✅✅✅

DONE — COMPLETE DETAILED VERSION!

Now you have everything in your brain toolbox ready for your IIT Delhi interview! 🚀
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i want more example and more detail with all instruments

Perfect Chirag —
You are preparing like a true professional researcher — I love your energy! 🔥
Now, as you asked,
I will expand each instrument even more deeply —
👉 with extra technical details,
👉 2-3 examples (research + practical examples),
👉 extra important terms you can mention,
👉 explained professionally but clearly (you will sound like an expert in interview!).
🛠️ Full Professional Detail of All Instruments with Examples
1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

📌 Purpose:
Measures mechanical properties of solids under tensile, compressive, bending or cyclic loads.
Helps study strength, elasticity, stiffness, ductility.

⚙️ Key Parts:
Load cell, grips, crosshead, actuator, frame, controller/software.

⚡ Working Principle:
Controlled force is applied.
The machine measures stress (force per area) and strain (change in length/initial length).
Stress-strain curve is generated to calculate:

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 Young's modulus
Yield strength
Ultimate tensile strength
Fracture point

📈 Examples:
1. Testing PDMS chip elasticity before using it for flow experiments.
2. Testing artery tissue samples for stiffness studies in cardiovascular research.
3. Mechanical testing of bio-scaffolds (like collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering).

🧠 Important Terms:
Elastic limit: Point up to which material returns to original shape.
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS): Max stress before breaking.
Young’s Modulus (E): Stiffness of material.

✅ Pro Tip:
In soft matter/biomedical devices, UTM ensures that your materials can deform safely without
breaking under biological forces!

2. Spectrophotometer

📌 Purpose:
Quantifies concentration of DNA, RNA, proteins, small molecules.
Measures light absorption over a range of wavelengths.

⚙️ Key Parts:
Light source (halogen/deuterium lamp), monochromator, cuvette holder, detector, display.

⚡ Working Principle:
Light passes through a sample.
Sample absorbs certain wavelengths.
Detector measures transmitted light to calculate absorbance using Beer-Lambert Law.

📈 Examples:
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 1. MTT Assay: Measuring viable cell number based on formazan dye absorbance.
2. Protein quantification: BCA assay for protein estimation.
3. DNA purity check: 260/280 nm ratio check for contamination.

🧠 Important Terms:
Absorbance (A): Logarithmic ratio of incident/transmitted light.
Wavelength (λ): Specific energy corresponding to molecular transitions.
Blanking: Zeroing instrument with buffer before sample reading.

✅ Pro Tip:
Spectrophotometers are used heavily in cell biology to quantify how cells behave after microfluidic or
drug experiments!

3. pH Meter

📌 Purpose:
Measures hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in solutions accurately.

⚙️ Key Parts:
Glass electrode (sensitive to H⁺), reference electrode, digital display.

⚡ Working Principle:
pH is measured based on electrical potential difference created by H⁺ ions at electrode surfaces.

📈 Examples:
1. Adjusting pH of cell culture media (critical for cell survival).
2. Preparing physiological buffers like PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline).

3. Controlling pH for chemical reactions in chip fabrication.

🧠 Important Terms:
Neutral pH: 7.0
Acidic: pH < 7
Basic: pH > 7

Calibration: Regular adjustment with standard buffers.

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✅ Pro Tip:
In cell labs, maintaining strict pH of 7.4 mimics blood plasma conditions — critical for vascular cell
health.

4. Texture Analyzer

📌 Purpose:
Measures mechanical texture properties of materials (softness, adhesiveness, elasticity).

⚙️ Key Parts:
Load cell, probes (flat, needle, spherical), moving crosshead.

⚡ Working Principle:
Applies a defined force on material.
Measures force-time curve to determine texture behavior.

📈 Examples:
1. Hydrogel compression testing for tissue engineering applications.
2. Softness measurement of 3D printed biomaterials.
3. Adhesiveness of cell-laden scaffolds for organ-on-chip systems.

🧠 Important Terms:
Compression testing: Testing material under pressing force.
Penetration test: Needle probe penetration for hardness testing.

✅ Pro Tip:
Texture analyzers are crucial when working with soft biomaterials designed to mimic biological
tissues.

[ Continuation in next message — to maintain full quality and smooth formatting! ]

(Going in same detailed manner for remaining instruments: 3D Printer → Microscope Types → Rotary
Evaporator → and so on...)
🚀 Sending Part 2 immediately!

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 okay can you do the same thing in table form

Absolutely, Chirag!
Here’s a professionally structured, detailed table that includes everything you asked for:

✅ Instrument name
✅ Purpose
✅ Key parts
✅ Working principle
✅ Real lab examples (2–3 each)
✅ Relevance to bio/microfluidics lab
✅ Bonus terms to mention during interview
This table is interview-ready and gives you complete clarity in one format.

🧪 Complete Professional Lab Instrument Table with Deep Details

Instrument Purpose Key Parts Working Principle Examples L

• Test PDMS chip

Measures
Applies force → flexibility Ver
material Load cell, grips,
Universal Testing measures stress & • Measure arterial saf
strength (tensile, crosshead,
Machine (UTM) strain → plots stress- tissue stiffness mic
compressive, motor, controller
strain curve • Test scaffold pre
elasticity)
elasticity
• MTT assay (cell
viability)
Measures
Light source, Light passes through • Protein Qu
absorbance to
cuvette holder, sample → absorbance quantification pro
Spectrophotometer determine
monochromator, is detected → Beer- (BCA) che
concentration of
detector Lambert law used • DNA purity pos
samples
check (260/280
ratio)
• Adjusting media
pH to 7.4
Voltage difference Ens
Measures Glass electrode, • Preparing PBS
caused by H⁺ ion for
pH Meter acidity/basicity reference buffer
concentration is vas
of solutions electrode, meter • Measuring pH
converted into pH cult
after cell
experiment
• Compression of
Measures hydrogels
Load cell, Applies force →
hardness, • Adhesion testing Use
probes, measures
Texture Analyzer elasticity, of soft scaffolds ma
motorized resistance/deformation
adhesiveness of • Testing texture sca
actuator over time
soft materials of 3D printed
biomaterials

3D Printer Fabricates 3D Print bed, Material • Printing molds Fas

structures for extruder, (polymer/resin) melted for PDMS chips lab

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 Instrument Purpose Key Parts Working Principle Examples L

lab use motors, filament and deposited layer- • Creating custom sys
by-layer via G-code chip housings
• Building
biocompatible
scaffolds

• Track
actin/cytoskeleton
Light source, Fluorophores absorb Key
Visualizes • Observe protein
Fluorescence filters, light → emit at longer cell
fluorescent- expression
Microscope objectives, wavelength → und
labeled samples • Live/dead
camera detected via camera stim
staining in
microchips
• 3D imaging of
vascular network
Scans sample with Giv
3D high-res Lasers, scanner, • Subcellular
Confocal laser → rejects out-of- stru
imaging of pinhole, analysis
Microscope focus light → builds of c
cells/tissues detector • Optical
sharp 3D image mic
sectioning of thick
samples
• Checking PDMS
chip defects Cru
Low-mag 3D Eyepieces, zoom Dual optics create two
• Aligning layers fab
Stereomicroscope viewing for large lens, base slightly offset images,
before bonding ass
objects lighting giving depth (3D) view
• Inspecting ins
printed molds
• Checking cell
confluence
Light passes top → Live
Observes cells Objectives below • Imaging
Inverted image formed from mo
growing at stage, light endothelial cells
Microscope below; ideal for culture mic
bottom surfaces source above inside chip
flasks cha
• Cell tracking in
flasks

• Solvent removal
from polymer
Removes solvent Rotating flask, Reduces boiling point
solution Use
via low-temp condenser, → solvent evaporates
Rotary Evaporator • Concentrating pre
vacuum water bath, → condenses in
extract ext
evaporation vacuum pump receiver
• Drying chemical
samples
• Coating
microelectrodes
Deposits thin Vacuum Evaporated material • Gold/palladium Add
PVD (Physical film chamber, vapor condenses on cooler coating on chips or s
Vapor Deposition) (metal/polymers) source, substrate forming thin • Creating fun
on surfaces substrate holder layer conductive chi
microchannel
walls
Centrifuge Separates Rotor, lid, motor, Spinning creates • Isolating cells Pre
substances timer centrifugal force → from blood rea
based on density denser components • Pellet cells chi
settle before seeding in
chips

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 Instrument Purpose Key Parts Working Principle Examples L

• DNA/RNA
precipitation
• Growing
endothelial cells
CO₂ sensor,
Maintains ideal Keeps 37°C, 5% CO₂, • Preparing Crit
heater,
CO₂ Incubator conditions for ~95% humidity for cultures before cult
humidifier,
cell culture mammalian cells microfluidics cell
shelves
• Long-term cell
maintenance
• Sterilizing
PDMS/glassware
Sterilizes Pre
Chamber, Steam at 121°C & 15 • Culture flasks,
media/tools con
Autoclave pressure valve, psi kills all media, pipette
using steam bio
heater microorganisms tips
pressure exp
• Sterile prep for
chips
• Bonding PDMS
layers
Makes surfaces RF coil, gas inlet Ionized gas modifies • Treating Req
Plasma Cleaner hydrophilic for (O₂), vacuum surface → enhances surfaces before cre
bonding chamber PDMS-glass bonding cell seeding mic
• Surface
activation for flow

• Simulating
Controls flow Motorized blood flow
Moves syringe piston Cor
into actuator, syringe • Applying shear
Syringe Pump at constant speed → for
microchannels mount, digital stress
controlled flow rate mic
precisely interface • Drug perfusion
experiments
• Preparing
buffers
Heating plate, Magnetic field rotates • Dissolving Pre
Mixes & heats
Hot Plate Stirrer magnetic stirrer, stir bar while heating polymers (e.g., rea
liquids
control knobs solution gelatin) cas
• Mixing chemical
solutions
• Degassing
Airtight PDMS
Removes Lower pressure → pulls
chamber, • Drying Ens
Vacuum Desiccator air/moisture air/bubbles from
vacuum port, glassware free
under vacuum samples
drying agent • Removing
solvent traces
• Measuring
blood substitute
Measures
Rotating spindle, Torque to rotate viscosity Und
viscosity
Viscometer container, digital spindle in fluid → • Media beh
(thickness) of
display viscosity calculation characterization exp
fluids
• Oil/water phase
analysis

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 Instrument Purpose Key Parts Working Principle Examples L

• Measuring
Analyzes fluorescence
Image pixels converted Pos
microscopy intensity
ImageJ (Software) (Software-based) into intensity, area, ext
images • Cell counting
shape data exp
quantitatively • Morphology
analysis
• Shear stress
simulation
Simulates, Uses numerical Dat
• Time-lapse data
MATLAB / Python analyzes lab (Software-based) methods for modeling, pre
analysis
data or flow stats, and visualization beh
• Image-based
segmentation

✅✅ This is your final professional guide. You now:

✅ Understand every instrument's theory
✅ Know practical examples
✅ Can confidently explain their lab relevance
✅ Use rich technical terms during your interview
Would you like me to export this as a PDF or high-res image for your revision?
Also, I can prep mock technical questions based on these for practice. Just say the word! 🎯

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