KISII UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
EAPE 411: EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
1. Definition
a) Administration?
Educational administration is the management of a school system. It involves providing
leadership for the education of students, developing curricula, implementing assessments and
managing human and material resources to achieve specific goals. It also includes the
management of processes within a school system to ensure the achievement of particular
outcomes.
Why is educational administration important in schools?
Educational administration is important because it's a way for schools to provide students with
the opportunity to learn. With the help of educational administration, schools can:
 Meet legal and financial responsibilities: The administration can do this by ensuring that
there's a trained teacher in each classroom, monitoring student progress and making sure
classrooms are clean and safe. Financial responsibilities may involve paying bills on
time, paying to protect intellectual property and maintaining buildings and other
properties on school grounds.
 Measure student performance: They can measure student performance by using test
results to make decisions about class size, curriculum design and instructional methods so
students can improve.
 Offer students access to resources: Some example resources are textbooks that meet state
standards, after-school enrichment programs, field trips and other extracurricular
activities.
 Promote student success: The educational administration can organize teacher hiring
processes and ensure that administrators assign effective teachers to the correct
classrooms.
15 functions of educational administration
1. Financial decision making
Educational administration often involves the allocation of funds, such as those for teacher
salaries, textbooks, supplies or funds allocated by the state. The amount of money that
educational administrations allocate usually depends on the size of the school district and the
amount of funding it receives from sources such as public and private grants, contributions and
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federal and state programs. For example, educational administrations may use funds they receive
from a grant to purchase updated textbooks for science classes.
2. Staff supervision
Educational administration often involves monitoring teachers' performance to determine
whether they're meeting students' needs and other criteria, such as classroom organization,
fostering a safe environment, participation in extracurricular activities, attendance and discipline.
They may also work with other administrators to set teaching standards for students.
3. Assessment
Educational administrations often plan and implement assessments that measure students'
academic achievement. This helps educators design better instruction, improve student
assessment scores and determine what students are learning. Educational administration may also
involve monitoring student progress by ensuring that classrooms are clean and safe, with enough
seating for all students, and that organizational charts are up to date.
4. Curriculum design
Educational administration may involve working with teachers to create a student curriculum.
For example, they may identify opportunities for students to apply concepts learned in class
through projects or homework assignments. They may also organize meetings where school staff
can discuss curriculum changes.
5. Instruction
Educational administration often involves working with teachers on instruction. They may
identify new classroom management techniques, offer suggestions on what to teach, check
attendance and assign seat placement for students. For example, they may organize meetings to
discuss implementing a new teaching technique.
6. Research
Educational administrations may work with educators or other school staff members to research
a school's curriculum and student learning outcomes, design programs to improve those
outcomes and evaluate those programs. For example, they may help to collect student
achievement data, analyze the results and compare them with other districts. Achievement data
may affect the allocation of funds and changes to school curriculums.
7. Student services
Educational administration often involves helping students achieve their goals. They may
provide tutoring, adopt a safe lunch policy, provide and participate in after-school programs or
provide transportation to sporting events. They might also offer emergency child care or develop
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an after-school program for children who might have trouble attending school because of
transportation problems.
8. Personnel management
Educational administration often involves managing staff members' salaries and benefits
packages to ensure they can compete with other employment opportunities in the community.
For example, they may develop a policy for hiring and promoting teachers based on student
performance. They may also organize meetings to discuss compensation packages with staff
members.
9. Labor relations
Educational administration often involves ensuring that the school addresses staff members'
concerns through a grievance procedure. For example, they may work with a teacher to resolve a
conflict or help a teacher present a grievance to the school board. They may also conduct regular
meetings where teachers can talk openly about issues they're currently facing.
10. Legal issues
Educational administration often involves helping to ensure that schools adhere to local, state
and federal laws and policy requirements concerning appropriate school facilities, curriculum,
instruction and the school environment. They may also help to ensure that students receive an
education consistent with state standards or federal funding requirements. For example, they may
help to resolve a legal dispute between a student and a teacher.
11. Community relations
Educational administration often involves developing relationships with business leaders, parents
and community members. For example, they may invite local business leaders to serve on the
school's faculty advisory board or participate in a school's open house event. They may also
work with parents and community members or other members of an educational administration
team or staff to address issues such as promotion and tenure packages for teachers, library
holdings and renovations for school facilities.
12. Facilities management
Educational administration often involves managing school facilities, including classrooms, halls
and offices. For example, they may ensure that all school supplies are in stock. They may also
conduct regular meetings to discuss staff concerns regarding facility management.
13. Strategic planning
Educational administration often involves long-range planning to determine the best ways to
achieve district goals regarding student learning outcomes, educational achievement and
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financial stability. Educational administration may also help to develop a strategic plan for the
school board, which describes the future of the entire district in terms of its mission, vision, goal
statements and objectives. For example, they may work with a school's board of education to
develop a strategic plan for the entire district.
14. Technology
Educational administration often involves using technology to improve student achievement. For
example, they may lead a workshop where educators can learn to use technology in the
classroom. They may also work with teachers to develop lessons that use technology effectively.
15. Budgeting
Educational administration often involves helping the school or district set appropriate budgetary
goals and objectives for specific areas, such as teacher salaries and classroom supplies and
monitoring expenditures to ensure that the school spends funds wisely. For example, they may
set a limit on field trip expenses for each teacher.
b) Educational Management
Educational management refers to the administration of the education system in which a group
combines human and material resources to supervise, plan, strategies, and implement structures
to execute an education system. Education is the equipping of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs,
habits, and attitudes with learning experiences. The education system is an ecosystem of
professionals in educational institutions, such as government ministries, unions, statutory boards,
agencies, and schools. The education system consists of political heads, principals, teaching
staff, non-teaching staff, administrative personnel and other educational professionals working
together to enrich and enhance. At all levels of the educational ecosystem, management is
required; management involves the planning, organizing, implementation, review, evaluation,
and integration of an institution. Research in educational management should explore the
dynamic interplay among educational leaders, their followers, and the broader community to
enhance the quality of teaching and learning outcomes.
2. What is the Difference between Educational Management and Educational
Administration
Educational management entails carrying the responsibility for the proper functioning of a
system in an educational institution in which others participate. In contrast, educational
administration establishes policies that guide decision making, laws and regulations.
Very common words that come across often when we are dealing with educational education are
educational management and educational administration. They may seem synonymous but they
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are not - there is a striking difference between the two. Management refers to as working with
people and through people to meet the organizational goals. On the other hand administration is
more concerned with directing and controlling the functions that are required to run the
educational institute. Administration establishes policies that guide decision making, laws and
regulations.
Educational administration very simply means the operational process through which an
educational institute is maintained in good working conditions. It is a process of utilization of
resources in a way that promotes effective development of human qualities and organizational
functioning. It encompasses all those techniques and procedures that lead to operating and
making the organization function to the optimum capacity. Educational administration includes
functions like planning, financing, organizing, directing, supervising, inspecting and evaluating.
Educational administration gets into the role of setting up of goals of education, review, feedback
and evaluation.
Education management on the other hand is the function that coordinates and directs the human
resources to meet the goals and objectives of the institution by using the available resources
effectively. Management looks into planning, staffing, recruiting, leading and the controlling the
organization to accomplish the goal. Deployment of human resources, financial resources,
technological resources and natural resources form the core function of educational management.
3. Duties of an administrator. Duties of a manager
 Evaluating and standardizing their school or school district’s curriculum
 Communicating with families
 Planning institutional events
 Conducting evaluations of teaching staff
 Supporting faculty members with training and providing guidance through goal-setting
and enrichment
 Ensuring that a school or school district is in compliance with local, state, and federal
education standards
 Monitoring the financial affairs of their institution
 Supervising staff
 Designing curriculum
 Conducting evaluations of teaching staff
 Develop education programs for various institutions
 Introduction to managers in educational institutions
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  Maintaining labour relations
 Oversee other teachers
 Prepare budgets
4. Importance of effective management
 Decision-making
 Facilitate work
 Leadership
 Optimizing resources
 Productivity
 Conflict resolution
 Adaptability
 Continuous improvement
 Customer satisfaction
5. What is Leadership?
In general, guiding and influencing others toward a common vision or goal is called leadership.
It entails inspiring and motivating one’s team, encouraging collaboration, and making sound
decisions. Furthermore, leaders must pay close attention to their team members and provide
guidance and support as needed. They must also empower others by delegating responsibilities
and acknowledging their contributions. Moreover, leadership also necessitates adaptability;
leaders must navigate challenges and changes with resilience. In addition, they must promote a
positive and inclusive work environment by encouraging innovation and diversity of thought.
Leadership is, therefore, a dynamic process that necessitates effective communication, empathy,
and the ability to motivate others to succeed.
Types of Leadership
To understand what leadership is, we need to examine the following types of leadership closely:
1. Coach
A coaching leader serves as a mentor and guide. They actively listen to the concerns and
aspirations of their team members and provide constructive feedback and support. Moreover,
they encourage individual growth and assist employees in overcoming challenges. They further
develop their skills through regular coaching sessions, fostering a collaborative environment.
2. Visionary
A visionary leader sees the future clearly and compellingly. In addition, they effectively
communicate this vision to their team, motivating them to work together to achieve common
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goals. Furthermore, they generate enthusiasm and a sense of purpose through their persuasive
communication skills, encouraging innovation and creativity. To sum up, a visionary leader lays
out a plan for success, setting high expectations and encouraging their team to push boundaries
and explore new opportunities.
3. Servant
Service-based leaders prioritize their team’ needs and well-being. They create a supportive
environment in which people feel valued and appreciated. Essentially, they understand their
team’s concerns and provide guidance and resources to help them succeed by actively listening
and empathizing. As a matter of fact, servant leaders focus on developing their team’s skills and
talents, fostering a culture of collaboration and service to achieve collective goals.
4. Autocratic
An autocratic leader wields power and control over decision-making. Besides this, they make
unilateral decisions and expect their team members to follow them. Admittedly, this leadership
style can be effective when quick and decisive action is required. On the other hand, it limits
employee engagement and creativity.
5. Laissez-Faire
A laissez-faire leader takes a more passive approach, allowing team members autonomy and
freedom. Consequently, they believe in their employees’ ability to make decisions and handle
tasks independently. Because individuals can pursue their own approaches, this leadership style
can foster creativity and innovation. However, not managed properly can lead to a lack of
direction or coordination.
6. Democratic
These types of leaders value their team members’ opinions. In short, employees are involved in
decision-making processes, and their ideas and perspectives are sought. In addition, a democratic
leader fosters collaboration, teamwork, and employee engagement by instilling a sense of
ownership and participation.
7. Pace Setter
This leader sets the standard by creating challenging goals and demonstrating high performance.
As a result, they have a strong work ethic and expect their team members to have the same level
of dedication. Consequently, this style can effectively drive productivity and achieve results; it
fosters an environment of excellence and encourages individuals to perform to their full
potential. However, it may also result in high-pressure environments and potentially overlook
employee development and well-being.
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8. Transformational
Transformational leaders inspire and motivate their teams through their charismatic personalities
and compelling vision. Additionally, they promote personal growth, building on the strengths of
their team members. This, in turn, leads to an innovative culture. Furthermore, a transformational
leader stimulates positive change, empowers individuals, and fosters a shared sense of purpose.
9. Transactional
This type of leadership focuses on the exchange of performance-based rewards and punishments.
It furthermore establishes clear goals and expectations—with rewards for meeting targets and
penalties for failing to meet them. This leadership style undoubtedly emphasizes a structured
approach that ultimately motivates its employees to perform better.
10. Bureaucratic
A bureaucratic leader strictly adheres to rules, policies, and procedures. Generally speaking, they
make certain that tasks are completed systematically, emphasizing adherence to established
protocols. True enough, this leadership style is frequently seen in hierarchical organizations or
environments where strict adherence to regulations and standards is required.
Qualities of a Good Leader
1. Collaborative
Must actively promote teamwork, encourage synergy among team members, and embrace
diverse perspectives.
2. Accountable
They should be responsible for their actions, hold themselves and their team to high standards,
and follow through on commitments.
3. Courageous
A courageous leader makes bold decisions, embraces change, and confronts difficult situations
head-on.
4. Good Listener
This involves actively listening and paying close attention to others. The leader must also seek to
understand different points of view and foster open dialogue.
5. Effective Communicator
Necessitates clear and effective communication. The role further calls for skillfully conveying
information and ideas to motivate action and foster understanding.

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6. Empathetic
Another requisite of a good leader is empathy and understanding. It helps foster a supportive
environment in which individuals feel valued and heard.
7. Flexibility
A flexible leader values flexibility and adaptability, easily navigating changes and responding to
new information and challenges.
8. Focused
Leaders must be unwavering in their commitment to goals and priorities. In addition to this, they
must effectively manage resources and inspire their team to stay on track.
9. Challenges Status Quo
They should question the status quo, which, in turn, promotes innovation and drives positive
change within an organization.
10. Eager to Learn
Great leaders are always eager to learn and look for personal and professional development
opportunities. Moreover, the leader should encourage a culture of continuous learning within the
team.
11. Creative
A creative leader fosters an innovative culture by encouraging new ideas and embracing
unconventional problem-solving approaches.
12. Optimistic
A positive attitude is necessary for leaders to inspire resilience in their teams. The leader must
also look for growth opportunities even when things are difficult.
13. Passionate
Leaders should inspire enthusiasm for the work and goals at hand and foster a sense of purpose
within the team.
14. Resilient
A resilient leader in the face of adversity recovers from setbacks and inspires the team to
persevere to succeed.
15. Patient
This is a key metric in identifying a true leader and understanding what leadership is. One must
patiently deal with challenges and team development, knowing that growth takes time.

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16. Transparent
Open communication is a must. Needless to say, this means leaders should share information
freely, provide constructive feedback, and ensure the decision-making process is fair.
17. Visionary
A visionary leader paints a compelling picture of the future, inspiring others with a clear vision
and directing efforts toward a common goal.
18. Self-Aware
Leaders should understand their own strengths, weaknesses, and biases. They should actively
seek personal growth and promote a self-reflective culture.
19. Problem Solver
Leaders view problems as growth opportunities, analyze challenges, and collaborate with the
team to develop effective solutions.
20. Influential
Lastly, influential leaders use their actions, words, and ability to motivate and mobilize their
team to succeed.

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