BIO153 Winter 2025 Term Test 1 BOOK B

Instructor: Ichiro Inamoto

Date: February 6, 2025

Loca:on: IB110, during regular lecture hours
Dura:on: 40 minutes
Test weight: 12 % of Final Grade

IMPORTANT: You can not request for accommoda:ons for medical reasons etc.
once you begin wri:ng this test.

INSTRUCTIONS:
• Allowed aids and sta6onaries: Pens / Pencils
• This Book (Book B) contains the mul6ple choice ques6ons (Q1 - 35). All mul6ple choice
ques6ons must be answered using the last page of Book A.

ALL ANSWERS MUST BE WRITTEN IN BOOK A.

ANY WRITING IN THIS BOOK (BOOK B) WILL NEVER BE

GRADED.

YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO SEE THIS BOOK (BOOK B)

AFTER THE TEST.

Questions 1 - 35 1 mark each = 35 marks total

Mul6ple choice ques6ons (Q1- 35)
• Answer all mul6ple choice ques6ons using the last page of Book A.
• Any wri6ngs in this Book (Book B) will NOT be graded.

1. Eukarya, Archea, Bacteria. These are

a) the same level of taxa and therefore should have an approximately equal number of
species in them.
b) the Domains of the current classifica6on system of life.
c) the Kingdoms of the current classifica6on system of life.
d) equally related to one another in terms of their evolu6onary rela6onships.
e) (more than one of the above is correct)

2. What is an epidemic?
a) Unusually low occurrence of disease at a local scale.
b) Unusually low occurrence of disease at a global scale.
c) Normal, expected rate of a disease.
d) Unusually high occurrence of disease at a local scale.
e) Unusually high occurrence of disease at a global scale.

3. Coronaviruses
a) is a viral group which includes the one which caused the COVID-19 pandemic in early
2020's.
b) were first recognized by scien6sts during the SARS epidemic in the early 2000's.
c) only cause infec6ons which hugely threatens the human society.
d) are the cause of about 15% of 'common-cold'.
e) (more than one of the above is correct)

4. Choose your best answer. The carbon cycle

a) needs human interven6on to run properly.
b) will stop running if it does not receive energy from an external source.
c) generates more energy as carbon gets passed towards downstream of the cycle.
d) depends on the 'eaters of the primary producers' to receive and add external energy
into the cycle.
e) (more than one of the above are correct)

5. Which statement is correct about photoautotrophs?

a) Organisms such as fungi and animals are examples of photoautotrophs.
b) They can fix CO2 into organic molecules.
c) They cannot survive without other primary producers producing organic molecules.
d) Some photoautotrophs can produce O2 as the byproduct of their biological ac6vi6es.
e) (more than one of these statements are correct)

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6. Eukaryotes
a) compartmentalize their cellular processes using organelles.
b) are not cellular forms of life.
c) are ex6nct lineages which no longer exist on Earth today.
d) do not have membrane bound organelles inside their cells.
e) (more than one of the above is correct)

Figure 1. Five possible cladograms showing the evolu6onary rela6onships of mammalian groups
and an outgroup.

7. Which cladogram in Figure 1 shows the correct evolu6onary rela6onships of those groups of
animals?
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e

8. What is our name - the Species name of humans - expressed correctly using the Binomial
nomenclature?
a) homo sapiens
b) homo sapiens
c) Homo sapiens
d) Homo Sapiens
e) Homo sapiens

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Figure 2. An animal in the cat-family. Photography by Karen Arnold, Public Domain.

9. What is the common name of the animal in Figure 2? Only choose one answer.
a) Cougar
b) Panther
c) Mountain lion
d) Catamount
e) Puma

Ichiro's note: These names are all correct; they are all common names of this large cat.

10. In the hierarchical classifica6on system of organisms, the taxa 'Class' is a

a) smaller category than Domain but larger than Kingdom.
b) smaller category than Phylum but larger than Order.
c) smaller category than Kingdom but larger than Phylum.
d) smaller category than Order but larger than Genus.
e) smaller category than Family but larger than Genus.

11. You found a new species of insect in an Amazonian rainforest (an insect is an animal). Which
organiza6on would you contact to register your organism's new scien6fic name?
a) Interna6onal Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp)
b) Interna6onal Commiiee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
c) Interna6onal Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
d) Interna6onal Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP)
e) (None, you can assign scien6fic names to new species without contac6ng an
interna6onal organiza6on)

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12. Once constructed, the phylogene6c tree shows the conclusive fact of the evolu6onary
rela6onships of the organisms represented in the tree. True or false.
a) True
b) False

13. Ursidae is a Family of animals, containing species of bears. Helianthus is a Genus of plants,
containing species of sunflowers. Which hypothesis can you make based on this fact?
a) I expect that there are larger number of bear species as compared to the number of
sunflower species.
b) I expect that there are about equal numbers or bear species and sunflower species.
c) I expect that there are smaller number of bear species as compared to the number of
sunflower species.
d) (I cannot make any of these statements based on the fact given in this ques6on)

14. A scien6st constructed a phylogene6c tree following cladis6cs. Because of this, you can say
that the rela6onships of organisms shown on this tree
a) must have been constructed without using morphological traits.
b) best represents how closely related those organisms are based on their ancestral
rela6onship.
c) best represents the similarity of shapes and forms of these organisms.
d) will always show more informa6on in addi6on to the basic rela6onships of the
organisms.
e) (more than one of the above is correct)

Figure 3.

15. Out of the four cladograms in Figure 3, select the one which shows a different evolu6onary
rela6onship between species 1 - 5.
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) (all of these cladograms show the same evolu6onary rela6onship between these
species)

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Figure 4. Phylogene6c tree of organisms A - G. Various features of this tree are labelled with
numbers 1 - 5.

Answer Ques6ons 16 - 18 using Figure 4.

16. Which number corresponds to the basal taxon in Figure 4?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5

17. Which number is an example of a polytomy in Figure 4?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5

18. In Figure 4, which two taxa are sister taxa?

a) Species A and Species G
b) Species A and Species D
c) Species E and Species F
d) Species F and Species G
e) Species B and Species A

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19. Structures of bones are useful morphological traits for taxonomic classifica6on since
a) there are many species which acquired similar-looking bone structures through
convergent evolu6on.
b) their complicated structures make it more likely that 'similar bone structures' between
organisms is acquired due to homology and not analogy.
c) bones have a simpler morphology compared to other 6ssues, making it easier to keep
track of similari6es and differences.
d) bones such as hip-bones are universal features observed in all Domains of life.
e) structures of bones have remained almost iden6cal between species, making it easier to
keep track of liile differences which can be categorized.

20. The similari6es in external features of the Australian “mole” and the North American mole,
who have very dissimilar internal anatomy, physiology and reproduc6ve systems, is most likely
the result of
a) shared ancestry.
b) convergent evolu6on.
c) evolu6on of similar traits by pure chance alone.

21. You can hypothesize that birds and bats are more closely related to each other, as compared
to dragonflies, because
a) wings of birds and bats are analogous.
b) wings of birds and bats are homologous.
c) forelimbs of birds and bats are analogous.
d) forelimbs of birds and bats are homologous.
e) (no, there is no evidence to hypothesize that birds and bats are closer to each other than
dragonflies)

22. A common ancestor had GeneD in their genome which got inherited to its descendants,
Species1 and Species2. GeneD started to evolve independently in these species, diverging into
GeneD1 and GeneD2. You can say, without ambiguity, that GeneD1 and GeneD2 are
a) monologous genes.
b) homologous genes.
c) orthologous genes.
d) paralogous genes.
e) (more than one of the above are correct)

Ichiro's note
• GeneD1 and GeneD2 are homologous genes which share common ancestry.
• Also, these genes are orthologous as they diverged aoer their common ancestor became
Species1 and Species2.

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23. The use of molecular clock
a) assumes that the 6me of evolu6on correlates to the number of muta6ons you find
between homologous genes.
b) is the underlying philosophy of taxonomy to use ancestral rela6onships as the basis to
construct phylogene6c trees.
c) mainly u6lizes morphological traits to measure evolu6onary rela6onships of organisms.
d) only works when the homologous genes are all evolving at unpredictable and different
rates.
e) is not suitable to deduce evolu6onary events which happened billions of years ago.

Draw a phylogene6c tree for these three groups of organisms. Then, answer Ques6on 24 based
on the tree.
• Cynodont: Rep6le. Ex6nct lineage. Not considered a mammal but is hypothesized to
share ancestry with the 'common ancestor of mammals'.
• Kangaroo: Mammal, marsupial.
• Cheetah: Mammal, placental.

Sample drawing of the phylogene6c tree.

24. 'Having hair' is thought to be a unique trait of mammals. However, some evidence suggests
that Cynodonts, a now-ex6nct lineage of lizards, also had whisker-like hairs around their
mouths. If you consider cynodonts to also 'have hair', which of the following statements is true
for the phylogene6c tree that you drew?
a) 'Having hair' is a shared derived character of mammals.
b) 'Having hair' is a shared derived character of cynodonts.
c) 'Having hair' is a shared ancestral character of mammals.
d) 'Having hair' is a shared derived character for all species on the tree.
e) 'Having hair' is a shared ancestral character for all species on the tree.

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25. Chose the best answer. 'Algae' is a polyphyle6c group because
a) Organisms classified as algae look very similar.
b) Organisms classified as algae share a single common ancestor.
c) Organisms classified as algae are found in mul6ple, independent lineages.
d) Organisms classified as algae all photosynthesize.
e) Organisms classified as algae look very dissimilar.

26. Which is not an example of horizontal gene transfer?

a) Organisms' genomes gepng mixed via processes such as endosymbiosis.
b) Cells exchanging transposable elements and plasmids.
c) An ancestral gene gepng inherited to its descendants as orthologues.
d) Foreign genes gepng inserted into host's genome via viruses.

27. Horizontal gene transfer makes it more difficult to deduce evolu6onary rela6onship because
it
a) makes traits inheritable only from an ancestor to its descendants.
b) increases the number of species in a clade.
c) makes a trait become inherited from a descendant to its ancestors.
d) breaks the assump6on made by cladis6cs.
e) converts analogous traits into homologous ones.

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Figure 5. Phylogram of different primate species.

Use Figure 5 to answer Ques6ons 28 and 29.

28. In Figure 5, if you put Gorillas/Chimpanzees/Humans in a clade, this will be a sister group to
a) Lemurs
b) Gibbons
c) Orangutans
d) Gorillas
e) Humans

29. According to Figure 5, approximately when did Humans diverge from the common ancestor
which we share with Old World monkeys?
a) 10 million years ago
b) 15 million years ago
c) 20 million years ago
d) 30 million years ago
e) 60 million years ago

Ichiro's note: The intended answer was d) 30 million years ago. However, on the text booklet, it
was harder than I ini6ally thought to determine if the branch point was closer to 20 mya or 30
mya. Both answers were accepted.

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Figure 6. Phylogram of species in the Family Felidae. Dogs were used as the outgroup. All other
species represented in this phylogram are members of Felidae; they are 'cats'.

Use Figure 6 to answer Ques6ons 30 - 32.

30. Look at Clade 1 in Figure 6. From this tree, you can hypothesize that
a) Tiger, Lion and Leopard are more evolu6onarily related to dogs as compared to other
members of Felidae.
b) Clade 1 is a paraphyle6c group.
c) Tiger, Lion and Leopard are all equally related to each other in terms of their ancestral
lineage.
d) during the evolu6on of Felidae, 'Tiger, Lion and Leopard' was the last group of cats which
diverged from the rest of the cats.
e) Tiger, Lion and Leopard are more closely related to each another than they are to
Caracal and Serval.

31. In Figure 6, the 'Leopard cat' is most closely related to

a) Leopard and Lion.
b) Caracal and Serval.
c) Canada Lynx and Bay cat.
d) Cheetah and Puma.
e) Domes6c cat and Sand cat.

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32. In Figure 6, Clade 2 is
a) monophyle6c.
b) paraphyle6c.
c) polyphyle6c.
d) (there is not enough informa6on to determine the answer)

Table 1. Character table for major groups of plants.

Pine Charophyte Rose Hornwort Fern

algae
Alteration of
Generation 1 0 1 1 1
Seeds 1 0 1 0 0
Flower and
Fruits 0 0 1 0 0
Vascular
structure 1 0 1 0 1

Draw the phylogene6c tree of major plant groups using Table 1. Then answer Ques6ons 33 - 35
based on your analysis.

Sample drawing of the phylogene6c tree.

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33. What was the outgroup used for this analysis?
a) Pine
b) Charophyte algae
c) Rose
d) Hornwort
e) Fern

34. The lineage of Ferns share the most recent common ancestor with the lineage of
a) Charophyte algae
b) Hornworts
c) Pines and Roses
d) (there is not enough informa6on to determine the answer)

35. Out of the traits in Table 1, name the one which is shared ancestral.
a) Altera6on of Genera6on
b) Vascular structure
c) Seeds
d) Flowers and Fruits
e) (none of these traits is shared ancestral)

Make sure you have answered your mul6ple choice ques6ons using bubble sheet on the last
page of Book A.

Wri6ngs on this Book will NEVER be graded.

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