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A-level
CHEMISTRY
Paper 2 Organic and Physical Chemistry

Monday 19 June 2017 Morning Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• the Periodic Table/Data Booklet, provided as an insert (enclosed) Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements
1
• a calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate.
2

Instructions 3

• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 4

• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5
• Answer all questions. 6
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 7
outside the box around each page or on blank pages. 8
• Do all rough work in this booklet. Cross through any work you do not 9
want to be marked.
10

Information 11

• The marks for questions are shown in brackets. TOTAL

• The maximum mark for this paper is 105.

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Answer all questions in the spaces provided

0 1 Figure 1 shows some compounds made from a halogenoalkane.

Figure 1

0 1 . 1 Draw the displayed formula of compound J.

[1 mark]

0 1 . 2 Name the mechanism for Reaction 2 and give an essential condition used to
ensure that CH3CH2CH2NH2 is the major product.
[2 marks]

Name of mechanism

Condition

0 1 . 3 Calculate the mass, in grams, of CH3CH2CH2NH2 produced from 25.2 g of

CH3CH2CH2Br in Reaction 2 assuming a 75.0% yield.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

[3 marks]

Mass g

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0 1 . 4 When Reaction 2 is carried out under different conditions, a compound with

molecular formula C9H21N is produced.
Draw the skeletal formula of the compound.
Identify the functional group in the compound including its classification.
[2 marks]
Skeletal formula

Functional group including classification

0 1 . 5 Identify the reagent and conditions used in Reaction 3.

[1 mark]

0 1 . 6 Name and outline a mechanism for Reaction 3.

[4 marks]

Name of mechanism

Mechanism

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0 2 The rate equation for the reaction between compounds A and B is

rate = k [A]2[B]
Figure 2 shows how, in an experiment, the concentration of A changes with
time, t, in this reaction.

Figure 2

0 2 . 1 Draw a tangent to the curve at t = 0

[1 mark]

0 2 . 2 Use this tangent to deduce the initial rate of the reaction.

[1 mark]

Initial rate mol dm−3s−1

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0 2 . 3 The experiment was repeated at the same temperature and with the same
initial concentration of B but with a different initial concentration of A.
The new initial rate was 1.7 times greater than in the original experiment.

Calculate the new initial concentration of A.

[2 marks]

Initial concentration of A mol dm−3

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0 3 A series of experiments is carried out with compounds C and D. Using the data
obtained, the rate equation for the reaction between the two compounds is
deduced to be
rate = k [C][D]
In one experiment at 25 °C, the initial rate of reaction is 3.1 × 10−3 mol dm−3 s−1
when the initial concentration of C is 0.48 mol dm−3 and the initial concentration
of D is 0.23 mol dm−3

0 3 . 1 Calculate a value for the rate constant at this temperature and give its units.
[3 marks]

Rate constant Units

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0 3 . 2 An equation that relates the rate constant, k, to the activation energy, Ea, and
the temperature, T, is

− Ea
ln k = + ln A
RT
Use this equation and your answer from Question 3.1 to calculate a value, in
kJ mol−1, for the activation energy of this reaction at 25 °C.
For this reaction ln A = 16.9
The gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1
(If you were unable to complete Question 3.1 you should use the value of
3.2 × 10−3 for the rate constant. This is not the correct value.)
[4 marks]

Activation energy kJ mol−1

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0 4 The aldehyde CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO reacts with KCN followed by dilute acid to

form a racemic mixture of the two stereoisomers of CH3CH2CH2CH2CH(OH)CN

0 4 . 1 Give the IUPAC name of CH3CH2CH2CH2CH(OH)CN

[1 mark]

0 4 . 2 Describe how you would distinguish between separate samples of the two
stereoisomers of CH3CH2CH2CH2CH(OH)CN
[2 marks]

0 4 . 3 Explain why the reaction produces a racemic mixture.

[3 marks]

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0 4 . 4 An isomer of CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO reacts with KCN followed by dilute acid to

form a compound that does not show stereoisomerism.

Draw the structure of the compound formed and justify why it does not show
stereoisomerism.
[2 marks]

Structure

Justification

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0 5 Ethanoic acid and ethane-1,2-diol react together to form the diester (C6H10O4)
as shown.

2CH3COOH(l) + HOCH2CH2OH(l) ⇌ C6H10O4(l) + 2H2O(l)

0 5 . 1 Draw a structural formula for the diester C6H10O4

[1 mark]

0 5 . 2 A small amount of catalyst was added to a mixture of 0.470 mol of

ethanoic acid and 0.205 mol of ethane-1,2-diol.

The mixture was left to reach equilibrium at a constant temperature.

Complete Table 1.
Table 1

Amount in the mixture / mol

CH3COOH HOCH2CH2OH C6H10O4 H2O

At the start 0.470 0.205 0 0

At equilibrium 0.180

[3 marks]

Space for working

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0 5 . 3 Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction.

The total volume of the mixture does not need to be measured to allow a
correct value for Kc to be calculated.

Justify this statement.

[2 marks]
Expression

Justification

0 5 . 4 A different mixture of ethanoic acid, ethane-1,2-diol and water was prepared

and left to reach equilibrium at a different temperature from the experiment in
Question 5.2

The amounts present in the new equilibrium mixture are shown in Table 2.
Table 2

Amount in the mixture / mol

CH3COOH HOCH2CH2OH C6H10O4 H2O
At new To be
0.264 0.802 1.15
equilibrium calculated

The value of Kc was 6.45 at this different temperature.

Use this value and the data in Table 2 to calculate the amount, in mol, of
ethanoic acid present in the new equilibrium mixture.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.
[3 marks]

Amount of ethanoic acid mol

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0 6 Use the Data Booklet to help you answer this question.

This question is about amino acids and peptide (amide) links.

0 6 . 1 Draw the structure of the zwitterion formed by phenylalanine.

[1 mark]

0 6 . 2 Draw the structure of serine at high pH.

[1 mark]

0 6 . 3 Draw the structures of both dipeptides formed when phenylalanine reacts with
serine.

In each structure show all the atoms and bonds in the amide link.
[2 marks]

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0 6 . 4 An amide link is also formed when an acyl chloride reacts with a primary
amine.

Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction between CH3CH2COCl and
CH3CH2NH2

Give the IUPAC name of the organic product.

[6 marks]

Name of mechanism

Mechanism

IUPAC name of organic product

10

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0 7 Test-tube reactions can be used to identify the functional groups in organic

molecules.

0 7 . 1 You are provided with samples of each of the four compounds.

Describe how you could distinguish between all four compounds using the
minimum number of tests on each compound.

You should describe what would be observed in each test.

[6 marks]

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0 8 This question is about nitrobenzenes.

0 8 . 1 Nitrobenzene reacts when heated with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and
concentrated sulfuric acid to form a mixture of three isomeric dinitrobenzenes.

Write an equation for the reaction of concentrated nitric acid with concentrated
sulfuric acid to form the species that reacts with nitrobenzene.
[1 mark]

0 8 . 2 Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction of this species with
nitrobenzene to form 1,3-dinitrobenzene.

[4 marks]

Name of mechanism

Mechanism

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0 8 . 3 The dinitrobenzenes shown were investigated by thin layer chromatography

(TLC).

In an experiment, carried out in a fume cupboard, a concentrated solution of

pure 1,4-dinitrobenzene was spotted on a TLC plate coated with a solid that
contains polar bonds. Hexane was used as the solvent in a beaker with a lid.

The start line, drawn in pencil, the final position of the spot and the final solvent
front are shown on the chromatogram in Figure 3

Figure 3

Use the chromatogram in Figure 3 to deduce the Rf value of

1,4-dinitrobenzene in this experiment.

Tick () one box.

[1 mark]
A 0.41

B 0.46

C 0.52

D 0.62

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0 8 . 4 State in general terms what determines the distance travelled by a spot in TLC.
[1 mark]

0 8 . 5 To obtain the chromatogram, the TLC plate was held by the edges and placed
in the solvent in the beaker in the fume cupboard. The lid was then replaced
on the beaker.

Give one other practical requirement when placing the plate in the beaker.
[1 mark]

0 8 . 6 A second TLC experiment was carried out using 1,2-dinitrobenzene and

1,4-dinitrobenzene. An identical plate to that in Question 8.3 was used under
the same conditions with the same solvent. In this experiment, the Rf value of
1,4-dinitrobenzene was found to be greater than that of 1,2-dinitrobenzene.

Deduce the relative polarities of the 1,2-dinitrobenzene and 1,4-dinitrobenzene

and explain why 1,4-dinitrobenzene has the greater Rf value.
[2 marks]

Relative polarities

Explanation

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0 8 . 7 A third TLC experiment was carried out using 1,2-dinitrobenzene. An identical

plate to that in Question 8.3 was used under the same conditions, but the
solvent used contained a mixture of hexane and ethyl ethanoate.

A student stated that the Rf value of 1,2-dinitrobenzene in this third experiment

would be greater than that of 1,2-dinitrobenzene in the experiment in
Question 8.6

Is the student correct? Justify your answer.

[2 marks]

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0 9 Use the Data Booklet to help you answer these questions.

DNA exists as two strands of nucleotides in the form of a double helix with
hydrogen bonding between the two strands.

0 9 . 1 A deoxyribose molecule in a strand of DNA is shown.

Name the types of group attached to 2-deoxyribose at positions X and Y.

[2 marks]

0 9 . 2 In the DNA double helix, adenine is linked by hydrogen bonds to a molecule in

the other strand of DNA.

Complete the diagram below to show the other molecule and the
hydrogen bonds between it and adenine.
[2 marks]

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1 0 This question is about six isomers of C6H10O2

1 0 . 1 Give the full IUPAC name of isomer P.

[1 mark]

1 0 . 2 A sample of P was mixed with an excess of oxygen and the mixture ignited.
After cooling to the original temperature, the total volume of gas remaining was
335 cm3

When this gas mixture was passed through aqueous sodium hydroxide, the
carbon dioxide reacted and the volume of gas decreased to 155 cm3

Both gas volumes were measured at 25 °C and 105 kPa

Write an equation for the combustion of P in an excess of oxygen and calculate

the mass, in mg, of P used.

The gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

[5 marks]

Mass of P used mg

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1 0 . 3 Isomer Q (C6H10O2) is a cyclic compound. The infrared spectrum of Q is

shown in Figure 4 and the 13C NMR spectrum of Q is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4

Figure 5

Use these spectra and Tables A and C in the Data Booklet to deduce the
structure of Q.
In your answer, state one piece of evidence you have used from each
spectrum.
[3 marks]
Structure of Q.

Evidence from Figure 4

Evidence from Figure 5

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1 0 . 4 Isomers R and S are shown.

R S

Although the 13C spectra of R and S both show the same number of peaks, the
spectra can be used to distinguish between the isomers.

Justify this statement using Table C from the Data Booklet.

Give the number of peaks for each isomer.

[3 marks]

Justification

Number of peaks

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1 0 . 5 Although the 1H spectra of R and S both show the same number of peaks, the
spectra can be used to distinguish between the isomers.

Justify this statement using the splitting patterns of the peaks.

Give the number of peaks for each isomer.

[3 marks]

Justification

Number of peaks

Question 10 continues on the next page

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1 0 . 6 The action of heat on 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid can lead to two different

products.

On gentle heating, 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid loses water to form a cyclic

compound, T (C6H10O2).

Under different conditions, 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid forms a polyester.

Draw the structure of T.

Draw the repeating unit of the polyester and name the type of polymerisation.
[3 marks]

Structure of T

Repeating unit of polyester

Type of polymerisation

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1 0 . 7 Isomer U is shown.

The polymer formed by U and the polymer formed by 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid

in Question 10.6 both contain ester groups that can be hydrolysed.

Draw the repeating unit of the polymer formed by U.

Justify the statement that, although both polymer structures contain ester
groups, the polymer formed by U is not biodegradable.
[3 marks]
Repeating unit of polymer formed by U.

Justification

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1 1 This question is about the three amines, E, F and G.

1 1 . 1 Amines E, F and G are weak bases.

Explain the difference in base strength of the three amines and give the order
of increasing base strength.
[6 marks]

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1 1 . 2 Amine F can be prepared in a three-step synthesis starting from

methylbenzene.

Suggest the structures of the two intermediate compounds.

For each step, give reagents and conditions only. Equations and mechanisms
are not required.
[5 marks]

END OF QUESTIONS
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