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Bioun 1

The document outlines key genetic concepts including Mendel's Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment, which describe how alleles and genes are inherited. It explains monohybrid and dihybrid inheritance, probability rules for genetic events, and the chi-square test for statistical analysis of genetic data. Additionally, it discusses pedigree charts as a tool for visualizing inheritance patterns across generations.

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Jay
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16 views1 page

Bioun 1

The document outlines key genetic concepts including Mendel's Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment, which describe how alleles and genes are inherited. It explains monohybrid and dihybrid inheritance, probability rules for genetic events, and the chi-square test for statistical analysis of genetic data. Additionally, it discusses pedigree charts as a tool for visualizing inheritance patterns across generations.

Uploaded by

Jay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic​ Key Concepts

Mendel's Law of Segregation​- Traits are determined by two alleles.


- Alleles separate randomly during gamete formation.
- Gametes contain one allele for each gene.
- Fertilization restores the diploid number (two alleles per gene).
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment​ - Genes on different chromosomes assort independently during gamete
formation.
- Inheritance of one gene doesn’t affect inheritance of another gene.
- Applies to genes located on different chromosomes.
Monohybrid Inheritance​ - Involves one gene with two alleles (dominant and recessive).
- Example: GG (Green) × gg (Yellow).
- F1 generation: All Gg (green).
- F2 generation: Genotype ratio 1 GG: 2 Gg: 1 gg. Phenotype ratio 3 Green: 1 Yellow.
Dihybrid Inheritance​ - Involves two genes with two alleles each.
- Example: GgBb (Coat color and ear length).
- Phenotype ratio 9:3:3:1.
- Genotype ratio 3 BbEE : 3 bbEE : 1 Bbee : 1 bbee.
Probability Rules​ - Mutually exclusive events: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B).
- Independent events: P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B).
- These apply to unlinked genes.
Chi-Square Test​ - Compares observed vs expected results to check if differences are due to chance.
- Steps:
1) Find O (observed) and E (expected) values.
2) Calculate (O-E)²/E.
3) Sum to get chi-square value.
Chi-Square Test (continued)​ - Degrees of Freedom: Number of categories - 1.
- Critical Value: Compare chi-square value to the critical value to determine if the difference is statistically significant.
Pedigree Charts​ - Visual representation of inheritance over generations.
- Males: Squares, Females: Circles.
- Shaded: Affected individuals.
- Horizontal lines: Parents, Vertical lines: Offspring.
Pedigree Chart Example​ - Shows inheritance patterns of traits, helps determine dominant or recessive inheritance.
- Example: Albinism is recessive, so affected individuals must be homozygous recessive (aa).

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