LESSON PLAN AND LESSON NOTE ON AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE (SECOND

TERM)
JSS2

SCHEME OF WORK AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE JSS2 SECOND TERM

WEEK TOPIC

1. REVISION OF LAST TERM WORK AND RESUMPTION TEST

2. ANIMAL FEEDS AND FEEDING
3. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVESTOCK FEED
4. FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE DECIDING ANIMAL FEEDS
5. ANIMAL PESTS AND DISEASES CONTROL
6. FARM ANIMAL DISEASES AND CONTROL
7. MID TEWRM BREAK
8. BACTERIA
9. VIRUS AND PROTOZOA
10.SOIL
11.REVISION
12.EXAMINATION

REFERENCE

 Junior Secondary Agriculture For Nigerian Schools By Anthony Youdeowei et al

 Intensive Agricultural science For JSS 1-3 By E . U Okaro

 Essentials Of Agricultural Science For JSS And Colleges By Earnest Chukwudi

 Junior Secondary Agriculture for Nigerian Schools Book 2 by Anthony Yandeowei,
S.O.Adesiyan, J.N Ogbazi, Terry Olowu.
THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE SECOND WEEK
DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 2
WEEK: 2 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. 2 PERIOD: 2

TOPIC: ANIMAL FEEDS AND FEEDING

REFERENCE BOOK:

 Junior Secondary Agriculture For Nigerian Schools By Anthony Youdeowei et al

 Intensive Agricultural science For JSS 1-3 By E . U Okaro

 Essentials Of Agricultural Science For JSS And Colleges By Earnest Chukwudi

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
i. Meaning of feed
ii. Types of animal feed
iii. Feeding tools
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
DEFINITION OF FEED
Feed refers to the food given to animals. They contain nutrient element either alone or in
combination with other substances which supports the healthy growth and development of
livestock.

TYPES OF FEED

Animal feeds can be classified into four main groups according to the digestibility, quantity
of fibre, quantity required and moisture in the feed. The four groups of feeds are;

1. Concentrates: They are fee with a low proportion of fibre and water content. They are
easily digested by farm animals. Concentrates can be further be subdivided into two
groups: Those containing a high proportion of carbohydrates are called carbohydrate
concentrates/basal feed/energy feed e.g maize, guinea corn, cassava e.t.c while those
with a high proportion of proteins are called protein concentrates e.g beans, peas,
cotton seed, sunflower seeds and heads, groundnuts, palm kernel and animal products
such as meat, blood meal, bone meal, fishmeal and milk.
2. Roughages: Roughages are very low in protein and carbohydrate but high in fibre.
They are not easily digested by animals, therefore are fed together with concentrate
 foods for young animals and those kept for milk and meat production. Examples are
hay, groundnut hulls, straw, bean pods and maize stover.
3. Succulents: These have high water content. They are easy to digest. Examples are
freshly cut/lush grass and legume plants (soilage), pumpkin, silage, melons and most
green crops.
4. Supplements (minerals and vitamis): they are required in small quantities, low in
energy, protein and fibre but high in vitamins and minerals. They aid digestion and
increase animals resistance to diseases. They are available in basal and protein
concentrate feeds. Other sources are bone meal, oyster shell, salt licks etc.

FEEDING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FOR FARM ANIMALS

Common animal feeding equipment includes:

1. Hay racks: They are used for feeding animals with hay and other forages
2. Feed troughs or bunks: These are used for feeding grain and silage. Troughs for
feeding cattle are usually stationary and located on a well-drained site preferably on
concrete or hard surfaces.
3. Self-feeders: These are mainly used for fattening cattle. Self-feeders may be stationary
or portable.
4. Watering facilities: Farm animals cannot survive for a long time without water.
Mature cattle can consume an average of 12 litres of water per head daily depending
on the size of the animals, season and the type of feedconsumed. Water troughs, wells,
springs, streams, or lakes are the main sources of water supply for cattle. Water
troughs and tanks should be of adequate size when used.

NOTE: Farm animals should be provided with suitable shade while feeding particularly
during the dry season to reduce heat burden.

EVALUATION:
1. Define animal feeds.
2. List three farm animals feeding tools and equipment.
3. Define animal feeds.
4. Mention and explain three types of animal feed.
5. Describe four tools and equipment commonly used for feeding livestock.
THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE THIRD WEEK
DURATION: 80 MINUTES TERM: 2
WEEK: 3 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF LIVESTOCK FEED
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Junior Secondary Agriculture For Nigerian Schools By Anthony Youdeowei et al
 Intensive Agricultural science For JSS 1-3 By E . U Okaro
 Essentials Of Agricultural Science For JSS And Colleges By Earnest Chukwudi
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
i. Feed nutrients
ii. Classes of feed nutrients
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
FEED NUTRIENTS
These are substances obtained from feed and used by the body to promote growth,
maintenance and repairs of body tissues. About 21 chemical elements make up the various
feed nutrients needed for the nutrition of farm animals. The following shows the elements
and their chemical symbols.
Name of element Chemical symbol
Carbon C
Non mineral elements
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Phosphorus P
Potassium K
Macro mineral elements
Chlorine Cl
Magnesium Mg
Sulphur S
Calcium Ca
Sodium Na
Cobalt Co
Copper Cu
Fluorine F
Manganese Mn

Micro mineral elements

Zinc Zn
Molybdenum Mo
Selenium Se
Chromium Cr
Iodine I
Iron Fe

EVALUATION

1. State the elements which make up feed nutrients.

2. Provide the chemical symbol of (a) Calcium (b) Nitrogen (c) Chlorine (d) Fluorine
(e) Phosphorus (f) Molybdenum.

Classes of livestock feed nutrient

There are many types of feed nutrients suitable for livestock. It is important to understand
the main classes and its constituent elements and functions of animal feeds.

The major feed nutrients include:

Carbohydrates
These foods are needed by livestock for supplying the energy required by the body for doing
work and for the functioning of different organs of the body. Carbohydrates occur in nature
as starches, cellulose or fibre. They contain elements, such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
which are easily ‘burnt up’ or oxidized to produce energy. Examples are yams, cassava,
potato, rice and bread.
Fats
Fats contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Fats have more carbon and oxygen than
carbohydrates. They supply energy needed by the body for keeping the body temperature at
the correct level. They produce two and a half times the energy produced by carbohydrates.
Fat can be found in plant and animal materials. Examples are milk, fatty seeds such as
groundnuts, coconuts and cotton seeds, animal by-products, fish by-products, cereals, roots
and tubers.
Proteins
Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and sometimes iron, phosphorus
and or sulphur. Proteins are found in the protoplasm of all animals and plants. They are
required by animals for growth and for the repair of worn-out tissues and organs of the body.
Examples of protein-rich foods include soybeans, cotton seeds, groundnut, peas and beans as
well as fish and meat. The common sources of protein for animal feeds are forages, animal
and fish by-products, roots and tubers and cereal grains.
Minerals
Minerals are necessary in an animal’s diet. They are required in small quantities only, except
phosphorus and calcium which are important for bone formation. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
and nitrogen are four of the twenty-one elements that function in animal nutrition and are
called non-mineral elements. The other 17 elements are called mineral elements. Macro-
elements are required by the animals in large quantities and they are calcium, phosphorus,
potassium, sodium, sulphur, chlorine and magnesium. The remaining ten elements are
required in very small quantities and are called micro-elements or trace elements and they
are iron, iodine, copper, cobalt, chromium, fluorine, manganese, zinc, molybdenum and
selenium.

Water

Water contains hydrogen and oxygen. Water is needed by farm animals to aid digestion and
distribution of food in their body. It also helps in the regulation of body temperature through
heat loss by evaporation from the skin and lungs. Water is contained in the feeds of animals.

Vitamins
These are another group of substances which must present in very tiny amounts in the rations
of farm animals. They are essential for the proper and normal functioning of the animal’s
body. Their deficiency leads to ill-health of the animal. Vitamins contain carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen. Vitamins can be grouped into

i. Water-soluble e.g Vitamin B and C and

ii. Fat-soluble vitamins e.g Vitamin A, D, E and K.

EVALUATION:

1. Differentiate between macro and micro elements.

2. Mention with examples types of vitamins you know.
3. Define animal feeds.
4. Why are the following food elements healthy for livestock?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Fats and oil.
THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE FOURTH WEEK
DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 2
WEEK: 4 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE DECIDING ANIMAL FEED

REFERENCE BOOK:

 Junior Secondary Agriculture For Nigerian Schools By Anthony Youdeowei et al

 Intensive Agricultural science For JSS 1-3 By E . U Okaro

 Essentials Of Agricultural Science For JSS And Colleges By Earnest Chukwudi

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
i. Feed nutrients
ii. Classes of feed nutrients
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
Factors to consider before deciding animal feeds are

a. Age
b. Physiological status
c. Purpose of rearing the animals
d. Management system

Age
Younger animals require more proteinous feeds than the older animals.
Physiological status
Pregnant and lactating animas will consume more feed and need nutritious feed to sustain
their young ones and foetus.
Purpose of rearing the animals
Animals kept for production of milk, egg, work etc. will be fed with feed suited for that
purpose and will need more in terms of quantity than other animals.
Management system

Animals kept under intensive management system would require more quantity and quality
feed due to the fact that they are confined and cannot fend for themselves as compared to
animals kept under other management systems.
Definition of some terms associated with animal feeding
Diet is the amount of feed formulated to meet the specific need of an animal

Ration is the total amount of feed supplied to animal per day.

A balanced ration is a feed constituent that contains all essential nutrients in their
appropriate quantities before being offered to an animal. There are two types of balanced
ration, they are

Maintenance ration: is the amount of feed given to an animal to within a 24-hour period
just enough for the animal to maintain its normal bodily functions without adding or losing
live weight.

Production ration: is the amount of feed given to a specific group of animals within a 24-
hour period to enable them produce appropriately.

Categories of animals fed production ration are:

1. Lactating animals for milk production.

2. Growers/Weaning animals to support growth.
3. Fattening animals to reach desired weight in good time.
4. Flushing for female animals prior to breeding.
5. Steaming up for pregnant animals prior to parturition.
6. Pregnant animals to support growing foetus.
7. Broilers to for rapid growth.
8. Layers for quality egg production.

EVALUATION:
1. Differentiate between macro and micro elements.
2. Mention with examples types of vitamins you know.
3. Define animal feeds.
4. Why are the following food elements healthy for livestock?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Fats and oil.
THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE FIFTH-SIXTH WEEK
DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 2
WEEK: 5 - 6 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: ANIMAL PESTS AND DISEASES CONTROL

REFERENCE BOOK:

 Junior Secondary Agriculture For Nigerian Schools By Anthony Youdeowei et al

 Intensive Agricultural science For JSS 1-3 By E . U Okaro

 Essentials Of Agricultural Science For JSS And Colleges By Earnest Chukwudi

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
i. Definition of disease
ii. Causes of diseases in farm animals
iii. Mode of transmission of farm animal disease
iv. Symptoms of farm animals’ disease
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
DEFINITION
Disease is any change in the normal function or well-being of farm animals caused by
another organism. Animals, like human beings, suffer from many serious diseases which
may make them sick and may cause their death in large numbers if they are not treated.
CAUSES OF DISEASES IN FARM ANIMAL
Five groups of organisms which commonly cause animal disease; they are:

1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Protozoa
4. Worms (parasitic nematodes)
5. Fungi

MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF FARM ANIMAL DISEASE

 Disease-causing organisms can transit diseases to farm animals through the following
modes:

i. Air (airborne)
ii. Water
iii. Direct contact with organism
iv. Bites from insects, ticks and mites

However, preventing exposure of farm animals to these sources of transmission of diseases,

the chances of farm animals being affected by diseases which can make them sick can be
reduced.

SYMPTOMS OF FARM ANIMAL DISEASES

Symptom refers to the sign or indication of the presence of an abnormal condition in an
animal. Diseased animals show specific symptoms which farmers can recognize that there
are changes in the normal functioning of the bodies of farm animals. Farmers can recognize
symptoms of different diseases in their sick animals. Such sick animals are taken to
veterinary doctors who can prescribe medicines to cure the farm animals. Common
symptoms of diseases in animals include the following:

i. Stunted growth
ii. Reduced food utilization
iii. Rise in temperature- high fever
iv. Abortion in female animals
v. Sores and exudates from the skin
vi. Enlarged udder
vii. Stained blood in orifices
viii. Loss of hair (alopecia)
ix. Loss of weight (emaciation)
x. Loss of appetite (anorexia)
xi. Anaemia (shortage of blood)

EVALUATION:

1. Define the term disease.

2. Mention how farm animals can be infected.
3. What are the four major modes of transmission of diseases in farm animals by the
disease-causing organisms?
4. Define the term symptoms.
5. List eight Symptoms of farm animals’ diseases.
THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE EIGHT WEEK
DURATION: 120 MINUTES TERM: 2
WEEK: 8 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: BACTERIA DISEASES
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Junior Secondary Agriculture For Nigerian Schools By Anthony Youdeowei et al
 Intensive Agricultural science For JSS 1-3 By E . U Okaro

 Essentials Of Agricultural Science For JSS And Colleges By Earnest Chukwudi

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Bacteria diseases – modes of transmission, methods of control, symptoms
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:

BACTERIA DISEASES

1. Anthrax:
Anthrax is a bacterial disease which attacks mammals’ especially herbivorous animals, such
as sheep and goats.
Mode of transmission: The disease is mostly transmitted by eating infected or contaminated
materials. It can also be transmitted through contact with affected animals and feeding
equipment and infected wounds.
Symptoms: Grinding of teeth, rise in temperature and convulsion. This disease can kill an
animal suddenly. It starts when the animal respires rapidly and stops feeding.

Method of prevention and control: Sick animals should be isolated. Vaccination of the
animals should be done regularly; proper sanitation should be maintained in all animal
houses. Animal that dies of the disease, together with all the beddings should be buried deep
in the ground. The animal house should be disinfected immediately.

Treatment: Sick animals should be isolated. The disease is treated with antibiotics such as
penicillin.
 2. Typhoid:
This is a bacterial disease found mainly in poultry birds. It affects the intestines of the birds.
Mode of transmission: Through contact with the body fluids of infected birds.
Symptoms: The symptoms include high fever, tiredness and reddish droppings.
Method of prevention and control: Consult a veterinary doctor. Poultry birds should be
vaccinated against this disease.
Treatment: Consult a veterinary doctor.

EVALUATION

a) What is a disease?
b) State the mode of transmission, symptoms, method of prevention and control of the
following:
c) Anthrax
d) Typhoid

3. Contagious abortion: This is a bacteria disease of cattle, goats and pigs. It is also
referred to as brucellosis.

Mode of transmission: This disease is transmitted through food and water contaminated
with discharge and aborted foetus.
Symptoms: This includes; still births, retained placenta, abortion during the 7 th to 9th month
of pregnancy and infertility in males.

Method of prevention and control: The affected animal should be isolated from the other
animals in the herd. All animals should be vaccinated before breeding. Animals should be
given food in very clean containers and surroundings.

Treatment: This is by vaccination.

4. Mastitis: This is bacterial disease that affects the breasts of cattle, sheep, goats and
pigs(swine).
Mode of transmission: The disease is transmitted into the breasts (mammary glands) of the
animals by bacteria from dirty floors and milkers through the teat and udders.
Symptoms: include fever, pains, swellings of the udder, blood in the milk and rise in
temperature of the animal.
Method of prevention and control:

a. The udder of animals should be properly washed before and after milking.
b. Milking by hand should be done in clean environments.
c. Hands to be used for milking must be well washed with soap and clean water before
commencing milking.
d. Overcrowding of diary animals should always be preventeD.
Treatment: The disease can be treated by injecting penicillin and other antibiotics in the
body of the affected animals.

5. Cowpox
This disease affects cows as well as sheep and poultry.
Symptoms
The udder of an affected cow is swollen; there are eruptions on the udder of cows.
Method of prevention and control: Disinfect all equipment used for feeding and milking
cattle.
EVALUATION:

1. List three bacteria diseases you know.

2. State the mode of transmission, symptoms, method of prevention and control of the
following;
3. Anthrax
4. Typhoid
5. Contagious abortion
6. Mastistis
7. Cowpox

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE NINTH WEEK

DURATION: 120 MINUTES TERM: 2
WEEK: 9 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. 2 PERIOD: 2

TOPIC: VIRUS AND PROTOZOA

REFERENCE BOOK:

 Junior Secondary Agriculture For Nigerian Schools By Anthony Youdeowei et al

 Intensive Agricultural science For JSS 1-3 By E . U Okaro

 Essentials Of Agricultural Science For JSS And Colleges By Earnest Chukwudi

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
  Viral diseases- symptoms, mode of transmission, prevention and control
 Fungal and Protozoa disease
 Worms: identification, types of worms, symptoms, control of worms.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:

VIRAL DISEASES

1. Rinderpest or cattle plague: This is a serious and very contagious viral disease that
attacks cattle quickly. It can also attack sheep and goats. The disease is very deadly; it
killed thousands of cattle in Nigeria several years ago. It is found in the blood, tissue
fluids and secretions of affected animals.

Mode of transmission: it is transmitted through direct contact and also through

contaminated feed and water.
Symptoms: include rise in temperature, loss of appetite, blood stained diarrhea, difficulty in
breathing and frequent abortion. The major effect of the disease is high mortality.
Method of prevention and control: Immunization; vaccination is a good preventive
measure as no medical treatmenthas been successful. Affected animals should be isolated.
2. Foot and mouth disease: This is a virus disease of cattle, birds, goats, sheep and pigs.
The disease is highly contagious
Mode of transmission: The disease is transmitted by contact with affected animals.
Symptoms: The symptoms are fever, headache and swellings or blisters on the mouth, skin,
udder and salivation.

Method of prevention and control: The disease is better controlled than treated.Infected
animals, particularly cattle, are often destroyed by mass killing to prevent the disease from
spreading to other animals. It can be controlled by immunization and good sanitation.
Infected animals should be isolated from healthy animals.

3. Newcastle Disease

This is a viral disease of poultry.

Mode of transmission: it is transmitted through secretions from the birds and contact with
infected dead birds on the farm. The disease is also air-borne.
Symptoms: include coughing and sneezing, nasal and eye discharges, difficulty in breathing,
loss of appetite, diarrhea, paralysis and general weakness.
Method of prevention and control: proper sanitation should be maintained. Affected
animals should be quarantined. All animals should be vaccinated.

4. Bird Flu (Avian Influenza)

Bird flu is also called Avian Influenza. This is now a very well-known disease which affects
poultry in many countries, including Nigeria. It is a highly contagious viral disease that is
caused by a virus affecting the respiratory, digestive and or the nervous system of poultry. In
some cases in some Asian countries, human have been reported to be affected by this
disease.

Mode of transmission: This disease can be transmitted by direct contact with the secretions
from infected birds, especially the faeces. The disease can be transmitted indirectly through
contaminated water, animal feeds, equipment and even clothing. The virus penetrates into
the body through the respiratory and digestive systems.

Symptoms: Severe depression, refusal to eat, greatly reduced egg production, difficulty in
breathing, watery eyes, swollen face especially the comb and wattle which change colour to
blueish black, diarrhea, sudden death, with or without showing any symptoms. Ducks may
usually die without showing any symptoms.

Method of prevention and control:

i. Avoid contact between domestic poultry and wild birds.

ii. Separate different species of poultry raised on the same farm from one another.
iii. Quarantine newly acquired or re-introduced birds for example unsold birds taken to
the market.
iv. Do not allow unauthorized persons to visit the farm
v. Install foot baths with disinfectant at the entrance of all poultry houses in the farm.
vi. Wash hands and feet with clean water before entering and leaving poultry houses in
the farm.
vii. Frequently disinfect soiled materials and farm equipment.
viii. Make sure that the source of poultry feed and water are clean and not already
contaminated so that poultry are protected from infection.
ix. If poultry are dying in large numbers or you observe the symptoms described, call a
veterinary doctor immediately.
x. Bury or burn all dead birds and wash your hands and feet thoroughly with soap and
clean water after burning or burying the dead or infected birds.

5. Pneumonia: This is a virus disease of cattle. It attacks the lungs of cattle.

Symptoms: Symptoms include rise in temperature, vigorous breathing, loss of appetite and
discharge from the nose and eyes. (pneumonia can also be caused by bacteria).
Method of prevention and control: Proper sanitation should be maintained. Affected
animals should be quarantined. All animals should be vaccinated.
Treatment: The use of antibiotics or administering anti-viral medication.
 6. Kata: This is a virus disease of goats, found in the southern parts of Nigeria. The
disease affects the respiratory and intestinal tracks of animals. It is also called peste
des petits ruminants/goat plague.
Symptoms: the signs of disease include coughing, discharge from the nostrils, scrabs on the
lips and other parts of the mouth and diarrhea.
Control: avoid over-crowding of animals.
Treatment: vaccination against the disease, no specific treatmentbut outbreak of the disease
should be reported to the veterinary doctor.

PROTOZOAN DISEASES

1. Trypanosomiasis (Nagana)

Trypanosomiasis, also called Nagana, is a deadly disease suffered by some breeds of cattle
like white Fulani and Red Bororo. The Ndama and Muturu cattle are resistant to this disease.
It is caused by a protozoan called Trypanosomes. Trypanosome parasites can be transmitted
by infectedtsetse flies when they bite humans. Persons who are infected with this parasite
suffer from the disease called sleeping sickness.

Mode of transmission: it is transmitted by female tsetse flies when they suck blood from an
infected animal and later transmit the parasites to the healthy animals when they suck their
blood. Female tsetse flies require the blood of mammals for the development of young larvae
inside the flies. Male tsetse flies do not suck blood therefore they cannot transmit this
parasite.

Symptoms: Rise in temperature, dullness in appearance, sleepiness, nervous disorder,

anaemia, paralysis, the infected animal loses weight, becomes drowsy and may finally die.
Method of prevention and control: Destroy the tsetse fly habitat by clearing the
surrounding bushes and spray with recommended insecticides to kill the tsetse flies.
Treatment: Use drugs such as Bayer 205 or lomidine or consult a veterinary doctor.

2. Coccidiosis
This is a protozoan disease that attacks cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry and rabbits.
Mode of transmission: It is transmitted through contamination with the faeces of infected
animals through feed, dirty water and soil contaminated with droppings.
Symptoms: Symptoms include Watery discharge, loss of appetite, anaemia, bloody faeces,
paleness, ruffled feathers and progressive emaciation and many animals may die.
Method of prevention and control: Droppings from infected poultry animals should be
properly separated from the healthy animals. High level of sanitation should be maintained
in poultry houses. Feed and water troughs should always be kept very clean. The disease can
be treated with many drugs that are recommended by veterinary doctors.

FUNGAL DISEASES: diseases caused by fungi

 1. Aspergillosis

This is a disease of poultry.

Mode of transmission: This disease is transmitted through the air (air-borne) by inhaling air
through the nostrils of birds. It is also transmitted through mouldy litter and feed,
overcrowding and contaminated incubators.
Symptoms: Symptoms include loss of appetite, difficulty in breathing, rise in temperature
and whistling noise.
Method of prevention and control: All sources of contamination should be removed. The
hatchery should be kept clean, water and feed spillage should be prevented.

2. Ringworm

This is a fungal disease that affects all farm animals.

Mode of transmission: This disease is spread through contact with infected animals and
bushes.
Symptoms: Ringworm is manifested in farm animals with the appearance of lesions on the
skin, skin irritation, loss of weight and loss of appetite.
Method of prevention and control:
a. All bushes around the farm should be cleared.
b. The affected skin should be treated with a mixture of sulphur and Vaseline.
c. In poultry, violet or iodine ointment should be rubbed on the ringworm lesions.

WORMS
There are several types of parasitic worms that attack farm animals. An attack may lead to
the death of an animal. Some of the worms live in the intestine, respiratory tract and
various organs of the body.
Examples of worms
1. Tapeworms
2. Roundworms, and
3. Liver fluke
Symptoms of worm infection
The signs of worm infection in the animal depends on where the worms are living in the
body of the animal. Generally these signs include the following:
1. Coughing
2. Diarrhea
3. Loss of weight
4. Anaemia
5. Worms in faeces.
Control of worm infection:
Worm infection in farm animals can be controlled through the following means:
1. The affected animals should be isolated and treated with worm expellers
 2. Grazing of animals on pasture should be avoided. The animal faeces should be
removed at regular intervals. Water and feeds should not be contaminated by the
faeces.
3. Farm animals should be well fed so that they can resist the effects of worms.

Nutritional bloat
This is a disease of cattle, sheep. Goats and rabbits.

Mode of transmission: It is contacted through eating succulent fodder and blockage of the
digestive tract especially in cattle.

Symptoms: Symptoms include swollen digestive tract and enlargement of the bowel.

Method of prevention and control: The feeding of succulent fodder should be reduced.
The animal should be fed with protein supplement. Cattle, sheep and goats should not be
allowed to eat a lot of seeds.

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL

DISEASES

To maintain animals in good, healthy condition, the farmer must pay attention to the
following general guidelines:

1. Only clean and healthy animals should be brought into the herd
2. Lots should be drained in order to make them dry and free from stagnant water
3. Farm animals with contagious diseases should be isolated.
4. Farm animals should be tested at least once a year for brucellosis, tuberculosis and
other diseases.
5. All farm animals should be vaccinated against diseases common in the locality as a
preventive measure.
6. Disinfect housing and equipment regularly
7. Use only recommended insecticides and their application methods for the control of
parasites.
8. Do not allow animals to lie on cold floors
9. Isolate newly acquired animals for a minimum of three weeks (quarantine) before they
are mixed with other animals.
10.Spray newly acquired animals with insecticide to control lice; also check for internal
parasites and treat infected animals.
11.Seek the advice of the veterinary doctor.

EVALUATION:
 1. State the mode of transmission, symptoms, method of prevention and control of the
following diseases:
2. Trypanosomiasis
3. Coccidiosis
4. Aspergillosis

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE TENTH WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 2
WEEK: 10 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. 2 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: SOIL
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Junior Secondary Agriculture For Nigerian Schools By Anthony Youdeowei et al
 Intensive Agricultural science For JSS 1-3 By E . U Okaro

 Essentials Of Agricultural Science For JSS And Colleges By Earnest Chukwudi

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Meaning of Soil
 Types of Soil
 Composition of Soil
 Properties of Soil

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
MEANING OF SOIL

Soil can be defined as the unconsolidated weathered materials found in the uppermost layer
of the earth surface on which plants grow. It provides support and nutrients for the plants.

TYPES OF SOIL
The three types of soil are; Sandy Soil, Clay Soil and Loamy Soil.
SANDY SOIL
A soil is said to be sandy if the proportion of sand particles in a sample of the soil is high.
The particles are mainly quartz (SiO2).
PROPERTIES OF SANDY SOIL

a. Sandy soil is coarse, grained and gritty.

b. It is loose with large pore spaces.
c. It absorbs and loses water easily.
d. It is not sticky when wet and cannot form a cast or ribbon.
e. It is well aerated with low water holding capacity.
f. Percolation in sandy soil is high but capillarity is low.
g. Sandy soil heats up easily during the day and cools down quickly in the night.
h. It supports leaching, hence it is low in plant nutrients.
i. It does not support waterlogging and erosion.
j. Sandy Soil has grey or brownish colour.

METHODS OF IMPROVING SANDY SOIL

1. Planting of cover crops

2. Application of compost manure
3. Application of farmyard manure
4. Mulching the soil
5. Avoidance of bush burning

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SANDY SOIL

1. It is good for cultivation of cassava, cotton, groundnut etc.

2. It is good for building construction when mixed with cement.

EVALUATION

What is soil?

List the three types of Soil and state three characteristics of sandy soil.

CLAY SOIL

A soil is said to be clayed if the proportion of clay in a sample of the soil is very high.

PROPERTIES OF CLAY SOIL

a. The particles are fine, powdery and smooth when dry.

b. The parties are sticky and moody when wet.
c. The particles are tightly bound together with little pore (air) spaces.
d. It has a high water holding capacity.
e. It is poorly aerated.
f. Percolation in clay is low but capillarity is high.
g. It does not support leaching, hence it contains plant nutrients.
h. It is hard when dry and sticky when wet.
 i. It can easily form a ribbon or cast when moulded.
j. It supports waterlogging and erosion.
k. It has a grey or brownish colour.

METHODS OF IMPROVING CLAYED SOIL

1. Liming
2. Addition of organic manure
LOAMY SOIL
Loamy soil is a mixture of sand and clay particles with a high proportion of organic matter.
PROPERTIES OF LOAMY SOIL
a. Loamy Soil is moist, loose with moderate-sized pore space.
b. The structure breaks easily when wet and friable when dry.
c. It has non-powdery and non-sticky texture.
d. It can easily be worked or cultivated.
e. It contains lots of organic matter (humus).
f. It does not support erosion and waterlogging.
g. It was well aerated and it can hold water.
h. It is the best soil for the cultivation of crops.
i. It is dark brown or black in colour.

COMPONENT/COMPOSITION OF THE SOIL

The composition of the soil by percentage are:

1. Soil mineral matter 45%

2. Soil water 25%
3. Soil air 25%
4. Soil living Organisms 5%

EVALUATION:
1. What is loamy soil?
2. List four properties of loamy soil.