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Turbidity Removal Performance of Selected Natural Coagulants for Water

Treatment in Colombian Rural Areas

Article in Civil Engineering Journal · February 2024

DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-02-020

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Civil Engineering Journal

(E-ISSN: 2476-3055; ISSN: 2676-6957)

Vol. 10, No. 02, February, 2024

Turbidity Removal Performance of Selected Natural Coagulants

for Water Treatment in Colombian Rural Areas

L. Salazar-Gámez 1* , M. Luna-delRisco 2* , Edgar Narváez-Jojoa 1, R. Salazar-Cano 3,

Diana Rosales-Delgado 1, David Pinchao 1, Edson Ivan Santander-Yela 1, Juan David
Cortez-Lopera 1, Luis Miguel Calderón-Estrada 1, German Mauricio Enríquez-Apraez 1,
María Camila-Benavides Revelo 1, Sebastián Delgado-Garcés 1, L. Rocha-Meneses 4
1
Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Mariana University, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia.
2
Energy Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Medellin University, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
3
Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Nariño University, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia.
4
Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia.

Received 10 October 2023; Revised 19 January 2024; Accepted 24 January 2024; Published 01 February 2024

Abstract
Despite the recognized efficiency of natural coagulants, their widespread adoption in the water treatment industry remains
low. Our study evaluates the effectiveness of three natural coagulants—Moringa Oleifera, Yausa (Abutilon Insigne
Planch), and Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis)—in reducing water turbidity levels of 40–50 NTU. Among these, two are
native plant species potentially applicable in rural Colombian areas, where there are evident disparities in water
infrastructure. This research contributes to the development of these coagulants, exploring their integration with existing
water treatment methods, determining their optimal concentrations, and efficiencies in turbidity removal. Our findings
reveal significant turbidity removal efficiencies: 88.9% for Moringa Oleifera, 83.3% for Yausa, and 67.2% for Breadfruit.
These results indicate the feasibility of these agents as sustainable replacements for traditional chemical coagulants,
exhibiting a level of effectiveness alike to that observed in Moringa Oleifera. However, challenges in practical
implementation and sustainability, covering technical, environmental, economic, and social aspects, are notable obstacles.
The aim of this study is to not only demonstrate the effectiveness of these natural coagulants but also to encourage their
broader acceptance and integration into sustainable water treatment practices incorporating two unstudied plant species,
such as Yausa and Breadfruit, furthering research to overcome existing challenges.
Keywords: Water Treatment; Natural Coagulants; Moringa Oleifera; Yausa; Turbidity Removal; Color Removal; Sustainability.

1. Introduction
Access to safe drinking water is a fundamental human right, essential for public health and sustainable development
[1]. A study conducted by Boretti and Rosa [2] on the United Nations World Report on Water Development (2019)
indicates that global water demand is steadily increasing, driven by growing industrial and domestic needs. Projections
suggest a 20–30% rise in water usage by 2050, exacerbating the challenges of ensuring adequate water availability and
quality. Currently, about 30% of the global population lacks access to safe drinking water, underscoring the urgency for
innovative water treatment solutions [3].

* Corresponding author: lsalazar@umariana.edu.co; mluna@udemedellin.edu.co

http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-02-020

© 2024 by the authors. Licensee C.E.J, Tehran, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 10, No. 02, February, 2024

In developing countries, particularly in rural areas, where over 80% of small family farms reside, the absence of
proper water infrastructure significantly contributes to poverty and food insecurity [4]. These regions, vital for global
food production, are hindered by inadequate water and sanitation services, exacerbating socioeconomic disparities [5].
Improving water quality and availability in rural areas is critical for enhancing living conditions and economic
development [6]. Public water systems in these areas face challenges such as rising populations, operational
inefficiencies, and limited coverage, further intensifying the water crisis. Thus, there is a need for sustainable, cost-
effective water supply initiatives that are sensitive to the socio-economic realities of these populations [7].
The Global Water Resources Report [2] highlights the socio-economic advantages of expanded utility coverage,
emphasizing the positive cost-benefit ratio of drinking water projects. This underscores the need for affordable water
supply solutions, especially in rural contexts, with pricing strategies that are sensitive to the varied socio-economic
groups within these communities. In alignment with these findings, nature-based solutions emerge as a promising avenue
[8]. They are actions that protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural and modified ecosystems to address societal
challenges effectively and adaptively, benefiting both people and nature. These solutions harness the resilience of
healthy ecosystems to safeguard human communities, optimize infrastructure, and ensure a stable and biodiverse future.
In this context, natural coagulants represent a viable, nature-based solution for water treatment. Derived from natural
sources like plants, they are readily accessible, cost-effective, simple to apply, biodegradable, non-toxic,
environmentally friendly, efficient, and result in lower sludge volumes [9]. This makes them particularly suitable for
rural areas, where economical and eco-sensitive water treatment methods are essential.
In Latin America, the challenge of providing optimal water quality in rural areas is particularly acute [10]. For
instance, in Colombia, despite advancements in urban water supply, rural areas lag significantly behind [11]. The
National Institute of Health (2020) reports that only 42% of rural Colombians have access to safe drinking water [12].
This situation calls for effective, location-specific water treatment solutions. Conventionally, water purification relies
on chemical coagulation and flocculation. However, concerns about the health risks and environmental impact of
chemical coagulants like aluminum sulphate have prompted the search for sustainable alternatives [13]. Natural
coagulants, derived from plants and seeds, present a promising solution. Their cost-effectiveness, environmental
friendliness, and operational efficiency make them suitable for water treatment in resource-limited settings [14].
This study evaluates the efficacy of three natural coagulants – Moringa oleifera (M. Oleifera), which is found in
various geographic locations worldwide, and Yausa (Abutilon insigne Planch) and Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis), both
native to Colombia – in the vital task of reducing water turbidity. This process is crucial for ensuring the provision of
clean, safe drinking water, a key factor in protecting public health and preserving ecological system integrity [14]. These
plants, while native to specific geographic areas and integral to local cultural and industrial practices, present a viable
and sustainable method for water treatment, particularly in rural communities [15, 16].
This research includes a comparative evaluation of various coagulants to establish their respective efficacies. Special
emphasis is placed on Yausa (Abutilon insigne Planch) and Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis), as these native species are
expected to significantly enhance water quality in rural areas. The findings from this study are alleged to make a
substantial contribution towards the advancement of novel, economical, and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.
The primary goal of this research is to pioneer a novel domain of inquiry by investigating the coagulation properties
of two Colombian native plant species, Yausa (Abutilon Insigne Planch) and Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), alongside
the extensively studied Moringa Oleifera, for water treatment specifically for water turbidity reduction. Employing
natural coagulants in water treatment represents a pivotal shift towards sustainable and environmentally conscious
practices [14]. This strategy is especially relevant in rural areas of developing countries, where conventional treatment
methods may not be feasible [17]. Investigating and utilizing Yausa (Abutilon insigne Planch) and Breadfruit
(Artocarpus Altilis) of natural coagulants in these regions offers the potential to create water treatment solutions that are
both environmentally and economically sustainable. This approach not only ensures access to purified water but also
aids in conserving local ecosystems and fostering economic development, ultimately bolstering public health, and
strengthening the resilience of these communities [18].

2. Outlook of the Potential of Natural Coagulants for Water Treatment

Providing clean and safe water is a critical global challenge, essential for sustaining life and fostering societal
development. In the technology portfolio of effective water treatment strategies, coagulation plays a vital role in
removing suspended solids, colloidal particles, and organic matter [14]. While traditional metal-based coagulants have
proven effective, their drawbacks, like chemical sludge production and adverse environmental impacts, have spurred
the exploration of alternative, eco-friendly solutions [19]. A diverse range of sustainable coagulants, including plant-
based extracts, biopolymers, and natural organic coagulants, are explored, highlighting their unique coagulation
mechanisms and their promising potential in water purification [20, 21].

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Water treatment involves a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove impurities,
contaminants, and pathogens from water, making it safe for various applications. Coagulation, as one of the chemical
treatment methods, plays a crucial role in the overall water treatment process. It involves the addition of coagulants to
destabilize suspended particles and colloids, facilitating their aggregation into larger flocs for subsequent removal. Table
1 presents a summary of different methods for water treatment that utilize coagulants.

Table 1. Coagulant-based methods for water treatment

Method Description Source

The most common method using metal-based coagulants (e.g., alum, ferric chloride) to form
Conventional Coagulation [19]
positively charged metal hydroxide complexes, causing particles to clump.
Higher coagulant doses are used to achieve more effective removal of specific contaminants
Enhanced Coagulation [22–24]
like natural organic matter, dissolved organic carbon, and trace elements.
Coagulants are added to raw water before other treatment processes to improve particle
Pre-Coagulation [25]
destabilization, reduce turbidity and color, and enhance overall performance.
Coagulants are directly injected into the water stream using specialized systems, enhancing
In-Line Coagulation [20]
efficiency, and reducing chemical consumption in larger treatment plants.
Eco-friendly alternatives like plant-based extracts, biopolymers, and natural organic
Sustainable Coagulants [26]
coagulants are explored to reduce environmental impact compared to metal-based options.
Coagulated water is mixed with heavy particles (ballast) to encourage the formation of
Ballasted Flocculation [27]
larger, denser flocs, enhancing sedimentation and filtration efficiency.
An innovative approach combining coagulation and membrane filtration, where coagulants
Membrane Coagulation [28-30]
improve membrane performance, reducing fouling and improving water quality.

Chemical coagulants are the most conventional products employed in water treatment processes to facilitate the
aggregation and precipitation of suspended particles, colloids, and other impurities. However, their environmental
drawbacks have led the utilization of natural coagulants into water treatment protocols.

2.1. Natural Coagulants

Natural coagulants have garnered increasing attention as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional chemical coagulants
in the field of water treatment. Natural coagulants, derived from plant-based extracts, biopolymers, and organic
materials, present promising opportunities for enhanced water treatment while mitigating adverse ecological effects. As
global concerns for environmental preservation and sustainable resource management intensify, understanding the
merits and limitations of natural coagulants becomes crucial in adopting a greener and healthier future for water
treatment practices [19, 20].
Table 2 illustrates the turbidity removal efficiency of the studied natural coagulants, showcasing their performance
in both potable water and wastewater samples. The results shown in the table were derived from experimental trials
conducted in the laboratory at the Universidad Mariana.

Table 2. Common natural coagulants used for water treatment in Colombia

Turbidity removal
Coagulant
efficiency (%)
Moringa Oleifera 80.1±19.8
Opuntia ficus indica 86.1±12.3
Potato 87.1±7.3
Cassia alata 81.5±13.4
Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis) 62.5±11.5
Coffee 81.8±17.6
Zea may 66.9±19.1
Abutilon insigne Planch 65.5±11.2

The consideration of natural coagulants as a replacement for conventional chemical coagulants embodies a paradigm
shift towards more sustainable and ecologically sound water treatment practices. The unique attributes of natural
coagulants align with the goals of existing water treatment, encompassing both operational efficiency and environmental
stewardship. The main attributes of natural coagulants are presented in Table 3.

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Table 3. Comparative analysis of natural coagulant properties

Natural coagulant
Observations Reference
attribute
Biodegradable and pose minimal risk to the environment. Unlike chemical coagulants, they do not introduce
Eco-Friendliness [20]
synthetic compounds into water systems, reducing the potential for long-term ecological disruptions.
Reduced Chemical The chemical footprint is lower than chemical coagulants, ensuring water quality without compromising
[14, 21]
Residue safety.
Their organic nature and reduced chemical content make them a safer choice, particularly in scenarios where
Health Considerations [31, 32]
treated water is intended for consumption or direct human contact.
Their sustainable procurement and processing can result in lower economic outlays, aligning with budget
Cost-Effectiveness [33]
considerations in water treatment projects.
Enhanced Environmental They minimize the introduction of extraneous substances into water systems, preserving water quality and
[14-21]
Compatibility mitigating downstream environmental disturbances.

3. Material And Methods

3.1. Selected Natural Coagulants for Turbidity Removal
This research study explores the turbidity removal efficiency of three natural coagulants: Moringa oleifera, Yausa
(Abutilon Insigne Planch), and Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis). These plant-based coagulants were carefully selected not
only for their proven turbidity removal capabilities but also for their abundant presence within Colombian territory.
Specifically, Yausa and Breadfruit, native to Colombia, are under-researched in this context. Preliminary experiments
in our research facility, have indicated their potential as effective coagulants, warranting further exploration in this study.
Figure 1 provides an insight of two natural coagulants native to two geographical zones in the department of Nariño
in Colombia: Yausa and Moringa. Yausa and Breadfruit species studied are native to the Pacific and Andean regions.
Yausa (Abutilon Insigne Planch) finds application in the sugar industry of the Andean region of the Nariño department,
especially in Sandoná city, to coagulate certain products in the sugar extraction process; however, this mucilaginous
plant has not been evaluated in water treatment, especially in turbidity removal. Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis), native
to the Pacific region, especially in Tumaco City, is utilized for the preparation of traditional local dishes. The
experimental analysis was conducted in the laboratories of Mariana University in Pasto, Nariño.

Figure 1. Geographic Distribution of the Studied Native Coagulant Species

3.1.1. Moringa Oleifera

Moringa Oleifera, a fast-growing tropical tree, has garnered considerable attention as a promising natural coagulant
for water treatment applications. The seeds of Moringa oleifera contain cationic proteins and polysaccharides that aid in
destabilizing suspended particles and colloids in water, promoting their aggregation into larger flocs for efficient
removal. As a readily available and sustainable resource, M. Oleifera offers an eco-friendly alternative to traditional
chemical coagulants, addressing environmental concerns and resource scarcity [8, 32].

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3.1.2. Yausa (Abutilon Insigne Planch)

As a mucilaginous plant native to Colombia, its widespread availability ensures a more economical and convenient
sourcing process. Leveraging its local abundance, this study endeavors to evaluate the viability of Yausa as a natural
coagulant, aiming to harness its organic properties to enhance water treatment practices. Yausa (Abutilon insigne
Planch) has demonstrated remarkable turbidity removal efficacy in the clarification of sugarcane juice, making it a
promising candidate for water treatment applications [33]. Yausa offers the advantage of being easily biodegradable,
contributing to a more environmentally friendly handling of sludge produced during the treatment process. The reduced
environmental impact aligns with the growing global emphasis on adopting eco-friendly solutions for water purification.

3.1.3. Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis)

The breadfruit plant (Artocarpus altilis) is a tropical tree known for its starchy and nutritious fruit. It is native to the
Pacific Islands but has been cultivated in various tropical regions around the world. The breadfruit has long been utilized
as a staple food source due to its versatility and high carbohydrate content. Various parts of the breadfruit plant, including
the latex from its stems, have been recognized for their coagulation properties. The latex contains proteolytic enzymes
that can effectively coagulate suspended particles and impurities in water, making it a natural coagulant solution for
water treatment processes. This coagulation ability is attributed to the enzymes' capacity to aggregate and bind fine
particles together, forming larger flocs that can be more easily removed from water [34].

3.2. Extraction and Preparation of Coagulant Solution

Stock solutions were prepared following the protocol proposed by Quezada Moreno et al. [35]. For the M. Oleifera
solution, a mixture of 50g of M. Oleifera seed powder and 1 Liter of saline solution was prepared, resulting in a
weight/volume ratio of (50g/1000ml). The solution was subjected to thorough stirring for a duration of 1 hour, followed
by filtration using a 0.45mm filter to obtain a clear liquid extract, which was then set aside for precise dosing during the
trials.
As for the Yausa (Abutilon Insigne Planch) coagulant solution, it was formulated by combining 0.250 g of Yausa
leaves with 1 Liter of water. The mixture underwent a blending process and was then stirred for 1 hour. After this, the
solution was subjected to another round of filtration to yield a clarified liquid extract, which was carefully drawn off for
accurate dosing in the experimental setup.
In the case of the Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) coagulant solution, formulation entailed the mixture of 25g of
Breadfruit with 1 Liter of water. The resulting mixture underwent a thorough blending procedure, followed by a stirring
duration of 1 hour. By adhering to the well-established procedure proposed by Quezada Moreno et al. [35], we ensure
the reliability and comparability of our results.
Figure 2 illustrates a comprehensive flow diagram detailing the methodology employed for the extraction and
preparation of the three studied natural coagulants: Moringa oleifera, Yausa (Abutilon Insigne Planch), and Breadfruit
(Artocarpus Altilis). This diagram summarizes each step of the process, from the initial collection of raw plant materials
through to the final preparation of the coagulants. The flowchart provides a clear and systematic overview of the
procedures utilized, ensuring reproducibility and consistency in the extraction and preparation phases across all three
coagulants.

Figure 2. Scheme of selected natural coagulant extraction and preparation methodology

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3.3. Characteristics of Untreated Water for Treatment

For the assessment of the M. Oleifera coagulant, water samples were collected from the Santa Helena brook in
Medellin, Colombia. Physicochemical parameters, including pH, color and turbidity were directly measured to
characterize the raw water. In the case of the Yausa coagulant, a synthetic solution with a comparable turbidity level (40
NTU) to that of the Santa Helena brook was prepared. The synthetic solution was then subjected to evaluation, where
physicochemical parameters such as pH, color and turbidity were directly measured. For the breadfruit coagulant, a
synthetic solution was formulated considering a turbidity of 37 NTU. Subsequently, an assessment of this synthetic
solution was conducted, encompassing the direct measurement of pH, color and turbidity. Consolidated results from the
untreated water are presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Physicochemical characterization of test fresh water and synthetic effluent samples

Synthetic effluent Synthetic effluent

Parameter Units Santa Helena Brook
Yausa trial Breadfruit trial
pH - 7.6 8.1 8.0
Turbidity NTU 47.1 40 37
roloC UrP 220 44 10

3.4. Optimizing Coagulant Dosage Optimization for Enhanced Treatment Efficiency

To determine the optimal dosage and assess the efficiency of turbidity removal, the standard jar test equipment was
employed, following ASTM D2035 and the Colombian method NTC 3930. This bench-scale testing procedure replicates
the coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation process, allowing for precise evaluation of natural coagulants'
performance. The 6-beaker Jar test apparatus was utilized, with each jar filled with 1 Liter of water. For Moringa
coagulant, varying volumes of 25, 50, 77, 100, 125, and 150 ml were evaluated. For Yausa coagulant, volumes of 2, 5,
10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 ml were tested, while for Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) coagulant solution, volumes of 100, 110,
120, 130, 140, and 150 ml were evaluated. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate, and the beakers were subjected
to agitation at different mixing times and speeds: rapid mixing at 100 rpm for 1 minute, followed by slow mixing at 40
rpm for 15 minutes. After agitation, the suspended solids were allowed to settle for 15 minutes.
For turbidity analysis, water samples were pipetted out of the first beaker and transferred to sample vials, ensuring
the absence of air bubbles. The sample vials were then placed in calibrated portable instruments, utilizing the HANNA
93703 (infrared LED) turbidity meter for turbidity readings. The direct measurement method was employed for turbidity,
ensuring accurate and reliable results.

4. Results
Table 5 presents an analytical overview of experimental trials conducted to assess the turbidity removal efficiency
of three different natural coagulants. This table outlines how varying doses and concentrations of these coagulants
influence the turbidity reduction in water samples, in which it is correlated the specific coagulant quantities with the
corresponding decrease in turbidity levels, providing a quantitative understanding of the effectiveness of each coagulant.
This data is crucial for determining the optimal dosages required to achieve maximum turbidity removal, thereby
enabling a more precise and effective application of these natural coagulants in water treatment processes.

Table 5. Turbidity removal results from different concentration of selected natural coagulants

Initial turbidity Dose Concentration Final turbidity average Turbidity removal average
Coagulant
(NTU) (ml) (mg/L) (NTU) (%)
0.5 31.3 13.2 71.9
1 62.5 5.2 88.9
1.5 93.8 5.3 88.7
Moringa Oleifera 47
2 125 5.3 88.7
2.5 156.3 6.4 86.4
3 187.5 6.9 85.3
8 2 7.9 80.3
20 5 7.0 82.5

Yausa 40 10 6.7 83.3

(Abutilon Insigne Planch) 40 80 20 6.8 83.0
160 40 7.3 81.8
240 60 7.5 81.3
320 80 7.3 81.8

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100 5000 13.3 64.0

110 5500 12.3 66.6
Breadfruit 120 6000 12.2 67.1
(Artocarpus altilis) 37
130 6500 12.5 66.1
140 7000 12.2 67.2
150 7500 12.2 66.9

The data clearly show evidence of the optimal doses and concentrations of coagulants for effectively reducing water
turbidity. The findings thus serve as a critical step towards the potential adoption and application of these coagulants in
water treatment processes, especially in contexts demanding environmentally friendly and cost-effective solutions. This
study considers water turbidity as a critical parameter in evaluating water quality, as it directly correlates with the
concentration of suspended particulates present. This measurement is essential in assessing water quality by indicating
potential health risks and ecological impacts associated with high particulate matter. Turbidity levels, therefore, serve
as a vital indicator for water treatment processes, environmental monitoring, and public health assessments, highlighting
the necessity of maintaining low turbidity for safe and clean water supply.
In this research study, a series of trials were undertaken to assess the efficacy of three different natural coagulants in
turbidity mitigation. In the conducted trials, water samples treated with Moringa Oleifera had an initial turbidity of 47
NTU. In comparison, samples treated with Yausa and Breadfruit had lower initial turbidities of 40 NTU and 37 NTU,
respectively. Results from the trials show up the efficacy of Moringa Oleifera in turbidity reduction. When applied at a
concentration of 62.5 mg/L (1ml), Moringa Oleifera achieved an 88.9% decrease in turbidity illustrating its potential as
an agent for mitigating water turbidity (Figure 3). This level of efficiency is notable, especially in the context of treating
waters with high turbidity levels. Furthermore, these findings are in accordance with those reported by Peña-Guzmán &
Ortiz-Gutierrez [36], which reinforces the efficacy of Moringa Oleifera as a natural coagulant in water treatment
applications.

18

16

14
Final Turbidity, NTU

12

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Dose (ml)

Figure 3. Final turbidity removal from Moringa Oleifera

Results for Yausa (Abutilon Insigne Planch) demonstrated its considerable efficacy in turbidity reduction. As
illustrated in Figure 4, the optimal concentration for Yausa was determined to be 10 mg/L (40ml), reaching a turbidity
reduction efficiency of 83.3%. This level of effectiveness is significant, suggesting that Yausa could be a highly
competent natural coagulant. The ability of Yausa to effectively reduce turbidity at such a low concentration not only
underscores its potential as an efficient coagulant but also indicates its suitability for practical application in water
treatment processes, particularly in scenarios where minimal intervention is desired for maintaining ecological balance
and reducing treatment costs. Quezada-Moreno et al. [35] conducted similar experiments using Yausa (Abutilon Insigne
Planch) obtaining similar results on turbidity removal efficiency. Our results are in accordance with those of Garcés et
al. [37], in which it was investigated the turbidity removal capabilities of Yausa. Employing a comparable coagulant
solution preparation method, their study used a concentration of Yausa, specifically 250 mg/L. In their study, it was
found that the optimal dosage for achieving effective turbidity reduction was 70 mg/L, resulting in a turbidity removal
efficiency of 79.4%.

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7.8

7.6
Final Turbidity, NTU
7.4

7.2

6.8

6.6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Dose (ml)

Figure 4. Final turbidity removal from Yausa (Abutilon Insigne Planch)

Figure 5 presents the analysis of turbidity removal using various concentrations of the natural coagulant Breadfruit
(Artocarpus altilis). The data reveals that Breadfruit reaches its peak effectiveness at a concentration of 7000 mg/L
(140ml), where it accomplishes a turbidity removal efficiency of 67.2%. Although the required volume of the Breadfruit
coagulant solution for effective turbidity removal is higher compared to Yausa and Moringa Oleifera, its abundant
availability in the Nariño region still positions it as a promising coagulant option for water treatment. This local
abundance potentially offsets the need for higher volumes, making Breadfruit a viable and sustainable alternative in this
geographical context. Its use could contribute to regionally tailored water purification solutions, leveraging local
resources to address water quality challenges.

14
Final Turbidity (NTU)

13

12

11
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Dose (ml)

Figure 5. Final turbidity removal from Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)

The capability of Breadfruit as a coagulant for turbidity removal in water has not been extensively studied, and to
our knowledge, this research is among the few documented studies available in the scientific literature. This gap
highlights the novelty and significance of our findings, contributing valuable new insights into the potential applications
of Breadfruit in water treatment processes.
Figure 6 shows the comparative analysis of turbidity removal efficiencies across different concentrations of all
evaluated natural coagulants. The results demonstrate a distinct variation in effectiveness, with Moringa Oleifera (M.
Oleifera) achieving the highest turbidity reduction at 88.9%, followed by Yausa and Breadfruit with efficiencies of
83.3% and 67.2% respectively. This figure provides a representation of the coagulants' performance, offering a
comprehensive overview of their relative capabilities in reducing water turbidity.

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95

90

Turbidity Removal % 85

80 M. Oleifera

Yausa (Abutilon Insigne Planch)

75
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
70

65

60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Dose (ml)

Figure 6. Final turbidity removal percentage from M. Oleifera, Yausa and Breadfruit

The abundance of Yausa and Breadfruit in the Nariño region offers a promising opportunity to attain water turbidity
reduction results like those achieved with Moringa Oleifera. Utilizing these naturally abundant coagulants in Nariño
could lead to effective and locally adapted water treatment solutions, potentially matching the efficiency of globally
recognized coagulants.

5. Discussion
The results of the research study conducted into two unexplored native plant species, Yausa (Abutilon Insigne
Planch) and Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), has yielded encouraging results. Extracts from these plants were utilized as
coagulants, and their efficacy in reducing water turbidity was assessed. The study found that Yausa achieved a turbidity
removal efficiency of 83.3% at a concentration of 10 mg/L, while Breadfruit showed an efficiency of 67.2% at a
significantly higher concentration of 7000 mg/L. In comparison, Moringa Oleifera demonstrated an 88.9% efficiency at
10 mg/L. These findings highlight Yausa's potential as an effective water treatment coagulant. However, it is notable
that while Breadfruit exhibited promising results, the required concentration of its active component for turbidity
removal is substantially greater than that of the other natural coagulants evaluated.
According to the results of Peña-Guzman and Ortiz-Guiterrez [36], natural coagulant Moringa Oleifera, when
processed without its shell and using a standardized treatment procedure, achieves a 79.13% turbidity reduction at an
initial turbidity of 58 - 62 NTU with an optimal dose of 17.5 mg/L. This substantial decrease in turbidity highlights
Moringa's significant effectiveness as a natural coagulant. The high turbidity removal efficacy of Moringa Oleifera is
attributed to its cationic proteins, which possess a strong affinity for negatively charged particles and colloids prevalent
in turbid water [38]. Further studies, including those by Taiwo et al. [39], have demonstrated that these proteins
effectively bind with contaminants, facilitating their aggregation into larger flocs for easier sedimentation and removal.
Given its natural abundance and notable turbidity reduction capability, Moringa Oleifera presents itself as a viable option
for water purification.
The experimental findings regarding Yausa's (Abutilon Insigne Planch) performance as a natural coagulant
demonstrate its notable efficiency, positioning it as a viable alternative to chemical coagulants. Achieving a turbidity
reduction rate of 83.3% at an optimal concentration of just 10 mg/L, Yausa proves to be not only effective but also
highly efficient, especially given the relatively low concentration required for such significant results. Comparable
results were reported by Garcés et al. [37], who used a concentration of 250 mg/L for Yausa in their experiments.
Adhering to a coagulant solution preparation method like ours, they determined that an optimal dosage of 70 mg/L was
effective, achieving a turbidity removal efficiency of 79.4%. The efficacy of Yausa as a coagulant is largely attributed
to its mucilaginous composition, which contributes to enhanced coagulation through increased solution viscosity,
effective charge interactions, bridge formation between particles, and facilitation of flocculation. These properties
underscore Yausa's potential as a sustainable and efficient option in water treatment applications.
Breadfruit, despite achieving a turbidity reduction efficiency of 67.2%, lower compared to Moringa Oleifera and
Yausa, still demonstrates potential as an effective coagulant. The requirement of a higher optimal concentration,
specifically 7000 mg/L, indicates that Breadfruit's coagulation efficiency may be directly proportional to the
concentration used. This suggests that its application might be more appropriate in certain water treatment scenarios
where the use of higher coagulant concentrations is both feasible and practical. Based on current literature, there appears

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to be limited research specifically focusing on the efficacy of Breadfruit in the removal of turbidity from freshwater
sources. The coagulation properties of Breadfruit may be linked to the presence of latex in its chemical composition.
This latex is rich in proteolytic enzymes, or proteases, known for their pronounced ability to coagulate suspended
particles and contaminants in water. Such biochemical attributes suggest Breadfruit's potential utility in water
purification, warranting further exploration into its specific mechanisms of action and optimal application conditions
[40]. Research conducted by Mótyán et al. [41] provides insights into the functional mechanisms of proteolytic enzymes
found in coagulants like Breadfruit. These enzymes interact with proteins in the water, disrupting their stability and
thereby reducing the steric and electrostatic barriers that typically inhibit the agglomeration of colloidal particles. Such
destabilization promotes the aggregation of these particles. A significant characteristic of these enzymes is their
operational adaptability across various pH levels, which makes them suitable for a range of water conditions and obviates
the need for pH adjustments during the treatment process [42].
Although all three studied natural coagulants, Moringa Oleifera, Yausa, and Breadfruit, have demonstrated
effectiveness in turbidity removal, the variations in their optimal concentrations and efficiency rates indicate potential
for diverse applications in water treatment. Yausa, requiring a lower concentration, suggests a reduced need for raw
materials, while Moringa Oleifera stands out for its ease of preparation. These distinctions provide a foundation for
further research aimed at optimizing the application of these natural coagulants, fitted to the specific requirements of
different water treatment scenarios.

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

The increasing interest in research into alternative water treatment methodologies highlights a critical demand for
sustainable and eco-friendly practices. The analysis conducted in this study on Moringa Oleifera, Yausa (Abutilon
Insigne Planch), and Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) has revealed the promising capabilities of these natural resources as
effective natural coagulants. This finding highlights the significant potential of utilizing these plant-based substances in
the development of greener water purification strategies.
Moringa Oleifera demonstrated the best coagulation capabilities among the studied natural coagulants, achieving an
88.9% reduction in water turbidity at a concentration of 62.5 mg/L. This performance not only highlights its
effectiveness as a natural coagulant but also its practicality, given the tree's rapid growth and ease of cultivation. These
attributes suggest a sustainable and reliable source for water treatment applications. As for Yausa, with its notable
turbidity reduction rate of 83.3% at a minimal concentration of 10 mg/L, highlights its efficiency and potential as a
primary coagulant in water treatment processes. This efficiency, achieved at such a low concentration, indicates its
suitability for scenarios requiring effective results with minimal resource utilization. At last, breadfruit's turbidity
reduction rate of 67.2%, while lower than the others, provides valuable implications for its use. Given its higher optimal
concentration of 7000 mg/L, it may be best suited for settings where such concentrations can be practically and
economically managed. Moreover, the abundant presence of breadfruit in certain regions implies that it could be a key
resource in developing localized water treatment strategies. These region-specific solutions could leverage the plant's
availability to provide cost-effective and regional-adapted approaches to water purification.
Further research is essential to systematically evaluate the studied natural coagulants, extending beyond immediate
outcomes to incorporate their long-term effects, potential environmental impacts, and interactions with commonly used
chemicals in water treatment processes. A comprehensive understanding is necessary to mitigate any unexpected
challenges. Additionally, an in-depth economic analysis is crucial. This analysis should explore cost dynamics,
operational expenses, and long-term financial impacts to assess the economic viability of adopting these natural
coagulants on a broader scale.
Moreover, establishing a collaborative framework is critical. This framework should foster partnerships among local
communities, water treatment facilities, research institutions, and industrial stakeholders. Such collaboration will not
only accelerate the research and integration of natural coagulants into existing systems but also promote innovation and
a more integrated, community-focused approach to water treatment.

7. Declarations
7.1. Author Contributions
Conceptualization: L.S., E.N., R.S., D.P., E.S., J.C., L.C., G.E., M.B., S.D., and M.L.R.; data curation, L.S., E.N.,
and M.L.; formal analysis, L.S., E.N., and M.L.; supervision, L.S., E.N., and M.L.; methodology, L.S., E.N., and M.L.;
validation, L.S., E.N., and M.L.; writing original draft: L.S., E.N., and M.L.; project administration, L.S., R.S., and E.N.;
resources, L.S., R.S., and E.N.; writing—review and editing D.R. and D.A. All authors have read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.

7.2. Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the article.

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7.3. Funding
This work was supported by the Mariana University, grant Number IC1-10.

7.4. Acknowledgements
This study received support from both the Mariana University and University of Medellin, generously granting access
to their laboratories for conducting these analyses. Our gratitude extends to Hugo Espinoza chemistry laboratory
coordinator at the Mariana University, whose contributions were integral to this endeavour.

7.5. Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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