19 Employee Benefits is concerned with the determination of the cost
of retirement benefits in the financial statements of employers having plans.
Hence this Standard complements NAS 19.
5 Retirement benefit plans may be defined contribution plans or defined benefit
plans. Many require the creation of separate funds, which may or may not have
separate legal identity and may or may not have trustees, to which contributions
are made and from which retirement benefits are paid. This Standard applies
regardless of whether such a fund is created and regardless of whether there are
trustees.
6 Retirement benefit plans with assets invested with insurance companies are
subject to the same accounting and funding requirements as privately invested
arrangements. Accordingly, they are within the scope of this Standard unless the
contract with the insurance company is in the name of a specified participant
or a group of participants and the retirement benefit obligation is solely the
responsibility of the insurance company.
7 This Standard does not deal with other forms of employment benefits such as
employment termination indemnities, deferred compensation arrangements,
long-service leave benefits, special early retirement or redundancy plans, health
and welfare plans or bonus plans. Government social security type arrangements
are also excluded from the scope of this Standard.
Definitions
8 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
Retirement benefit plans are arrangements whereby an entity provides
benefits for employees on or after termination of service (either in the form of
an annual income or as a lump sum) when such benefits, or the contributions
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towards them, can be determined or estimated in advance of retirement from
the provisions of a document or from the entity’s practices.
Defined contribution plans are retirement benefit plans under which amounts
to be paid as retirement benefits are determined by contributions to a fund
together with investment earnings thereon.
Defined benefit plans are retirement benefit plans under which amounts to be
paid as retirement benefits are determined by reference to a formula usually
based on employees’ earnings and/or years of service.
Funding is the transfer of assets to an entity (the fund) separate from the
employer’s entity to meet future obligations for the payment of retirement
benefits.
For the purposes of this Standard the following terms are also used:
Participants are the members of a retirement benefit plan and others who are
entitled to benefits under the plan.
Net assets available for benefits are the assets of a plan less liabilities other
than the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits.
Actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits is the present value
of the expected payments by a retirement benefit plan to existing and past
employees, attributable to the service already rendered.
Vested benefits are benefits, the rights to which, under the conditions of a
retirement benefit plan, are not conditional on continued employment.
9 Some retirement benefit plans have sponsors other than employers; this
Standard also applies to the financial statements of such plans.
10 Most retirement benefit plans are based on formal agreements. Some plans
are informal but have acquired a degree of obligation as a result of employers’
established practices. While some plans permit employers to limit their
obligations under the plans, it is usually difficult for an employer to cancel a plan
if employees are to be retained. The same basis of accounting and reporting
applies to an informal plan as to a formal plan.
11 Many retirement benefit plans provide for the establishment of separate funds
into which contributions are made and out of which benefits are paid. Such
funds may be administered by parties who act independently in managing fund
assets. Those parties are called trustees in some countries. The term trustee is
used in this Standard to describe such parties regardless of whether a trust has
been formed.
12 Retirement benefit plans are normally described as either defined contribution
plans or defined benefit plans, each having their own distinctive characteristics.
Occasionally plans exist that contain characteristics of both. Such hybrid plans
are considered to be defined benefit plans for the purposes of this Standard.
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Defined contribution plans
13 The financial statements of a defined contribution plan shall contain a
statement of net assets available for benefits and a description of the funding
policy.
14 Under a defined contribution plan, the amount of a participant’s future benefits
is determined by the contributions paid by the employer, the participant, or both,
and the operating efficiency and investment earnings of the fund. An employer’s
obligation is usually discharged by contributions to the fund. An actuary’s advice
is not normally required although such advice is sometimes used to estimate
future benefits that may be achievable based on present contributions and
varying levels of future contributions and investment earnings.
15 The participants are interested in the activities of the plan because they directly
affect the level of their future benefits. Participants are interested in knowing
whether contributions have been received and proper control has been exercised
to protect the rights of beneficiaries. An employer is interested in the efficient
and fair operation of the plan.
16 The objective of reporting by a defined contribution plan is periodically to
provide information about the plan and the performance of its investments.
That objective is usually achieved by providing financial statements including
the following:
(a) a description of significant activities for the period and the effect of any
changes relating to the plan, and its membership and terms and conditions;
(b) statements reporting on the transactions and investment performance for
the period and the financial position of the plan at the end of the period;
and
(c) a description of the investment policies.
Defined benefit plans
17 The financial statements of a defined benefit plan shall contain either:
(a) a statement that shows:
(i) the net assets available for benefits;
(ii) the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits,
distinguishing between vested benefits and non-vested benefits; and
(iii) the resulting excess or deficit; or
(b) a statement of net assets available for benefits including either:
(i) a note disclosing the actuarial present value of promised retirement
benefits, distinguishing between vested benefits and non-vested
benefits; or
(ii) a reference to this information in an accompanying actuarial report.
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If an actuarial valuation has not been prepared at the date of the financial
statements, the most recent valuation shall be used as a base and the date of
the valuation disclosed.
18 For the purposes of paragraph 17, the actuarial present value of promised
retirement benefits shall be based on the benefits promised under the terms
of the plan on service rendered to date using either current salary levels or
projected salary levels with disclosure of the basis used. The effect of any
changes in actuarial assumptions that have had a significant effect on the
actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits shall also be disclosed.
19 The financial statements shall explain the relationship between the actuarial
present value of promised retirement benefits and the net assets available for
benefits, and the policy for the funding of promised benefits.
20 Under a defined benefit plan, the payment of promised retirement benefits
depends on the financial position of the plan and the ability of contributors to
make future contributions to the plan as well as the investment performance
and operating efficiency of the plan.
21 A defined benefit plan needs the periodic advice of an actuary to assess the
financial condition of the plan, review the assumptions and recommend future
contribution levels.
22 The objective of reporting by a defined benefit plan is periodically to provide
information about the financial resources and activities of the plan that is useful
in assessing the relationships between the accumulation of resources and plan
benefits over time. This objective is usually achieved by providing financial
statements including the following:
(a) a description of significant activities for the period and the effect of any
changes relating to the plan, and its membership and terms and conditions;
(b) statements reporting on the transactions and investment performance for
the period and the financial position of the plan at the end of the period;
(c) actuarial information either as part of the statements or by way of a
separate report; and
(d) a description of the investment policies.
Actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits
23 The present value of the expected payments by a retirement benefit plan may
be calculated and reported using current salary levels or projected salary levels
up to the time of retirement of participants.
24 The reasons given for adopting a current salary approach include:
(a) the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits, being the sum
of the amounts presently attributable to each participant in the plan, can
be calculated more objectively than with projected salary levels because it
involves fewer assumptions;
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(b) increases in benefits attributable to a salary increase become an obligation
of the plan at the time of the salary increase; and
(c) the amount of the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits
using current salary levels is generally more closely related to the amount
payable in the event of termination or discontinuance of the plan.
25 Reasons given for adopting a projected salary approach include:
(a) financial information should be prepared on a going concern basis,
irrespective of the assumptions and estimates that must be made;
(b) under final pay plans, benefits are determined by reference to salaries at or
near retirement date; hence salaries, contribution levels and rates of return
must be projected; and
(c) failure to incorporate salary projections, when most funding is based on
salary projections, may result in the reporting of an apparent overfunding
when the plan is not overfunded, or in reporting adequate funding when
the plan is underfunded.
26 The actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits based on current
salaries is disclosed in the financial statements of a plan to indicate the obligation
for benefits earned to the date of the financial statements. The actuarial present
value of promised retirement benefits based on projected salaries is disclosed
to indicate the magnitude of the potential obligation on a going concern basis
which is generally the basis for funding. In addition to disclosure of the actuarial
present value of promised retirement benefits, sufficient explanation may need
to be given so as to indicate clearly the context in which the actuarial present
value of promised retirement benefits should be read. Such explanation may be
in the form of information about the adequacy of the planned future funding
and of the funding policy based on salary projections. This may be included in
the financial statements or in the actuary’s report.
Frequency of actuarial valuations
27 In many countries, actuarial valuations are not obtained more frequently than
every three years. If an actuarial valuation has not been prepared at the date
of the financial statements, the most recent valuation is used as a base and the
date of the valuation disclosed.
Financial statement content
28 For defined benefit plans, information is presented in one of the following
formats which reflect different practices in the disclosure and presentation of
actuarial information:
(a) a statement is included in the financial statements that shows the net assets
available for benefits, the actuarial present value of promised retirement
benefits, and the resulting excess or deficit. The financial statements of the
plan also contain statements of changes in net assets available for benefits
and changes in the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits.
The financial statements may be accompanied by a separate actuary’s
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report supporting the actuarial present value of promised retirement
benefits;
(b) financial statements that include a statement of net assets available for
benefits and a statement of changes in net assets available for benefits. The
actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits is disclosed in a
note to the statements. The financial statements may also be accompanied
by a report from an actuary supporting the actuarial present value of
promised retirement benefits; and
(c) financial statements that include a statement of net assets available for
benefits and a statement of changes in net assets available for benefits with
the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits contained in a
separate actuarial report.
In each format a trustees’ report in the nature of a management or directors’
report and an investment report may also accompany the financial statements.
29 Those in favour of the formats described in paragraph 28(a) and (b) believe
that the quantification of promised retirement benefits and other information
provided under those approaches help users to assess the current status of the
plan and the likelihood of the plan’s obligations being met. They also believe
that financial statements should be complete in themselves and not rely on
accompanying statements. However, some believe that the format described
in paragraph 28(a) could give the impression that a liability exists, whereas the
actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits does not in their opinion
have all the characteristics of a liability.
30 Those who favour the format described in paragraph 28(c) believe that the
actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits should not be included
in a statement of net assets available for benefits as in the format described in
paragraph 28(a) or even be disclosed in a note as in paragraph 28(b), because
it will be compared directly with plan assets and such a comparison may not be
valid. They contend that actuaries do not necessarily compare actuarial present
value of promised retirement benefits with market values of investments but may
instead assess the present value of cash flows expected from the investments.
Therefore, those in favour of this format believe that such a comparison is
unlikely to reflect the actuary’s overall assessment of the plan and that it may be
misunderstood. Also, some believe that, regardless of whether quantified, the
information about promised retirement benefits should be contained solely in
the separate actuarial report where a proper explanation can be provided.
31 This Standard accepts the views in favour of permitting disclosure of the
information concerning promised retirement benefits in a separate actuarial
report. It rejects arguments against the quantification of the actuarial present
value of promised retirement benefits. Accordingly, the formats described in
paragraph 28(a) and (b) are considered acceptable under this Standard, as is the
format described in paragraph 28(c) so long as the financial statements contain
a reference to, and are accompanied by, an actuarial report that includes the
actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits.
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All plans
Valuation of plan assets
32 Retirement benefit plan investments shall be carried at fair value. In the case
of marketable securities fair value is market value. Where plan investments
are held for which an estimate of fair value is not possible disclosure shall be
made of the reason why fair value is not used.
33 In the case of marketable securities fair value is usually market value because this
is considered the most useful measure of the securities at the report date and
of the investment performance for the period. Those securities that have a fixed
redemption value and that have been acquired to match the obligations of the
plan, or specific parts thereof, may be carried at amounts based on their ultimate
redemption value assuming a constant rate of return to maturity. Where plan
investments are held for which an estimate of fair value is not possible, such as total
ownership of an entity, disclosure is made of the reason why fair value is not used. To
the extent that investments are carried at amounts other than market value or fair
value, fair value is generally also disclosed. Assets used in the operations of the fund
are accounted for in accordance with the applicable Standards.
Disclosure
34 The financial statements of a retirement benefit plan, whether defined benefit
or defined contribution, shall also contain the following information:
(a) a statement of changes in net assets available for benefits;
(b) material accounting policy information; and
(c) a description of the plan and the effect of any changes in the plan during
the period.
35 Financial statements provided by retirement benefit plans include the following,
if applicable:
(a) a statement of net assets available for benefits disclosing:
(i) assets at the end of the period suitably classified;
(ii) the basis of valuation of assets;
(iii) details of any single investment exceeding either 5% of the net assets
available for benefits or 5% of any class or type of security;
(iv) details of any investment in the employer; and
(v) liabilities other than the actuarial present value of promised retirement
benefits;
(b) a statement of changes in net assets available for benefits showing the
following:
(i) employer contributions;
(ii) employee contributions;
(iii) investment income such as interest and dividends;
(iv) other income;
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(v) benefits paid or payable (analysed, for example, as retirement, death
and disability benefits, and lump sum payments);
(vi) administrative expenses;
(vii) other expenses;
(viii) taxes on income;
(ix) profits and losses on disposal of investments and changes in value of
investments; and
(x) transfers from and to other plans;
(c) a description of the funding policy;
(d) for defined benefit plans, the actuarial present value of promised retirement
benefits (which may distinguish between vested benefits and non-vested
benefits) based on the benefits promised under the terms of the plan, on
service rendered to date and using either current salary levels or projected
salary levels; this information may be included in an accompanying actuarial
report to be read in conjunction with the related financial statements; and
(e) for defined benefit plans, a description of the significant actuarial
assumptions made and the method used to calculate the actuarial present
value of promised retirement benefits.
36 The report of a retirement benefit plan contains a description of the plan, either as
part of the financial statements or in a separate report. It may contain the following:
(a) the names of the employers and the employee groups covered;
(b) the number of participants receiving benefits and the number of other
participants, classified as appropriate;
(c) the type of plan—defined contribution or defined benefit;
(d) a note as to whether participants contribute to the plan;
(e) a description of the retirement benefits promised to participants;
(f) a description of any plan termination terms; and
(g) changes in items (a) to (f) during the period covered by the report.
It is not uncommon to refer to other documents that are readily available to
users and in which the plan is described, and to include only information on
subsequent changes.
Effective date
37 This Standard supersedes earlier NAS 26 Accounting & Reporting by Retirement
Benefit Plans (issued in 2018) and becomes operative for financial statements of
retirement benefit plans covering periods beginning on or after July 16, 2025.
Any consequential effect arising from the application of other related Standards
becoming effective on the later date, shall be applied only when those Standards
come into effect.
38 [Deleted]
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