Q1. Which of the following statement is correct?

(A) Reliability ensures the validity

(B) Validity ensures reliability
(C) Reliability and validity are independent of each other
(D) Reliability does not depend on objectivity Answer: (C)
Q2. Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) Objectives of research are stated in first chapter of the thesis
(B) Researcher must possess analytical ability
(C) Variability is the source of problem
(D) All the aboveAnswer: (D)
Q3. The first step of research is:
(A) Selecting a problem
(B) Searching a problem
(C) Finding a problem
(D) Identifying a problemAnswer: (D)
Q4. Research can be conducted by a person who:
(A) holds a postgraduate degree
(B) has studied research methodology
(C) possesses thinking and reasoning ability
(D) is a hard workerAnswer: (B)
Q5. Research can be classified as:
(A) Basic, Applied and Action Research
(B) Philosophical, Historical, Survey and Experimental Research
(C) Quantitative and Qualitative Research
(D) All the aboveAnswer: (D)
Q6. To test null hypothesis, a researcher uses:
(A) t test
(B) ANOVA
(C) X2
(D) factorial analysisAnswer: (B)
Q7. Bibliography given in a research report:
(A) shows vast knowledge of the researcher
(B) helps those interested in further research
(C) has no relevance to research
(D) all the aboveAnswer: (B)
Q8. A research problem is feasible only when:
(A) it has utility and relevance
(B) it is researchable
(C) it is new and adds something to knowledge
(D) all the aboveAnswer: (D)
Q9. The study in which the investigators attempt to trace an effect is known as:
(A) Survey Research
(B) Summative Research
(C) Historical Research
(D) ‘Ex-post Facto’ ResearchAnswer: (D)
Q10. Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as:
(A) Data analysis and interpretation
(B) Parameter inference
(C) Statistical inference
(D) All of the aboveAnswer: (A)
Q11. Fundamental research reflects the ability to:
(A) Synthesize new ideals
(B) Expound new principles
(C) Evaluate the existing material concerning research
(D) Study the existing literature regarding various topicsAnswer: (B)
Q12. The main characteristic of scientific research is:
(A) empirical
(B) theoretical
(C) experimental
(D) all of the abovAnswer: (D)
Q13. Authenticity of a research finding is its:
(A) Originality
(B) Validity
(C) Objectivity
(D) All of the aboveAnswer: (C)
Q14. Which technique is generally followed when the population is finite?
(A) Area Sampling Technique
(B) Purposive Sampling Technique
(C) Systematic Sampling Technique
(D) None of the aboveAnswer: (C)
Q15. Research problem is selected from the stand point of:
(A) Researcher’s interest
(B) Financial support
(C) Social relevance
(D) Availability of relevant literatureAnswer: (C)
Q16. The research is always –
(A) verifying the old knowledge
(B) exploring new knowledge
(C) filling the gap between knowledge
(D) all of theseAnswer: (D)
Q17. Research is
(A) Searching again and again
(B) Finding a solution to any problem
(C) Working in a scientific way to search for the truth of any problem
(D) None of the aboveAnswer: (C)
Q20. A common test in research demands much priority on
(A) Reliability
(B) Useability
(C) Objectivity
(D) All of the aboveAnswer: (D)
Q21. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
(A) Searching sources of information to locate the problem.
(B) Survey of related literature
(C) Identification of the problem
(D) Searching for solutions to the problemAnswer: (C)
Q22. Which correlation coefficient best explains the relationship between creativity and
intelligence?
(A) 1.00
(B) 0.6
(C) 0.5
(D) 0.3Answer: (A)
Q23. Manipulation is always a part of
(A) Historical research
(B) Fundamental research
(C) Descriptive research
(D) Experimental researchAnswer: (D)
Explanation: In experimental research, researchers deliberately manipulate one or more
independent variables to observe their effects on dependent variables. The goal is to establish
cause-and-effect relationships and test hypotheses. This type of research often involves control
groups and random assignment to ensure the validity of the findings. Manipulation is an
essential aspect of experimental research to assess the impact of specific variables and draw
conclusions about their influence on the outcome.
Q24. The research which is exploring new facts through the study of the past is called
(A) Philosophical research
(B) Historical research
(C) Mythological research
(D) Content analysisAnswer: (B)
Q25. A null hypothesis is
(A) when there is no difference between the variables
(B) the same as research hypothesis
(C) subjective in nature
(D) when there is difference between the variablesAnswer: (A)
Q26. We use Factorial Analysis:
(A) To know the relationship between two variables
(B) To test the Hypothesis
(C) To know the difference between two variables
(D) To know the difference among the many variableAnswer: (D)
Explanation: Factorial analysis, specifically factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA), is used to
investigate the effects of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable. It helps to
determine whether there are significant differences or interactions among the independent
variables and their combined effects on the dependent variable.
Q27. Which of the following is classified in the category of the developmental research?
(A) Philosophical research
(B) Action research
(C) Descriptive research
(D) All the aboveAnswer: (D)
Q28. Action-research is:
(A) An applied research
(B) A research carried out to solve immediate problems
(C) A longitudinal research
(D) All the aboveAnswer: (B)
Explanation: Action research is an approach to research that encompasses all the options
mentioned. It is an applied research method where researchers work collaboratively with
practitioners or stakeholders to address immediate problems or issues in a real-world context. It
is often conducted over a period of time, making it a longitudinal research approach. So, all the
options (A) An applied research, (B) A research carried out to solve immediate problems, and (C)
A longitudinal research are correct when describing action research.
Q29. The basis on which assumptions are formulated:
(A) Cultural background of the country
(B) Universities
(C) Specific characteristics of the castes
(D) All of theseAnswer: (A)
Q30. How can the objectivity of the research be enhanced?
(A) Through its impartiality
(B) Through its reliability
(C) Through its validity
(D) All of theseAnswer: (D)
Q31. A research problem is not feasible only when:
(A) it is researchable
(B) it is new and adds something to the knowledge
(C) it consists of independent and dependent variables
(D) it has utility and relevancAnswer: (C)
Explanation: A research problem is considered feasible when it can be studied and investigated
using appropriate research methods and resources. The presence of independent and
dependent variables is not a factor that determines the feasibility of a research problem. Instead,
it is an essential component of a well-defined research problem that helps in formulating
research questions or hypotheses. Feasibility depends on whether the research problem can be
addressed and answered within the constraints of available time, resources, and methods.
Options (A), (B), and (D) are more relevant to the feasibility of a research problem.
Q32. The process not needed in experimental research is:
(A) Observation
(B) Manipulation and replication
(C) Controlling
(D) Reference collectionAnswer: (D)
In experimental research, reference collection is not a part of the process.
Q33. When a research problem is related to heterogeneous population, the most suitable
sampling method is:
(A) Cluster Sampling
(B) Stratified Sampling
(C) Convenient Sampling
(D) Lottery MethodAnswer: (B)
Explanation: When a research problem involves a heterogeneous population, stratified
sampling is the most suitable sampling method. Stratified sampling involves dividing the
population into subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics or variables. Each stratum
represents a relatively homogeneous subset of the population. Then, a random sample is taken
from each stratum in proportion to its size or importance in the population. This method
ensures that the sample is representative of the diversity present in the population and allows
for more precise estimates of population parameters for each subgroup.
Q34. Generalised conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as:
(A) Data analysis and interpretation
(B) Parameter inference
(C) Statistical inference
(D) All of the aboveAnswer: (C)
Explanation: Generalized conclusions based on a sample are achieved through statistical
inference. It involves using sample data to make inferences or predictions about a larger
population. Statistical inference helps researchers draw conclusions, estimate parameters, and
test hypotheses about the population from which the sample was taken. It is a fundamental
concept in statistics and plays a crucial role in various fields, including research, data analysis,
and decision-making.
Q35. The experimental study is based on
(A) The manipulation of variables
(B) Conceptual parameters
(C) Replication of research
(D) Survey of literatureAnswer: (A)
Q36. Which one is called non-probability sampling?
(A) Cluster sampling
(B) Quota sampling
(C) Systematic sampling
(D) Stratified random samplingAnswer: (B)
Q37. Formulation of hypothesis may NOT be required in:
(A) Survey method
(B) Historical studies
(C) Experimental studies
(D) Normative studiesAnswer: (B)
Q38. Field-work-based research is classified as:
(A) Empirical
(B) Historical
(C) Experimental
(D) BiographicalAnswer: (A)
Q39. Which of the following sampling method is appropriate to study the prevalence of
AIDS amongst male and female in India in 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2006?
(A) Cluster sampling
(B) Systematic sampling
(C) Quota sampling
(D) Stratified random samplingAnswer: (B)
Q40. The research that applies the laws at the time of field study to draw more and more
clear ideas about the problem is:
(A) Applied research
(B) Action research
(C) Experimental research
(D) None of theseAnswer: (A)
1.Choose the correct option regarding the sampling method?
A) the sample is the population’s part
B) it helps in determining sampling error
C) sampling saves money, time, and energy
D) all these options are correctAnswer: (D) all of these are correct
2.What do we say to all units aggregate that’s about a study?
A) sample
B) unit
C) universe or population
D) frameAnswer: (C) universe or population
3.What do you understand by sampling cases?
A) sampling of newspapers, people, television programs, etc.
B) the researcher’s briefcase
C) by using sampling frame for sampling
D) identifying and finding the people who are suitable for the researchAnswer: (A) sampling of
newspapers, people, television programs, etc.
4.One of the members of the population is known as the
A) data
B) family
C) element
D) groupAnswer: (C) element
5.What refers to elements from where you choose the samples for the research?
A) infinite population
B) finite population
C) sampling population
D) target populationAnswer: (D) target population
If we have to sample the population, it’s partitioned into units. Those are known to be as?
A) sampling units
B) sampling gap
6.D) sampling errorAnswer: (A) sampling units
7.What do we call the population value?
A) statistic
B) parameter
C) data
D) variableAnswer: (B) parameter
8.Which of these are the steps in the sampling process_____?
A) choosing the sampling frame
B) defining the target population
C) identifying and selecting the method of sample
D) all of theseAnswer: (D) all of these
9.What do we call sample value?
A) variable
B) parameter
C) data
D) statisticAnswer: (D) statistic
10.What do you understand by probability sampling?
A) univariate analysis
B) bi-variate analysis
C) multiple choices
D) random samplingAnswer: (A) univariate analysis
11.What do we call a complete and proper survey of a population?
A) report
B) census
C) sample
D) none of theseAnswer: (B) census
12.Out of these, which is not a probability sampling?
A) cluster sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) quota sampling
D) simple random samplingAnswer: (C) quota sampling
13.We call judgemental sampling?
A) extensive sampling
B) convenience sampling
C) cluster sampling
D) purposive samplingAnswer: (D) purposive sampling
14Out of the mentioned options, which is not a non-probability sampling?
A) judgemental sampling
B) cluster sampling
C) Extensive sampling
D) Convenience samplingAnswer: (B) cluster sampling
15What do we say to that sampling that’s for a non-zero selection chance?
A) probability sampling
B) quota sampling
C) extensive sampling
D) non-probability samplingAnswer: (A) probability sampling
16.When the available population is _____, we use a stratified sample.
A) too small
B) very large
C) homogeneous
D) heterogeneousAnswer: (D) heterogeneous
17.Out of the given options, which will need the biggest sample size?
A) systematic sampling
B) proportional stratified sampling
C) cluster sampling
D) simple random samplingAnswer: (C) cluster sampling
18.We use non-probability sampling with the aim of__.
A) pilot studies
B) qualitative research
C) exploratory research
D) all the mentioned optionsAnswer: (D) all the mentioned options
19.Which of these is an example of probability sampling?
A) lottery method
B) quota sampling
C) purposive sampling
D) judgemental samplingAnswer: (A) lottery method
20.The error of sampling is found only in
A) quota survey
B) any survey
C) census survey
D) sample surveyAnswer: (D) sample survey
21.The association of phenomenology is with the process of____.
A) analysis of variance
B) qualitative research
C) all of these
D) none of theseAnswer: (B) qualitative research
22.We find a non-sampling error in___
A) sample survey
B) census survey
C) none of the mentioned options
D) all of the mentioned optionsAnswer: (D) both of the mentioned options
23.Out of these strata, which of the sample population is separated into various strata, and the
sample of one is taken from some other strata?
A) snowball sampling
B) census sampling
C) quota sampling
D) stratified samplingAnswer: (D) stratified sampling
24.One of the most useful samplings is random sampling due to the?
A) the nature is economically
B) this is a more accurate method reasonably in comparison to others
C) it’s free from investigators’ personal biases
D) all of the mentioned optionsAnswer: (D) all of the mentioned options
25.There are several advantages of sampling because__.
A) sampling saves energy, money, and time in the collection of data
B) sampling help in lessening the data volume
C) help in getting higher accuracy if there is a homogeneous population
D) all the above-mentioned optionsAnswer: (D) all the above-mentioned options
26.For sampling, one uses ____ techniques?
A) flat-top sampling
B) natural sampling
C) instantaneous sampling
D) all the mentioned optionsAnswer: (D) all the mentioned options
27.Out of these, which needs the small size sample to see its efficiency?
A) quota sampling
B) cluster sampling
C) simple random sampling
D) none of theseAnswer: (C) simple random sampling
28.With the increase in sample size, the error also____
A) decreases
B) increases
C) remains the same
D) all of the aboveAnswer: (A) decreases
29.When we do sampling in qualitative research, is it similar to the sampling in quantitative
research?
A) purposive sampling
B) probability sampling
C) all of these
D) none of theseAnswer: (A) purposive sampling
30The sampling that is based on probability, that is equal, is known as___
A) stratified sampling
B) simple random sampling
C) probability sampling
D) quota samplingAnswer: (B) simple random sampling
31 Snowball sampling comes under the category of ___.
A) random sampling
B) probability sampling
C) quota sampling
D) nonprobability samplingAnswer: (D) nonprobability sampling
32.A teacher conducts an ethnographic probe for the issues that were being faced by the tribe
members and the tribal students. The sampling method used here will be?
A) cluster sampling
B) systematic sampling
C) all of the above-mentioned options
D) none of these mentioned optionsAnswer: (A) cluster sampling
33.The method of drawing a _____ is the fishbowl drawing.
A) structural sample
B) independent sample
C) random sample
D) non-random sampleAnswer: (C) random sample
34.A survey was done among the friends, class, and neighbors to know their preference for a
particular brand of cold drink. This is an example of_______.
A) judgment sampling
B) cluster sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) stratified samplingAnswer: (C) convenience sampling
35.Out of the mentioned procedures of sampling, mention the one that’s appropriate for
making research with the empirical-inductive paradigm?
A) any non-probability sampling procedures
B) systematic sampling procedures
C) all of these mentioned procedures
D) none of these mentioned proceduresAnswer: (A) any non-probability sampling procedures
36.Snowball sampling is a method of choosing a sample using____.
A) computer programs
B) groups
C) snowballs
D) networks
Answer: (D) networks
37Out of these mentioned sampling methods, name the one that’s a probability method?
A) assignment
B) judgment
C) quota
D) simple random Answer: (D) simple random
38Out of the mentioned, which is not a type of non-probability sampling?
A) quota
B) stratified random sampling
C) none of the above-mentioned options
D) all of the these mentioned optionsAnswer: (D) stratified random sampling
39Sample is known to be the subset of?
A) population
B) data
C) set
D) information
Answer: (A) population
40Out of these, which of the sampling is based on equal probability?
A) none sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) information
D) simple random sampling
Answer: (D) simple random sampling
41expected value of that statistic?
A) sampling error
B) non-sampling error
C) standard error
D) bias
Answer: (D) bias
42The increase in the size of the sample affects sample error by___.
A) reducing the sampling error
B) increasing the error of sample
C) all of these options are correct
D) none of these are trueAnswer: (A) reducing the sampling error
43What do we call the difference between the parameter and the statistic?
A) probability
B) non-random
C) random
D) sampling error
Answer: (D) sampling error
44The probability of selecting an item in probability sampling from the population is known and
is:
A) non zero
B) equal to 3
C) equal to 1
D) none of these
Answer: (A) non zero
45The distribution that is formed by all possible values of a statistics is known as:
A) normal distribution
B) hypergeometric distribution
C) binomial distribution
D) sampling distribution
Answer: (D) sampling distribution
Question 1: Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?
A) Demonstrates the abilities of the researcher
B) Is dependent on the completion of other projects
C) Demonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledge
D) Develops the skills of the researcher
Answer: B) Is dependent on the completion of other projects
Question 2: Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from
a set of premises?
A) Objective reasoning
B) Positivistic reasoning
C) Inductive reasoning
D) Deductive reasoning
Answer: D) Deductive reasoning
Question 3: Research that seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the same
design but a different sample is which of the following?
A) An exploratory study
B) A replication study
C) An empirical study
D) Hypothesis testing
Answer: B) A replication study
Question 4: A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence
job-seeking behaviours. The main purpose of the study was:
A) Description
B) Prediction
C) Exploration
D) Explanation
Answer: D) Explanation
Question 5: Cyberbullying at work is a growing threat to employee job satisfaction.
Researchers want to find out why people do this and how they feel about it. The primary
purpose of the study is:
A) Description
B) Prediction
C) Exploration
D) Explanation
Answer: C) Exploration
Question 6: A theory:
A) Is an accumulated body of knowledge
B) Includes inconsequential ideas
C) Is independent of research methodology
D) Should be viewed uncritically
Answer: A) Is an accumulated body of knowledge
Question 7: Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research?
A) Deductive method
B) Explanatory method
C) Inductive method
D) Exploratory method
Answer: C) Inductive method
Question 8: How much confidence should you place in a single research study?
A) You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings
B) You should completely trust a single research study
C) Neither a nor b
D) Both a and b
Answer: A) You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the
findings
Question 9: A qualitative research problem statement:
A) Specifies the research methods to be utilized
B) Specifies a research hypothesis
C) Expresses a relationship between variables
D) Conveys a sense of emerging design
Answer: D) Conveys a sense of emerging design
Question 10: Which of the following is a good research question?
A) To produce a report on student job searching behaviours
B) To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behaviours
C) Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours
D) Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours?
Answer: D) Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours?
Question 11: A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the
researcher to:
A) Provide an up-to-date understanding of the subject, its significance, and structure
B) Guide the development of research questions
C) Present the kinds of research methodologies used in previous studies
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Question 12: Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection
is not recommended by:
A) Ethnomethodology
B) Grounded theory
C) Symbolic interactionism
D) Feminist theory
Answer: B) Grounded theory
Question 13: The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
A) Cost and time required to conduct the study
B) Access to gatekeepers and respondents
C) Potential ethical concerns
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Question 14: Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative
methods for the next phase is known as:
A) Action research
B) Mixed-method research
C) Quantitative research
D) Pragmatic research
Answer: B) Mixed-method research
Question 15: Research hypotheses are:
A) Formulated prior to a review of the literature
B) Statements of predicted relationships between variables
C) B but not A
D) Both A and B
Answer: C) B but not A
Question 16: Which research approach is based on the epistemological viewpoint of
pragmatism?
A) Quantitative research
B) Qualitative research
C) Mixed-methods research
D) All of the above
Answer: C) Mixed-methods research
Question 17: Adopting ethical principles in research means:
A) Avoiding harm to participants
B) The researcher is anonymous
C) Deception is only used when necessary
D) Selected informants give their consent
Answer: A) Avoiding harm to participants
Question 18: A radical perspective on ethics suggests that:
A) Researchers can do anything they want
B) The use of checklists of ethical actions is essential
C) The powers of Institutional Review Boards should be strengthened
D) Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity
Answer: D) Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity
Question 19: Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because:
A) Everyone has access to digital media
B) Respondents may fake their identities
C) Researchers may fake their identities
D) Internet research has to be covert
Answer: B) Respondents may fake their identities
Question 20: The Kappa statistic:
A) Is a measure of inter-judge validity
B) Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been
predicted by chance
C) Ranges from 0 to +1
D) Is acceptable above a score of 0.5
Answer: B) Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been
predicted by chance
Q1. What is the first step in the research process?
A) Data analysis
Data mining tools
B) Literature review
C) Hypothesis testing
D) Research design
Answer: B) Literature review
Q2. What is the purpose of a research hypothesis?
A) To summarize the research findings
B) To explain the research methodology
C) To predict the outcome of the research
D) To describe the research participant
Answer: C) To predict the outcome of the research
Q3. What is the purpose of formulating a research problem in operational terms?
a) To narrow down the scope of the problem
b) To make the problem more complex
c) To make the problem less specific
d) To discriminate relevant data from irrelevant ones
Data mining tools
Answer: d) To discriminate relevant data from irrelevant ones
Q4. What is the purpose of replicating a research study?
a) To confirm that the hypothesis is incorrect
b) To prove that the study was flawed
c) To support the contention that the hypothesis cannot be rejected
d) To provide an opportunity to alter the hypothesis
Answer: c) To support the contention that the hypothesis cannot be rejected
Q5. The research process is:
a) a system of interrelated activities
b) a linear process with no interdependencies
Data mining tools
c) a static process with fixed stages
d) a process that can be skipped or altered without consequences
Answer: a) a system of interrelated activities
Q6. Which stage of the research process involves formulating a hypothesis?
a) Stage I
b) Stage II
c) Stage III
d) Stage IV
Answer: b) Stage III
Q7. What is a dependent variable in a research study?
A) A variable that is manipulated by the researcher
B) A variable that is not affected by other variables
C) A variable that is measured or observed in response to the independent variable
D) A variable that is controlled by the research participants
Answer: C) A variable that is measured or observed in response to the independent
variable
Q8. What is the purpose of data analysis in the research process?
A)To collect data from research participants
B) To test the research hypothesis
C) To review the existing literature
D) To design the research study
Answer: B) To test the research hypothesis
Q9. What is a random sample?
A) A sample selected based on a specific criterion
B) A sample selected using a random process
C) A sample selected based on convenience
D) A sample selected based on the researcher’s judgment
Answer: B) A sample selected using a random process
Q1) What is the purpose of research design?
A) To develop a hypothesis
B) To select a sample
C) To determine the methods for data collection and analysis
D) All of the above
Answer: C) To determine the methods for data collection and analysis
Q2) What is the difference between a quantitative and qualitative research design?
A) The type of data collected
B) The methods used for data collection
C) The methods used for data analysis
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Q3) Which of the following is not a type of research design?
A) Experimental design
B) Descriptive design
C) Correlational design
D) Probability design
Answer: D) Probability design
Q4) What is the purpose of a pilot study?
A) To test the feasibility of the research design
B) To test the reliability and validity of the measures
C) To determine the appropriate sample size
D) To collect preliminary data
Answer: A) To test the feasibility of the research design
Q5) What is a cross-sectional research design?
A) A design in which data is collected at one point in time
B) A design in which data is collected over a period of time
C) A design in which data is collected from a representative sample of the population
D) A design in which data is collected from a non-representative sample of the population
Answer: A) A design in which data is collected at one point in time
Q6) What is the purpose of a control group in an experimental design?
A) To provide a baseline against which to compare the experimental group
B) To ensure that the results are consistent across different populations
C) To eliminate the effects of extraneous variables
D) To manipulate the independent variable
Answer: A) To provide a baseline against which to compare the experimental group
Q7) What is a research hypothesis?
A) A tentative explanation for a phenomenon
B) A statement that is proven to be true
C) A prediction of what the researcher expects to find
D) A statement of fact
Answer: C) A prediction of what the researcher expects to find
Q8) What is the difference between internal and external validity?
A) Internal validity refers to the degree to which the results can be generalized, while external
validity refers to the degree to which the study is free from bias
B) External validity refers to the degree to which the results can be generalized, while internal
validity refers to the degree to which the study is free from bias
C) Internal validity refers to the degree to which the study is free from bias, while external
validity refers to the degree to which the results are consistent across different populations
D) External validity refers to the degree to which the study is free from bias, while internal
validity refers to the degree to which the results are consistent across different populations
Answer: B) External validity refers to the degree to which the results can be generalized,
while internal validity refers to the degree to which the study is free from bias
Q9) What is the difference between a random sample and a convenience sample?
A) A random sample is selected using a random process, while a convenience sample is selected
based on availability or willingness to participate
B) A random sample is selected based on availability or willingness to participate, while a
convenience sample is selected using a random process
C) A random sample is a type of probability sample, while a convenience sample is a type of
non-probability sample
D) A convenience sample is a type of probability sample, while a random sample is a type of
non-probability sample
Answer: A) A random sample is selected using a random process, while a convenience
sample is selected based on availability or willingness to participate
Q10) What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable?
A) The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is
measured
B) The dependent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the independent variable is
measured
C) Both the independent and dependent variables are manipulated by the researcher
D) Both the independent and dependent variables are measured
Answer: A) The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the
dependent variable is measured

Q1. What is the primary goal of quantitative research?

a) To explore and describe a phenomenon in-depth
b) To identify patterns and relationships between variables
c) To generate new theories and hypotheses
d) To understand the subjective experiences of participants
Answer: b) To identify patterns and relationships between variables
Q2. Which of the following is NOT a common type of quantitative research design?
a) Correlational
b) Experimental
c) Case study
d) Quasi-experimental
Answer: c) Case study
Q3. What is the most common method of data collection in quantitative research?
a) Interviews
b) Focus groups
c) Observation
d) Surveys/questionnaires
Answer: d) Surveys/questionnaires
Q4. Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of quantitative research?
a) Objective
b) Systematic
c) Subjective
d) Structured
Answer: c) Subjective
Q5. What is the purpose of a hypothesis in quantitative research?
a) To guide the research process and methodology
b) To provide a theoretical framework for the study
c) To ensure the ethical treatment of participants
d) To provide a detailed description of the study population
Answer: a) To guide the research process and methodology
Q6. What is the main advantage of using a random sample in quantitative research?
a) It ensures that all members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the
study
b) It allows for more in-depth analysis of individual cases
c) It eliminates the need for statistical analysis
d) It reduces the risk of bias in the data collection process
Answer: a) It ensures that all members of the population have an equal chance of being
included in the study
Q7. What is the main disadvantage of using secondary data in quantitative research?
a) It may not be relevant to the research question or hypothesis
b) It is often too expensive to obtain
c) It is difficult to obtain ethical approval for the use of secondary data
d) It is less reliable than primary data
Answer: a) It may not be relevant to the research question or hypothesis
Q8. What is the purpose of a pilot study in quantitative research?
a) To test the feasibility of the research design and methodology
b) To provide an overview of the study population
c) To collect preliminary data for use in the final analysis
d) To ensure the ethical treatment of participants
Answer: a) To test the feasibility of the research design and methodology
Q9. Which of the following is an example of a nominal level of measurement?
a) Age
b) Weight
c) Gender
d) Income
Answer: c) Gender
Q10. Which of the following statistical tests is used to determine if there is a significant
relationship between two variables?
a) T-test
b) ANOVA
c) Correlation coefficient
d) Chi-square
Answer: c) Correlation coefficient
Q11. Which of the following statements best describes quantitative research?
A) It focuses on exploring subjective experiences and understanding social phenomena.
B) It uses statistical data to analyze numerical patterns and draw conclusions.
C) It investigates the relationship between variables through observations and interviews.
D) It relies on case studies and in-depth analysis of specific individuals or groups.
Answer: B) It uses statistical data to analyze numerical patterns and draw conclusions.
Q12. Which of the following research methods is NOT typically associated with
quantitative research?
A) Surveys
B) Experiments
C) Focus groups
D) Content analysis
Answer: C) Focus groups
Q13. What is the primary advantage of using quantitative research?
A) It provides in-depth insights into individual experiences.
B) It allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
C) It is more cost-effective than qualitative research methods.
D) It does not require data analysis or statistical procedures.
Answer: B) It allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
Q14. Which of the following sampling techniques is commonly used in quantitative
research to ensure a representative sample?
A) Convenience sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Random sampling
Answer: D) Random sampling
Q15. In a research study, if a correlation coefficient between two variables is -0.75, what
does this value indicate?
A) There is no relationship between the two variables.
B) There is a strong positive relationship between the two variables.
C) There is a moderate negative relationship between the two variables.
D) There is a perfect negative relationship between the two variables.
Answer: C) There is a moderate negative relationship between the two variables.
Q16. Which of the following is a limitation of quantitative research?
A) It cannot establish causal relationships between variables.
B) It is time-consuming and expensive to conduct.
C) It often relies on subjective interpretations of data.
D) It lacks the ability to generalize findings to a larger population.
Answer: A) It cannot establish causal relationships between variables.
Q17. When conducting a survey in quantitative research, what is the typical format of the
questions?
A) Open-ended questions
B) Unstructured questions
C) Yes-or-no questions
D) Close-ended questions
Answer: D) Close-ended questions
Q18. Which statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between
the means of two or more groups in quantitative research?
A) t-test
B) ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
C) Chi-square test
D) Regression analysis
Answer: B) ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

Question 1:
Which of the following is not a characteristic of qualitative research?
a) Focuses on subjective experience
b) Uses statistical analysis
c) Emphasizes context and complexity
d) Allows for multiple perspectives
Answer: b) Uses statistical analysis
Question 2:
Which of the following is a commonly used data collection method in qualitative research?
a) Surveys
b) Experiments
c) Observations
d) Correlational studies
Answer: c) Observations
Question 3:
Which of the following is not a type of qualitative research design?
a) Case study
b) Phenomenology
c) Correlational study
d) Grounded theory
Answer: c) Correlational study
Question 4:
Which of the following is a key goal of qualitative data analysis?
a) Reductionism
b) Objectivity
c) Categorization
d) Quantification
Answer: c) Categorization
Question 5:
Which of the following is a potential limitation of qualitative research?
a) Difficulty generalizing findings
b) Lack of depth in data
c) Inability to capture subjective experiences
d) High level of researcher bias
Answer: a) Difficulty generalizing findings
Question 6:
Which of the following is not an ethical consideration in qualitative research?
a) Informed consent
b) Confidentiality
c) Data falsification
d) Voluntary participation
Answer: c) Data falsification
Question 7:
Which of the following is a commonly used software program for qualitative data analysis?
a) SPSS
b) Excel
c) NVivo
d) SAS
Answer: c) NVivo
Question 8:
Which of the following is a strength of case study research?
a) Can provide rich, detailed data
b) Allows for generalization to a larger population
c) Can establish causation
d) Typically involves a large sample size
Answer: a) Can provide rich, detailed data
Question 9:
Which of the following is a potential bias in qualitative research?
a) Sampling bias
b) Observer bias
c) Confirmation bias
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Question 10:
Which of the following is not a method for enhancing the trustworthiness of qualitative
research?
a) Triangulation
b) Member checking
c) Pre-testing
d) Peer debriefing
Answer: c) Pre-testing
Question 11:
What is the main purpose of qualitative research?
A) To test hypotheses and establish causality
B) To quantify data and draw statistical conclusions
C) To understand and explore phenomena in-depth
D) To predict future outcomes based on past data
Answer: C) To understand and explore phenomena in-depth
Question 12:
Which of the following is a primary data collection method used in qualitative research?
A) Surveys
B) Experiments
C) Questionnaires
D) Interviews
Answer: D) Interviews
Question 13:
What is a key characteristic of qualitative data analysis?
A) Numerical computations and statistical tests
B) Random sampling and large sample sizes
C) Objective and unbiased interpretation
D) Thematic coding and pattern recognition
Answer: D) Thematic coding and pattern recognition
Question 14:
Which of the following is a common sampling technique in qualitative research?
A) Simple random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Cluster sampling
Answer: C) Convenience sampling
Question 15:
In qualitative research, what is the term used for the process of ensuring the accuracy and
credibility of findings?
A) Standardization
B) Triangulation
C) Replication
D) Meta-analysis
Answer: B) Triangulation
Question 16:
Which of the following is NOT a qualitative research approach?
A) Grounded theory
B) Ethnography
C) Case study
D) Randomized controlled trial
Answer: D) Randomized controlled trial
Question 17:
What is reflexivity in qualitative research?
A) The ability to remain objective and detached during data collection
B) The process of conducting multiple interviews with the same participant
C) The practice of acknowledging the researcher’s influence on the study
D) The use of technology to transcribe and analyze qualitative data
Answer: C) The practice of acknowledging the researcher’s influence on the study
Question 18:
Which data collection method involves observing and recording behavior without direct
interaction with participants?
A) Focus groups
B) Participant observation
C) Content analysis
D) Phenomenological interviews
Answer: B) Participant observation
Question 19:
In qualitative research, what is the concept of data saturation?
A) The point when the researcher is satisfied with the collected data
B) The process of cleaning and organizing the data
C) The point when no new information or themes emerge from the data
D) The process of cross-checking data with other sources
Answer: C) The point when no new information or themes emerge from the data
Question 20:
Which of the following is a common method of reporting qualitative research findings?
A) Pie charts and bar graphs
B) T-test and ANOVA tables
C) Narratives and quotes from participants
D) Regression analysis and correlation coefficients
Answer: C) Narratives and quotes from participants
Question 21:
Which of the following is an advantage of qualitative research?
A) It allows for generalization to a larger population.
B) It provides precise numerical data for analysis.
C) It helps to uncover complex and nuanced insights.
D) It requires a shorter time frame for data collection.
Answer: C) It helps to uncover complex and nuanced insights.
Question 22:
What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
A) Qualitative research deals with words and meanings, while quantitative research deals with
numbers and statistics.
B) Qualitative research is more objective, while quantitative research is more subjective.
C) Qualitative research uses large sample sizes, while quantitative research uses smaller sample
sizes.
D) Qualitative research focuses on causation, while quantitative research focuses on correlation.
Answer: A) Qualitative research deals with words and meanings, while quantitative research
deals with numbers and statistics.
Question 23:
Which of the following is an ethical consideration in qualitative research?
A) Ensuring the study has a control group for comparison.
B) Protecting the privacy and confidentiality of participants.
C) Using statistical tests to analyze the data.
D) Conducting a meta-analysis of multiple studies.
Answer: B) Protecting the privacy and confidentiality of participants.
Question 24:
What is a researcher’s role in qualitative research?
A) To manipulate variables to observe cause-and-effect relationships.
B) To remain detached from the research process to avoid bias.
C) To actively engage with participants and understand their perspectives.
D) To conduct experiments with large sample sizes.
Answer: C) To actively engage with participants and understand their perspectives.
Question 25:
Which of the following is an appropriate data analysis method for thematic analysis in
qualitative research?
A) Chi-square test
B) Descriptive statistics
C) Content analysis
D) Grounded theory
Answer: C) Content analysis
Question 26:
Which of the following is an example of open-ended questions in qualitative research?
A) “Did you agree with the statement? Yes or No.”
B) “On a scale of 1 to 5, rate your satisfaction with the product.”
C) “Can you tell me about your experience with the product?”
D) “What is your age and gender?”
Answer: C) “Can you tell me about your experience with the product?”
Question 27:
In qualitative research, what does “member checking” refer to?
A) Checking the accuracy of data by comparing it with other sources.
B) Checking the credibility of the findings with the research team.
C) Checking the researcher’s biases and preconceptions during data collection.
D) Checking the accuracy of interpretations with participants.
Answer: D) Checking the accuracy of interpretations with participants.
Question 28:
Which of the following is an appropriate way to enhance the trustworthiness of qualitative
research findings?
A) Relying solely on quantitative data for analysis.
B) Using a large sample size to ensure representativeness.
C) Clearly documenting the research process and decisions made.
D) Conducting the research in a controlled laboratory setting.
Answer: C) Clearly documenting the research process and decisions made.
Question 29:
Which qualitative research approach focuses on understanding the lived experiences of
individuals?
A) Grounded theory
B) Case study
C) Ethnography
D) Phenomenology
Answer: D) Phenomenology
Question 30:
Which of the following terms refers to the process of selecting participants in qualitative
research until data saturation is achieved?
A) Purposive sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Quota sampling
D) Theoretical sampling
Answer: D) Theoretical sampling