SAT Summer Program Revision

Practice 2
1. The researchers used Chicago HiRise assembly technology to up the quality of
Willy’s genome sequence. “This new assembly allowed us to identify fine chromosomal
rearrangements between the horse and the donkey that likely played an active role in
their divergence and, ultimately, speciation,” they write.
As used in the highlighted line, “fine” most nearly means
A. small-scale.
B. ostentatious.
C. of good quality.
D. ornamental.

2. The passage is excerpted from Carter G, Leffer L (2015) “Social Grooming in Bats:
Are Vampire Bats Exceptional?” © 2015 Carter, Leffer
Patterns of social grooming among categories of individuals also differed between the two
species. In the Bechstein’s bat, adult female social grooming was not detectably symmetrical,
and was predicted by kinship, occurring mostly between adult mothers and daughters,
sometimes between sisters, and only rarely between non-kin. In vampires, female social
grooming was highly symmetrical and relatively common among non-kin, where it correlated
with co-roosting association and food sharing.
In the context of the highlighted portion of the passage, “symmetrical” most nearly
means
A. proportional
B. different
C. unique
D. parallel

3. This passage is adapted from Adam K. Fetterman and Kai Sassenberg, “The
Reputational Consequences of Failed Replications and Wrongness Admission among
Scientists", first published in December 2015 by PLOS ONE.
While we imply that these effects may be exacerbated by social media, the data cannot
directly speak to this. However, any one of a number of cognitive biases may add support to
this assumption and explain our findings. For example, it may be that a type of availability
bias or pluralistic ignorance of which the more vocal and critical voices are leading
individuals to judge current opinions as more negative than reality. As a result, it is easy to
conflate discussions about direct replications with “witch- hunts” and overestimate the impact
on one’s own reputation. Whatever the source may be, it is worth looking at the potential
negative impact of social media in scientific conversations.
As used in the highlighted line, “critical” most nearly means:
A. analytical.
B. serious.
C. judgmental.
D. crucial.

4. The following passage is adapted from Ricki Lewis, "Did Donkeys Arise from an
Inverted Chromosome?", originally published 2018 in PLOSOne Blogs.
The researchers used Chicago HiRise assembly technology to up the quality of Willy’s
genome sequence. “This new assembly allowed us to identify fine chromosomal
rearrangements between the horse and the donkey that likely played an active role in their
divergence and, ultimately, speciation,” they write. The bigger pieces enabled them to zero in
on DNA sequences where chromosomes contort, such as inversions (where a sequence flips)
or translocations (where different chromosome types exchange parts). These events could
have fueled the reproductive isolation of small populations that can expand into speciation.
As used in the highlighted sentence, "zero in" most nearly means
A. narrow.
B. reduce.
C. adjust.
D. find.

5. While preparing a presentation, a student has gathered the following information:

• Dr. Sylvia Earle is a renowned marine biologist and oceanographer.
• She has led over 100 expeditions worldwide, including the first team of women
aquanauts.
• Earle has spent more than 7,000 hours underwater.
• Her 1979 "Jim Suit" dive set a record for solo diving at a depth of 381 meters (1,250
feet).
 • Her 1985 "JASON Project" allowed real-time online interaction with scientists at sea
for students.
The student wants to emphasize the innovative nature shared by two of Earle's projects.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. The 1979 "Jim Suit" dive set a depth record, while the 1985 "JASON Project"
ventured into online educational realms.
B. Both the "Jim Suit" dive and the "JASON Project" showcased Earle's innovation: the
former set new depth records, and the latter revolutionized educational outreach.
C. Earle’s contributions to marine biology and oceanography extend globally, reflected
in her numerous expeditions and hours spent underwater.
D. Earle achieved the "Jim Suit" dive in 1979 and initiated the "JASON Project" in 1985.

6. While researching a topic a student has taken the following notes:

• In Rome, there still remain ruins of the Temple of Apollo Palatinus which was
constructed in the first century BCE.
• In the late 1st century CE the temple underwent a restoration after being fire damaged
in the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE
• The temple was almost completely destroyed in another fire in 363 CE
• If you visit Rome today you will only be able to see the core of the temple’s podium
and some other fragments which were excavated in the mid-1800s.
The student wants to educate visitors to Rome as to why they can’t see the entire temple
today. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Because of an excavation in the 1800s, parts of the temple including the podium, are
visible to modern visitors to the site.
B. After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE the entire temple underwent a restoration so
that it could continue being used.
C. The Temple of Apollo Palatinus was originally built over 2000 years ago.
D. After its nearly complete destruction in a fire in 363, the Temple of Apollo Palatinus
was not restored, leaving only fragments.

7. While researching a topic a student has taken the following notes:

 • The Fountain and Tallman Museum is located in the historic Fountain-Tallman Soda
Works building in Placerville California.
• The building is unique in its construction as it has stone walls that are over two feet
thick—originally designed to keep ice and other soda making equipment cool. The
thick walls are why it still stands when most other buildings from that era have not
survived.
• In addition to being a soda water factory, the building was also used as a jail and an
office space for a gas company.
• In the late 1900s the building was donated to a local historical society and was set up as
a museum of local history.
The student wants to introduce the historic Fountain-Tallman Soda Works building to
an audience that has never heard of it before. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The Fountain- Tallman Soda Works building is a historic building in Placerville
California that was built as a soda water factory but has served the community in
several capacities since its construction.
B. The Fountain-Tallman Soda Works building is currently a museum with walls that are
over two feet thick.
C. The Fountain and Tallman Museum started with the donation of a building to a local
historical society in the late 1900s.
D. The Fountain and Tallman Museum was originally built as a soda water factory, but
does not remain a factory today.

8. While researching a topic a student has taken the following notes:

• Balsamic Vinegar of Modena (BVM) and Traditional Balsamic Vinegar (TBV) are two
different products with different standards.
• BVM has lower standards, and is much less expensive, is often aged only briefly, and
contains some ingredients that are not traditional. It is protected under the weak
European protected geographical indication (PGI).
• TBV is aged at least 12 years, but often much longer, and has stricter controls on
ingredients as well as origin as it is regulated under the strong European protected
designation of origin (PDO).
 • Neither PGI nor PDO are able to be enforced in the U.S. so if consumers want to
purchase real balsamic vinegar, they must be careful to read the name and look for the
PDO or PGI seal on the label.
The student wants to explain to readers in the United States the variety of goods they
might see labeled as “balsamic vinegar” in the grocery store. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Both BVM and TBV can be found in the United States, but only if a discerning
shopper knows where to look.
B. Because PGI and PDO are not enforced in the United States, a wide range of
products, from artificially dyed vinegar to authentic TBV and BVM, may be labeled
as balsamic vinegar in American stores.
C. Authentic BVM and TBV both have strict quality controls at their points of origin in
northern Italy. Shoppers can be confident of authenticity by looking for PDO and PGI
seals.
D. BVM and TBV are both protected in some way, with BVM having lower standards
and TBV having higher standards.

9. While researching a topic a student has taken the following notes:

• As a type of antibody, Immunoglobulin G (IgG), binds with many pathogens in the body
in order to protect the body from infections brought on by viruses, bacteria, and fungi,
among others.
• IgG is the most common antibody in blood circulation and makes up around 75% of
serum antibodies in humans.
• If doctors suspect certain conditions, they may measure a patient’s levels of IgG as a
diagnostic tool.
• IgG plays a key role in newborn immunity as infants inherit IgG from their mothers
through both placenta while in utero and through breast milk once born.
The student wants to include in her essay a sentence that will highlight the importance
of IgG to all humans. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. IgG makes up around 75% of the average human’s serum antibodies and plays a key
role in protecting the body from a wide range of infections.
 B. Infants receive IgG in multiple ways from their mothers, including through the
placenta and through breast milk.
C. IgG levels are used by doctors occasionally as a diagnostic indicator for certain
specific conditions.
D. While important, IgG is not the only antibody that helps support immune reaction in
humans who have been infected by a virus, bacteria, or fungi.

10. While researching a topic a student has taken the following notes:
• Mary Quant was one of the designers who helped to define 1960’s style in the United
States and Great Britain.
• Quant specialized in youthful looks with bold colours, blocky shapes, and wild patterns,
though her earlier work was a bit softer and more delicate than her later work.
• While Quant claimed to have invented the mini-skirt, some people dispute this claim,
saying that the mini-skirt was invented by one of several other designers or that it was
not invented by any one person, but was rather the logical end point of a continuous
trend of shorter hem lengths.
• In addition to clothing, Quant designed headwear, household goods, and personal care
items, like makeup.
The student would like to explain to designers already familiar with Quant the range of
her designs. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Quant designed not just clothes we now consider classic, like the mini skirt, but also
tried her hand at designing household goods, hats, and makeup.
B. Quant had a distinctive style that changed slightly over the course of her career,
moving from slightly more soft and delicate to wild patterns and colours.
C. Mary Quant helped shaped style in the 1960s with her design for the now famous
miniskirt.
D. With the consistently shortening hemline as a general trend, Mary Quant showed her
design skill by creating the mini-skirt, a now famous look.
11. While researching a topic a student has taken the following notes:
• While China’s imperial era is often associated with Emperors, Empress Dowager Cixi
who lived from 1835 until 1908 had effective rule over the country from 1861 until her
death.
• Cixi came to power when emperor Zianfeng died, leaving Cixi’s son to inherit the
throne at age five.
• Cixi schemed to overthrow other appointed regents and served as co-regent alongside
another advisor Empress Dowager Ci’an for her son’s entire life, since he was seen as a
weak ruler.
• Upon her son’s death Cixi conspired to have her young nephew placed on the throne so
that she could continue in her role as regent.
The student would like to explain how Cixi managed to remain regent for so long.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. Empress Dowager Cixi reigned as regent for more than 70 years, an impressive feat
for any ruler, but most especially for a female ruler of the 19th century.
B. As one of the backbones of China’s imperial era, Empress Dowager Cixi is likely
remembered as the longest reigning female monarch, though she was only technically
the regent.
C. In order to ensure her power, Cixi overthrew other regents so that she could control
the monarchy through her son.
D. Cixi reigned for over 70 years by first serving for regent for her son and then, after his
death, scheming to have her nephew put on the throne so that she could continue as
regent.

12. While researching a topic a student has taken the following notes:
• The first woman to ever be granted membership in the Entomological Society, Cynthia
Evelyn Longfield was a renowned entomologist who specialized in the study of
dragonflies.
• Born in 1896, Longfield served in the Army Service Corps in World War One. After the
war she traveled extensively, collecting specimens for the Natural History Museum of
London.
• In World War Two she served in the Auxiliary Fire Service.
 • Later in life she was a cataloguer at the Natural History Museum and collected 38
species of butterflies on a trip to South America. Three of those species had never been
seen before.
The student wants to emphasize Longfield’s dedication to public service. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Longfield is best remembered for her trip to South America, on which she catalogued
3 species of dragonflies which had never been seen before.
B. As the first woman to be granted membership in the Entomological Society,
Longfield is well remembered in certain circles for her pioneering work with
dragonflies.
C. While she is remembered for her entomological work, Longfield served her country in
both World Wars I and II first in the Army Service Corps and Later in the Auxiliary
Fire Service.
D. Longfield once, in her job for the Natural History Museum, collected 38 species in
one single trip to South America.

13. While researching a topic a student has taken the following notes:
• Kepler-90 is a star around 2,000 light years away from earth in the Draco constellation.
It’s planetary system is quite similar to ours, as was discovered by the Kepler mission in
the early 21st century.
• The Kepler mission was designed to discover planets that orbit their stars by measuring
dips in brightness of the stars as the plants cross them.
• Kepler-90 has 8 planets just like our solar system’s sun does, however, it is thought that
several of the planets that orbit Kepler-90 do not rotate on their axes, leaving them half
in the dark, much like Earth’s moon.
• Kepler-90 cannot be seen with the naked eye from Earth.
The student wants to explain the purpose of the Kepler mission and what it discovered
at Kepler-90. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. The Kepler mission measured the light coming from stars including Kepler-90—a star
about 2,000 light years away from earth.
B. Designed to discover planets orbiting stars, one of the Kepler mission’s findings was
the eight planets orbiting Kepler-90, some of them not turning on their axes.
 C. Since Kepler-90 cannot be seen with the naked eye, it took a special mission, the
Kepler mission, to discover its 8 orbiting planets.
D. The Kepler mission confirmed the presence of many planets by measuring dips in
light coming from far distant stars.

14. While researching a topic a student has taken the following notes:
• Yang Xiong was a Chinese author and philosopher of the early 1st century CE. He was
well-known in his time in the Han dynasty.
• Yang gained enough praise and acclaim, that he was summoned to imperial capital
where he was an officer in charge or composing fu as well as poetry for the emperor.
• Yang did not think that the nature of humanity was inherently bad or good, but rather,
he philosophized that human nature was a mixture of both.
• His most famous work, Exemplary Sayings, is remembered for his critique of his
contemporaries for their overly elaborate writings and their seeming inability to address
the greater moral issues of the day.
A student wants to give an overview of the beliefs of Yang Xiong. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. As a Chinese philosopher of the early 1st century CE, Yang Xiong wrote for the
emperor on a regular basis. His work was both poetry and fu as the situation
demanded.
B. Exemplary Sayings is Yang Xiongs most well remembered work because it contained
criticisms of other writers.
C. Yang held that man was duel in nature, containing a mix of good and evil and that this
and other philosophical concepts should be addressed in the writing of his time.
D. Yang Xiong shunned the elaborate writing of his contemporaries.

15. While researching a topic a student has taken the following notes:
• In many building trades like woodworking, masonry, and metalworking, workers use
what is known as a combination square for a multitude of situations.
• The combination square is made up of a ruler, and one of many different heads that can
be slid over or along the ruler. A worker might use a standard head, a protractor head,
or a center finding head.
 • The modern combination square dates back to the 1970s and can be used with its
standard head to make 90-degree markings, miter corners, check whether a surface is
level, gauge depth, and other activities vital in building.
• With other heads, the abilities of the combination square are much more complex.
A student wants to explain to a friend a situation in which a combination square with a
standard head might be useful. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The combination square can be used for a great many things, especially if the person
using it has more than one head for the tool.
B. With a standard head, a combination square could be used in building to make sure
walls are level and corners meet at exact right angles.
C. Woodworkers, masons, and metalworkers all use the combination head in their daily
jobs.
D. Depending on the situation, a builder may switch out the heads of a combination
square to complete different tasks.

16. Recent research has illuminated how environmental factors can impact color perception,
but it's crucial not to exaggerate these findings. For instance, in a 2019 study, researchers
Smith and Johansson explored whether individuals perceive colors differently when exposed
to varying light conditions. Because dim lighting requires the eyes to work harder to discern
objects, the researchers anticipated that subjects would struggle more with color
differentiation under these conditions, seeking to minimize cognitive strain. Surprisingly,
Smith and Johansson's results showed no substantial difference in color perception under
different lighting situations.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) It introduces Smith and Johansson's study to question the methodologies employed in
earlier color perception research.
B) It suggests that conclusions regarding environmental influences on color perception
are frequently misconstrued, using Smith and Johansson's study as an example.
C) It outlines a recognized complication in the field of color perception and discusses
how Smith and Johansson attempted to address it.
D) It references the study by Smith and Johansson to emphasize the necessity of
prudence in asserting the impact of environmental factors on colour perception.
17. The following text is from "The Castle of Otranto" by Horace Walpole:
As Manfred stood in silence, wrapt up in his own meditations, he was roused by the sound of
footsteps, which, advancing up the great staircase, seemed to proceed from the gallery to
which his chamber joined. Start referenced content: He hastily caught up a lamp, and, leaving
his own room, opened the door in the gallery softly, to avoid discovery. He hastily caught up
a lamp, and, leaving his own room, opened the door in the gallery softly, to avoid discovery.
The light which he held up showed him a tall figure, wrapped in a white mantle, whom he
immediately concluded to be the same that he had seen in the morning gliding through the
cloisters.
Which of the following best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A. It reveals the identity of the figure that Manfred encounters.
A. B.It introduces a new character who will be important later in the story.
B. It creates a sense of suspense and anticipation for the reader.
C. It provides descriptive details about the setting.

18. The following text is from "The History of Emily Montague" by Frances Brooke:
The evening was too fine to be passed within doors; and as the Governor had given them
permission to walk in his garden, the company soon adjourned thither. Emily was too much
accustomed to the beauties of nature, to be struck with novelty; but her companions, most of
whom had been brought up in cities, were delighted with the verdure, the fragrance, and the
melody, that surrounded them. Start referenced content: They viewed the beauteous face of
nature with that pleasing enthusiasm which the novelty of every new scene, and the
comparative contrast it forms with habitual objects, are so well calculated to inspire. They
viewed the beauteous face of nature with that pleasing enthusiasm which the novelty of every
new scene, and the comparative contrast it forms with habitual objects, are so well calculated
to inspire. Mrs. Fermor alone, whose mind was occupied with nothing but the thought of her
son's departure, remained insensible to the charms around her.
What is the primary purpose of the underlined sentence in this passage?
A. To highlight the contrast between Emily and her companions.
B. To describe the natural setting in detail.
C. To convey the pleasure that the characters derive from their surroundings.
D. To emphasize Mrs. Fermor's emotional state.
19. Genetic studies have led researchers to suggest that turtles are most closely related to the
group that includes modern crocodiles. But studies of fossils have suggested instead that
turtles are most closely related to other groups, such as the one that contains modern snakes.
However, many of the fossil studies have relied on incomplete data sets. For a 2022
investigation, biologist Tiago R. Simões and colleagues examined more than 1,000 reptile
fossils collected worldwide. From this large data set, they found clear agreement with the
results of the genetic studies.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence?
A. It offers an overview of the tools scientists use to examine fossils.
B. It describes a limitation of some studies about the origin of turtles.
C. It criticizes a widely held belief about genetic studies of reptiles.
D. It summarizes previous research on the evolution of crocodiles.

20. Jackie Ormes’s Torchy Brown in Dixie to Harlem (1937–38) was the first comic strip by
a Black woman to appear in a widely read newspaper. The strip tells the story of Torchy, a
young woman who leaves Mississippi to become a performer in New York City. Torchy’s
story reflects the experience of the Great Migration (1910–1970), when millions of Black
Americans left the South in search of opportunities in other parts of the United States. Torchy
Brown thus shows how Ormes used comics to comment humorously on issues affecting
Black Americans, which she continued to do throughout her career.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To give an example of how Ormes presented the experiences of Black Americans in
her comic strips
B. To show how Ormes’s Torchy Brown inspired other Black women to write comic
strips in the 1930s
C. To claim that several characters in Torchy Brown were based on people that Ormes
knew personally
D. To illustrate how the subjects Ormes addressed in her comic strips changed over the
course of her career
21.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A. the cold-dry season for females and the hot-dry season for males
B. the cold-dry season for both females and males.
C. the monsoon season for both females and males.
D. the hot-dry season for females and the monsoon season for males.

22.

interested in adding more bike paths, is in the city’s ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A. North Central area.
B. North East area.
C. South Central area.
 D. South West area.

23.

Which choice best describes data from the table that supports the researchers’ claim?
A. In 2010, electricity and heat production was responsible for 25% of global greenhouse
gas emissions, the most of any sector.
B. In 2010, industry was responsible for just over 20% of global greenhouse gas
emissions.
C. In 2010, transportation generated significantly more greenhouse gas emissions than
buildings did.
D. In 2010, the production of energy other than electricity and heat generated around
10% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
24.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A. and they each reported the same level of comfort.
B. even though each participant’s ratings varied throughout the day.
C. but participant 20 reported feeling significantly colder than the other two participants
did.
D. but participant 1 reported feeling warmer than the other two participants did.

25. Terrichnoderms are classified by biologists as members of the phylum Aeridae. As

opposed to members of the phylum Aeridae, phractopods do not have tails that can be used
for balance, stability, and navigation.
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. Because geckos have tails that can be used for balance, stability, and navigation, they
are members of the phylum Aeridae.
B. Because phractopods do not have tails, their balance and navigation abilities are less
developed than those of animals in the phylum Aeridae.
C. Terrichnoderms were not always classified by biologists as members of the phylum
Aeridae.
D. Terrichnoderms have tails that can be employed for stabilizing and balancing.
26. In the early 1940s, women’s participation in the U.S. labor market changed dramatically
as a result of the labor shortages resulting from the drafting of men to fight in World War II.
While persistent and institutionalized discrimination had discouraged women from paid work
in the Depression era, the wartime government used patriotic propaganda to encourage
women to work in defense industries. While women’s employment was still viewed as an
extraordinary measure for extraordinary times - and the woman worker as merely filling in
for “some soldier” to whom the job properly belonged - gender barriers were lowered
somewhat during this period, and pay began to equalize. Despite these moves towards
women’s participation in the workforce, however, shifting forces in the postwar labor market
meant that fewer American women worked outside the home in 1952 than in 1942.
Which of the following can be inferred regarding women’s employment during the
period discussed in the passage?
A. Discrimination against women in the workplace increased between 1942 and 1952
B. Women’s job qualifications decreased during the period 1942-1952
C. The end of World War II caused many men to come home and take back jobs they
had once held
D. More women worked outside the home in 1942 than ten years later

27. In a command economy, the government decides what goods and services will be
produced and what prices will be charged for them. The government decides what methods of
production will be used and how much workers will be paid. Many necessities like healthcare
and education are provided for free. Currently, Cuba and North Korea have command
economies.
The passage most directly suggests that most countries around the world
A. do not require citizens to pay for their healthcare costs.
B. have a poor opinion of the economies of Cuba and North Korea.
C. do not determine workers’ wages with government policy.
D. are free to decide which type of economy to implement

28. One of the most influential niche constructors is the earthworm, an organism found
almost everywhere on the planet. A scientist only concerned with evolution would
predict that, in order to live on land, earthworms would have to significantly change.
Earthworms didn’t change their physiology a great amount, however, instead, they
changed the soil to make it more like the ocean in order to survive. Land with
earthworms is less compacted, is more nutrient rich, and is better mixed than land
without them – leading to monumental changes in the ecosystem.
A. amount; however, instead,
B. NO CHANGE
C. amount, however; instead,
D. amount - however, instead

29. Niche constructors are particularly important in colonizing new environments. One
of the easiest ways to measure this effect on evolution has been in the effect that the
number of earthworms has on soil fertility, a measure of how hospitable an
environment is to plant growth. Even the least fertile soil has around 62 worms per
square meter, and as the number of worms increases so does soil fertility. As worms
move through the different layers of soil, they eat, digest, and excrete massive amounts
of organic matter. They leave their excretions behind in the form of nutrient-rich
droppings known as casings. As these casings decompose, they release nutrients into the
soil. This process not only moves nutrients from one layer of the soil to another but also
converts the nutrients to forms that plants can absorb and process more easily. Because
it is easier for plants to get the proper nutrients, plants don’t have to invest time and
energy into making better root systems to gather nutrients. As a result, plants have,
over time, lost some of these mechanisms – a form of evolution.
A. mechanisms a form
B. mechanisms; which is a form
C. NO CHANGE
D. mechanisms, of which this is a form

30. The traditional view of archaeologists usually involves a college professor who
spends much of his or her time digging and researching in ancient foreign libraries or a
museum curator who works every day to preserve the artifacts the museum holds.
While this view isn’t completely incorrect, it is incomplete, both in terms of the types of
jobs available to archaeologists and in terms of the types of work within those jobs. For
example, college professors may spend summers at dig sites, but much of their time is
also spent writing grants, teaching students, and writing about their research projects.
Additionally, although there are still many people who work in archaeology as
professors and museum curators. The demand for these jobs far outstrips the number
of positions available, making the positions difficult to acquire.
A. curators, but the
B. curators, the
C. NO CHANGE
D. curators; the

31. As the research progresses, they must present their findings in both written and oral
reports to stakeholders in the project. Depending on the site and what they find, CRM
archaeologists may also work with architects and planners. This work is to revise building
sites to protect sensitive areas. So, while everyday archaeologists may not be involved in
saving the world from existential threats, they do play an important role in society, helping us
preserve and consider the past even as we plan for the future. As cities and communities
continue to expand, the work they do will only grow in importance.
Which of the following most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined
portion?
A. planners; they work to
B. planners to
C. planners, and they work to
D. planners, which is to

32. Ecosystems are made of a complex system of energy and nutrient transfers from one
organism to another. Some of these transfers are in the form of predation: one organism
eating another – while others are in the form of ecosystem engineering, an organism
changing the environment around them. One major form of ecosystem engineering is
niche creation. Niche creation is the process of an organism changing their environment
to create a competitive advantage. In order for an organism to be considered as creating
a niche, three things must be true: the organism must significantly modify their
environment, those changes must affect other organisms’ survival, and those changes
must lead to an evolutionary response in another organism.
A. NO CHANGE
B. predation; one
C. predation, one
D. predation – one
33. For thousands of years, cooking was considered more of a practice than a science.
Much of what chefs and food scientists alike knew about cooking came from
conventional wisdom rather than carefully designed research. For individuals who
considered cooking to be an art rather than a science, this seemed to be for the best;
however, for physicist Nicholas Kurti and chemist Herve This, the lack on empirical
knowledge around what we eat was not just an affront to science. It was a challenge. In
1988 the pair coined the term “molecular gastronomy” which they defined as the
investigation of the physical and chemical transformation that ingredients undergo
during the course of cooking. They argued that if chefs understood these processes, they
could produce dishes improved by the findings.
A. gastronomy,”
B. gastronomy;” which
C. NO CHANGE
D. gastronomy;”

34. Alexander Graham Bell is commonly credited with the invention of the telephone;
but the first documented phrase transmitted by an electromagnetic device can actually
be attributed to inventor Johann Philipp Reis in 1860.
A. NO CHANGE
B. telephone the first documented phrase
C. telephone, the first documented phrase
D. telephone, but the first documented phrase

35. Living in the arctic tundra and exhibiting a low surface area to volume ratio in
order to conserve heat; the arctic hare serves as an excellent example of adaptation
among wild species of mammals.
A. heat, the arctic hare
B. NO CHANGE
C. heat, arctic hares
D. heat: the arctic hare

36. The spacecraft OSIRIS-REx briefly made contact with the asteroid 101955 Bennu in
2020. NASA scientist Daniella DellaGiustina reports that despite facing the unexpected
obstacle of a surface mostly covered in boulders, OSIRIS-REx successfully _______ a
sample of the surface, gathering pieces of it to bring back to Earth.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) attached
B) collected
C) followed
D) replaced

37. Research conducted by planetary scientist Katarina Miljkovic suggests that the Moon’s
surface may not accurately _______ early impact events. When the Moon was still forming,
its surface was softer, and asteroid or meteoroid impacts would have left less of an
impression; thus, evidence of early impacts may no longer be present.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) reflect
B) receive
C) evaluate
D) mimic

38. Handedness, a preferential use of either the right or left hand, typically is easy to observe
in humans. Because this trait is present but less _______ in many other animals, animal-
behavior researchers often employ tasks specially designed to reveal individual animals’
preferences for a certain hand or paw.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) recognizable
B) intriguing
C) significant
D) useful

39. It is by no means _______ to recognize the influence of Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch
on Ali Banisadr’s paintings; indeed, Banisadr himself cites Bosch as an inspiration. However,
some scholars have suggested that the ancient Mesopotamian poem Epic of Gilgamesh may
have had a far greater impact on Banisadr’s work.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) substantial
B) satisfying
C) unimportant
D) appropriate

40. The following text is adapted from Susan Glaspell’s 1912 short story “‘Out There.’”
An elderly shop owner is looking at a picture that he recently acquired and hopes to sell. It
did seem that the picture failed to fit in with the rest of the shop. A persuasive young fellow
who claimed he was closing out his stock let the old man have it for what he called a song. It
was only a little out-of-the-way store which subsisted chiefly on the framing of pictures. The
old man looked around at his views of the city, his pictures of cats and dogs, his flaming bits
of landscape. “Don’t belong in here,” he fumed. And yet the old man was secretly proud of
his acquisition. There was a hidden dignity in his scowling as he shuffled about pondering the
least ridiculous place for the picture.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To reveal the shop owner’s conflicted feelings about the new picture
B) To convey the shop owner’s resentment of the person he got the new picture from
C) To describe the items that the shop owner most highly prizes
D) To explain differences between the new picture and other pictures in the shop

41. The following text is from the 1923 poem “Black Finger” by Angelina Weld Grimké,
a Black American writer.
A cypress is a type of evergreen tree.
I have just seen a most beautiful thing,
Slim and still,
Against a gold, gold sky,
A straight black cypress,
Sensitive,
Exquisite,
 A black finger
Pointing upwards.
Why, beautiful still finger, are you black?
And why are you pointing upwards?

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) The speaker assesses a natural phenomenon, then questions the accuracy of her
assessment.
B) The speaker describes a distinctive sight in nature, then ponders what meaning to
attribute to that sight.
C) The speaker presents an outdoor scene, then considers a human behavior occurring
within that scene.
D) The speaker examines her surroundings, then speculates about their influence on her
emotional state.

42. The following text is from Walt Whitman’s 1860 poem “Calamus 24.”
I HEAR it is charged against me that I seek to destroy institutions;
But really I am neither for nor against institutions
(What indeed have I in common with them?—
Or what with the destruction of them?),
Only I will establish in the Mannahatta
[Manhattan] and in every city of These States, inland and seaboard,
And in the fields and woods, and above every keel [ship] little or large, that dents the
water,
Without edifices, or rules, or trustees, or any argument,
The institution of the dear love of comrades.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) The speaker questions an increasingly prevalent attitude, then summarizes his
worldview.
B) The speaker regrets his isolation from others, then predicts a profound change in
society.
C) The speaker concedes his personal shortcomings, then boasts of his many
achievements.
 D) The speaker addresses a criticism leveled against him, then announces a grand
ambition of his.

43. The mimosa tree evolved in East Asia, where the beetle Bruchidius terrenus preys on its
seeds. In 1785, mimosa trees were introduced to North America, far from any B. terrenus. But
evolutionary links between predators and their prey can persist across centuries and
continents. Around 2001, B. terrenus was introduced in southeastern North America near
where botanist Shu-Mei Chang and colleagues had been monitoring mimosa trees. Within a
year, 93 percent of the trees had been attacked by the beetles.
Which choice best describes the function of the third sentence in the overall structure of
the text?
A) It states the hypothesis that Chang and colleagues had set out to investigate using
mimosa trees and B. terrenus.
B) It presents a generalization that is exemplified by the discussion of the mimosa trees and
B. terrenus.
C) It offers an alternative explanation for the findings of Chang and colleagues.
D) It provides context that clarifies why the species mentioned spread to new locations.

44. Text 1
Conventional wisdom long held that human social systems evolved in stages, beginning with
hunter-gatherers forming small bands of members with roughly equal status. The shift to
agriculture about 12,000 years ago sparked population growth that led to the emergence of
groups with hierarchical structures: associations of clans first, then chiefdoms, and finally,
bureaucratic states.
Text 2
In a 2021 book, anthropologist David Graeber and archaeologist David Wengrow maintain
that humans have always been socially flexible, alternately forming systems based on
hierarchy and collective ones with decentralized leadership. The authors point to evidence
that as far back as 50,000 years ago some hunter-gatherers adjusted their social structures
seasonally, at times dispersing in small groups but also assembling into communities that
included esteemed individuals.
Based on the texts, how would Graeber and Wengrow (Text 2) most likely respond to
the “conventional wisdom” presented in Text 1?
A) By conceding the importance of hierarchical systems but asserting the greater
significance of decentralized collective societies
B) By disputing the idea that developments in social structures have followed a linear
progression through distinct stages
C) By acknowledging that hierarchical roles likely weren’t a part of social systems before
the rise of agriculture
D) By challenging the assumption that groupings of hunter-gatherers were among the
earliest forms of social structure

45. The following text is adapted from Frances Hodgson Burnett’s 1911 novel The Secret
Garden. Mary, a young girl, recently found an overgrown hidden garden. Mary was an odd,
determined little person, and now she had something interesting to be determined about, she
was very much absorbed, indeed. She worked and dug and pulled up weeds steadily, only
becoming more pleased with her work every hour instead of tiring of it. It seemed to her like
a fascinating sort of play.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A) Mary hides in the garden to avoid doing her chores.
B) Mary is getting bored with pulling up so many weeds in the garden.
C) Mary is clearing out the garden to create a space to play.
D) Mary feels very satisfied when she’s taking care of the garden.

46. The following text is from Ezra Pound’s 1909 poem “Hymn III,” based on the work
of Marcantonio Flaminio.
As a fragile and lovely flower unfolds its gleaming
foliage on the breast of the fostering earth, if
the dew and the rain draw it forth;
So doth my tender mind flourish, if it be fed with the
sweet dew of the fostering spirit,
Lacking this, it beginneth straightway to languish,
even as a floweret born upon dry earth, if the
dew and the rain tend it not.
Based on the text, in what way is the human mind like a flower?
A) It becomes increasingly vigorous with the passage of time.
B) It draws strength from changes in the weather.
C) It requires proper nourishment in order to thrive.
D) It perseveres despite challenging circumstances.

47. The following text is adapted from Jack London’s 1903 novel The Call of the Wild.
Buck is a sled dog living with John Thornton in Yukon, Canada.
Thornton alone held [Buck]. The rest of
mankind was as nothing. Chance travellers
might praise or pet him; but he was cold under it
all, and from a too demonstrative man he would
get up and walk away. When Thornton’s
partners, Hans and Pete, arrived on the
long-expected raft, Buck refused to notice them
till he learned they were close to Thornton; after
that he tolerated them in a passive sort of way,
accepting favors from them as though he favored
them by accepting.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A) Buck has become less social since he began living with Thornton.
B) Buck mistrusts humans and does his best to avoid them.
C) Buck has been especially well liked by most of Thornton’s friends.
D) Buck holds Thornton in higher regard than any other person.

48. Biologist Valentina Gómez-Bahamón and her team have investigated two subspecies of
the fork-tailed flycatcher bird that live in the same region in Colombia, but one subspecies
migrates south for part of the year, and the other doesn’t. The researchers found that, due to
slight differences in feather shape, the feathers of migratory forked-tailed flycatcher males
make a sound during flight that is higher pitched than that made by the feathers of
nonmigratory males. The researchers hypothesize that fork-tailed flycatcher females are
attracted to the specific sound made by the males of their own subspecies, and that over time
the females’ preference will drive further genetic and anatomical divergence between the
subspecies.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Gómez-Bahamón and her team’s
hypothesis?
A) The feathers located on the wings of the migratory fork-tailed flycatchers have a
narrower shape than those of the nonmigratory birds, which allows them to fly long
distances.
B) Over several generations, the sound made by the feathers of migratory male fork-tailed
flycatchers grows progressively higher pitched relative to that made by the feathers of
nonmigratory males.
C) Fork-tailed flycatchers communicate different messages to each other depending on
whether their feathers create high-pitched or low-pitched sounds.
D) The breeding habits of the migratory and nonmigratory fork-tailed flycatchers
remained generally the same over several generations.

49. Ablation Rates for Three Elements in Cosmic Dust, by Dust Source

Element SPC AST HTC OCC

iron 20% 28% 90% 98%

potassium 44% 74% 97% 100%

sodium 45% 75% 99% 100%

Earth’s atmosphere is bombarded by cosmic dust originating from several sources: short-
period comets (SPCs), particles from the asteroid belt (ASTs), Halley-type comets (HTCs),
and Oort cloud comets (OCCs). Some of the dust’s material vaporizes in the atmosphere in a
process called ablation, and the faster the particles move, the higher the rate of ablation.
Astrophysicist Juan Diego Carrillo-Sánchez led a team that calculated average ablation rates
for elements in the dust (such as iron and potassium) and showed that material in slower
moving SPC or AST dust has a lower rate than the same material in faster-moving HTC or
OCC dust. For example, whereas the average ablation rate for iron from AST dust is 28%, the
average rate for _______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?
A) iron from SPC dust is 20%.
B) sodium from OCC dust is 100%.
 C) iron from HTC dust is 90%.
D) sodium from AST dust is 75%.

50. Art collectives, like the United States- and Vietnam- based collective The Propeller Group
or Cuba’s Los Carpinteros, are groups of artists who agree to work together: perhaps for
stylistic reasons, or to advance certain shared political ideals, or to help mitigate the costs of
supplies and studio space. Regardless of the reasons, art collectives usually involve some
collaboration among the artists. Based on a recent series of interviews with various art
collectives, an arts journalist claims that this can be difficult for artists who are often used to
having sole control over their work.
Which quotation from the interviews best illustrates the journalist’s claim?
A) “The first collective I joined included many amazingly talented artists, and we enjoyed
each other’s company, but because we had a hard time sharing credit and responsibility
for our work, the collective didn’t last.”
B) “We work together, but that doesn’t mean that individual projects are equally the work
of all of us. Many of our projects are primarily the responsibility of whoever originally
proposed the work to the group.”
C) “Having worked as a member of a collective for several years, it’s sometimes hard to
recall what it was like to work alone without the collective’s support. But that support
encourages my individual expression rather than limits it.”
D) “Sometimes an artist from outside the collective will choose to collaborate with us on a
project, but all of those projects fit within the larger themes of the work the collective
does on its own.”

51. Several artworks found among the ruins of the ancient Roman city of Pompeii depict a
female figure fishing with a cupid nearby. Some scholars have asserted that the figure is the
goddess Venus, since she is known to have been linked with cupids in Roman culture, but
University of Leicester archaeologist Carla Brain suggests that cupids may have also been
associated with fishing generally. The fact that a cupid is shown near the female figure,
therefore, _______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) is not conclusive evidence that the figure is Venus.
B) suggests that Venus was often depicted fishing.
C) eliminates the possibility that the figure is Venus.
 D) would be difficult to account for if the figure is not Venus.

52. Literary agents estimate that more than half of all nonfiction books credited to a celebrity
or other public figure are in fact written by ghostwriters, professional authors who are paid to
write other _______ but whose names never appear on book covers.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) people’s stories
B) peoples story’s
C) peoples stories
D) people’s story’s

53. Like other amphibians, the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is unable to generate its own heat,
so during periods of subfreezing temperatures, it _______ by producing large amounts of
glucose, a sugar that helps prevent damaging ice from forming inside its cells.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) had survived
B) survived
C) would survive
D) survives

54. After a spate of illnesses as a child, Wilma Rudolph was told she might never walk again.
Defying all odds, Rudolph didn’t just walk, she _______ the 1960 Summer Olympics in
Rome, she won both the 100- and 200-meter dashes and clinched first place for her team in
the 4 ×100-meter relay, becoming the first US woman to win three gold medals in a single
Olympics.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) ran—fast—during
B) ran—fast during
C) ran—fast, during
D) ran—fast. During
55. In many of her landscape paintings from the 1970s and 1980s, Lebanese American artist
Etel Adnan worked to capture the essence of California’s fog-shrouded Mount Tamalpais
region through abstraction, using splotches of color to represent the area’s features.
Interestingly, the triangle representing the mountain itself _______ among the few defined
figures in her paintings.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) are
B) have been
C) were
D) is

56. Seneca sculptor Marie Watt’s blanket art comes in a range of shapes and sizes. In 2004,
Watt sewed strips of blankets together to craft a 10-by-13-inch _______ in 2014, she arranged
folded blankets into two large stacks and then cast them in bronze, creating two curving 18-
foot-tall blue-bronze pillars.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) sampler later,
B) sampler;
C) sampler,
D) sampler, later,

57. African American Percy Julian was a scientist and entrepreneur whose work helped
people around the world to see. Named in 1999 as one of the greatest achievements by a US
chemist in the past hundred years, _______ led to the first mass-produced treatment for
glaucoma.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) Julian synthesized the alkaloid physostigmine in1935; it
B) in 1935 Julian synthesized the alkaloid physostigmine, which
C) Julian’s 1935 synthesis of the alkaloid physostigmine
D) the alkaloid physostigmine was synthesized by Julian in 1935 and
58. The Arctic-Alpine Botanic Garden in Norway and the Jardim Botânico of Rio de Janeiro
in Brazil are two of many botanical gardens around the world dedicated to growing diverse
plant _______ fostering scientific research; and educating the public about plant
conservation.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) species, both native and nonnative,
B) species, both native and nonnative;
C) species; both native and nonnative,
D) species both native and nonnative,

59. Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review board tasked with adding new sites to the
Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places, which includes Pi‘ilanihale Heiau and the ‘Ōpaeka‘a
Road Bridge. Okinaka doesn’t make such decisions _______ all historical designations must
be approved by a group of nine other experts from the fields of architecture, archaeology,
history, and Hawaiian culture.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) single-handedly, however;
B) single-handedly; however,
C) single-handedly, however,
D) single-handedly however

60. In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish a national holiday
in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill didn’t make it to a vote, but Conyers was
determined. He teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to be elected to
Congress, and they resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen years. _______ in
1983, the bill passed.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Instead,
B) Likewise,
C) Finally,
D) Additionally,