Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Purpose, Scope, and Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.3 Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Organisation of Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 9
2.1 Existing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Requirement Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Hardware Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 Software Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 Justification for Technology Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 SYSTEM DESIGN 14
3.1 Module Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Data Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3 ER Diagram (Entity-Relationship Diagram) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) and UML Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4.1 DFD Level 0 (Context Diagram) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4.2 UML Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4 IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING 25

4.1 Code Implementation (Core Segments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1.1 User Authentication Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 4.1.2 Election Management Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.1.3 Voting Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.4 Vote Tallying and Results Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.1.5 Security and Audit Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2 Testing Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.1 Unit Testing (Test Cases and Results) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.2 Integration Testing (Test Cases and Results) . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2.3 System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3 CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3.1 Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3.2 Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3.3 E-voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 55

5.1 User Registration and Login Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.1.1 User Registration Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.1.2 Login Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.2 Election Management Dashboard (Admin Panel) . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.2.1 Election Creation Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.2.2 Candidate Management Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.2.3 Voter Management Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3 Voting Interface (Voter Dashboard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3.1 List of Active Elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3.2 Vote Casting Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.4 Results Page (Vote Tallying and Winner Announcement) . . . . . . 59
5.4.1 Real-Time Vote Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.4.2 Winner Announcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.4.3 Election Summary Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.5 OUTPUT SCREENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

6 CONCLUSION and FUTURE WORK 71

6.1 Key Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.1.1 Secure Authentication and Role-Based Access Control . . . 71
6.1.2 Tamper-Proof Voting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.1.3 Real-Time Vote Counting and Transparency . . . . . . . . . 72
6.1.4 Scalability and Performance Optimization . . . . . . . . . . 72
6.1.5 Security Measures Against Fraud and Attacks . . . . . . . . 72
 6.2 Future Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.2.1 Blockchain Integration for Immutable and Transparent Voting 73
6.2.2 Biometric Authentication for Enhanced Security . . . . . . 73
6.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

7 REFERENCE 75
List of Figures

3.1 Water Fall Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3.2 User Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3 Candidate Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 Vote Data Flow Diagram (DFD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.5 System Architecture Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.6 Modular Structure of the Online Voting System . . . . . . . . . 20
3.7 Database Schema Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.8 Gantt Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5.1 Registration Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5.2 login Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3 Admin Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.4 Before Adding Position Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.5 Add Position Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.6 After Adding Position Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.7 Before Adding Candidate Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.8 Adding Candidate Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.9 Adding Candidate Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.10 After Adding Candidate Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.11 Voter Login Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.12 Voting Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.13 Voting Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.14 Successful Voting Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.15 After Voting Admin Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.16 Voters list Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.17 Votes Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.18 Download Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.19 Result Of Voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Online Voting System is designed to modernize the traditional electoral pro-
cess by enabling voters to cast their votes electronically using a secure, web-based
platform. This system eliminates the need for physical presence at polling stations,
reducing logistical challenges such as long queues, manual vote counting errors, and
security vulnerabilities associated with paper-based voting.
The proposed system leverages secure authentication mechanisms to ensure that
only registered voters can access the platform and cast their votes. It also incor-
porates encryption algorithms to protect vote data from tampering or unauthorized
access, ensuring that election integrity is maintained.
Key Challenges in Traditional Voting Systems
1. Time-Consuming Process: Voters need to visit polling stations physically,
leading to long wait times.
2. Human Errors in Vote Counting: Manual vote tallying increases the chances
of miscalculations.
3. Security Risks: Paper ballots can be lost, damaged, or manipulated, leading to
potential election fraud.
4. Accessibility Issues: Disabled or remote voters face difficulties in participating
in elections.

1
Improvements Offered by the Online Voting System
1. Remote Voting: Voters can securely cast their votes from any location with
internet access, ensuring higher voter participation.
2. Automated Vote Counting: The system eliminates manual vote tallying, re-
ducing the risk of human errors and speeding up result processing.
3. Enhanced Security: Authentication mechanisms (such as passwords, biomet-
ric verification, or multi-factor authentication) ensure that only legitimate vot-
ers can participate.
4. Data Encryption: Votes are encrypted to prevent tampering or unauthorized
access. Secure hashing techniques ensure the integrity of stored votes.
5. Real-Time Election Monitoring: Election authorities can track voter partici-
pation and generate real-time statistics.

Technical Features of the System

• User Authentication: Voter registration and verification using unique creden-
tials (e.g., email, ID number, or biometric authentication).
• Role-Based Access Control: Different access levels for administrators, candi-
dates, and voters to ensure security.
• End-to-End Encryption: Votes are encrypted from the moment they are cast
until they are counted, preventing unauthorized access.
• Blockchain Integration (Optional): For added transparency, blockchain tech-
nology can be used to store immutable voting records.
• Scalability: The system can be deployed for elections at different levels, in-
cluding student body elections, corporate governance votes, and local/national
elections.
1.2 Objectives

The primary objectives of the Online Voting System are to enhance the electoral pro-
cess by ensuring security, accessibility, efficiency, and transparency in digital voting.
These objectives are achieved through advanced technological implementations that
safeguard voter data, streamline the voting process, and maintain election integrity.
Security
• Ensure a robust and secure system where voter privacy is maintained, and elec-
tion integrity is preserved.
• Implement end-to-end encryption to protect votes from unauthorized access or
tampering.
• Utilize multi-factor authentication (MFA) (e.g., passwords, biometric verifica-
tion, or OTP-based logins) to prevent voter impersonation.
• Prevent cyber threats such as DDoS attacks, phishing, and unauthorized database
access using firewalls and intrusion detection systems.
• Maintain secure data storage with cryptographic hashing to prevent vote ma-
nipulation.
Accessibility
• Enable voters to cast their votes from any location with an internet connection,
eliminating geographical barriers.
• Support cross-device compatibility (desktop, mobile, and tablet) to enhance
ease of access.
• Ensure inclusivity by providing accessibility features such as screen reader sup-
port for visually impaired users and multi-language support for diverse demo-
graphics.
• Facilitate secure remote voting for individuals unable to visit physical polling
stations, including expatriates, military personnel, and disabled voters.
Efficiency
• Automate vote counting to significantly reduce the time and resources required
for manual tallying.
• Enable real-time vote aggregation and result computation, providing instant
and accurate election results.
 • Reduce administrative burdens by digitizing voter registration, ballot casting,
and election monitoring.
• PMinimize the risk of human errors in vote counting and result compilation.
• Optimize system performance for high scalability, ensuring the platform can
handle a large number of concurrent voters.
Transparency and Auditability
• Implement a tamper-proof system where election results can be verified without
manipulation.
• Provide a digital audit trail, ensuring election officials can review and verify
votes cast.
• Utilize blockchain technology (optional) to create a decentralized, immutable
ledger for vote storage.
• Offer role-based access control (RBAC) to ensure only authorized personnel
can manage election operations.
• Enable voter confirmation receipts, allowing voters to verify their votes were
successfully cast while maintaining anonymity.

1.3 Purpose, Scope, and Applicability

1.3.1 Purpose

The primary purpose of this Online Voting System is to modernize and enhance the
voting process by leveraging digital technology to create a more efficient, secure,
and accessible electoral experience. Traditional voting systems often face numerous
challenges, such as:
• Logistical complexities of setting up physical polling stations.
• Costly and time-consuming processes for printing, distributing, and securing
ballot papers.
• Human errors in manual vote counting, which can lead to inaccuracies and
disputes.
• Limited accessibility, especially for individuals who are unable to reach polling
locations due to disabilities, work commitments, travel, or remote living condi-
tions.
1.3.2 Scope

TThe scope of this project is focused on conducting elections at a small to medium

scale, typically involving a few hundred to a few thousand voters. It is designed to
simplify the electoral process for organizations that require secure, transparent, and
user-friendly voting mechanisms. This system is particularly suited for:
• Student council elections in schools, colleges, and universities.
• Corporate board elections, where shareholders and board members need to cast
votes remotely.
• Community and club elections, such as homeowner associations, sports clubs,
and non-profit organizations.
• Local government voting processes, where small-scale municipal or district-
level decisions are made.

1.3.3 Applicability

The Online Voting System is highly applicable in scenarios where voters are geo-
graphically dispersed, unable to visit a physical polling station, or where traditional
voting methods pose logistical challenges. By providing a secure, efficient, and
user-friendly digital voting platform, this system helps increase voter participation
and streamline election management across various organizations and communities.
One of the key areas where this system is particularly beneficial is university elec-
tions. Many students live off-campus, study abroad, or may be on vacation during
election periods, making it difficult for them to vote in person. With an online voting
system, students can participate in elections remotely, ensuring fair representation
and higher turnout. University elections for student councils, academic committees,
and other governing bodies can be conducted smoothly without the need for setting
up physical polling booths.
Another significant use case is corporate board elections. In large organizations,
shareholders and board members are often located in different cities or countries,
making it impractical to convene in one place for voting. The online voting system
allows stakeholders to securely cast their votes from anywhere, eliminating the need
for physical meetings and reducing administrative costs. This enhances decision-
making efficiency and ensures that important corporate resolutions are passed with-
out delays.
The system is also well-suited for community and association elections, such as
those held by homeowners’ associations (HOAs), professional societies, sports clubs,
and non-profit organizations. These groups often have members spread across dif-
ferent locations, making in-person voting inconvenient. An online voting platform
provides a convenient and accessible solution, allowing members to participate in
elections easily and ensuring that governance decisions reflect the majority’s will.
Additionally, the system can be applied to local government or small-scale politi-
cal elections. Municipalities, small towns, and district-level governing bodies can
benefit from digital voting by reducing election costs, minimizing paperwork, and
accelerating vote counting. This approach is especially useful in regions where set-
ting up physical polling stations is logistically complex or financially burdensome.
Overall, the Online Voting System enhances electoral transparency, security, and
accessibility, making it a practical solution for modernizing elections in various set-
tings. By leveraging digital technology, it ensures that every eligible voter has the
opportunity to cast their vote conveniently, securely, and efficiently.

1.4 Achievements

Upon the successful completion of this project, several significant achievements

were realized, demonstrating the effectiveness, security, and efficiency of the On-
line Voting System. These achievements contribute to the system’s reliability and
usability across various electoral scenarios.
1. Secure User Authentication: The system incorporates a robust user authen-
tication mechanism to ensure that only eligible and authorized voters can par-
ticipate. The registration process requires users to provide valid identification
credentials, which are then verified through multi-layered authentication tech-
niques such as password-based logins, email verification, or two-factor authen-
tication (2FA). This prevents unauthorized access, fraudulent voting attempts,
and identity theft, ensuring that each vote cast is legitimate and belongs to a
registered voter.
2. Real-time Voti:ng and Instant Tallying: One of the key accomplishments of
the system is its real-time vote processing capability. Once a vote is submit-
ted, it is immediately recorded and counted, allowing election administrators
to monitor live results as votes are cast. This eliminates the delays associated
with manual vote counting, reducing errors and increasing election efficiency.
 3. Scalability for Various Election Sizes: The system is designed with scalabil-
ity in mind, allowing it to accommodate different types of elections, ranging
from small-scale student elections to large-scale corporate or organizational
elections. The architecture supports database expansion, cloud-based deploy-
ment, and load-balancing mechanisms, enabling it to handle thousands of vot-
ers simultaneously without system slowdowns or failures. By adjusting server
capacity and storage resources, the system can be scaled up or down based on
election requirements.
4. Auditability and Transparent Record-Keeping: To ensure the integrity and
transparency of the voting process, the system maintains a detailed audit log
of all major activities, including user registrations, vote submissions, login at-
tempts, and administrative actions. These logs are stored securely and can be
accessed for future verification, audits, or dispute resolution. The system also
incorporates cryptographic techniques to ensure votes remain tamper-proof and
cannot be altered once recorded. This level of transparency fosters trust among
voters and election administrators, ensuring that election results are fair and
verifiable.
5. Secure and Confidential Voting Process: The system guarantees voter anonymity
by implementing encryption techniques that protect each vote from being linked
back to an individual. Votes are encrypted before being stored in the database,
ensuring that even system administrators cannot access individual voter choices.
This upholds the fundamental principle of secret ballots, reinforcing voter con-
fidence in the system.

1.5 Organisation of Report

This report is systematically structured to provide a clear and comprehensive under-

standing of the Online Voting System, detailing its technological foundation, func-
tional requirements, and system design. The report begins with Chapter 2: Survey
of Technologies, which explores the various tools and technologies used in the de-
velopment of this system. This includes programming languages such as Python,
JavaScript, or C, frontend frameworks like React, Angular, or ASP.NET, and back-
end technologies such as Django, Flask, Node.js, or ASP.NET Core. It also covers
database management systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Firebase, or MongoDB,
highlighting their role in storing and retrieving voting data securely. Additionally,
this chapter discusses essential security protocols, including JWT authentication,
HTTPS encryption, and AES encryption, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality
of voter data. Lastly, it provides insights into hosting and deployment strategies us-
ing cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, or DigitalOcean, emphasizing scalability and
reliability.
Following this, Chapter 3: Requirements and Analysis presents an in-depth exam-
ination of the problem statement, system requirements, and conceptual models. It
defines the challenges of traditional voting methods and justifies the need for an on-
line alternative. The chapter outlines user requirements for key stakeholders, such
as voters, election administrators, and system administrators, ensuring that the sys-
tem caters to their needs. Functional requirements, including user registration, au-
thentication, vote casting, and real-time result computation, are detailed alongside
non-functional requirements such as performance, security, scalability, and usability.
Additionally, this chapter includes use case analyses and data flow diagrams (DFDs)
to illustrate user interactions and the flow of data within the system, providing a
structured approach to system development.
Lastly, Chapter 4: System Design delves into the architectural and procedural as-
pects of the Online Voting System. It describes the three-tier architecture (frontend,
backend, and database), explaining how these layers interact to ensure a seamless
voting experience. The chapter provides a detailed overview of database design, de-
scribing the structure of key tables such as those for voter registration, vote storage,
authentication logs, and audit records, ensuring data integrity and security. Addition-
ally, it elaborates on the user interface design, presenting wireframes and navigation
structures that enhance usability. Security implementations, including encryption,
authentication mechanisms, and fraud prevention techniques, are discussed to high-
light how the system mitigates risks. The chapter further explains procedural work-
flows such as vote casting, result verification, and administrative actions, supported
by system flowcharts that visually represent these processes. This structured organi-
zation ensures that the report provides a logical progression from the technological
foundation to implementation details, offering a well-rounded understanding of the
Online Voting System.
Chapter 2

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the Online Voting System, highlighting
the need for modernization, comparing the existing voting system with the proposed
solution, defining system requirements, and justifying the technological choices.
This analysis ensures that the system meets the highest standards of security, effi-
ciency, and accessibility while addressing the limitations of traditional voting meth-
ods.

2.1 Existing System

Traditional voting systems are primarily paper-based or use electronic voting ma-
chines (EVMs) at designated polling stations. These systems have been in use for
decades but come with significant challenges that hinder efficiency, security, and
voter participation.
Challenges of Traditional Voting Systems:
1. Logistical Complexity: Organizing elections involves setting up physical polling
stations, printing ballot papers, hiring election officers, and managing trans-
portation and security. These logistical requirements make the process expen-
sive and time-consuming.
2. Limited Accessibility: Voters must be physically present at polling locations,
which poses difficulties for those living in remote areas, individuals with dis-
abilities, elderly voters, and people unable to travel due to work or health rea-
sons.

9
 3. Time-Consuming Process: Vote counting in paper-based systems is manual,
leading to delays in result announcements. Even with EVMs, results may not
be available immediately due to verification procedures.
4. Security Risks: Paper ballots are vulnerable to tampering, misplacement, and
fraud (e.g., ballot stuffing, impersonation, vote buying). Even EVMs are sus-
ceptible to hacking and manipulation if not properly secured.
5. High Operational Costs: Printing millions of ballot papers, maintaining polling
stations, and paying election workers make traditional elections expensive.
6. Lack of Transparency: Voters and stakeholders often lack a verifiable method
to ensure their votes are counted correctly, reducing trust in the election process.

2.2 Proposed System

The Online Voting System (OVS) is designed to overcome the limitations of tradi-
tional voting by digitizing the entire election process. The system enables voters to
cast their votes electronically from anywhere with internet access, ensuring higher
participation rates and reducing logistical burdens.
Key Features and Benefits:
1. Secure Authentication: Prevention of identity fraud through unique voter IDs
and encryption techniques.
2. Remote Voting: Voters can securely access the platform from desktop com-
puters, laptops, tablets, or mobile devices, eliminating the need to visit physi-
cal polling stations. Enables geographically dispersed voters (e.g., expatriates,
students, remote workers) to participate without barriers.
3. Real-Time Vote Counting and Instant Results: Votes are automatically tal-
lied and displayed as soon as the election ends. Eliminates human counting
errors, ensuring immediate and accurate election results.
4. Tamper-Proof Voting System: End-to-end encryption ensures that votes re-
main confidential. Blockchain-based verification prevents vote manipulation,
ensuring transparency and integrity
5. Cost and Time Efficiency: Eliminates expenses related to printing ballots,
hiring election officers, and renting polling stations. Reduces administrative
workload, allowing election officials to focus on monitoring and oversight.
 6. Auditability and Transparency: A detailed audit log records all voting activ-
ities, including authentication attempts and vote submissions. Allows for inde-
pendent verification of election results without compromising voter anonymity.

2.3 Requirement Analysis

This section outlines the necessary functional and non-functional requirements for
the system’s successful operation.
Functional Requirements
1. User Registration: Secure sign-up process for voters, requiring personal de-
tails and identity verification. Election administrators must be able to approve,
reject, or modify registrations.
2. Authentication and Login:Secure login using two-factor authentication (2FA).
Session management to prevent unauthorized access.
3. Vote Casting Process: User-friendly ballot interface allowing voters to select
their candidates and confirm votes.
4. Election Administration Panel: Election officials can create, modify, and
manage elections. Ability to view and audit voting records without compro-
mising voter anonymity.
5. Results Processing and Display: Automatic vote tallying and real-time result
visualization. Ability to export results in various formats (PDF, CSV, Excel).
6. Audit Logging and Security Features: Every action (e.g., login attempts, vote
casting, system modifications) is logged for auditing.
Non-Functional Requirements
1. Security: Data encryption (AES-256, SSL/TLS) to protect user credentials and
votes. Secure database management with role-based access control.
2. Scalability: The system must support thousands of concurrent users without
performance degradation.
3. Reliability: 99 percentage uptime guarantee to ensure availability during elec-
tion periods.
4. IUsability: Accessible to all users, including people with disabilities (screen
reader support, high contrast mode).
2.4 Hardware Requirements

The system requires a combination of cloud-based servers and user devices to func-
tion effectively.
Server Requirements (For Hosting the System)
• Processor: Intel Xeon or AMD EPYC (3.0GHz, multi-core)
• RAM: 16GB or higher
• Storage: 500GB SSD with backup redundancy
• Network Bandwidth: High-speed internet with DDoS protection
Client Requirements (For Voters Administrators)
• Desktop/Laptop: Intel Xeon or AMD EPYC Minimum 4GB RAM, Dual-core
processor, modern web browser (Chrome, Firefox, Edge).
• Mobile Devices: Android (v8.0+), iOS (v12.0+) with a stable internet connec-
tion.

2.5 Software Requirements

The Online Voting System is developed using modern web technologies to ensure
security, scalability, and efficiency.
• Frontend Technologies: React.js, Vue.js (for responsive and dynamic UI).
• Backend Technologies: Flask (Python), Node.js (JavaScript), ASP.NET Core
(C).
• Database: MySQL, PostgreSQL, or MongoDB (secure and scalable data stor-
age).
• Authentication and Security: OAuth 2.0, JWT (JSON Web Tokens), Firebase
Authentication.
• Hosting and Cloud Services: AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud for scalable and
secure deployment.
2.6 Justification for Technology Selection

The choice of technologies for the Online Voting System is based on critical factors
such as security, performance, scalability, and ease of development.
• Security: AES-256 encryption, SSL/TLS protocols, and blockchain-based ver-
ification prevent fraud and hacking.I).
• Scalability: Cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, Google Cloud dynamically
scale resources based on user demand.
• Cross-Platform Compatibility: React.js and Vue.js ensure a responsive UI
across desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
• Data Integrity: MySQL/PostgreSQL offer structured and efficient data man-
agement, while MongoDB is used for flexible data storage.
• Rapid Development: Flask and Node.js allow fast API development and seam-
less integration with authentication services.
Chapter 3

SYSTEM DESIGN

Introduction
System design is a critical phase in the software development lifecycle, where the
functional requirements are transformed into a structured architecture that guides the
actual implementation. The Online Voting System (OVS) is designed with a modular
architecture to ensure scalability, maintainability, and security. This chapter provides
a detailed breakdown of the system’s modular components, database structure, data
flow, and visual representations like ER diagrams, Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs), and
UML diagrams to illustrate system interactions.

3.1 Module Division

The Online Voting System is divided into functional modules, each responsible for
a specific aspect of the voting process. The modular design ensures that individual
components can be developed, tested, and modified independently.
Major System Modules
1. User Management Module
• Manages user registration, login, authentication, and role-based access control.
• Uses password hashing and encryption to protect user credentials.
• Supports Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) for added security.
• Allows voters to update personal information, such as email and contact details.
2. Election Management Module

14
 • Enables administrators to create and configure elections by setting parameters
such as:
– Election name, type, and description.
– Allowed voter list and eligibility criteria.
– Start and end dates for voting.
• Provides an interface for candidates to register and submit necessary docu-
ments.
• Supports the ability to enable or disable elections dynamically.
3. Voting Module
• Allows authenticated users to cast votes using a secure online ballot.
• Ensures one vote per user per election using a unique voter ID.
• Implements end-to-end encryption for transmitted votes.
• Provides real-time validation to check voter eligibility before casting a vote.
4. Vote Counting and Results Module
• Tallying of votes is done in real-time, reducing the need for manual interven-
tion.
• Uses automated counting algorithms to prevent duplication or fraud.
• Provides a graphical dashboard for administrators to monitor results.
• Ensures election results are tamper-proof and auditable.
5. Audit and Security Module
• Logs all actions, including:
– User registration and login attempts.
– Vote casting with timestamps
– System changes (e.g., election modifications).
• Implements fraud detection algorithms to flag anomalies (e.g., multiple voting
attempts).
• Uses blockchain-inspired techniques to ensure vote integrity.
6. Report Generation Module
• Generates reports on:
– Total voter turnout.
– Election results with graphical representations.
– Voter demographics and participation trends.
• Allows administrators to export reports in multiple formats (PDF, CSV, Excel).

3.2 Data Dictionary

Introduction
The Data Dictionary serves as a blueprint for the database, providing a detailed
definition of each table, column, data type, and constraints used in the system. It
ensures consistency, integrity, and clarity in database design, helping developers
and database administrators understand the structure and relationships within the
database.
The Online Voting System (OVS) relies on a relational database that stores essential
information such as user data, election details, candidates, votes, and results. This
section provides an in-depth description of the tables, their attributes, data types,
constraints, and interrelations.
Database Schema Overview The Online Voting System consists of multiple tables
that work together to store and manage voting data securely and efficiently. Below
is a detailed description of each table, including its attributes and constraints.
The relational integrity constraints ensure:
Relational integrity constraints are essential to maintain data accuracy, consistency,
and security in the Online Voting System (OVS) database. These constraints ensure
that every vote cast is valid, unique, and linked to an authenticated user, an active
election, and a legitimate candidate.
• Each vote must be associated with a valid election, user, and candidate.
• Duplicate votes by the same user are prevented using constraints and validation
rules.
 Table Name Attribute Name Data Type Description
Users useri d(PK) INT Unique user identifier
username VARCHAR(50) Unique voter username
passwordh ash VARCHAR(255) Encrypted password
email VARCHAR(100) User’s email address
role ENUM(‘voter’, ‘admin’) Defines user role
Elections electioni d(PK) INT Unique election identifier
electionn ame VARCHAR(100) Name of the election
startd ate DATETIME Election start time
endd ate DATETIME Election end time
Candidates candidatei d(PK) INT Unique candidate identifier
electioni d(FK) INT References Elections table
candidaten ame VARCHAR(100) Candidate’s full name
Votes votei d(PK) INT Unique vote identifier
useri d(FK) INT References Users table
electioni d (FK) INT References Elections table
candidatei d(FK) INT References Candidates table
timestamp TIMESTAMP Time when the vote was cast

Table 3.1: Database Schema

3.3 ER Diagram (Entity-Relationship Diagram)

The ER Diagram provides a visual representation of the database structure and the
relationships between different entities.
Key Relationships:
• Users can participate in multiple elections.
• Elections can have multiple candidates.
• Votes are associated with both users and candidates.
• Admins manage elections and oversee the voting process.
Figure 3.1: Water Fall Model

Figure 3.2: User Data Model

 Figure 3.3: Candidate Data Model

Figure 3.4: Vote Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

 Figure 3.5: System Architecture Diagram

Figure 3.6: Modular Structure of the Online Voting System

 Figure 3.7: Database Schema Design

Figure 3.8: Gantt Chart

3.4 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) and UML Diagrams

3.4.1 DFD Level 0 (Context Diagram)

The Level 0 DFD (Context Diagram) provides a high-level overview of the Online
Voting System. It shows the system as a single process and represents how users
interact with it.
Key Components in Level 0 DFD
 • Voter – Interacts with the system for registration, authentication, and vote cast-
ing.
• Administrator – Manages elections, candidates, voter lists, and results.
• Database – Stores data related to users, elections, candidates, votes, and re-
sults.
• Online Voting System (Central Process) – Handles the entire election pro-
cess, from user authentication to result calculation.
Data Flow in Level 0
• Voter – IAuthenticate and submit their votes.
• Administrator – Set up elections, monitor voting activity, and generate results.
• Database – Stores user data, election details, and votes in the database.
• Online Voting System (Central Process) – Fetches results and displays them
to users after vote counting.
DFD Level 1 (Detailed Process Breakdown) rThe Level 1 DFD breaks down the
Online Voting System into functional modules that handle specific processes.
Key Processes in Level 1 DFD
1. User Authentication:
• Users register and log in.
• System verifies credentials and grants access.
2. Voting Process:
• Users view available elections and cast votes.
• System validates and records votes in the database.

3. Vote Counting and Result Generation:

• System tallies votes automatically.
• Results are displayed once voting ends.
4. Election Management (Admin):
• Admins create elections, add candidates, and monitor voting activity.
Data Flow in Level 1
• Voters authenticate before voting.
• Votes are recorded and stored in the database.
• The system prevents duplicate voting.
• Results are generated in real-time and displayed to admins and voters.

3.4.2 UML Diagrams

UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams help visualize the structure and inter-
actions within the system.
1. Use Case Diagram
The Use Case Diagram represents different user roles (actors) and their interactions
with the system.
Actors:
1. Voter: Can register, log in, cast votes, and view results.
2. Admin: Can create elections, add candidates, monitor votes, and generate re-
sults.
Use Cases:
• User Authentication → Users log in/register.
• Vote Casting → Users select candidates and vote.
• Result Viewing → Users/admins check results.
• Election Management → Admins create/manage elections.

2. Class Diagram
A Class Diagram defines the main system components and their relationships.
• User (Attributes: userid, name, email, password, role)
• Election (Attributes: electionid, electionname, startdate, enddate)
• Candidate (Attributes: candidateid, name, party, electionid)
• Vote (Attributes: voteid, userid, candidateid, electionid, timestamp)
Relationships:
• A User can cast one vote per election.
• An Election has multiple candidates.
• A Vote links a User, Election, and Candidate.
3. Sequence Diagram
The Sequence Diagram represents the order of interactions between users and the
system.
Example: Voter Casting a Vote
1. User logs in → System verifies credentials.
2. User selects election → System loads candidates.
3. User selects candidate submits vote → System records the vote.
4. System updates database → Confirms vote submission.
5. User receives confirmation message.
Chapter 4

IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

This chapter details the comprehensive implementation of the Online Voting System,
outlining its core functional components and the rigorous testing methodologies em-
ployed to ensure a secure, efficient, and error-free system.

4.1 Code Implementation (Core Segments)

The implementation phase involves the development and structuring of the source
code to facilitate all system functionalities. The system is designed using:
• ASP.NET for backend processing and logic handling.
• SQL Server for database management and data integrity.
• HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for frontend interaction and user interface.

4.1.1 User Authentication Module

Authentication is a critical security aspect of the system, ensuring that only autho-
rized users can access the platform. This module consists of several key functional-
ities:
User Registration
• Users register with unique credentials, including username, email, and pass-
word.
• Passwords are securely stored using bcrypt hashing algorithms to prevent unau-
thorized access.
• Role-based access control (RBAC) is implemented, assigning users as either
Voters or Administrators.

25
Login System
• Users must enter valid credentials to gain access to their dashboard.
• Secure session management ensures persistent and protected login sessions.
• Account lockout mechanisms prevent brute-force attacks after multiple failed
attempts.
Forgot Password/Account Recovery
• Implements a secure email-based recovery system.
• Generates one-time authentication tokens to verify identity and reset passwords
securely.
• Ensures expiration of tokens within a defined timeframe for added security.

4.1.2 Election Management Module

This module provides administrative functionalities to create and manage elections

effectively.
Election Creation
• Administrators define the election parameters, including:
– Election title and description.
– Start and end dates to determine the active voting period.
– Candidate details such as names, party affiliations, and other relevant data.
• Elections are automatically activated and deactivated based on the specified
timeframe.
Candidate Registration
• Admins register candidates with unique IDs.
• Candidates are assigned to a specific election to maintain proper association.
• Input validation ensures that duplicate candidates are not registered.
Election Monitoring
• Real-time tracking of the number of votes per candidate.
• Displays live analytics dashboards for admins to monitor election progress.
• Security checks ensure that no unauthorized modifications occur during elec-
tions.
Result Declaration
• The system automatically calculates votes and determines the winner.
• Ensures that results are published only after the voting period ends.
• Results are securely displayed on the admin and voter dashboards.

4.1.3 Voting Module

The voting module is responsible for ensuring a secure, transparent, and fair election
process.
Voter Dashboard
• Displays a list of active elections in which the user is eligible to vote.
• Provides candidate details to aid voters in making informed decisions.
• Ensures a smooth and intuitive user experience with responsive design.
Voter Dashboard
• The system validates voter eligibility before allowing a vote submission.
• Votes are securely stored in the SQL Server database with encryption.
• Confirmation prompts ensure that users verify their selections before submis-
sion.
Voter Dashboard
• Implements one-person-one-vote logic using unique constraints.
• Prevents duplicate or fraudulent voting through voter session tracking.
• Uses AES encryption to protect stored votes from tampering.
4.1.4 Vote Tallying and Results Calculation

Once the election period ends, the system performs the following operations:
• Real-time vote counting is executed automatically.
• The candidate with the highest number of votes is declared the winner.
• Ensures accurate vote calculation with error-checking mechanisms.
• Displays results on both admin and voter dashboards.

4.1.5 Security and Audit Logging

To ensure transparency and security, the system maintains comprehensive logs:

• User activity logs (successful and failed login attempts, password resets, etc.).
• Vote submission records to track potential anomalies.
• Election modifications history to prevent unauthorized changes.
• Logs are stored in a secure database with limited access to admins only.

4.2 Testing Approach

The testing phase ensures that the system is error-free, secure, and meets all func-
tional requirements. Testing is categorized into:

4.2.1 Unit Testing (Test Cases and Results)

Unit testing involves testing individual components of the Online Voting System to
ensure that each module functions correctly in isolation. This process helps identify
bugs at an early stage, ensuring system stability and reliability. The tests focus on
the critical functionalities, including user authentication, election management, vote
casting, and result processing.
Test Cases for Unit Testing
The following table presents the key test cases executed during unit testing, including
their expected outcomes, actual results, and status.
 Test Case Expected Output Actual Result Status
User Registration New users are added to the database. As Expected Passed
Login Authentication Valid credentials allow login; invalid ones show an error. As Expected Passed
Vote Submission Users can vote only once per election. As Expected Passed
Result Generation Vote count updates correctly. As Expected Passed

Table 4.1: Unit Testing

4.2.2 Integration Testing (Test Cases and Results)

Integration testing ensures that different modules work seamlessly together.

User Authentication + Voting Module
• Ensures that only authenticated users can cast votes.
• Prevents unauthorized access to voting functionalities.
Voting Module + Database
• Confirms that votes are recorded accurately in the database.
• Checks data encryption to prevent unauthorized modifications.
Election Management + Result Calculation
• Verifies that vote tallying works correctly.
• Ensures that the system correctly identifies and declares the winner.

4.2.3 System Testing

System testing is a critical phase in software development that evaluates the entire
system’s functionality, performance, and security to ensure it operates as expected.
This section presents a comprehensive analysis of the testing procedures applied to
the Online Voting System, covering various test scenarios, expected outcomes, and
results.
Performance Testing
• Simulates multiple users voting simultaneously to test server load handling.
• Ensures smooth functioning without delays or crashes.
Security Testing
• Tests SQL injection, XSS, and CSRF attacks to identify vulnerabilities.
• Verifies data encryption and authentication mechanisms.
Usability Testing
• Ensures that users can navigate and use the system effortlessly.
• Gathers feedback to improve the user experience.

4.3 CODES

4.3.1 Account

email backend.py
form.py
middleware.py
models.py
views.py
4.3.2 Administration

urls.py
views.py
4.3.3 E-voting

urls.py

asgi.py
wsgi.py
setting.py
manage.py
Chapter 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the final output screens of the Online Voting System, showcas-
ing the implementation of core functionalities. Each section provides a detailed dis-
cussion of how the system operates and validates its efficiency and accuracy through
real-time outputs.

5.1 User Registration and Login Screens

User authentication is one of the fundamental aspects of the Online Voting System.
The system ensures that only authorized users can access the platform based on their
assigned roles.

5.1.1 User Registration Screen

• The registration screen allows new users (Voters and Admins) to sign up by
providing essential details such as:
– Full Name
– Email Address (validated to prevent duplicate registrations)
– Username (must be unique)
– Password (hashed and stored securely)
– User Role Selection (Voter/Admin)

55
 • The system includes input validation mechanisms to ensure:
– Passwords meet security standards (minimum length, alphanumeric, spe-
cial character requirements).
– Duplicate email or username registrations are not allowed.
• Output Screenshot: The system provides feedback messages such as ”Registra-
tion Successful!” or ”Email already exists.” if a duplicate is detected.

5.1.2 Login Screen

• Users enter their registered credentials (email and password) to access their
respective dashboards.
• The system implements role-based access control, ensuring that:
– Admins are redirected to the Admin Dashboard for managing elections.
– Voters are redirected to the Voting Interface where they can participate in
elections.
• Security Measures:
– Incorrect login attempts display an error message (”Invalid email or pass-
word.”).
– Accounts are locked after multiple failed login attempts to prevent brute-
force attacks.
– Passwords are encrypted using bcrypt hashing.
• Output Screenshot: Displays successful logins and error messages for failed
attempts.
5.2 Election Management Dashboard (Admin Panel)

The Election Management Module allows admins to create, modify, and manage
elections through a user-friendly interface.

5.2.1 Election Creation Interface

• Admins can create an election by filling out details such as:

– Election Title
– Description
– Start Date and End Date
– Candidate Registration (Name, Party, Profile Picture)
• The system enforces date validation to ensure elections cannot be scheduled for
the past.
• Once created, the election is added to the database and displayed in the list of
active elections.
• Output Screenshot: Displays the election creation form and a success message
upon submission.

5.2.2 Candidate Management Interface

• Admins can add, edit, or remove candidates for an election.

• Candidate details include:
– Full Name
– Political Party Affiliation
– Profile Image Upload
• Candidates are assigned to a specific election, and their details are stored se-
curely in the database.
• Output Screenshot: Displays a table of registered candidates with edit/delete
options.
5.2.3 Voter Management Interface

• The system provides a list of registered voters who are eligible to vote in ongo-
ing elections.
• Admins can view voter details and manage their eligibility status.
• Output Screenshot: Displays the list of voters with their status (Eligible/Not
Eligible).

5.3 Voting Interface (Voter Dashboard)

The voting module is designed for ease of use and security, ensuring fair elections.

5.3.1 List of Active Elections

• Upon logging in, voters are presented with a dashboard displaying all active
elections.
• Each election card displays:
– Election Title, Description, Voting Period (Start End Date)

5.3.2 Vote Casting Screen

• Once a voter selects an election, they are redirected to the vote casting
page, where they:
– View the list of candidates participating in the selected election.
– Click on the candidate they wish to vote for.
– Confirm their selection before final submission.
• Security Features:
– The system prevents duplicate voting by checking if the voter has already
cast a vote.
– The vote is encrypted and stored securely in the database.
– Users receive a confirmation message: ”Your vote has been submitted suc-
cessfully!”
• Output Screenshot: Displays a list of candidates with a ”Vote” button and a
confirmation popup.
5.4 Results Page (Vote Tallying and Winner Announcement)

The Results Module ensures real-time vote tallying and secure election result pro-
cessing.

5.4.1 Real-Time Vote Count

• As votes are cast, the system updates the vote count in real time.
• Admins can monitor vote distribution across candidates via a graphical repre-
sentation (bar chart or pie chart).
• Output Screenshot: Displays a real-time results page showing vote counts per
candidate.

5.4.2 Winner Announcement

• Once the election ends, the system:

– Calculates the total votes for each candidate.
– Declares the candidate with the highest votes as the winner.
– Locks voting to prevent further submissions.
• The results are displayed to both voters and admins.
• Output Screenshot: Displays the winner’s name, total votes received, and a
”Congratulations” message.

5.4.3 Election Summary Report

• The system generates a downloadable election report, including:

– Total number of voters who participated.
– Percentage of voter turnout.
– Final vote distribution among candidates.
• Output Screenshot: Displays the report generation page with a ”Download
PDF” option.
Key Discussion and Observations
System Performance and Efficiency
• Fast and Responsive Interface: The UI is designed for quick navigation, and
AJAX calls ensure real-time updates without page refreshes.
• Scalability: The database structure supports multiple concurrent elections with-
out affecting system performance.
Security Features Evaluation
• Successful Prevention of Duplicate Voting: Users were unable to vote more
than once.
• SQL Injection Protection: Malicious login attempts were blocked during test-
ing.
• Encryption of Stored Votes: Ensured that vote data remains confidential.
User Experience and Accessibility
• Simple and Intuitive Design: Even first-time users could easily navigate the
voting process.
• Mobile Responsiveness: The system was tested on both desktop and mobile
devices, ensuring accessibility for all users.
5.5 OUTPUT SCREENS

Figure 5.1: Registration Page

Figure 5.2: login Page

 Figure 5.3: Admin Page

Figure 5.4: Before Adding Position Page

 Figure 5.5: Add Position Page

Figure 5.6: After Adding Position Page

Figure 5.7: Before Adding Candidate Page

Figure 5.8: Adding Candidate Page

 Figure 5.9: Adding Candidate Page

Figure 5.10: After Adding Candidate Page

Figure 5.11: Voter Login Page

Figure 5.12: Voting Page

 Figure 5.13: Voting Page

Figure 5.14: Successful Voting Page

Figure 5.15: After Voting Admin Page

Figure 5.16: Voters list Page

 Figure 5.17: Votes Page

Figure 5.18: Download Result

Figure 5.19: Result Of Voting
Chapter 6

CONCLUSION and FUTURE WORK

6.1 Key Achievements

The Online Voting System has successfully met its objectives, providing a secure,
scalable, and user-friendly platform for conducting elections. The following key
achievements highlight its success:

6.1.1 Secure Authentication and Role-Based Access Control

• The system employs email-based authentication with password hashing to en-

sure only authorized users can access their accounts.
• Role-based access control (RBAC) ensures that only admins can manage elec-
tions, while voters can only cast their votes.
• Session management and inactivity logout features enhance security against
unauthorized access.

6.1.2 Tamper-Proof Voting System

• One-time voting enforcement ensures that users cannot vote more than once in
a single election.
• Vote encryption techniques protect voter privacy, preventing manipulation or
external interference.
• Audit logs record all actions performed within the system for accountability
and traceability.

71
6.1.3 Real-Time Vote Counting and Transparency

• The system automatically tallies votes in real time, eliminating manual count-
ing errors.
• A live results page updates dynamically, displaying current standings and an-
nouncing winners instantly after the election closes.
• Admins have a detailed log of votes cast, while voter identities remain anony-
mous to ensure fairness.

6.1.4 Scalability and Performance Optimization

• The system is designed to handle both small-scale and large-scale elections,

from local organizations to national-level voting.
• Load testing results confirm that the platform remains stable even with thou-
sands of concurrent users.
• Optimized database queries and caching mechanisms improve system response
times and efficiency.

6.1.5 Security Measures Against Fraud and Attacks

• Brute-force attack prevention: After multiple failed login attempts, the ac-
count is temporarily locked.
• Cross-site scripting (XSS) and cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protec-
tion ensure the integrity of user data.
• SQL injection protection: Input fields are sanitized to prevent malicious queries.
• End-to-end encryption ensures that vote data remains confidential and secure.
6.2 Future Enhancements

While the Online Voting System is functional and reliable, several enhancements can
further improve security, accessibility, and user experience. The following proposed
upgrades will make the system even more robust and widely adoptable.

6.2.1 Blockchain Integration for Immutable and Transparent Voting

• Why Blockchain?
– Blockchain technology ensures immutable vote records, making it impos-
sible to alter or delete votes.
– A decentralized ledger eliminates the risk of tampering, providing full
transparency.
– Smart contracts can automate vote validation, further reducing human in-
tervention.
• Implementation Steps:
– Implement cryptographic verification to ensure each vote is genuine.
– Develop a blockchain-based voting module where votes are stored on a
distributed ledger.
– Use Ethereum, Hyperledger, or a custom blockchain network for secure
transactions.
• Expected Benefits:
– Enhanced security: Impossible to modify past votes.
– Increased voter trust: Transparency eliminates suspicions of fraud.
– Decentralization: No single authority can manipulate results.

6.2.2 Biometric Authentication for Enhanced Security

• Why Blockchain?
– Passwords and emails can be hacked, but biometric data (fingerprints, fa-
cial recognition) provides an extra layer of security.
– Ensures that only the legitimate voter can access their account.
 • Implementation Steps:
– Integrate fingerprint and facial recognition authentication during user lo-
gin.
– Use AI-powered image processing to detect fake or spoofed biometric data.
– Store biometric templates securely using encryption and hashing.
• Expected Benefits:
– Eliminates identity fraud: Prevents impersonation or stolen credentials.
– Simplifies login process: No need to remember complex passwords.
– Faster authentication: Biometric login is quicker than entering creden-
tials manually.

6.3 Conclusion

The Online Voting System has successfully achieved its goal of providing a secure,
transparent, and efficient election platform. Through a series of rigorous functional,
security, performance, and usability tests, the system has demonstrated its reliability.
The key takeaways from this project include:
• Secure and fraud-proof voting that prevents multiple votes and unauthorized
access.
• Automated vote tallying that eliminates manual errors and ensures real-time
results.
• Scalability that supports elections of varying sizes, from small organizations
to large-scale national elections.
• User-friendly interface that ensures ease of use for both administrators and
voters.
• Strong security measures that protect against cyber threats, hacking attempts,
and data breaches.
However, as technology evolves, so must the voting system. Future enhancements
such as blockchain integration, biometric authentication, AI-powered fraud detec-
tion, and multi-language support will significantly improve security, transparency,
and accessibility. Thus, this project lays the foundation for a next-generation digital
voting system, ensuring fair and secure elections in the digital age.
Chapter 7

REFERENCE

1. [1] Aakash Suryavanshi, Online Voting System for Students, International

Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 175, No. 24, pp. 15-20, 2020. This
paper discusses the development and implementation of an online voting sys-
tem specifically designed for students, addressing security concerns and ease
of use.
2. [2] Idongesit Ecocide Eteng, Online Voting System for Colleges and Univer-
sities, International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Vol. 8,
No. 5, pp. 400-405, 2018. This research explores the application of an online
voting system in academic institutions, highlighting the advantages of digital
voting over traditional methods.
3. [3] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Security Guide-
lines for Online Voting Systems, [Online].
Available https://www.nist.gov/publications/security-guidelines-online-voting-
systems. Accessed on: Feb. 24, 2025. This document provides official secu-
rity recommendations for implementing secure and reliable online voting plat-
forms.
4. [4] John D. Smith, Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems: A Comparative Anal-
ysis, Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computing, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp.
112-130, 2021. This article evaluates various blockchain-based e-voting frame-
works, discussing their security and scalability.
5. [5] The Electoral Commission, Guidelines for Secure Digital Voting, [On-
line]. Available: https://www.electoralcommission.org/guidelines-digital-voting.
Accessed on: Feb. 24, 2025. A government-issued guide detailing best prac-
tices for digital voting system implementation.

75
 PROFORMA FOR THE APPROVAL PROJECT PROPOSAL

PNR No.: Roll No:

1. Name of the Student

2. Title of the Project

3. Name of the Guide

4. Teaching experience of the Guide

5. Is this your first Submission? Yes No

Signature of the Student Signature of the Guide

Date: Date:

Signature of the Coordinator

Date:

1
 ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM
A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of the
Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

By
MAYUR LABADE & SUMIT GUPTA
(Seat Number: 3022761 &3022708)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. VIDYA KHANLOKAR
Asst. Prof.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DNYAN GANGA EDUCATION TRUST’S
DEGREE COLLEGE OF ARTS, COMMERECE & SCIENCE
Affiliated to University of
Mumbai THANE, 400615
MAHARASHTRA

2024-2025
 DNYAN GANGA EDUCATION TRUST’S
DEGREE COLLEGE OF ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE
Affiliated to University of Mumbai
THANE-MAHARASHTRA-400615

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM” is bonafied
work of Mayur Labade& Sumit Gupta bearing Seat No: 3033761 & 3022708
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE in INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY from University of Mumbai

Internal Guide Coordinator

External Examiner

Date: College Seal

 Abstract

The Online Voting System is a secure, reliable, and user-friendly platform designed to facilitate the
electoral process through digital means. This system aims to eliminate the limitations and inefficiencies
associated with traditional paper-based voting, such as long queues, manual counting errors, and
accessibility barriers. Leveraging modern web technologies, robust authentication mechanisms, and
secure data encryption, the platform ensures the integrity, confidentiality, and transparency of the voting
process. Voters can cast their votes remotely from any internet-enabled device, while election officials
can manage and monitor elections in real-time. The system includes modules for voter registration,
candidate nomination, ballot casting, and results tabulation. By streamlining the electoral workflow and
enhancing security, the Online Voting System promotes greater voter participation and trust in
democratic processes.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The goal is best achieved by treading the path of excellence with discipline and deep
insight. We would never have succeeded in completing our task without the cooperation,
encouragement and help provided to us by various teachers and guides.
With a deep sense of gratitude, we express our sincere thanks to our esteemed and
worthy guide, Mrs. Awantika Deshpande, for her valuable guidance in carrying out this
project under her effective supervision, encouragement, enlightenment and cooperation.
We feel indebted to express our deep sense of gratitude towards Dr. Bhavika R.
Karkera (I/C Principal) who has been a constant source of inspiration for us throughout this
project.
We would also like to thank all faculty members and non-teaching staff for their kind
support without vacillation.
The acknowledgement would be incomplete if we did not mention the emotional
support and blessings provided by our parents and friends. We had a pleasant enjoyable and
fruitful company with them. Last but not the least we would like to thank all the people who
directly or indirectly helped us with this project.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled, “Online Voting System” done at Dnyan
Ganga College, has not been in any case duplicated to submit to any other university for
the award of any degree. To the best of my knowledge other than me, no one has submitted
to any other university.
The project is done in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) to be submitted
as final semester project as part of our curriculum

Signature of the Student

Mayur Labade & Sumit Gupta

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR. NO. PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Purpose, Scope, and Applicability .............................................................................. 4
1.3.1 Purpose ...................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Scope ........................................................................................................ 4
1.3.3 Applicability.............................................................................................. 4
1.4 Achievements ........................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Organization of Report ............................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER 2: SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES
2.1 System Requirement ................................................................................................. 8
2.1.1 Front-End Technologies ............................................................................. 8
2.1.2 Back-End Technologies .............................................................................. 9
2.1.3 Database Management.............................................................................. 11
2.1.4 Software Requirements ............................................................................. 15
2.1.5 Hardware Requirements ............................................................................ 16
CHAPTER 3: REQUIREMENTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1 Problem Definition ................................................................................................ 19
3.2 Requirements Specification...................................................................................... 20
3.3 Planning and Scheduling ......................................................................................... 21
3.4 Software and Hardware Requirements ..................................................................... 23
3.5 Preliminary Product Description ............................................................................. 24
3.6 Conceptual Models ................................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 Basic Modules ........................................................................................................ 25
4.2 Data Design ............................................................................................................ 37
4.2.1 Schema Design..........................................................................................40
4.2.2 Data Integrity and Constraints .................................................................. 41
4.3 Procedural Design ................................................................................................... 42
4.3.1 Logic Diagrams ......................................................................................... 42
4.3.2 Data Structures ......................................................................................... 43
1
 4.3.3 Algorithms Design ..................................................................................... 44
4.4 User interface design ................................................................................................ 47
4.5 Security Issues ............................................................................................................50
4.6 Test Cases Design .......................................................................................................52
CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
5.1 Coding Details ............................................................................................................55
5.2 Testing Approach ....................................................................................................... 92
5.2.1 Unit Testing ................................................................................................ 92
5.2.2 Integrated testing ......................................................................................... 95
5.3 Modifications and Improvements ............................................................................... 95
5.4 Test Cases................................................................................................................. 95
CHAPTER 6: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 Test Reports............................................................................................................... 98
6.2 User Documentation ................................................................................................. 98
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 104
7.1.1 Significance of the System ......................................................................... 104
7.2 Limitations of the System ......................................................................................... 104
7.3 Future Scope of the Project ....................................................................................... 106
REFERENCES