Comparison of various properties of water

sample collected from different lakes of

Bhopal
A
Dissertation Work
Submitted as Major Project-I in Partial fulfillment for the award of Graduate
Degree in Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

Submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
BHOPAL (M.P)

Submitted By
ABHISHEK RAJ (0191CE223D01)
ADITYA SINGH (0191CE223D01)

Under the Guidance of

Prof- HARISH NEMA
(Department of Civil Engineering)
 Session: 2022-25
Department of Civil Engineering
Technocrats Institute of Technology-(EXCELLENCE), Bhopal

TECHNOCRATS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

EXCELLENCE BHOPAL
Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of Madhya Pradesh and Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Anand Nagar, Post Piplani BHEL, Bhopal-462021 (M.P.)

Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled Comparison of various properties

of water sample collected from different lakes of Bhopal being submitted
by ABHISHEK RAJ & ADITYA SINGH student of seventh Semester,
Degree in Civil Engineering has done their work as Major Project-I for
Partial fulfillment of the degree from RGPV, Bhopal (M.P.) is a record of
bonafide work out by him under our supervision.

Prof. Harish Nema Prof. -Dr Ravindra Gautam

Guide Head
Department of Department of
Civil Engineering Civil Engineering
 TECHNOCRATS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-
EXCELLENCE, BHOPAL
Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of Madhya Pradesh and Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Anand Nagar, Post Piplani BHEL, Bhopal-462021 (M.P.)

Department of Civil Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take the opportunity to express my cordial gratitude and deep sense of

indebtedness to my guide Prof. Harish Nema for the valuable guidance and
inspiration throughout the project duration. I feel thankful to him for his innovative
ideas, which led to successful completion of this project work. I feel proud and
fortune to work under such an outstanding mentor in the field of Comparison of
various properties of water sample collected from different lakes of
Bhopal . He has always welcomed my problem and helped me to clear my doubt. I
will always be grateful to him for providing me moral support and sufficient time.

I owe sincere thanks to Dr. Ravindra Gautam, Director, TIT-, who helped
me duly in time during my project work in the Department.

I would also thank to my Institution, faculty members and staff without whom
this project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my
family and well wishers.

STUDENT NAME-ABHISHEK RAJ; ADITYA SINGH

Roll number - 0191CE223D01 ,0191CE223D02
 TECHNOCRATS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (EX),
BHOPAL
Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of Madhya Pradesh and Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Anand Nagar, Post Piplani BHEL, Bhopal-462021 (M.P.)

Department of Civil Engineering

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Comparison of various properties of

water sample collected from different lakes of Bhopal” being
submitted by “ABHISHEK RAJ”, ADITYA SINGH student of Seventh Semester,
Degree in Civil Engineering have done their work as Major Project I for Partial
fulfillment of the degree from RGPV, Bhopal (M.P.).

Guide Name –
Harish Nema

ABSTRACT

 Water is an important component of life of every living being. Aquatic

environment is considered as important factor affecting health of flora and

fauna. In the present study, the physico-chemical analysis of water of five

different water bodies of Bhopal region viz. Upper Lake, Lower Lake,

Sarangpani Lake, Shahpura Lake and Kolar Lake was done to determine the

suitability of water. The parameters analyzed were Temperature,

Conductivity, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Dissolved

Oxygen, Hardness, Chloride content, free CO2 and Total Alkalinity. All

the parameters were ranged within the desirable limit accounting for

healthy status of water bodies of Bhopal region.

 Water is an important component of life of every living being. Aquatic

environment is considered as important factor affecting health of flora and

fauna. In the present study, the physico-chemical analysis of water of five

different water bodies of Bhopal region viz. Upper Lake, Lower Lake,

Sarangpani Lake, Shahpura Lake and Kolar Lake was done to determine the

suitability of water. The parameters analyzed were Temperature,

Conductivity, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Dissolved

Oxygen, Hardness, Chloride content, free CO2 and Total Alkalinity. All

the parameters were ranged within the desirable limit accounting for

healthy status of water bodies of Bhopal region.

 This study assigned weights to different parameters based on their

importance to water quality and their potential to have detrimental

 effects. The study found that Cd, Cr, Mn, and Pb had the highest weight,

while Co, Ni, and Zn had the lowest weight.

1. INTRODUCTION
 The seasonal variations and Anthropogenic stresses such as introduction of

chemicals into Water domestic sewage, agriculture, urbanization etc in or near

the catchment area of water bodies often results in the decline of Physico-

chemical properties of the water and water quality on the whole (Khan et al.,

1988; Mohapatra and Singh 1999). The physico-chemical parameters of water

provide the present information about the solute concentration at a given time

(Singh and Shrivastava (2016). Imbalance in Physico-chemical properties of

the water may adversely affect many species of aquatic flora and fauna that

are dependent on both abiotic and biotic conditions (Santhosh and Singh,

2007). In India five water quality classes have been designated (A-E) on the

basis of the water quality requirements fo a particular use (UNECE 1993).

Class A waters recommended as drinking water source straight without

treatment but after disinfection. Class B waters categorize for outdoor

bathing. Class C waters considered as drinking water source with

conventional treatment followed by disinfection. Class D waters to

maintain aquatic life (i.e. propagation of wildlife and fisheries) and class

E waters for use for irrigation, industrial cooling and controlled waste

disposal.

 Parameters of water quality of concern are traditionally Temperature,

turbidity, nutrients, hardness, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen are some of the

important parameter that play a significant role for the growth of biota or
 living organisms in the water body (Chiaudani and Premazzi, 1988). The

deviation in the physicochemical properties of water unswervingly

influences the biotic communities and primary productivity of the water

bodies. Aquaculture contributes to economy in many developing countries

like India therefore, there is crucial need of monitoring the water quality to

maintain healthy aquatic ecosystem to ensure proper yield of cultures. For the

optimal performance, aquacultures including fishes need tolerable limits of

water parameters (Kiran, 2010). Planktons and other organism may be affected

by poor quality water causing impaired growth and death. Variables of

concern include nitrates, sulphates, total dissolved solids (salinity), a number

of metals and organic micropollutants such as pesticides. In addition,

bluegreen algae and pathogens in water can present problems. The lakeside

constructions in Bhopal affect water quality of Upper Lake (Khan and Ganaie,

2014). The quality of water in Lower Lake in Bhopal has also been

exaggerated than Upper Lake (Pani and Mishra 2000). The water quality of

Kolar Lake of Bhopal is reported to be relatively good (Shukla 1996).

 The objective of the current study is to provide information on physico-

chemical analysis of water of five lakes of Bhopal i.e. Upper Lake, Lower

Lake, Sarangpani Lake, Shahpura Lake and Kolar Lake to assess the water

quality in order to confer its ecological suitability for aquatic flora, fauna and

human consumption. A study finds that freshwater fishes in these lakes have

remarkable proportion of Enterobacteriaceae and these bacteria constitute

a potential risk for fish population and public health (Borkar et al.,

2017). It is worth mentioning that upper lake and Kolar Lake are major

source of drinking water supply and considered as life line of Bhopal.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Study Sites :-

 Five fresh water lakes were selected for analysis of quality of water. All

these lakes are man-made and are located in different localities of

Bhopal. Upper Lake is situated at 23.25°N 77.34°E; this sampling site

receives domestic wastes. Lower Lake is located at 23°16′0″N and

77°25′0″E. This lake receives the waste from the temple including

polythene bags and the flowers and other solid waste at some point.

Sarangpani Lake is situated in BHEL area of Bhopal. The inflow of

sewage water over the years has resulted in deterioration of the water

quality of the lake. Shahpura Lake is one of the important lake of Bhopal

and its coordinates are 23°12'17"N and 77°25'35"E. The lake shows the

marshy vegetation growing at the bank of the lake along with drains

and pools that quantify pollution cost by municipal and industrial

waste. Kolar Lake is situated 29°14’N 79°10’E. This Lake is

comparatively less polluted and favorable destination for fishing.

2.2. Sample Collection :-

 The samples were collected in uncontaminated sampling bottles of I

liter capacity. Monitoring was performed during June 2015 to May 2016.

For unsteady parameters such as temperature, electrical conductivity

(EC), pH, were measured at the sampling site. Samples were brought to
 the laboratory for analysis of other physico-chemical parameters like

Conductivity, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Dissolved

Oxygen, Hardness, Chloride content, free CO2 and Total Alkalinity.

2.3. Laboratory Methods :-

o Physical analysis was done for coloure and odour of water. Colour was

measured by visual comparison method. Odour was determined by

sniffing water manually. Temperature was measured with the

thermometer (Philips) by immersing it directly into the water body

sufficient time period to get constant reading.

 Conductivity :- Conductance was measured by conductometer (215K,

Elite Scientific Co. India). The electrode of the conductivity meter is dipped

into the sample, and the readings are noted for stable value shown as ms/cm.

 pH :- pH value of water sample was determined by pH meter (LT-PH57, Elite

Scientific Co. India) using standard buffer solutions.

 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) :- It was determined by evaporation method. A

known volume of the well-mixed sample (50ml) was measured into a

preweighed dish and evaporated to dryness at 103 0C on a steam bath. The

evaporated sample is dried in an oven for about an hour at 103-105 0C and

cooled in a desiccators and recorded for constant weight.

 Turbidity: Turbidity was determined by Turbidity meter (CL 880, Accumax

India). The electrode was dipped into the sample, and the reading noted.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO): It was measured by dissolved oxygen meter (CL

930, Accumax India). The electrode was dipped into the sample, and the

reading noted. Total Hardness: The hardness of water body was determined by
 titration. Exactly 50ml of the well-mixed sample is pipetted into a conical flask,

to which 1ml of ammonium buffer and 2-3 drops of Eriochrome black -T

indicator is added. The mixture is titrated against standard 0.01M EDTA until

the wine red colour of the solution turns pale blue at the end point. Chloride:

Chloride measured by Argentometric titration method with standard silver

nitrate using potassium chromate as an indicator. A known volume of filtered

sample (50ml) is taken in a conical flask, to which about 0.5ml of potassium

chromate indicator is added and titrated against standard silver nitrate till silver

dichromate (AgCrO4) starts precipitating. Free CO2: free CO2 was determined

by Coulometric Titration. 100 ml of water was acidified with HClO4 and

boiled vigorously for at least 15 min to remove dissolved CO2. Total

Alkalinity: Total alkalinity was determined with titration with standard H2 SO4

or HCI solution. Titration to pH 8.3 or decolourisation of phenolphthalein

indicator will indicate complete neutralization of OH- and 1/2 of CO2-3 ,

while to pH 4.5 or sharp change from yellow to orange of methyl orange

indicator will indicate total alkalinity.

 Parameters for Comparison

1. Physical Parameters

 pH : Indicates acidity or alkalinity.

 Turbidity: Measures water clarity.

 Temperature: Affects chemical reactions and aquatic life.

 Color and Odor: Indicates contamination or organic matter.

2. Chemical Parameters
  Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Essential for aquatic life; low levels indicate

pollution.

 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): Indicates organic pollution.

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): Measures total pollution levels.

 Nutrient Levels (Nitrates, Phosphates): High levels cause

eutrophication.

 Heavy Metals (Lead, Mercury, Arsenic): Indicates industrial pollution.

 Salinity and Conductivity: Reflect dissolved salt content.

3. Biological Parameters

 Coliform Bacteria : Indicates contamination from sewage or waste.

Algal Bloom Presence: High nutrients can cause harmful algal growth.

4. Microbial Analysis

 Pathogenic Microorganisms : Assess health risks.

 Potential Lakes in Bhopal for Sampling

1. Upper Lake (Bhojtal)

- Largest lake in Madhya Pradesh, primarily used for drinking water.

2. Lower Lake

- Adjacent to Upper Lake, known for recreational activities.

3. Shahpura Lake

- Urban lake surrounded by residential areas.

4. Kaliasot Dam Reservoir

- Supports irrigation and has industrial influences.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 The results of physico-chemical parameters of the water samples from Upper

Lake, Lower, Lake, Sarangpani Lake, Shahpura Lake and Kolar Lake are

represented in Table-1. The physico-chemical quality of water is one of the

most important parameter. The health, growth and productivity of the fish are

directly influenced by quality of water. The various physic-chemical

parameters of water such as temperature, conductivity, pH, total Dissolved

Solids (TDS), turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), hardness, chloride

content, free CO2 and total alkalinity may influence the density of

bacterial populations. The disturbance in these parameters can affect

adversely the fish production by decreasing the rate of food conversion,

reducing the weight gain and availability of soluble nutrients into the water

body (Sapkota et al., 2008; Gorlach-Lira et al., 2013). Human and animals

excreta are considered to be one of the common sources of pathogenic

microorganisms in any ecosystem (Servais et al., 2005). The excreta reach to

water bodies through run off during rainy season and make them

polluted.

 Water temperature play an important role in the physico-chemical and

physiological behavior of the aquatic system (Welch, 1952). Fish being a cold

blooded animal its body temperature is likely to vary according to

fluctuations in temperature of water which affects its metabolism and

physiology. This ultimately affects the fish production. The high temperature

and bright sunshine accelerates the process of organic matter decay

resulting into the liberation of large quantities of CO2 and nutrients (Vasile,
 2017). The acceptable temperature tolerance limit to fish can be 28 to 35 0C

for tropical major carps (Delince, 1992; Bhatnagar et al., 2004). We noticed

a range of temperature from 26 0C to 31 0C in 5 different stations studied

which is within the suitable range (Table-1). These observations are in line

with those of the study reported by Salla and Ghosh (2014) who reported 31.5
0
C temperature at Lower Lake of Bhopal during pre monsoon, 29.5 0C
0
monsoon temperature and 28 C post monsoon temperature. Other

investigators suggested 30 to 35 0C (Delince, 1992) and 28-32 0C

Bhatnagar et al., 2004).

 Conductivity is a measurement of the ability of an aqueous solution to

carry an electric current. The acceptable limit of conductivity of freshwater

varies between 50 to 1500µs/cm (Boyd, 1979). In the current study the

conductivity was ranged between 644µs/cm ± 0.30 to 248µs/cm ± 0.41 (Table-

1). We observed maximum conductivity 644µs/cm ± 0.30 in water of

Shahpura Lake. Increased value of conductivity might be due to increased

concentration of salts at the bottom by sedimentation. This finding is in

agreement with Shivhare et al. (2013) who recorded the average conductivity

614µs/cm.

 Any change in the pH of water is accompanied by the change in other

physic-chemical parameters. Maintenance of pH is one of the most important

factors of any aquatic system since all biochemical activities depends on the

pH. According to Santhosh and Singh (2007) the ideal pH level is 7.5 to 8.5

and below this is stressful to the fishes. We recorded highest pH 8.1 ± 0.15 of

water at both Lower Lake and Kolar Lake and the lowest pH 6.78 ± 0.13 of
 water in Sarangpani Lake (Table-1). These values are in agreement with

results of Singh and Shrivastava (2016) who recorded pH value of Upper Lake

ranging 6.72 to 8.32. This could be due to accumulated organic matters

possibly because of decay and decomposition of religious waste which on

biological oxidation gives off CO2 which ultimately reduces the pH (Vyas et

al., 2006).

 Total dissolved solids (TDS) may indicate increased organic matter within

the water body from wastewater discharge and effluents (Phiri et al., 2005;

Tay, 2008). A recommended level of TDS for most freshwater fish is less

than 400ppm (Terry Fairfield, 2000). We observed maximum TDS

398ppm ± 1.37 from Sarangpani Lake, 386ppm ± 4.32 from Shahpura

Lake, 209ppm ± 1.28 from Kolar Lake, 178ppm±2.16 from Lower Lake

and 145ppm ± 2.42 from Upper Lake which is in the acceptable range (Table-

1). Our results are in agreement with Singh and Shrivastava (2016) mentioned

the TDS range between 94t o 158 ppm. According to them the high content

of total dissolved solids elevates the density of water and influences

osmoregulation in fresh water organisms.

 Turbidity accounts for the pollution by a wide variety of material, such as

silt, decaying, animal and plant matter, industrial wastes and sewage. In

majority it decreases the water clarity. Suspended sediments can clog fish

gills, reduce the growth rates. Ramama et al. (2008) reported higher

turbidity is unacceptable for bathing, industrial and other purposes. Boyd and

Lichtkoppler (1979) suggested that the clay turbidity in water should be 30 to

60 cm. We observed the highest turbidity 49cm± 2.12 from Sarangpani Lake,
 45cm ± 1.21 for Lower Lake, 43cm±1.42 for Upper Lake, 37cm ± 2.01 for

Shahpura Lake and 32cm ± 3.16 for Kolar Lake (Table-1). The range of

turbidity was acceptable and also in line with Singh and Shrivastava (2016)

who noticed the turbidity in the range 37.6-53.2cm. We noted that maximum

turbidity from Sarangpani Lake may be due to lot of religious waste disposed

in the lake.

 Dissolved oxygen (DO) illustrates the physico-chemical and biological

processes which take place in water. The tolerable limit of DO for Cyprinids is

6 to 8 mg per litre (Svobodova, 1993). The level of DO in all 5 water

stations was in acceptable range (Table-1). In the present study we observed

highest DO 6.8mg/l ± 1.42 from Kolar Lake. However other lakes showed DO

6.5mg/l±1.21 from Shahpura Lake and 6.1mg/l±2.01 from Upper Lake,

4.9mg/l ± 2.14 from Sarangpani Lake and DO 6.8mg/l ± 1.42 from Lower

Lake. Our range of DO 4.5mg/l to 6.8mg/l was acceptable. Similar results

were reported by Salla and Ghosh (2014) demonstrating DO in the range of

2.2 to 2.4mg/l in Lower Lake of Bhopal.

 Hardness is the characteristics of water which prevents the foaming of soap.

This is due to the presence in water of certain salts of calcium and magnesium

dissolve in it. Also the addition of sewage, detergents and large scale human

use might be the cause of elevation of hardness (Mohanta and Patra, 2000).

The recommended ideal value of hardness for fish culture is in a range of 30-

180 mg/l (Santhosh and Singh, 2007). We observed maximum hardness

286 mg/l±18.26 from Sarangpani Lake, 114mg/l ± 8.29 from Lower Lake,

161.6mg/ l± 10.23 from Shahpura Lake, 126mg/l±13.58 from Kolar Lake and
 112.6±11.41 from Upper Lake . The values for hardness were in range which

is acceptable (Table-1). We observed maximum hardness from Sarangpani

Lake where the addition of religious waste is the major cause of hardness of

water. These observations are lower than those reported by Salla and

Ghosh (2014) who registered variation in the total Hardness of Lower Lake of

Bhopal and reported values as 685mg/l at the pre monsoon, 620mg/l

monsoon temperature and 635mg/l post monsoon temperature.

 The presence of chlorides in natural waters can mainly be attributed to

dissolution of salt deposits in the form of ions (Cl-). Higher concentrations

may indicate pollution by sewage, industrial wastes, intrusion of seawater

or other saline water. According to Stone and Thomforde (2004) the

desirable range of chlorides for commercial catfish production is above

60 mg/l. We observed chloride content 177mg/l ± 3.52 from Lower Lake,

86mg/l±8.05 from Upper Lake, 77 ± 2.19 from Kolar Lake, 67mg/l ± 5.29

from Shahpura Lake and 66mg/l ± 3.28 from Sarangpani Lake. The

hardness was recorded in the range 186 mg/l±18-112.6mg/l ± 11.41

(Table-1). The highest values at Lower Lake was due to inflow of

different types of religious waste as well as sewage pollution nearby this lake

which is similar to results noted by Vass and Zutshi (1983) in Kashmir

Himalayan Lake. These findings are higher than those of Shukla and Thakur

(2017) who retrieved the Chloride values from Shahpura Lake in the range

of 39.18 to 51.3mg/l in rainy season and 48.98 to 50.18 mg/l in winter season.

 The major cause of high free CO2 content in stagnant water is due to its

diffusion from atmosphere, respiration by animals along with plants and

 bacterial decomposition of organic matter (Misra et al., 1993). The ideal level

of CO2 in fishponds is less than 10 mg/l (Ekubo and Abowei, 2011). We

observed that maximum free CO2 was 9mg/l ± 1.56 from Upper Lake, 8.8mg/l

± 1.37 from Lower Lake, 7.9mg/l±1.29 from Sarangpani Lake, 6.3mg/l ± 1.62

from Shahpura Lake and 3.6mg/l ± 1.41 from Kolar Lake (Table-1). The

free CO2 values were in acceptable range which was closer to range

observed by Singh and Shrivastava (2016) as 4-18.2mg/l from Upper Lake.

 Alkalinity in natural water is due to the presence of salts of weak acids.

According to Santhosh and Singh (2007) the ideal value of alkalinity for fish

culture is 50 to 300 mg/l. In our study, we observed maximum alkalinity

352mg/l ± 12.25 from Lower Lake, 129mg/l ± 6.48 from Kolar Lake,

114mg/l ± 8.12 from Shahpura Lake and 102mg/l ± 12.09 from

Sarangpani Lake (Table-1). Minimum alkalinity was 91.2mg/l ± 6.24

from Upper Lake. These results are in line with the findings of Parashar

(2006) who mentioned 88 to 90 mg/l pre monsoon alkalinity and 76 to 80 mg/l

post monsoon alkalinity.

 Overall, the physico-chemical parameters of water studied from different

water bodies showed minor variations (Fig. 1 to 10) and were within the

desirable limit for the survival of fishes indicating healthy status of lakes of

Bhopal region.
Table-1: Physico-chemical analysis of water from samples collected from five Stations studied.
4. CONCLUSION
 In the present study, all the water parameters studied were within the level.

The Sarangpani Lake and Shahpura Lake were observed to be more polluted

as the parameters like alkalinity and pH were slightly higher than the other

lakes. Overall, the water bodies of Bhopal found to be in favorable condition.

To maintain the healthy status of water bodies there should be continuous

assessment of the pollution level of the lakes.

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 First author thankfully acknowledge help extended by M.P. Council of

Science and Technology (MPCST), Bhopal for the laboratory facilities during

the research work.

6. KEy OBSERvATIONS
i. Upper Lake: Generally good water quality with low pollution levels, suitable

for drinking with minimal treatment.

ii. Lower Lake: Higher organic and bacterial pollution due to urban runoff and

sewage inflow.

iii. Shahpura Lake: Moderate pollution, likely from residential areas and

recreational activities.

iv. Kaliasot Reservoir: Higher levels of industrial and agricultural runoff

pollutants.
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